Test bank for introduction to physical education fitness and sport 8th edition by siedentop

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This chapter has 80 questions.
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Multiple Choice Questions - (9)

Odd Numbered - (40)

True/False Questions - (10)

Even Numbered - (40)

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Short Answer Questions - (61)

1. Young children learn about their world chiefly by:
listening to adults.
→ physically exploring their surroundings.
seeing and smelling objects.
cognitively memorizing important information.
Multiple Choice Question
2. Someday, historians will describe the current era as a watershed period characterized by the emergence of the possibility

for:
→ lifespan physical activity in sport, fitness, and Physical Education.
improved dietary habits and exercise.
gender equity and participation in sport.
increased opportunities for athletes and individuals with disabilities.
Multiple Choice Question
3. Historically, sport, fitness, and Physical Education have been ignored by which of the following?
older children
young adults
youths
Test
Bank for Introduction to Physical Education Fitness and Sport 8th
senior
citizens
→

Edition by Siedento

Full file at />Multiple Choice Question
4. The most popular recreational sport for men and woman is:
soccer.
→ softball.
Swimming.
basketball.
Multiple Choice Question
5. Master's athletics typically begins at age:
→ 35 or 40
45 or 50
55 or 60
above 60

Multiple Choice Question
6. A sedentary lifestyle among older people is estimated to account for a decrease in all of the following except?
muscular strength.
→ health related illness.
flexibility.
aerobic functioning.
Multiple Choice Question
7. In 2002, the fifth World Masters Games attracted more than 20,000 athletes in what sport to Melbourne, Australia:
Softball.
Basketball.
Multipole sports
→ Track & Field.
Multiple Choice Question
8. Which of the following isnot an emerging characteristic of lifespan physical activity?
breakdown of gender stereotypes
→ shift to the public sector
increased use of technology
increasingly strong scientific base
Multiple Choice Question
9. Which factor is considered a significant limitation for opportunities in sport, fitness, and Physical Education?
→ socioeconomic status
gender
athletic ability
age

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Multiple Choice Question

10. Historically, sport, fitness, and Physical Education have been limited primarily to older children and young adults.
→ True
False
True / False Question
11. Physical movement is the basic language during the early-childhood years from Birth-age 7.
→ True
False
True / False Question
12. Most research indicates that unfit children most often will reach desirable fitness levels as adults.
True
→ False
True / False Question
13. Most elementary school children have physical-education classes taught by a Physical Education specialist.
True
→ False
True / False Question
14. Many states have passed regulations that allow school districts to hire non-certified persons to coach sport teams.
→ True
False
True / False Question
Test Bank for Introduction to Physical Education Fitness and Sport 8th Edition by Siedento
15. Lifespan fitness should begin in early childhood so that a solid foundation of motor skill development can be built.
→ True
Full file at />False
True / False Question
16. Physical Education has traditionally reinforced the notion that there are girls' activities and boys' activities.
→ True
False
True / False Question
17. It is predicted the public sector will expand and continue to be the primary source of jobs in the areas of sport, fitness, and

Physical Education.
True
→ False
True / False Question
18. Many new professions have developed as a result of the fitness boom, all of which require preparation of the same nature
as that of a Physical Education teacher.
True
→ False
True / False Question
19. Although life expectancy has not increased, the quality of those years has been enhanced by participation in physical
activitiy.
True
→ False
True / False Question
20. The Dilemma of Our Times: Lifespan Physical Activity and the Obesity Health Crisis
The NCPPA mission is to unite the strengths of public, private, and industry efforts into collaborative partnerships that
inspire and empower all Americans to lead more physically active lifestyles. The reality is that there is an unprecedented
synergy building around the issue of physical activity as it pertains to lifestyle behavior patterns and accessible
environments that promote physically active lifestyles.
National Coalition for Promoting Physical Activity (2002)
In 2001, David Satcher, Surgeon General of the United States, reported that levels of obesity among Americans had
reached epidemic proportions (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001). Over the next decade, the
overweight/obesity numbers increased.
More than two-thirds of all adults and one-third of all children in the United States are now overweight, with nearly 30%
of adults and 16% of children obese (Trust for America's Health, 2010). Approximately 80% of overweight adolescents
will become overweight adults ((Herman, et. al., 2009)). The most common method of estimating overweight and obesity
is the use of body mass index (BMI) measurement (see Focus on Box 1.1 for BMI measurement details). While all
developed nations have experienced increases in overweight and obesity across the last decade, none has had the amount
of increase seen in the United States. The Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development estimates that by
2020, the percentage of overweight in the United States could reach 72% (OECD, 2010).

Briefly describe the trends in overweight and obesity among the various population groups in the USA over the past 25
years.

Full file at />

Page 3 of 22

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
21. The Dilemma of Our Times: Lifespan Physical Activity and the Obesity Health Crisis
The NCPPA mission is to unite the strengths of public, private, and industry efforts into collaborative partnerships that
inspire and empower all Americans to lead more physically active lifestyles. The reality is that there is an unprecedented
synergy building around the issue of physical activity as it pertains to lifestyle behavior patterns and accessible
environments that promote physically active lifestyles.
National Coalition for Promoting Physical Activity (2002)
In 2001, David Satcher, Surgeon General of the United States, reported that levels of obesity among Americans had
reached epidemic proportions (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001). Over the next decade, the
overweight/obesity numbers increased.
More than two-thirds of all adults and one-third of all children in the United States are now overweight, with nearly 30%
of adults and 16% of children obese (Trust for America's Health, 2010). Approximately 80% of overweight adolescents
will become overweight adults ((Herman, et. al., 2009)). The most common method of estimating overweight and obesity
is the use of body mass index (BMI) measurement (see Focus on Box 1.1 for BMI measurement details). While all
developed nations have experienced increases in overweight and obesity across the last decade, none has had the amount
of increase seen in the United States. The Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development estimates that by
2020, the percentage of overweight in the United States could reach 72% (OECD, 2010).
What is the prediction for 2020 relative to the percent of overweight people in the US?

Test Bank for Introduction to Physical Education Fitness and Sport 8th Edition by Siedento

Explanation:

Full file at />
Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
22. The Dilemma of Our Times: Lifespan Physical Activity and the Obesity Health Crisis
The NCPPA mission is to unite the strengths of public, private, and industry efforts into collaborative partnerships that
inspire and empower all Americans to lead more physically active lifestyles. The reality is that there is an unprecedented
synergy building around the issue of physical activity as it pertains to lifestyle behavior patterns and accessible
environments that promote physically active lifestyles.
National Coalition for Promoting Physical Activity (2002)
In 2001, David Satcher, Surgeon General of the United States, reported that levels of obesity among Americans had
reached epidemic proportions (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001). Over the next decade, the
overweight/obesity numbers increased.
Approximately 30,000 adult deaths in the United States each year are attributable to unhealthy dietary habits and physical
inactivity or sedentary behavior (www.overweightteen.com). Overweight and obesity stem from the imbalance created
when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure (Levi, Segal, & Juliano (2006). This imbalance develops over time when
caloric intake through eating/drinking exceeds energy expenditure through physical activity. Children and youth consume
more energy dense foods and are less physically active than they were 25 years ago. In food consumption, the primary
factors are higher caloric intake, more dietary fat, higher caloric density of foods, and larger portions. These factors are
related to less in-home cooking, greater reliance on take-out food, more fast-food meals, and over reliance on soft drinks,
sport drinks, and fruit drinks that are high in calories and sugars.
How do the authors describe the changes in food consumption relative to the energy imbalance?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
23. The Dilemma of Our Times: Lifespan Physical Activity and the Obesity Health Crisis
The NCPPA mission is to unite the strengths of public, private, and industry efforts into collaborative partnerships that

inspire and empower all Americans to lead more physically active lifestyles. The reality is that there is an unprecedented
synergy building around the issue of physical activity as it pertains to lifestyle behavior patterns and accessible
environments that promote physically active lifestyles.
National Coalition for Promoting Physical Activity (2002)
In 2001, David Satcher, Surgeon General of the United States, reported that levels of obesity among Americans had
reached epidemic proportions (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001). Over the next decade, the
overweight/obesity numbers increased.
Reductions in energy expenditure through physical activity are the result of multiple factors, one of which is typically
referred to as the built environment. Factors such as commuting time, communities designed to foster driving rather than
walking/cycling, and lack of public transport reduce physical activity. Children and youth spend increased amounts of
time engaged in the electronic culture, playing video games, watching TV, and connecting to the Internet. Lack of indoor

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and outdoor neighborhood play spaces and programs limit physical activity and in urban communities it is often unsafe for
children and youth to be active outdoors in after-school and weekend hours.
Give XXXX examples of how the built environment contributes to increased sedentary behavior of adolescents.

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
24. The Dilemma of Our Times: Lifespan Physical Activity and the Obesity Health Crisis
The NCPPA mission is to unite the strengths of public, private, and industry efforts into collaborative partnerships that
inspire and empower all Americans to lead more physically active lifestyles. The reality is that there is an unprecedented
synergy building around the issue of physical activity as it pertains to lifestyle behavior patterns and accessible
environments that promote physically active lifestyles.
National Coalition for Promoting Physical Activity (2002)

In 2001, David Satcher, Surgeon General of the United States, reported that levels of obesity among Americans had
reached epidemic proportions (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001). Over the next decade, the
overweight/obesity numbers increased.
Reductions in energy expenditure through physical activity are the result of multiple factors, one of which is typically
referred to as the built environment. Factors such as commuting time, communities designed to foster driving rather than
walking/cycling, and lack of public transport reduce physical activity. Children and youth spend increased amounts of
time engaged in the electronic culture, playing video games, watching TV, and connecting to the Internet. Lack of indoor
Bank forplay
Introduction
to Physical
Education
Fitness
and Sport
8th Edition
byunsafe
Siedento
and outdoorTest
neighborhood
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limit physical
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and in urban
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it is often
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Full file at />
How does the built environment affect people's food consumption?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
25. The Dilemma of Our Times: Lifespan Physical Activity and the Obesity Health Crisis
The NCPPA mission is to unite the strengths of public, private, and industry efforts into collaborative partnerships that
inspire and empower all Americans to lead more physically active lifestyles. The reality is that there is an unprecedented
synergy building around the issue of physical activity as it pertains to lifestyle behavior patterns and accessible
environments that promote physically active lifestyles. National Coalition for Promoting Physical Activity (2002)
In 2001, David Satcher, Surgeon General of the United States, reported that levels of obesity among Americans had
reached epidemic proportions (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001). Over the next decade, the
overweight/obesity numbers increased.
The prevalence of overweight and obesity is not distributed evenly across the US population. Higher obesity rates have
been linked to regional, economic, and social factors (Trust for America's Health, 2010). Among families living below the
federal poverty level 44.8% of children are overweight or obese, while 22.8% of children of families with incomes above
400% of the federal poverty level are overweight or obese. Except for Michigan, ten of the highest adult obesity rates are
in southern states while 9 of the 10 states with the highest childhood obesity rates are in the South. It should also be noted
that 9 of the 10 states in the South also have the highest rates of poverty in the USA. Adult obesity rates among AfricanAmericans are at 30 percent or above in 43 states, compared with 19 states for Latinos and only 1 state for Whites,
reflecting the disparities among minorities that exist in income, education, and limited access to health care. The CDC's
2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance report showed that Blacks were 51% more likely and Hispanics 21% more
likely than Whites to be obese. Children and youths from families living in poverty are more likely to be overweight or
obese and children and youths with disabilities are at greater risk for becoming overweight than nondisabled peers (Meich
et. al., 2006).
Give one example of how obesity/overweight levels are not evenly distributed.

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
26. The Dilemma of Our Times: Lifespan Physical Activity and the Obesity Health Crisis

The NCPPA mission is to unite the strengths of public, private, and industry efforts into collaborative partnerships that
inspire and empower all Americans to lead more physically active lifestyles. The reality is that there is an unprecedented
synergy building around the issue of physical activity as it pertains to lifestyle behavior patterns and accessible
environments that promote physically active lifestyles. National Coalition for Promoting Physical Activity (2002)
In 2001, David Satcher, Surgeon General of the United States, reported that levels of obesity among Americans had
reached epidemic proportions (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001). Over the next decade, the

Full file at />

Page 5 of 22

overweight/obesity numbers increased.
The prevalence of overweight and obesity is not distributed evenly across the US population. Higher obesity rates have
been linked to regional, economic, and social factors (Trust for America's Health, 2010). Among families living below the
federal poverty level 44.8% of children are overweight or obese, while 22.8% of children of families with incomes above
400% of the federal poverty level are overweight or obese. Except for Michigan, ten of the highest adult obesity rates are
in southern states while 9 of the 10 states with the highest childhood obesity rates are in the South. It should also be noted
that 9 of the 10 states in the South also have the highest rates of poverty in the USA. Adult obesity rates among AfricanAmericans are at 30 percent or above in 43 states, compared with 19 states for Latinos and only 1 state for Whites,
reflecting the disparities among minorities that exist in income, education, and limited access to health care. The CDC's
2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance report showed that Blacks were 51% more likely and Hispanics 21% more
likely than Whites to be obese. Children and youths from families living in poverty are more likely to be overweight or
obese and children and youths with disabilities are at greater risk for becoming overweight than nondisabled peers (Meich
et. al., 2006).
Which groups of children and teens are at a higher risk to be overweight or obese?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
27. The Dilemma of Our Times: Lifespan Physical Activity and the Obesity Health Crisis

that 9 of the 10 states in the South also have the highest rates of poverty in the USA. Adult obesity rates among AfricanAmericans are at 30 percent or above in 43 states, compared with 19 states for Latinos and only 1 state for Whites,
reflecting the disparities among minorities that exist in income, education, and limited access to health care. The CDC's
2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance report showed that Blacks were 51% more likely and Hispanics 21% more
likely than Whites to be obese. Children and youths from families living in poverty are more likely to be overweight or
obese and children and youths with disabilities are at greater risk for becoming overweight than nondisabled peers (Meich
et. al., 2006).
Briefly explain how poverty appears to place children and youth at greater risk to become overweight and/or obese.

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
28. The Dilemma of Our Times: Lifespan Physical Activity and the Obesity Health Crisis
The NCPPA mission is to unite the strengths of public, private, and industry efforts into collaborative partnerships that
inspire and empower all Americans to lead more physically active lifestyles. The reality is that there is an unprecedented
synergy building around the issue of physical activity as it pertains to lifestyle behavior patterns and accessible
environments that promote physically active lifestyles. National Coalition for Promoting Physical Activity (2002)
In 2001, David Satcher, Surgeon General of the United States, reported that levels of obesity among Americans had
reached epidemic proportions (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001). Over the next decade, the
overweight/obesity numbers increased.
Overweight and obesity are factors related to a large number of health problems, including coronary heart disease, Type 2
diabetes, cancers, high blood pressure, high total cholesterol, stroke, liver and gall bladder disease, sleep apnea, respiratory
problems, osteoarthritis, and reproductive health complications (see Focus on Box 1.2 Health Impact of Overweight and
Obesity). It is also clear that overweight and obesity can influence psychological and social issues for children, youth, and
adults.
What are four chronic diseases that are attributable to overweight/obesity?

Explanation:

Answers will vary

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Page 6 of 22

Short Answer Question
29. The Dilemma of Our Times: Lifespan Physical Activity and the Obesity Health Crisis
The NCPPA mission is to unite the strengths of public, private, and industry efforts into collaborative partnerships that
inspire and empower all Americans to lead more physically active lifestyles. The reality is that there is an unprecedented
synergy building around the issue of physical activity as it pertains to lifestyle behavior patterns and accessible
environments that promote physically active lifestyles. National Coalition for Promoting Physical Activity (2002)
In 2001, David Satcher, Surgeon General of the United States, reported that levels of obesity among Americans had
reached epidemic proportions (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001). Over the next decade, the
overweight/obesity numbers increased.
Body mass index (BMI) is a way to estimate the degree of underweight or overweight among children, youth, and adults.
For children and youth, BMI is estimated by having measures of height and weight related to age, which allows for BMI
percentiles to be calculated for each age group. Children and youth that have BMIs above the 85th percentile are
considered to be overweight. Children and youth with BMIs above the 95th percentile are considered to be obese.
For adults, the formula for computing BMI is weight in pounds divided by height in inches squared and multiplied by 703.
For adults, an optimal range for BMI is 18.5-25. A BMI lower than 18.5 is considered to be underweight, a BMI over 25 is
considered to be overweight, and a BMI over 30 is considered to be obese.
BMI is used because of the availability of height and weight measures and is an estimate of actual levels of body fat. Its
accuracy, especially among older youth and adults, can be distorted by factors such as fitness level, muscle mass, and bone
structure.
List two factors that may distort a person's BMI score.

Test Bank for Introduction to Physical Education Fitness and Sport 8th Edition by Siedento
Explanation:

Answers willFull

vary

file at />
Short Answer Question
30. The Costs of Overweight and Obesity
Children and youths are typically included in their parents' health insurance. Overweight and obese children/youths have
more medical problems and miss more school days than children/youth who are normal weight (Sepulveda, et. al., 2010),
and this often results in parents missing work-days and making more insurance claims related to the health of their
children.
Medical spending for obese persons is 42% higher than for normal weight persons (Finkelstein et. al., 2009). Obesity costs
USA businesses more than $13 billion annually due to health insurance claims, paid sick leave, and disability and life
insurance (Thompson, et. al., 1998). Obesity costs a 1000-employee company approximately $285,000 per year
(Finkelstein, et. al., 2009). The obesity crisis has also led to interesting changes in several industries. For example, the
automobile industry consumes as many as 1 billion additional gallons of gasoline yearly due to population overweight and
this additional consumption of gasoline produces nearly 10 billion tons of carbon dioxide emissions (Jacabson & King,
2009). The airline industry is estimated to use 350 million more gallons of fuel yearly due to higher total weights of
passengers at an extra cost of $275 million per year and this additional consumption releases an extra 3.8 million tons of
carbon dioxide into the air.
Briefly describe the economic consequences of the increases in overweight/obesity levels.

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
31. The Costs of Overweight and Obesity
Children and youths are typically included in their parents' health insurance. Overweight and obese children/youths have
more medical problems and miss more school days than children/youth who are normal weight (Sepulveda, et. al., 2010),
and this often results in parents missing work-days and making more insurance claims related to the health of their
children.
It these problems continue the future economic burdens attributable to the high current rates of overweight among

adolescents are substantial. Lightwood, et. al., (2009) constructed models to estimate the costs of excess obesity and
associated diabetes and coronary heart diseases among adults who will be aged 35-64 in 2020 to 2050. Current adolescent
overweight is projected to result in 161 million life-years that will be complicated by obesity, diabetes, or coronary heart
disease and 1.5 million life-years lost. The costs are estimated to be $208 billion from early death or morbidity and $46
billion from direct medical costs.
How did the authors describe the prediction on the future long-term economic consequences of the current levels of
overweight/obesity among today's adolescents?

Explanation:

Full file at />

Page 7 of 22

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
32. Fast Foods and the Overweight/Obesity Epidemic
Lack of sufficient physical activity of the right kind and duration is not the only contributor to the overweight/obesity
epidemic. Over the last quarter century the consumption of fast foods has increased dramatically. Children and youths in
the United States eat five times the amount of fast food that their counterparts did in the 1980s. Fast food is less expensive
than healthy food and is typically more accessible. In most places a healthy salad costs more than a hamburger and fries.
Briefly describe how fast food consumption patterns have changed in the last few decades.

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
33. Fast Foods and the Overweight/Obesity Epidemic
Fast food, as a percentage of discretionary food expenditure doubled from 20% in the 1970s to 40% by 1995. Children and
youths have also markedly increased their consumption of "snacks," averaging three snacks per day in addition to their

three regular meals (Piernas & Popkin, 2010). The consumption of sugared beverages has also increased markedly over
the past 30 years (Isganaitis & Lustig, 2005) with a corresponding decrease in the consumption of milk. Soft drinks are
now a leading source of carbohydrates for 2-18 year olds, second only to bread.

Test Bank for Introduction to Physical Education Fitness and Sport 8th Edition by Siedento

From the perspective of discretionary money spent on fast food, describe the change over the last five decades.

Full file at />Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
34. Fast Foods and the Overweight/Obesity Epidemic
Fast food is high in fat, saturated fat, energy density, fructose, and glycemic index, yet poor in fiber, vitamins A and C,
and calcium. A fast food meal typically contains 85% of recommended daily fat intake, 73% of saturated fat, but only 40%
of the recommended amount of fiber and 30% of the recommended amount of calcium. Research has repeatedly linked the
consumption of fast food to obesity and to insulin resistance (Bowman et. al., 2004).
Complete the following sentence: Research has repeatedly linked the consumption of fast food to ______________ and to
________ _______.

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
35. Fast Foods and the Overweight/Obesity Epidemic
Growing concern about child/youth overweight and obesity and the associated predicted costs thereof was evident
throughout the health and medical communities, and it became clear that interventions at the federal and state levels would
be needed to stem the epidemic. In 2004, the United States Congress passed Section 204 of Public Law 108-25, the Child
Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004, the initial federal effort to address the overweight/obesity crisis among
American children and youths. Section 204 required that "each local educational agency participating in a program

authorized by the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act or the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 shall establish a local
school wellness policy by the school year 2006-2007."
How did the Federal Government get involved in 2004 in the national effort to stem the rising levels of
overweight/obesity?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
36. Fast Foods and the Overweight/Obesity Epidemic
The legislation defined the minimum requirements that local school wellness policies should address in order to continue
to get federal financial support for school breakfast and lunches. These requirements were defined in five requirements

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Page 8 of 22

that local school wellness policies must address.
• Includes goals for nutrition education, physical activity, and other school-based activities that are designed to promote
student wellness in a manner that the local educational agency determines is appropriate.
• Includes nutritional guidelines selected by the local education agency for all foods available on each school campus
under the local educational agency during the school day with the objectives of promoting student health and reducing
childhood obesity.
• Provides an assurance that guidelines for reimbursable school meals shall not be less restrictive than regulations and
guidance issues by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Secretary.
• Establishes a plan for measuring implementation of the local wellness policy, including designation of 1 or more persons
within the local educational agency or at each school, as appropriate, charged with operational responsibility for ensuring
that the school meets the local wellness policy.
• Involves parents, students, and representatives of the school food authority, the school board, school administrators, and
the public in the development of local school wellness policy.

According to the Child Nutrition and WIC Reauthorization Act of 2004 what were two of the main requirements for
school districts when drafting their district wellness policy?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
37. Fast Foods and the Overweight/Obesity Epidemic

Test
to nutritional
Physical standards
Education
Fitness
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8th and
Edition
In 2004, only
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snacks
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Full
filethat
at />D.C. has been made in what are called "competitive foods," that is, foods that are sold in school vending machines, school
stores, or through school bake sales (Trust for America's Health, 2010). That still leaves 30 states who have yet to set
standards for breakfast and lunches, as well as for competitive foods.
Explain the concept of "competitive foods."

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
38. Fast Foods and the Overweight/Obesity Epidemic
The legislation also suggested that Wellness Councils should establish goals for physical activity, but did not include a
specific reference to physical education. Several states, however, used this opportunity to strengthen requirements for
physical education (Siedentop, 2005). The Washington state legislature required that school wellness policies include the
establishment of a comprehensive health and fitness curriculum with a minimum time commitment of 100 minutes peer
week from grades 1-8. The Texas legislature required 30 minutes daily or 135 minutes weekly in physical education in
elementary and middle schools. South Carolina passed new legislation that would be phased in over several years,
requiring 150 minutes/week in physical education and physical activity in grades K-5 and requiring high schools students
to complete two credits in health and fitness. The North Carolina State Board of Education responded by supporting
legislation that requires elementary schools to move towards 150 minutes/week with a certified PE teacher and middle
schools to move towards 225 minutes/week in physical education, with districts required to report annually the number of
minutes of PE and PA for each school within the district. California responded with a broadly based plan (California
Department of Health Services, 2006) that was enacted and funded by the state legislature. The legislation included very
specific requirements for the kinds of foods and drinks made available in schools and required a minimum of 200 minutes
for every 10 school days in grades 1-6 and a minimum of 400 minuets of PE for every 10 school days in grades 7-12. The
legislation also included additions to the state budget that would provide $40 million to hire more credentialed physical
education teachers and $500 million for the purchase of PE, art, and music supplies to improve the infrastructure of school

programs. Many states, however, "suggested" improvements in physical education and school nutrition and even provided
guidelines but failed to provide funding or an accountability measure to ensure that progress was made with the result that
local school districts, already under a heavy burden for funding, were unlikely to implement the suggested improvements.
Briefly describe the legislative progress that has been made in states like Washington, South Carolina and Texas.

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
39. The legislation also suggested that Wellness Councils should establish goals for physical activity, but did not include a
specific reference to physical education. Several states, however, used this opportunity to strengthen requirements for
physical education (Siedentop, 2005). The Washington state legislature required that school wellness policies include the
establishment of a comprehensive health and fitness curriculum with a minimum time commitment of 100 minutes peer
week from grades 1-8. The Texas legislature required 30 minutes daily or 135 minutes weekly in physical education in

Full file at />

Page 9 of 22

elementary and middle schools. South Carolina passed new legislation that would be phased in over several years,
requiring 150 minutes/week in physical education and physical activity in grades K-5 and requiring high schools students
to complete two credits in health and fitness. The North Carolina State Board of Education responded by supporting
legislation that requires elementary schools to move towards 150 minutes/week with a certified PE teacher and middle
schools to move towards 225 minutes/week in physical education, with districts required to report annually the number of
minutes of PE and PA for each school within the district. California responded with a broadly based plan (California
Department of Health Services, 2006) that was enacted and funded by the state legislature. The legislation included very
specific requirements for the kinds of foods and drinks made available in schools and required a minimum of 200 minutes
for every 10 school days in grades 1-6 and a minimum of 400 minuets of PE for every 10 school days in grades 7-12. The
legislation also included additions to the state budget that would provide $40 million to hire more credentialed physical
education teachers and $500 million for the purchase of PE, art, and music supplies to improve the infrastructure of school

elementary and
middle
South Carolina passed new legislation that would be phased in over several years,
Full
file schools.
at />requiring 150 minutes/week in physical education and physical activity in grades K-5 and requiring high schools students
to complete two credits in health and fitness. The North Carolina State Board of Education responded by supporting
legislation that requires elementary schools to move towards 150 minutes/week with a certified PE teacher and middle
schools to move towards 225 minutes/week in physical education, with districts required to report annually the number of
minutes of PE and PA for each school within the district. California responded with a broadly based plan (California
Department of Health Services, 2006) that was enacted and funded by the state legislature. The legislation included very
specific requirements for the kinds of foods and drinks made available in schools and required a minimum of 200 minutes
for every 10 school days in grades 1-6 and a minimum of 400 minuets of PE for every 10 school days in grades 7-12. The
legislation also included additions to the state budget that would provide $40 million to hire more credentialed physical
education teachers and $500 million for the purchase of PE, art, and music supplies to improve the infrastructure of school
programs. Many states, however, "suggested" improvements in physical education and school nutrition and even provided
guidelines but failed to provide funding or an accountability measure to ensure that progress was made with the result that
local school districts, already under a heavy burden for funding, were unlikely to implement the suggested improvements.
According to the authors, why have legislative mandates in many states failed to bring about change?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
41. National Goals for Healthy Foods and Physical Activity in Schools
In 1991 in its landmark publication Healthy People 2000, the U.S. Public Health Service created a new strategy to deal
with the broad issues related to public health. A series of goals were adopted and regular progress related to those goals
was reported. In 2000 Healthy People 2010 was published with reports on the progress made for the 2000 goals and the
establishment of revised goals for the next decade. The first goal of HP 2010 was to help individuals of all ages increase
their life expectancy and improve their quality of life. The second goal was to eliminate health disparities among different

segments of the population. These two goals focus on two main issues that will be addressed throughout this text: (1)
physical education, fitness, and sport need to establish programs that contribute to healthier lifestyles through physical
activity, and (2) certain segments of the population need special, coordinated attention for them to achieve the goal of a
healthy lifestyle.
Healthy People 2020 provided reports on progress for the 2010 goals and revised goals for 2020. Of particular interest to
the issues of childhood/youth overweight and obesity were goals designed to:
• Increase the percentage of schools that offer nutritious foods and beverages outside of school meals.
• Increase the percentage of schools with a school breakfast program.
• Increase the proportion of the Nation's public and private schools that require daily physical education for all students.
• Increase the proportion of adolescents who participate in daily school physical education.
• Increase the proportion of adolescents who spend at least 50 percent of school physical education class time being
physically active.
Name the first two Healthy People 2010 national health objectives.

Explanation:

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Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
42. National Goals for Healthy Foods and Physical Activity in Schools
While the federal government has taken the overweight/obesity crisis seriously and initiated several programs to reduce
the prevalence of overweight/obesity throughout the population, it has yet to provide sufficient funding to initiate these
programs among the states. The federal legislation for education that has been well funded in the last decade is the No
Child Left Behind (NCLB) program that provides school districts with funds to increase the elementary school
performance in reading and mathematics. As school administrators made decisions to strengthen their reading and
mathematics programs in elementary schools to meet the requirements of NCLB, an unintended consequence has been a
40 minutes per week time reduction in physical education and a 50 minute/week reduction for recess time (Center on

Education Policy, 2008). This likely unintended consequence is particularly disappointing because it is abundantly clear
that appropriate levels of physical activity, including sufficient time in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA),
are positively related to increased on-task classroom behavior, cognitive development, and academic performance (Active
Education, 2007). Physical and aerobic fitness decline as youth transition from elementary to middle to high school and
this appears to especially true for females (Basch, 2010). Physical activity affects metabolism and all major body systems
and exerts powerful positive influences on the brain and spinal cord, which affects emotional stability, physical health, and
ability to learn.
What has been a significant unintended consequence of the No Child Left Behind legislation relative to opportunities for
students to be physically activity at school?

Explanation:

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Short Answer Question
43. The National Plan for Physical Activity

On May 3, 2010 America's first National Physical Activity Plan (NPAP) was released. The primary vision of the NPAP is
that: "One day, all Americans will be physically active and they will live, work, and play in environments that facilitate
regular physical activity." (www.physicalactivityplan.org). The NPAP aims to "create a national culture that supports
physically active lifestyles. Its ultimate purpose is to improve health, prevent disease and disability, and enhance the
quality of life."
The NPAP is organized in eight societal sectors:
• Business and Industry
• Education

• Health Care
• Mass Media
• Parks, Recreation, Fitness, and Sports
• Public Health
• Transportation, Land Use, and Community Design
• Volunteer and Non-Profit
The overarching strategies of the sectors of the National Plan Physical Activity are as follows:
• Launch a grassroots advocacy effort to mobilize support for strategies and tactics included in the NPAP.
• Mount a national physical activity education program to educate Americans about effective behavioral strategies for
increasing physical activity and integrate the program's design with other national health promotion and disease prevention
education campaigns.
• Disseminate best practice physical activity models, programs, and policies to the widest extent possible to ensure
Americans can access strategies that will enable them to meet federal physical activity guidelines.
• Create a national resource center to disseminate effective tools for promoting physical activity.
• Establish a center for physical activity policy development and research across all sectors of the NPAP.
In addition to Education, Business and Industry, and Health Care, what are two other sectors in society that contributed to
developing the National Physical Activity Plan?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
44. The National Plan for Physical Activity
On May 3, 2010 America's first National Physical Activity Plan (NPAP) was released. The primary vision of the NPAP is
that: "One day, all Americans will be physically active and they will live, work, and play in environments that facilitate
regular physical activity." (www.physicalactivityplan.org). The NPAP aims to "create a national culture that supports
physically active lifestyles. Its ultimate purpose is to improve health, prevent disease and disability, and enhance the
quality of life."
The two sectors that will be highlighted in this text are the Education Sector and the Parks, Recreation, Fitness, and Sports

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Sector. This is not to suggest that the other sectors are less important. For example, the Transportation, Land Use, and
Community Design sector has as its primary goal to make the "built environment" safer and more accessible and attractive
for walking, running, and cycling. Parents cite five primary barriers to their children's participation in physical activity:
transportation problems, lack of opportunities for physical activity in the immediate area, expense, parental lack of time,
and concerns about neighborhood safety (MMWR Weekly, 2003). The specific strategies for the Education Sector and the
Parks, Recreation, Fitness, and Sports Sector are described in Chapter 3.
Briefly describe the contribution that the Transportation, Land Use, and Community Design sector can make to increase
physical activity levels.

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
45. The National Plan for Physical Activity
On May 3, 2010 America's first National Physical Activity Plan (NPAP) was released. The primary vision of the NPAP is
that: "One day, all Americans will be physically active and they will live, work, and play in environments that facilitate
regular physical activity." (www.physicalactivityplan.org). The NPAP aims to "create a national culture that supports
physically active lifestyles. Its ultimate purpose is to improve health, prevent disease and disability, and enhance the
quality of life."
The two sectors that will be highlighted in this text are the Education Sector and the Parks, Recreation, Fitness, and Sports
Sector. This is not to suggest that the other sectors are less important. For example, the Transportation, Land Use, and
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Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
46. Lifespan Physical Activity: A Revolution Not Limited By Age Or Gender
Someday, historians will describe the current era as a watershed period characterized by the emergence of the possibility
and desirability of lifespan physical activity through physical education, fitness, and sport. While far too many Americans
of all ages have yet to invest in and achieve that possibility, it is now clear that it is both possible and desirable. What has
to be done now is to create the opportunities to achieve it.

When we consider participation in physical education, fitness, and sport, what age and gender groups come to mind? If we
observe our cultural traditions, our thoughts may go to children at play, youths involved in sports, and young adults
participating in recreational activities, with involvement slowly diminishing as they grow older. Very young children are
seldom included in this scenario and we have traditionally thought more about the participation of boys than girls. In
addition, although we may think of men as continuing their involvement in moderately active recreation as they age, we
are less likely to think of them engaged in strenuous activities. Until quite recently, we would have been unlikely to
include women engaged in lifespan physical activity and even more unlikely to think of them as engaged in strenuous
physical activity. Our tradition has been to think of elderly persons as largely inactive except, perhaps, for a quiet walk the
afternoon.
Historically, we think of physical education, fitness, and sport programs as limited primarily to older children, youths, and
young adults. Furthermore, far too many of us have viewed appropriate participation for girls and women to be less
rigorous than for males, and some have considered female participation to be out of bounds altogether. Thankfully, these
stereotypes have been mostly dismantled. Our old ideas are being replaced with a vision of lifespan involvement in
physical activity beginning at a very young age and continuing through the lifespan, not only for boys and men but also for
girls and women. These changes in perception, and the changes in opportunities that accompany them, lie at the heart of
the revolution we are now experiencing, a revolution that is not limited by age or gender.
What stereotypes are being changed by viewing physical activity from a lifespan perspective?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
47. Lifespan Physical Activity: A Revolution Not Limited By Age Or Gender
Someday, historians will describe the current era as a watershed period characterized by the emergence of the possibility
and desirability of lifespan physical activity through physical education, fitness, and sport. While far too many Americans

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Page 12 of 22

of all ages have yet to invest in and achieve that possibility, it is now clear that it is both possible and desirable. What has
to be done now is to create the opportunities to achieve it.
This vision of lifespan involvement in physical activity does not mean that every person must be a committed athlete from
childhood through old age. Indeed, from a public health perspective, regular moderate physical activity is more important
than vigorous physical activity (Morrow & Gill, 1995). It also means that people are increasingly likely to view
involvement in some regular physical activity - walking, joining a fitness club, recreational sport, dance, or cycling - as
fundamental to their sense of a good life, regardless of their age or gender. The lifespan involvement goal for physical
activity is unlikely to be achieved unless children, youths, and adults truly enjoy their activities. We now understand that
engagement in physical activity is more likely when it is enjoyable and enjoyment is much more likely when persons have
a strong sense of self-efficacy for the particular activity. Self-efficacy (Bandura, 1994) is defined as people's beliefs about
their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance in activities. Self-efficacy for physical activity develops
through successful, enjoyable experiences.
Briefly explain the authors' vision for lifespan physical activity involvement.

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
48. Lifespan Physical Activity: A Revolution Not Limited By Age Or Gender
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This vision of lifespan involvement in physical activity does not mean that every person must be a committed athlete from
childhood through old age. Indeed, from a public health perspective, regular moderate physical activity is more important
than vigorous physical activity (Morrow & Gill, 1995). It also means that people are increasingly likely to view
involvement in some regular physical activity - walking, joining a fitness club, recreational sport, dance, or cycling - as
fundamental to their sense of a good life, regardless of their age or gender. The lifespan involvement goal for physical
activity is unlikely to be achieved unless children, youths, and adults truly enjoy their activities. We now understand that
engagement in physical activity is more likely when it is enjoyable and enjoyment is much more likely when persons have
a strong sense of self-efficacy for the particular activity. Self-efficacy (Bandura, 1994) is defined as people's beliefs about
their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance in activities. Self-efficacy for physical activity develops
through successful, enjoyable experiences.
Briefly explain the role of self-efficacy in developing lifelong physical activity involvement

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
49. Lifespan Physical Activity: A Revolution Not Limited By Age Or Gender
Someday, historians will describe the current era as a watershed period characterized by the emergence of the possibility
and desirability of lifespan physical activity through physical education, fitness, and sport. While far too many Americans

of all ages have yet to invest in and achieve that possibility, it is now clear that it is both possible and desirable. What has
to be done now is to create the opportunities to achieve it.
The concept of play is also important to our understanding of how to develop and sustain physical activity from early
childhood through adulthood. While we fully understand the strong impulse among children to want to "play," we are less
likely to recognize the play of adults whether it be a game of golf, a long cycling trip with friends, a regular visit to a
fitness center, the weekly softball games, or learning new dance forms. If we want children, youths, and adults to become
and stay physically active we have to ensure that their activity experiences are enjoyable and that they grow in the mastery
of their favorite activities, thus developing the self-efficacy for those activities that will sustain their involvement
throughout the lifespan.
According to the authors, what are two conditions that have to be met so physical activity self-efficacy is strengthened?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
50. The Early Years
Physical movement is the basic language of early childhood, from birth to ages 6 or 7 (Boucher, 1988). Early childhood is
a crucial period for promoting the development of motor skills and physical activity. Child-development experts have long
recognized the fundamental importance of providing children with opportunities for physical movement and motor play.

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Traditionally, the physical activity of young children has been informally arranged and monitored at home with no specific
purpose other than to keep children involved in some activity with the responsibility for their activity exclusively
monitored by parents.
Many families now have access to programs for young children that focus on physical activity and the development of
motor skills. Most of these programs are in the private sector; that is, they are franchises that provide fee-for-service early
childhood physical activity programs. Because they are fee-for-service operations, they tend to be more frequently found

in suburbs and in more affluent neighborhoods in cities. The focus on Box 1.3, Early-Childhood Physical-Activity
Program Web Sites (with internet addresses) shows several program providers that will give you with a sense of the kinds
of available programs.
What disparity is likely present relative to the availability of programs that target the motor skill development of young
children?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
51. The Early Years
Physical movement is the basic language of early childhood, from birth to ages 6 or 7 (Boucher, 1988). Early childhood is
a crucial period for promoting the development of motor skills and physical activity. Child-development experts have long
recognized the fundamental importance of providing children with opportunities for physical movement and motor play.
Traditionally, the physical activity of young children has been informally arranged and monitored at home with no specific
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Some programs have been developed in the private sector and marketed to preschools. The Spark Early Childhood
curriculum grew from the SPARK (Sport and Physical Activity for Kids) elementary school curriculum. This early
childhood program was developed specifically for preschool teachers. The program is organized with 12 activity units
with daily lesson plans for each unit. Each lesson plan is scripted. Children who live in less affluent neighborhoods are
most likely to have access to early childhood programs such as Head Start, a government funded early childhood program
that focuses in early education, support for healthy foods, and physical activity. Children's playgrounds are increasingly
being designed with apparatus that accommodate activities that are developmentally appropriate for young children and
encourage children to explore new movement experiences.
Briefly describe the focus of the Head Start program

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
52. The Early Years
Physical movement is the basic language of early childhood, from birth to ages 6 or 7 (Boucher, 1988). Early childhood is
a crucial period for promoting the development of motor skills and physical activity. Child-development experts have long
recognized the fundamental importance of providing children with opportunities for physical movement and motor play.
Traditionally, the physical activity of young children has been informally arranged and monitored at home with no specific
purpose other than to keep children involved in some activity with the responsibility for their activity exclusively
monitored by parents.
Sport opportunities are now available to children at an earlier age than in the past. It is no longer unusual to see 5-yearolds enrolled in soccer, baseball, swimming, or gymnastics programs. As we will show in Chapters 10-12, there is growing
concern in America about the downside of young children increasingly involved in competitive sport programs at a very

young age. Most experts in child development agree that sport experiences for boys and girls up to the age eleven should
focus on learning game rules, playing different positions, using modified equipment, rules, and playing fields, limiting
uniforms, and encouraging boys and girls to participate together.
Sport programs for young children are sponsored by a variety of local organizations. Community recreation programs
often offer a variety of sport experiences for children and do so with modest fees. Volunteer organizations, such as local
Kiwanis or Lions Clubs, often sponsor sport programs for young children. These organizations raise funds, create rules for
participation decide what sports to offer, and determine what levels of competitions will exist for various age groups.
According to child development experts, what should the sport experience look like for children 11 years and younger?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
53. The Early Years

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Physical movement is the basic language of early childhood, from birth to ages 6 or 7 (Boucher, 1988). Early childhood is
a crucial period for promoting the development of motor skills and physical activity. Child-development experts have long
recognized the fundamental importance of providing children with opportunities for physical movement and motor play.
Traditionally, the physical activity of young children has been informally arranged and monitored at home with no specific
purpose other than to keep children involved in some activity with the responsibility for their activity exclusively
monitored by parents.
Preschool children also have opportunities to be physically active and to learn motor skills in private preschool programs
and in government programs such as Head Start. Their education in motor skill development, sports, and dance continues
as they begin their formal education in schools from kindergarten through elementary grades. The time spent in elementary
school physical education differs markedly from state to state, depending on the policies that state government has adopted
and the school funding formula within the state. Since most states rely on local property taxes as their major source of

revenue for schools it is not unusual for suburban schools to have much stronger physical education programs than for city
or rural schools.
According to the authors, what is a consequence of schools being financed by local property tax?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
54. Youth: The Transition Years
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Why and how can adolescents fulfill Physical Education requirements without ever attending a single Physical Education
lesson?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
55. Youth: The Transition Years
Boys and girls who are in the upper-middle-school grades and into high school tend either to become more active or more
sedentary than in elementary or early middle school. Time in physical education at middle and high school levels has been
reduced dramatically over the past several decades. In many states, students who participate on school sport teams or in
the marching band or ROTC programs are exempt from having to take physical education courses (NASPE, 2006). The
major point to be made here is that during this age-span, adolescent boys and girls move towards making physical activity
a central part of their lifestyle or move towards a lifestyle that is increasingly devoid of physical activity.
What is the consequence of adolescents completing their Physical Education requirements without ever attending a single
Physical Education lesson?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
56. Youth: The Transition Years
In 2009-2010, for the twenty-first consecutive year, participation on high school sport teams increased. Nearly 4.5 million
boys and 3.1 million girls competed on school teams (National Federation of State High School Associations, 2010).

Programs differ markedly in the manner in which school sport participation is funded, depending primarily on the
financial resources in the local district, the size of the schools, and the state regulations under which the school operates.
Facilities and staffing for interscholastic sport have increased markedly, including weight-training facilities and the
employment of full-time athletic trainers. As we will show in Chapters 10-12, there are a number of issues that have
developed in interscholastic sports over the past several decades, including sport specialization, pay to play programs, and
hiring coaches who are not teachers.
Briefly describe the trends in high school sport participation in the last 20 years.

Explanation:

Answers will vary

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Short Answer Question
57. Youth: The Transition Years
In 2009-2010, for the twenty-first consecutive year, participation on high school sport teams increased. Nearly 4.5 million
boys and 3.1 million girls competed on school teams (National Federation of State High School Associations, 2010).
Programs differ markedly in the manner in which school sport participation is funded, depending primarily on the
financial resources in the local district, the size of the schools, and the state regulations under which the school operates.
Facilities and staffing for interscholastic sport have increased markedly, including weight-training facilities and the
employment of full-time athletic trainers. As we will show in Chapters 10-12, there are a number of issues that have
developed in interscholastic sports over the past several decades, including sport specialization, pay to play programs, and
hiring coaches who are not teachers.
What are the main influences on how well high schools' sport programs are funded?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
58. Youth: The Transition Years
Some high school students do not participate in the interscholastic sports program, but still have a very active involvement
in physical activity and sport. Two examples are Andrea and William. Andrea owns her own horse and has trained and
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slowly advanced in local karate competitions and is beginning to make a name for himself. He trains at a small karate

studio, which occupies a storefront in one of the area shopping malls. He has grown very strong and is able to make the
very quick movements that define karate. His room at home is filled with trophies he has won in local competitions.
Neither Andrea nor William has every played on a school team.
While the increasing numbers of boys and girls competing in interscholastic sport programs has increased each year, there
are also large numbers of girls and boys who try out for high school sport teams but do not make the final cut that
determines the team members for any given season. While some high schools support intramural sport programs, many do
not and there are far fewer community sport programs for teenagers than for students at elementary and middle school
ages.
According to the authors, what problem do high school students face if they do not get selected to be on the school's team?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
59. Young Adulthood
We define young adults as women and men who have finished high school and gone on either to further education or
entered the workforce. They are in a time of separation from youth and are establishing patterns of work and play that will
shape their future. What follows is a sample of the many ways that young adults participate in physical activity.
Over the past several decades private and public colleges and universities have developed sport, recreation, and fitness
facilities and programs for enrolled students, faculty, and staff. Indeed, the quality of those facilities and the programs they
offer are now one of the strongest determining factors of where potential students choose to pursue their undergraduate
degrees.
Explain the rationale behind Colleges and University's building extensive facilities and programs for college students.

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
60. Young Adulthood
We define young adults as women and men who have finished high school and gone on either to further education or

entered the workforce. They are in a time of separation from youth and are establishing patterns of work and play that will
shape their future. What follows is a sample of the many ways that young adults participate in physical activity.
The Ohio State University, like most colleges and universities, has invested enormously in providing ample opportunity
for students to stay physically active and to learn new activities. While there are no "requirements" demanding that
students take physical activity classes, the OSU Sport, Fitness, and Health Program offers more than sixty elective sport
and fitness courses each quarter of the academic year, which attract more than 15,000 students each year. More than

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Page 16 of 22

twenty different types of fitness classes are available to students (see Focus on University Elective Fitness Classes Box
1.4.).
Students also have the opportunity to join one or more of the seventy-nine sport clubs sponsored by the Intramural and
Recreational Sport Department. Each club has a faculty advisor. Some of the clubs, such as the equestrian club, women's
rugby club, and water-ski club teams compete in regional and national championships. Other clubs, such as the alpine-ski
club, the cycling club, and the scuba club take trips during quarter breaks.
The University also has built an Outdoor Adventure Center that includes a Climbing Center with two state of the art
climbing walls, offering students more than fifty routes for climbing. Classes and workshops are offered so that students
can prepare for backcountry trips during weekends and semester breaks.
A wide range of intramural competitions is offered for men's, women's, and coed teams. The program also offers training
for student officials and managers to ensure that intramural competitions run smoothly. The intramural program is
managed by a professional staff of more than 35 full-time persons with the assistance of more than 400 student assistants,
many of whom are fulfilling internship requirements for recreation, sport and exercise education, exercise science, and
sport management academic programs.
List four different campus-based opportunities for physical activity for college-aged students.

Explanation:

Answers will vary

Short Answer Question
61. Young Adulthood
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Young adults who move into the workforce rather than pursue higher education degrees typically have a harder time
finding the type and quality of physical activity programs that attract them to regular involvement. Some corporations and
businesses offer support for employees that become and stay involved with fitness or recreation programs. Indeed, many
corporations have realized that the investment they make in developing facilities and programs for employees greatly
reduces the costs of their employee health programs.
Why do corporations invest in health-fitness facilities on their campuses?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
62. Young Adulthood
We define young adults as women and men who have finished high school and gone on either to further education or
entered the workforce. They are in a time of separation from youth and are establishing patterns of work and play that will
shape their future. What follows is a sample of the many ways that young adults participate in physical activity.
Most often, however, young adults entering the workforce have to find and join fitness centers, YMCA programs, or
community recreation and sport programs in order to stay engaged with the kind of physical activity they most enjoy. The
community programs are most often the responsibility of parks and recreations departments and typically require
participation fees in the form of daily, monthly, or yearly memberships. Community programs often involve the
development of a variety of recreational sites such as parks, softball fields, and walking/biking trails. Softball, for
example, is still one of the most popular recreational sports in America, with nearly five million participants each year.
The Columbus, Ohio Parks and Recreation Department organizes and administers 114 softball leagues competed on 126
city-owned softball fields, involving 878 local teams in organized league play and nearly 100 tournaments for 4,000 local
and regional softball teams. Each year more than 13,000 games are played with an estimated 35,000 players. Leagues are
typically formed for men's, women's, coed, and age-group players.
List two programs that young adults typically will seek out when looking to stay physically active.

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
63. The Older Adult
Prior to the 1960s it was common to believe that older adults should not engage in moderate to vigorous physical activity,
which is one reason why golf and bowling were the most popular activities. Fortunately, this particular myth has been
blown apart in recent years. Older women and men now walk, jog, and cycle, not only because it good for their health but
also because it has become part of their chosen lifestyle.

What is one reason for why bowling and golf were the sports of choice for so many older adults prior to the 1960s?

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Page 17 of 22

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
64. The Older Adult
Older persons also compete! In the late 1960s, a group of American and Canadian men and women, who had competed in
track and field through youth and young adulthood, were trying to find ways to continue participating in their preferred
sport. They started by beginning to take part in age-group track and field in Europe, where an age-group track and field
movement had already begun. The experiences were so successful that age-group clubs and competitions began to develop
in North America.
In 1985, the first World Masters Games attracted 8,000 athletes to Toronto, Canada. During those games, a steering
committee was elected to plan for an international governing body for master's track and field. Thus, the World
Association of Veteran Athletes (later to change the name to World Masters Athletics) was formed and sponsored the 2nd
World Masters Athletics Championships in Sweden. In 2002, the fifth World Masters Games attracted more than 20,000
athletes to Melbourne, Australia. The organization now sponsors three regular events: outdoor track and field, crosscountry, and indoor track and field.
Another important venue for older athletes is the United States Masters Swimming organization that oversees 500
affiliated masters swim clubs for adults aged 18 or older with a total membership of more than 42,000 age group
swimmers. It is now common for city recreation departments to organize age-group competitions for older adults, such as
over-50 and over-60 basketball leagues. If you attend a local fitness center, whether a community recreation fitness center
or a private fitness center you are likely to see a wide range of age groups, including persons in the 50-80 age groups. The
involvement of older persons is not just about concerns to remain healthy but also because of the pleasure they find in
working out.
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that are designed to minimize the stressful impact of exercise on aging joints.
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at />motivating senior women and men to lead a healthy lifestyle by participating in the senior games movement
(www.nsga.com)). The 2011 Summer Games in Houston, Texas attracted 15,000 women and men to compete in seventeen
different sports. Twenty-four states now hold state level summer games competitions.
Briefly describe the emergence of age-group (a.k.a. master's) sport competition for older adults.

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question

65. The Older Adult
People in the developed world now have greater life expectancy than ever before. The number of adults in the 65-84 agegroup increased to 12 percent of the total population in 2010 and is expected to increase to 17 percent of the population by
2025. It is increasingly clear that regular physical activity is important in helping elderly people maintain the quality and
length of their lives. A sedentary lifestyle, on the other hand, is estimated to account for 50 percent of the decline in
strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness.
Why is regular engagement in physical activity by older adults so important?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
66. The Older Adult
People in the developed world now have greater life expectancy than ever before. The number of adults in the 65-84 agegroup increased to 12 percent of the total population in 2010 and is expected to increase to 17 percent of the population by
2025. It is increasingly clear that regular physical activity is important in helping elderly people maintain the quality and
length of their lives. A sedentary lifestyle, on the other hand, is estimated to account for 50 percent of the decline in
strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness.
What are the likely consequences of a sedentary lifestyle among older adults?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
67.

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Page 18 of 22

THE NEW SETTINGS FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
The research that has shown the importance of physical activity in sustaining healthy lifestyles has led both the public

sector and private sector to provide facilities and programs that attract and retain persons who increasingly want to make
physical activity a key element in their lifestyle. Home fitness has also been a on the rise for at least the last decade. It is
increasingly common to find homeowners who can afford it that have either designed a fitness room in a new home plan
or converted a room in their home so as to include a treadmill or elliptical trainer, a stationary bicycle, and free weights as
the most likely means of engaging in health physical activity without having to travel to a fitness center.
Which population group is more likely to have a home gym?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
68. THE NEW SETTINGS FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
The number of sport clubs and fitness centers has also increased markedly over the past decade. The numbers of tennis and
golf clubs have increased substantially, as have clubs that include indoor and outdoor swimming pools. Sport and fitness
clubs often have attractive lounges and often have child-care services available. These clubs are fee for service oriented
and are typically more expensive than community centers and YM-YWCA centers.
Why are private/commercial fitness clubs oftentimes more expensive for clients than programs in community centers like
YMCA's?

Test Bank for Introduction to Physical Education Fitness and Sport 8th Edition by Siedento
Full file at />Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
69. THE NEW SETTINGS FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
One of the most robust and successful developments in opportunities for physical activity has been the widespread
development of worksite fitness programs. The Wellness Councils of America (www.welcoa.org) reported that 81% of
businesses with 50 or more employees have some form of wellness promotion, with typical components of exercise, stop
smoking classes, back care programs, and stress management. While developing and sustaining these programs costs the
businesses substantial amounts of money, the return is well worth the investment. Businesses that invest in worksite health

promotion programs realize a return of $3-6 for every dollar invested over a 2-5 year period (American Journal of
Preventive Medicine, 2005). This is mostly attributable to a 26% reduction in health care benefits and a 20% reduction in
worker's compensation claims. After reviewing 120 research studies, the National Company Group on Health reported that
within five years of initial implementation a typical result was a $3.48 reduction in care costs per dollar invested and a
$5.82 reduction in costs per dollar invested due to lower absenteeism. It is now clear that businesses and corporations that
spend money to build and sustain worker wellness programs create a more stable workforce and reduce health costs
substantially. It should be noted that this movement has produced an increasing need for trained wellness and fitness
professionals.
What are the typical components of a worksite health-fitness program?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
70. THE NEW SETTINGS FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
One of the most robust and successful developments in opportunities for physical activity has been the widespread
development of worksite fitness programs. The Wellness Councils of America (www.welcoa.org) reported that 81% of
businesses with 50 or more employees have some form of wellness promotion, with typical components of exercise, stop
smoking classes, back care programs, and stress management. While developing and sustaining these programs costs the
businesses substantial amounts of money, the return is well worth the investment. Businesses that invest in worksite health
promotion programs realize a return of $3-6 for every dollar invested over a 2-5 year period (American Journal of
Preventive Medicine, 2005). This is mostly attributable to a 26% reduction in health care benefits and a 20% reduction in
worker's compensation claims. After reviewing 120 research studies, the National Company Group on Health reported that
within five years of initial implementation a typical result was a $3.48 reduction in care costs per dollar invested and a
$5.82 reduction in costs per dollar invested due to lower absenteeism. It is now clear that businesses and corporations that
spend money to build and sustain worker wellness programs create a more stable workforce and reduce health costs
substantially. It should be noted that this movement has produced an increasing need for trained wellness and fitness
professionals.
What is the evidence companies which invest in worksite health-fitness programming are making a wise investment?

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Page 19 of 22

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
71. The Emerging Characteristics of Lifespan Physical Activity
Physical activity across the lifespan is an emerging phenomenon. While we cannot predict how it will continue to evolve
and mature, we can predict with some certainty what several of the emerging characteristics of the movement must
achieve to be successful.
First, we must recognize the importance of an early start. Habits of participation in physical activity begin early in
childhood. Motor skill development and the enjoyment of physical activity must develop with very young children. It is
clear that unfit children tend to become unfit adolescents and unfit adults. This should become a major goal of day care
and preschool programs, as well as an important issue in the home.
Describe the likely consequence of being unfit during childhood and how this might affect fitness levels during adulthood.

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
72. The Emerging
of Lifespan to
Physical
Activity
TestCharacteristics
Bank for Introduction
Physical
Education

Fitness and Sport 8th Edition by Siedento

Physical activity
the />lifespan is an emerging phenomenon. While we cannot predict how it will continue to evolve
Fullacross
file at
and mature, we can predict with some certainty what several of the emerging characteristics of the movement must
achieve to be successful.
We have made substantial success in reducing the gender stereotypes that have historically made it difficult for girls and
women to become and stay engaged with physical activity. Hopefully, we are approaching the time when girls and women
will have full opportunities for lifespan physical activity in ways similar to those that men have enjoyed for some time.
Being fit is not gender specific! Physical education, fitness, and sport can no longer afford to organize or categorize
activities or roles on the basis of gender rather than skill or interest. An important goal for all physical education, fitness,
and sport professionals should be to eliminate gender bias from how children and youth are socialized into physical
activity and from the opportunities available to them throughout their lifespan.
Give a specific example of gender bias in providing opportunity for girls and women to engage in physical activity.

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
73. The Emerging Characteristics of Lifespan Physical Activity
Physical activity across the lifespan is an emerging phenomenon. While we cannot predict how it will continue to evolve
and mature, we can predict with some certainty what several of the emerging characteristics of the movement must
achieve to be successful.
Because the median age of our population increases with each passing decade, we are experiencing a shift in emphasis
from youth to adults. The median age reached to 35 in 2010 and is expected to be above 40 by 2020. While we cannot
afford to ignore the crucial importance of appropriate starts for very young children, it is clear that physical activity
programs and facilities that cater to older persons are also a necessity. This is yet another issue where increased health in

old age that is partially due to commitment to regular physical activity will help enormously in containing national health
costs.
Why has there been a broad shift from youth to adults in promoting physical activity?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
74. The Emerging Characteristics of Lifespan Physical Activity
Physical activity across the lifespan is an emerging phenomenon. While we cannot predict how it will continue to evolve
and mature, we can predict with some certainty what several of the emerging characteristics of the movement must
achieve to be successful.
Over the past several decades, we have witnessed the emergence of an enormous private-sector industry that provides

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Page 20 of 22

physical activity opportunities to children, youths, and adults. With health and fitness becoming a major national agenda
the private sector quickly began to provide facilities and fee-for-service programs to meet the challenges of that agenda.
The emergence of this new industry, while bringing attractive new opportunities for participation, has also revealed the
increasingly strong relationship between wealth and opportunity in physical education, fitness, and sport. Physical
education programs in suburban school districts tend to be more robust with better facilities than urban school districts,
particular the parts of urban districts that serve the poorest segment of the population. Private sector sport and fitness
programs are abundant in the suburbs but much less available in the inner city and rural areas.
The effort to further develop the public and private sector efforts to push forward the physical activity agenda has been
greatly supported by the increasing amounts of quality information available from research focused on physical activity
and physical activity programs. We have a much stronger scientific base of understanding about the appropriate kinds and
amounts of physical activity that lead to healthy lifestyles and the kinds and amounts of physical activity that too often
produce injuries. This scientific base has also shown clearly the enormous financial impact a healthy citizenry can have on

federal, state, and local budgets. Colleges and universities have responded to new professional roles that are necessary to
provide highly-trained women and men to fill the many positions in the expanding wellness and fitness industry, including
those that exist as stand-alone private programs and those that are embedded in schools, community facilities and
corporations.
How has the lifespan perspective on physical activity shifted the balance between publically funded and privately funded
outlets for physical activity?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
TestCharacteristics
Bank for Introduction
Physical
Education
75. The Emerging
of Lifespan to
Physical
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Fitness and Sport 8th Edition by Siedento

Physical activity
the />lifespan is an emerging phenomenon. While we cannot predict how it will continue to evolve
Fullacross
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and mature, we can predict with some certainty what several of the emerging characteristics of the movement must
achieve to be successful.
Over the past several decades, we have witnessed the emergence of an enormous private-sector industry that provides
physical activity opportunities to children, youths, and adults. With health and fitness becoming a major national agenda

the private sector quickly began to provide facilities and fee-for-service programs to meet the challenges of that agenda.
The emergence of this new industry, while bringing attractive new opportunities for participation, has also revealed the
increasingly strong relationship between wealth and opportunity in physical education, fitness, and sport. Physical
education programs in suburban school districts tend to be more robust with better facilities than urban school districts,
particular the parts of urban districts that serve the poorest segment of the population. Private sector sport and fitness
programs are abundant in the suburbs but much less available in the inner city and rural areas.
The effort to further develop the public and private sector efforts to push forward the physical activity agenda has been
greatly supported by the increasing amounts of quality information available from research focused on physical activity
and physical activity programs. We have a much stronger scientific base of understanding about the appropriate kinds and
amounts of physical activity that lead to healthy lifestyles and the kinds and amounts of physical activity that too often
produce injuries. This scientific base has also shown clearly the enormous financial impact a healthy citizenry can have on
federal, state, and local budgets. Colleges and universities have responded to new professional roles that are necessary to
provide highly-trained women and men to fill the many positions in the expanding wellness and fitness industry, including
those that exist as stand-alone private programs and those that are embedded in schools, community facilities and
corporations.
How is the relationship between financial wealth and opportunity for physical education, fitness and/or sport engagement?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
76. The Emerging Characteristics of Lifespan Physical Activity
Physical activity across the lifespan is an emerging phenomenon. While we cannot predict how it will continue to evolve
and mature, we can predict with some certainty what several of the emerging characteristics of the movement must
achieve to be successful.
Technology has transformed our lives in so many ways, including both knowledge about physical education, fitness, and
sport and how we do physical education, fitness, and sport. The World Wide Web is an extraordinary source of
information, as the number of websites cited in this text will attest. High tech exercise equipment allows you to carefully
control the amount and time of components in any piece of equipment. Nearly every sport has been influenced by use of
technology to improve equipment that allows for better performance - golf clubs, vaulting poles, and running shoes, to

name just a few. The professional work of physical education teachers, sport coaches, and fitness professionals has been
changed significantly by the availability and use of technology. We should expect that this trend toward technology
improvements will continue to change how we play, exercise, and how we learn.
Briefly describe two ways of how technology has affected how people participate in Sport and fitness.

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Page 21 of 22

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
77. The Major Issues We Face And What We Need to Do To Confront Them
The bad news is that America, like the rest of the world, is experiencing an epidemic of overweight and obesity. The good
news is that we now know that physical activity throughout the lifespan is both possible and achievable-and at a modest
cost, compared the extraordinary health costs we will face if the epidemic continues or worsens. More bad news is that
opportunities for access to healthier foods and access to quality programs of physical activity are not distributed evenly
across our population. Race, place, and socio-economic status severely affect the opportunity to be active and healthy. If
you are poor, black, or Hispanic and live in an inner city, you have few places that cater to your activity needs and interest,
the food you can afford to buy does not support a healthy diet, your local environment is unsafe for children and youths,
and you have few support services.
Historically, educational and policy efforts to improve physical activity opportunities for persons of all ages has focused
primarily on individuals. Although individual responsibility is important, there is increasing recognition that we must deal
with the structural and environmental issues that are associated with poor health, obesity, and inactivity.
Briefly describe the good news-bad news message that the authors see for you as a future professional in Physical
Education, Sport and fitness.

Explanation:

Answers will vary

Test Bank for Introduction to Physical Education Fitness and Sport 8th Edition by Siedento

Short Answer Question
78. The Major Issues
We Face
And What We Need to Do To Confront Them
Full file
at />
Reductions in physical activity are caused by a number of factors related to what is now commonly referred to as the built
environment. Communities are designed to foster driving rather than walking or biking. Very few children or youths walk
to school. They either get on a school bus or a parent drops them off at school. Children and youth spend more time with
video games, watching TV, and using the computer. Parents cite five primary barriers to their children's participation in
physical activity: transportation problems, lack of opportunities for physical activity in the immediate area, expense,
parental lack of time, and concerns about neighborhood safety (MMWR, 2003). In Chapter 3 the concept of a physical
activity infrastructure will be explained. The infrastructure to support physical activity is weak throughout the nation and
weakest in those places where it is most needed. It is unwise to think that the nation can confront and solve health
problems that are due largely or partially to physical inactivity without developing a more supportive infrastructure.
In addition to, TV's and computers, what other variables appear to suppress physical activity in children and youth?

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
79. The Major Issues We Face And What We Need to Do To Confront Them
Reductions in physical activity are caused by a number of factors related to what is now commonly referred to as the built
environment. Communities are designed to foster driving rather than walking or biking. Very few children or youths walk
to school. They either get on a school bus or a parent drops them off at school. Children and youth spend more time with
video games, watching TV, and using the computer. Parents cite five primary barriers to their children's participation in

physical activity: transportation problems, lack of opportunities for physical activity in the immediate area, expense,
parental lack of time, and concerns about neighborhood safety (MMWR, 2003). In Chapter 3 the concept of a physical
activity infrastructure will be explained. The infrastructure to support physical activity is weak throughout the nation and
weakest in those places where it is most needed. It is unwise to think that the nation can confront and solve health
problems that are due largely or partially to physical inactivity without developing a more supportive infrastructure.
Briefly describe the current state of this country's infrastructure relative to supporting opportunities for physical activity.

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question
80. The Major Issues We Face And What We Need to Do To Confront Them
This book is intended to provide you with knowledge of physical education, fitness, and sport and especially the kinds of
career opportunities that are available within those three sectors. While there are many specialized professional roles in
each the three sectors, we must also understand how we can be better boundary-crossers, because it is clear that our
overweight and obesity health crisis will not be solved by persons working solely within their own sector. Physical
education, fitness, and sport professionals must work together to develop and sustain programs that address the health and
physical activity issues that confront the nation. Each must be aware of the opportunities in the other sectors and be

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Page 22 of 22

advocates for healthy lifestyles through better nutrition and appropriate levels of physical activity. They all must also be
aware of and supportive of recreation and health programs within their communities and work to develop relationships
with those programs. Developing comprehensive programs that bring the several professions together to work
collaboratively to solve problems at the local and state levels are necessary if we are to achieve the healthy lifestyle goals
that result in a healthier citizenry.
What do the authors mean by the need for professionals in Physical Education, fitness and sport to be "boundarycrossers?"

Explanation:

Answers will vary
Short Answer Question

Test Bank for Introduction to Physical Education Fitness and Sport 8th Edition by Siedento
Full file at />
Full file at />

Test bank for introduction to physical education fitness and sport 8th edition by siedentop

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