Test bank for psychology in everyday life 4th edition by myers

Name: __________________________ Date: _____________
1. An online news story claims that subtle differences between the body odors of male and female infants enable women to
correctly identify the sex of a baby solely on the basis of their smell. Describe how the scientific attitude would enable you to
think in an intelligent way about this claim.
2. Kathy does not want to become a psychologist because she has no interest in analyzing emotionally disturbed people. Use
your knowledge of psychology's perspectives and subfields to expand Kathy's limited understanding of career opportunities
for psychologists.
3. Jack is a second-grade student. He seems to have no interest in learning, often daydreaming in class and frequently disrupting
the class by throwing objects at other students. Describe how a biopsychosocial approach might provide both an integrated
explanation of Jack's classroom behavior and practical suggestions for helping Jack to cope more effectively with the
challenges he faces.
4. When your best friend hears that you are taking a psychology course, she asserts that psychology is simply common sense.
Explain why your awareness of both the limits of everyday reasoning and the methods of psychological research would lead
you to disagree with your friend's assertion.
5. Speaking at Verbatim University's graduation ceremony, Professor Robson compared college and university graduates with
adults who received less education. She correctly noted that people with higher-education degrees pay more taxes, vote more
frequently, engage in more volunteer activities in their communities, and are less likely to go to jail than less-educated adults.
The professor concluded that colleges and universities obviously do great things for society. How might you reasonably
challenge the way the professor reached her conclusion?
6. Design an experiment to test whether drinking alcohol influences people's tendency to become socially aggressive. Be sure to
specify your experimental hypothesis and identify your dependent and independent variables, as well as your experimental
and control conditions. Identify any experimental procedures that would help to ensure the reliability of your research.
7. To investigate the impact of alcohol consumption on sexual arousal, researchers plan to give experimental participants either
an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic drink just prior to their watching a sexually arousing movie. Describe the appropriate ethical
guidelines that the researchers would need to meet in order to conduct this study.
8. Anderson argues that hypnosis can relieve pain and reduce the urge to overeat. His sister agrees that this might be true, but
she insists that these claims would need to be tested scientifically. Anderson's sister best illustrates the scientific attitude of
A) practically.
B) skepticism.
C) enthusiasm.
D) informed consent.

9. Compared with Wilhelm Wundt, early behaviorists were much less likely to focus on the study of
A) smiling.
B) screaming.
C) fighting.
D) thinking.
10. The scientific study of behavior without reference to mental processes was of special interest to
A) Jean Piaget.
B) William James.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) John B. Watson.
11. Understanding why the fear of darkness may have contributed to the survival of our human ancestors is most relevant to the
________ perspective.
A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) evolutionary
D) psychodynamic
12. Which perspective would be most helpful for understanding the role of repeated practice on the long-term retention of
information?
A) psychodynamic
B) social-cultural
C) cognitive
D) behavior genetics

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13. Inherited traits are to learned habits as the ________ perspective is to the ________ perspective.
A) behavioral; social-cultural
B) evolutionary; behavioral

C) social-cultural; neuroscience
D) neuroscience; evolutionary
14. Basic research on persistent human traits like optimism and pessimism is most characteristic of the specialty known as
________ psychology.
A) biological
B) personality
C) social
D) developmental
15. Professor Thurstone investigates whether a teacher's negative perceptions of some students can affect the students' test scores.
Professor Thurstone is most likely a ________ psychologist.
A) clinical
B) social
C) biological
D) personality
16. When Leanne read a news report that drinking orange juice causes children to be overactive, she questioned whether the
children's behavior had been assessed using the scientific method. Leanne's reaction best illustrates
A) a biopsychosocial approach.
B) the psychodynamic perspective.
C) critical thinking.
D) dual processing.
17. An explanation of human behavior provided by the neuroscience, cognitive, social-cultural, and psychology's other
perspectives is most clearly provided by
A) SQ3R.
B) behaviorism.
C) the psychodynamic perspective.
D) a biopsychosocial approach.
18. Debates as to whether biology or culture determine a person's tendency to drink too much reflect the issue of
A) nature and nurture.
B) observation and replication.
C) correlation and causation.

D) the conscious and unconscious mind.
19. Dual processing refers to processing information at the same time on separate ___________ tracks.
A) physical and emotional
B) social and psychological
C) conscious and unconscious
D) correlational and causal
20. After the horror of 9/11, many people said the American government should obviously have foreseen the likelihood of this
form of terrorism. This perception most clearly illustrates
A) overconfidence.
B) hindsight bias.
C) random sampling.
D) naturalistic observation.
21. Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most clearly
demonstrate
A) hindsight bias.
B) random assignment.
C) overconfidence.
D) the placebo effect.
22. Hindsight bias and overconfidence often lead us to overestimate the value of
A) the placebo effect.
B) wording effects.
C) random sampling.
D) intuitive judgments.

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23. The tendency to perceive meaningful patterns in random sequences of outcomes often leads us to underestimate the extent to
which outcomes result from

A) a placebo effect.
B) psychic powers.
C) hidden values.
D) chance.
24. Stacey suggests that because children are more impulsive than adults, they will have more difficulty controlling their anger.
Stacey's prediction regarding anger management is an example of
A) a hypothesis.
B) informed consent.
C) an operational definition.
D) the placebo effect.
25. Professor Carter observes and records the behavior of grocery shoppers as they select items to purchase. Which type of
research is Professor Carter using?
A) survey research
B) case study
C) experimentation
D) naturalistic observation
26. A negative correlation between people's work-related stress and their marital happiness would indicate that
A) work-related stress has a negative impact on marital happiness.
B) marital unhappiness promotes work-related stress.
C) higher levels of marital happiness are associated with lower levels of work-related stress.
D) marital happiness has no causal influence on work-related stress.
27. Which method offers the most reliable way of assessing whether athletic performance is boosted by drinking soda with
caffeine in it?
A) the survey
B) the case study
C) the experiment
D) naturalistic observation
28. In drug-treatment studies, double-blind procedures minimize outcome differences between experimental and control
conditions that could be attributed to
A) replication.

B) operational definitions.
C) random sampling.
D) placebo effects.
29. To assess whether sense of humor is affected by sexual stimulation, researchers exposed married couples to either sexually
stimulating or to sexually nonstimulating movie scenes prior to watching a comedy skit. In this research, the independent
variable consisted of
A) reactions to the comedy skit.
B) level of sexual stimulation.
C) marital status.
D) sense of humor.
30. In an experimental study of the extent to which mental alertness is inhibited by sleep deprivation, mental alertness would be
the
A) control condition.
B) independent variable.
C) experimental condition.
D) dependent variable.
31. Ethical principles developed by psychologists urge investigators to
A) avoid the use of animals in experimental research.
B) minimize the use of the double-blind procedure with human research participants.
C) treat information about individual research participants confidentially.
D) avoid the use of financial incentives in any kind of research.
32. Which of the following is an effective remedy for mild to moderate depression and anxiety?
A) retrieval practice
B) dual processing
C) aerobic exercise
D) informed consent

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33. Testing your ability to recall information you have just studied improves your long-term retention of that information.
Psychologists have referred to this as
A) SQ3R.
B) informed consent.
C) the testing effect.
D) massed practice.
34. The historically significant perspective that emphasized the human potential for healthy growth was known as
A) Freudian psychology.
B) cognitive neuroscience.
C) behaviorism.
D) humanistic psychology.
35. A study of the relationship between reasoning ability and brain functions would be of most direct interest to
A) behaviorism.
B) humanistic psychology.
C) cognitive neuroscience.
D) the psychodynamic perspective.
36. The suggestion that psychology is less a set of facts than a method of evaluating ideas best highlights the ________ character
of psychology.
A) naturalistic
B) humanistic
C) scientific
D) intuitive Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 4th Edition by Myers

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37. Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the links between hormone levels and sexual motivation?
A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) social-cultural
D) neuroscience

38. Professor Reed attempts to assess the relative contributions of heredity and home environment to the onset of depression in
children. Her research best illustrates the concerns of the ________ perspective.
A) psychodynamic
B) behavior genetics
C) cognitive
D) behavioral
39. Focusing on the extent to which personality is influenced by motives outside our own awareness is most relevant to the
________ perspective.
A) neuroscience
B) behavioral
C) psychodynamic
D) social-cultural
40. The marriage rituals of different ethnic groups are of most relevance to the ________ perspective.
A) evolutionary
B) social-cultural
C) psychodynamic
D) cognitive
41. Professor Helms conducts basic research on improvements in infants' perceptual skills during the first year of life. Professor
Helms is most likely a ________ psychologist.
A) social
B) clinical
C) personality
D) developmental
42. Dr. Stevens provides psychotherapy to people who suffer from excessive anxiety. Dr. Stevens is most likely a ________
psychologist.
A) social
B) developmental
C) clinical
D) cognitive

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43. Checking on the credibility of the sources of information you use in a class report is most indicative of
A) a biopsychosocial approach.
B) critical thinking.
C) dual processing.
D) a psychodynamic perspective.
44. The use of scientific methods to explore people's satisfaction with the past, happiness with the present, and optimism about
the future is most clearly characteristic of
A) behaviorism.
B) positive psychology.
C) cognitive neuroscience.
D) the biopsychosocial approach.
45. Hindsight bias leads people to perceive psychological research outcomes as
A) unpredictable.
B) inexplicable.
C) unlikely.
D) unsurprising.
46. Jamie and Lynn were sure that they had answered most of the multiple-choice questions correctly because “the questions
required only common sense.” However, they each scored less than 60% on the exam. This best illustrates
A) a confounding variable.
B) random assignment.
C) hindsight bias.
Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 4th Edition by Myers
D) overconfidence.

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47. If someone were to flip a coin six times, which of the following sequences of heads (H) and tails (T) would be most likely?

A) H H H T T T
B) H T T H T H
C) T T H H T H
D) All of these sequences would be equally likely.
48. Psychological theories help to
A) organize scientific observations.
B) explain observed facts.
C) generate hypotheses.
D) do all of these things.
49. Which research method runs the greatest risk of collecting evidence that may not be representative of what is generally true?
A) naturalistic observation
B) the case study
C) experimentation
D) the survey
50. Every twenty-fifth person who subscribed to a weekly news magazine was contacted by market researchers to complete a
survey of opinions regarding the magazine's contents. The researchers were applying the technique known as
A) naturalistic observation.
B) the double-blind procedure.
C) random sampling.
D) replication.
51. A correlation of +0.70 between children's physical height and their popularity among their peers indicates that
A) higher levels of popularity among peers are associated with greater physical height in children.
B) there is no relationship between children's height and their popularity.
C) being unusually short or tall has a negative impact on children's popularity.
D) children's height has no causal impact on their popularity.
52. To test the potential effect of hunger on taste sensitivity, groups of research participants are deprived of food for differing
lengths of time before they engage in a taste-sensitivity test. This research is an example of
A) correlational research.
B) an experiment.
C) survey research.

D) naturalistic observation.

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53. In a study of factors that might affect memory, research participants were assigned to drink either an alcoholic or a
nonalcoholic beverage prior to completing a memory test. Those who drank the nonalcoholic beverage were assigned to the
________ group.
A) survey
B) control
C) experimental
D) correlational
54. Researchers control factors that might influence a dependent variable by means of
A) random assignment.
B) replication.
C) naturalistic observation.
D) operational definitions.
55. In an experimental study of the effects of dieting on weight loss, dieting would be the
A) control condition.
B) independent variable.
C) dependent variable.
D) placebo.
56. In a well-controlled experiment, researchers seek to minimize
A) confounding variables.
B) informed consent.
C) replication.
Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday
D) random assignment.

Life 4th Edition by Myers

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57. Which of the following processes typically takes place shortly after people complete their participation in a research study?
A) random assignment
B) informed consent
C) the double-blind procedure
D) debriefing
58. SQ3R is an acronym for an effective
A) debriefing procedure.
B) study method.
C) operational definition.
D) case study.
59. The Greek naturalist and philosopher Aristotle suggested the source of our personality is the
A) brain.
B) throat.
C) heart.
D) stomach.
60. Three key elements of the scientific attitude are
A) pride, enthusiasm, and ingenuity.
B) ingenuity, practicality, and certainty.
C) certainty, creativity, and curiosity.
D) curiosity, skepticism, and humility.
61. Rodesia insists that Dr. Phillips' theory of aggression be checked against observable evidence. She is demonstrating the
scientific attitude of
A) pride.
B) skepticism.
C) practicality.
D) enthusiasm.
62. The scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness to

A) avoid many levels of analysis.
B) reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested.
C) recognize the errors in our own ideas.
D) respect political beliefs that contradict our own.
63. Wilhelm Wundt performed experiments to study
A) animal intelligence.
B) personality development.
C) brain structures.
D) mental processes.

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64. The birth of psychology is often attributed to Wilhelm Wundt because he pioneered the investigation of mental processes by
A) using a biopsychosocial approach.
B) adopting an evolutionary perspective.
C) advocating positive psychology.
D) conducting the first psychological experiment.
65. The English naturalist who first proposed evolutionary psychology was
A) Ivan Pavlov.
B) Charles Darwin.
C) John B. Watson.
D) Carl Rogers.
66. The personality theorist Sigmund Freud was an Austrian
A) chemist.
B) physician.
C) theologian.
D) politician.
67. One of the last century's most influential observers of children was the Swiss biologist

A) Charles Darwin.
B) Margaret Floy Washburn.
C) William James.
D) Jean Piaget.

Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 4th Edition by Myers

68. Who was the American philosopher who shared his love of psychology in his 1890 textbook?
A) Wilhelm Wundt
Full file at />B) John B. Watson
C) Sigmund Freud
D) William James

69. Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?
A) Jean Piaget
B) Margaret Floy Washburn
C) Rosalie Rayner
D) Mary Whiton Calkins
70. In its earliest years psychology focused on the study of
A) mental processes.
B) maladaptive behaviors.
C) unconscious motives.
D) brain chemistry.
71. Beginning in the 1920s, American psychologists such as John B. Watson emphasized the study of
A) genetic influences.
B) self-esteem.
C) conscious thoughts and feelings.
D) observable behavior.
72. The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental
processes is known as

A) behaviorism.
B) cognitive neuroscience.
C) humanistic psychology.
D) positive psychology.
73. Observing and recording people's behavior as they are being conditioned is a central interest of
A) Freudian psychology.
B) humanistic psychology.
C) behaviorism.
D) cognitive neuroscience.
74. Early behaviorists such as John B. Watson would have considered the study of conscious self-awareness to be
A) applied research.
B) a positive psychology.
C) an unscientific method.
D) a biopsychosocial approach.

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75. Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious sexual conflicts?
A) evolutionary psychology
B) Freudian psychology
C) behavior genetics
D) behaviorism
76. Sherry is often overly generous in sacrificing her time to help others. Her friend suggests that by keeping busy in this way
Sherry avoids confronting her own unconscious conflicts. Her friend's suggestion illustrates the type of explanation that is
most typical of
A) evolutionary psychology.
B) cognitive neuroscience.
C) behaviorism.

D) Freudian psychology.
77. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow promoted a historically significant approach known as
A) behaviorism.
B) humanistic psychology.
C) cognitive neuroscience.
D) behavior genetics.
78. Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people's
A) childhood memories.
B) genetic predispositions.
C) unconscious thought processes.
Bank
for Psychology in Everyday Life 4th
D) potential forTest
healthy
growth.

Edition by Myers

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79. In the 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of
A) mental processes.
B) hereditary influences.
C) sexual conflicts.
D) learned behaviors.
80. The scientific study of mental activities associated with perceiving, processing, and remembering information is most central
to
A) clinical psychology.
B) humanistic psychology.
C) evolutionary psychology.
D) cognitive psychology.

81. Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships between
A) natural selection and genetic predispositions.
B) childhood memories and psychological disorders.
C) thought processes and brain functions.
D) philosophy and physiology.
82. Investigating patterns of brain activity that accompany people's recollections of a stressful experience would be of most direct
interest to the specialty area known as
A) behavior genetics.
B) cognitive neuroscience.
C) evolutionary psychology.
D) humanistic psychology.
83. Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of
A) conscious and unconscious mental activity.
B) observable responses to the environment.
C) behavior and mental processes.
D) maladaptive and adaptive behaviors.
84. Smiling is to feeling as ________ is to ________.
A) evolution; natural selection
B) behavior; mental process
C) conscious; unconscious
D) nurture; nature
85. The neuroscience perspective in psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is influenced by
A) environmental circumstances.
B) blood chemistry.
C) unconscious conflicts.
D) conditioned fears.

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86. Which perspective would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?
A) evolutionary
B) behavioral
C) psychodynamic
D) neuroscience
87. Professor Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry.
Professor Lopez favors a ________ perspective on depression.
A) neuroscience
B) psychodynamic
C) behavior genetics
D) cognitive
88. Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits?
A) evolutionary
B) cognitive
C) behavioral
D) social-cultural
89. Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited?
A) cognitive
B) behavioral
C) evolutionary
D) social-cultural

Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 4th Edition by Myers
90. Professor Crisman believes
women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference promoted the
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/>survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective.
A) social-cultural

B) cognitive
C) evolutionary
D) psychodynamic
91. Which perspective studies the relative contributions of our genes and our environment to our individual differences?
A) cognitive
B) behavior genetics
C) social-cultural
D) psychodynamic
92. Professor Brody attempts to measure the relative contributions of inborn traits and social influences on sexual preferences
and behavior patterns. Her research efforts best illustrate the interests of the ________ perspective.
A) behavior genetics
B) psychodynamic
C) behavioral
D) cognitive
93. The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on
A) natural selection.
B) brain chemistry.
C) unconscious conflicts.
D) learned behaviors.
94. Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother.
Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) ________ perspective.
A) evolutionary
B) behavioral
C) psychodynamic
D) behavior genetics
95. Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?
A) evolutionary
B) neuroscience
C) behavioral
D) behavior genetics

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96. Akira believes that her son has become a good student because he is frequently praised for his learning efforts. Her belief best
illustrates a ________ perspective.
A) behavior genetics
B) neuroscience
C) psychodynamic
D) behavioral
97. The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how
A) feelings are influenced by blood chemistry.
B) people try to understand their own unconscious motives.
C) behavior is influenced by environmental conditions.
D) people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
98. Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?
A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) neuroscience
D) behavior genetics
99. Which psychological perspective is most likely to be concerned with identifying the powers and the limits of human
reasoning?
A) cognitive
B) behavioral
C) neuroscience
Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 4th Edition by Myers
D) behavior genetics

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100. Which perspective in psychology is most likely to focus on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?
A) evolutionary
B) neuroscience
C) cognitive
D) social-cultural
101. Which perspective would focus on the extent to which different parenting styles are encouraged among various ethnic
groups?
A) evolutionary
B) psychodynamic
C) social-cultural
D) neuroscience
102. Dr. Wilson believes that one reason for teenagers' delinquent behavior is the pressure of belonging to a street gang. Her
account best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.
A) behavior genetics
B) social-cultural
C) neuroscience
D) evolutionary
103. Dr. Robinson conducts research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which
psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best represent?
A) social psychology
B) clinical psychology
C) biological psychology
D) industrial-organizational psychology
104. Dr. Santaniello conducts research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr.
Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist.
A) social
B) clinical
C) developmental
D) industrial-organizational
105. Dr. Caleigh conducts research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical

problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a _________ psychologist.
A) cognitive
B) biological
C) clinical
D) social

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106. Dr. Roberts studies how best to assess individual differences in traits such as impulsiveness and sociability. Which specialty
area does her research best represent?
A) social psychology
B) biological psychology
C) industrial-organizational psychology
D) personality psychology
107. Dr. Mills conducts research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. Which specialty area does
his research best represent?
A) cognitive psychology
B) social psychology
C) developmental psychology
D) clinical psychology
108. Dr. Vazquez helps people make career choices by assisting them in identifying their strengths and interests. Dr. Vazquez is
most likely a
A) biological psychologist.
B) counseling psychologist.
C) cognitive psychologist.
D) social psychologist.
109. Professor Stauffer conducts basic research on the psychological, biological, and behavioral factors that contribute to heart
disease. She is most likely a

A) personality psychologist.
Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 4th Edition by Myers
B) cognitive psychologist.
C) clinical psychologist.
D) health psychologist.
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A) constructing surveys.
B) animal research.
C) providing therapy to troubled people.
D) providing drugs to treat behavioral disorders.
111. For no apparent reason, Adam has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. It
would be best for Adam to contact a ________ psychologist.
A) developmental
B) clinical
C) personality
D) biological
112. The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a
A) clinical psychologist.
B) personality psychologist.
C) developmental psychologist.
D) psychiatrist.
113. Dr. Lipka focuses on ways to improve employee job satisfaction and productivity. Dr. Lipka is most likely a(n) ________
psychologist.
A) clinical
B) developmental
C) personality
D) industrial-organizational
114. Rather than seeking to change people to fit their environments, ________ work to create social and physical environments
that are healthy for all.
A) counseling psychologists

B) cognitive psychologists
C) community psychologists
D) clinical psychologists
115. Studies conducted for the sake of building psychology's base of knowledge are most clearly examples of
A) behavior genetics.
B) replication.
C) basic research.
D) positive psychology.

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116. Which psychologists are most likely to be involved in applied research?
A) industrial-organizational psychologists
B) developmental psychologists
C) personality psychologists
D) biological psychologists
117. Reasoning that does not blindly accept available arguments and conclusions best illustrates
A) dual processing.
B) critical thinking.
C) the psychodynamic perspective.
D) a biopsychosocial approach.
118. Critical thinking most clearly involves
A) a biopsychosocial approach.
B) applied research.
C) evaluating evidence.
D) dual processing.
119. A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and hidden values best illustrates
A) behaviorism.

B) critical thinking.
C) a biopsychosocial approach.
D) Freudian psychology.

Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 4th Edition by Myers

120. Melinda was worried that the wording of the questions in a life satisfaction survey may have encouraged respondents to
express unusually positive
levels
of well-being. Melinda's concern best illustrates
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B) dual processing.
C) critical thinking.
D) the neuroscience perspective.
121. When you question the claim that hypnosis helps people to recall memories more accurately, you are most clearly
demonstrating
A) positive psychology.
B) the neuroscience perspective.
C) a biopsychosocial approach.
D) critical thinking.
122. Different accounts of the same behavior that together give us a more complete understanding represent different
A) cognitive functions.
B) unconscious motives.
C) levels of analysis.
D) conditioned responses.
123. The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences within the larger framework of
A) the psychodynamic perspective.
B) a dual-processing model.
C) humanistic psychology.

D) many levels of analysis.
124. Janna has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. Appreciating the full complexity of Janna's
difficulties most clearly requires
A) humanistic psychology.
B) a psychodynamic perspective.
C) positive psychology.
D) a biopsychosocial approach.
125. The enduring traditions, attitudes, ideas, and behaviors shared by a large group of people form their
A) culture.
B) levels of analysis.
C) behavior genetics.
D) community psychology.
126. Parents handing down to their children the custom of showing respect for authority best illustrates the importance of
A) a psychodynamic perspective.
B) culture.
C) critical thinking.
D) behavior genetics.

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127. Studying people of all races and cultures is most helpful for
A) dual processing.
B) avoiding many levels of analysis.
C) detecting human similarities and differences.
D) encouraging natural selection.
128. Which term refers to the traits and behaviors that are expected from men and from women in a given culture?
A) natural selection
B) dual processing

C) sexual replication
D) gender
129. Differences between the genders
A) are of little interest to contemporary psychologists.
B) are simply biological.
C) no longer exist in contemporary Western societies.
D) are no more common than gender similarities.
130. The nature–nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ________ make to the development of
psychological traits.
A) physical illness and health
B) unconscious and conscious motives
C) behavior and mental processes
D) genes and experience

Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 4th Edition by Myers
131. Inherited ability is to
learned
as ________ is to ________.
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at />A) naturalistic observation; case study
B) psychology; psychiatry
C) nature; nurture
D) behavior; mental processes
132. Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or their home
environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding
A) behavior and mental processes.
B) conscious and unconscious thought.
C) correlation and causation.
D) nature and nurture.

133. Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her friends who recently moved from Nigeria and those who
moved from Thailand result primarily from biological influences or from cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is
primarily concerned with the relative contributions of
A) neuroscience and cognition.
B) nature and nurture.
C) behavior and mental processes.
D) conscious and unconscious thoughts.
134. By suggesting that nurture works on what nature provides, psychologists highlight the fact that we are biologically graced
with a capacity for
A) dual processing.
B) natural selection.
C) replication.
D) learning and adaptation.
135. The processing of information at the same time at both conscious and unconscious levels is called
A) the double-blind procedure.
B) replication.
C) critical thinking.
D) dual processing.
136. Our visual perception track enables us to recognize objects while our visual action track enables us to manipulate objects.
This best illustrates
A) the testing effect.
B) dual processing.
C) random assignment.
D) replication.

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137. Accurately grasping a ball a split second before we consciously recognize the ball's size best illustrates our capacity for

A) critical thinking.
B) hindsight bias.
C) dual processing.
D) naturalistic observation.
138. Although we may be unaware of our gender prejudices, they often influence the way we consciously perceive men and
women. This best illustrates
A) random sampling.
B) dual processing.
C) critical thinking.
D) hindsight bias.
139. Research on human flourishing is the major focus of
A) the psychodynamic perspective.
B) behavior genetics.
C) naturalistic observation.
D) positive psychology.
140. Martin Seligman calls for a positive psychology that focuses on such topics as
A) prejudice.
B) compassion.
C) depression.
D) poverty.

Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 4th Edition by Myers
141. Positive psychologyFull
uniquely
focuses
on the promotion of positive
file at
/>A) curiosity, skepticism, and humility.
B) emotions, character traits, and institutions.
C) descriptive, correlational, and experimental methods.

D) classroom instruction, study techniques, and test grades.
142. In contrast to explicit, conscious reasoning, an unconsciously guided, automatic judgment is best described as a(n)
A) theory.
B) chance-based explanation.
C) intuition.
D) naturalistic observation.
143. Norman meets briefly with job applicants and relies on his gut-level first impressions in deciding whether to offer them a job.
Norman's employment decisions are most clearly guided by
A) an operational definition.
B) the testing effect.
C) hindsight bias.
D) intuition.
144. The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to
A) dismiss the value of skepticism.
B) reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested.
C) exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome.
D) overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions.
145. The perception that psychological research findings merely verify our commonsense understanding is most clearly
encouraged by
A) random assignment.
B) hindsight bias.
C) operational definitions.
D) the placebo effect.
146. A researcher gives half the members of a group a true psychological finding and the other half an opposite result. Both groups
believe the given finding is common sense. This is an easy way to demonstrate the impact of
A) the placebo effect.
B) confounding variables.
C) hindsight bias.
D) the double-blind procedure.

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147. Professor Smith told one class that drinking alcohol has been found to increase sexual desire. He informed another class that
drinking alcohol has been found to reduce sexual appetite. The fact that neither class was surprised by the information they
received best illustrates the power of
A) replication.
B) hindsight bias.
C) the double-blind procedure.
D) the placebo effect.
148. Several weeks after a political election, voters often exaggerate their ability to have predicted the election outcome. This best
illustrates
A) the placebo effect.
B) random assignment.
C) wording effects.
D) hindsight bias.
149. Mike Crampton's stockbroker informed him that he suffered substantial investment losses. When Mike told his wife, she
angrily responded, “I could have told you that your investment plan would fail!” Her comment best illustrates
A) hindsight bias.
B) debriefing.
C) the placebo effect.
D) replication.
150. A sense of humility regarding the accuracy of our intuitions is most likely to be undermined by
A) hindsight bias.
Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 4th Edition by Myers
B) correlationalTest
evidence.
C) random assignment.
D) operational definitions.

Full file at />151. Developing testable predictions before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error known as
A) random sampling.
B) hindsight bias.
C) the placebo effect.
D) random assignment.
152. Our tendency to believe we know more than we do best illustrates
A) naturalistic observation.
B) the placebo effect.
C) overconfidence.
D) random assignment.
153. Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, when offered a job in another state, she
decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates
A) hindsight bias.
B) random assignment.
C) the placebo effect.
D) overconfidence.
154. Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?
A) operational definitions
B) overconfidence
C) random assignment
D) informed consent
155. The tendency to perceive order in random events often leads to overestimating the value of
A) intuition.
B) operational definitions.
C) informed consent.
D) the double-blind procedure.
156. Six of the children in Mr. Myers' class were born on exactly the same day. This strikes him as astonishing and unlikely. In
this instance, he should be reminded that
A) random sequences of events often don't look random.
B) events often seem more probable in hindsight.

C) sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations.
D) correlation does not prove causation.

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157. A theory is an explanation using principles that ______ observations and ______ behaviors or events.
A) question; survey
B) replicate; control
C) organize; predict
D) randomly sample; randomly assign
158. Professor Shalet believes that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common
genes. His idea is best described as a(n)
A) theory.
B) replication.
C) naturalistic observation.
D) operational definition.
159. The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely linked to its capacity to generate testable
A) assumptions.
B) correlations.
C) predictions.
D) variables.
160. A hypothesis is a(n)
A) observable relationship between specific independent and dependent variables.
B) testable prediction that gives direction to research.
C) set of principles that organizes observations and explains newly discovered facts.
D) unprovable assumption about the processes that underlie psychological functioning.

Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 4th Edition by Myers

161. Testing hypothesesFull
and refining
in light of those tests is central to
file at theories
/>A) debriefing.
B) the testing effect.
C) the scientific method.
D) informed consent.
162. Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be
more successful in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example of
A) informed consent.
B) the placebo effect.
C) a hypothesis.
D) a confounding variable.
163. A carefully worded statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an anticipated experimental outcome is known
as a(n)
A) hypothesis.
B) control condition.
C) replication.
D) operational definition.
164. In a published report of a research study on social anxiety, psychologists included a 30-item questionnaire, which they had
used to assess levels of social anxiety. The psychologists have thus provided their readers with a(n)
A) hypothesis.
B) independent variable.
C) operational definition.
D) double-blind procedure.
165. Replication of a research study is most likely to be made easier by
A) massed practice.
B) debriefing.
C) operational definitions.

D) the placebo effect.
166. Repeating the essence of an earlier research study to confirm that its findings extend to a new group of research participants
and to different circumstances is called
A) replication.
B) random sampling.
C) naturalistic observation.
D) the double-blind procedure.

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167. Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would
best enable her to assess the reliability of the findings?
A) naturalistic observation
B) replication
C) random sampling
D) the case study
168. The case study is a research method in which
A) a single individual or group is studied in great depth.
B) a representative sample of people are questioned regarding their opinions or behaviors.
C) organisms are carefully observed in a laboratory environment.
D) an investigator manipulates one or more variables that might affect behavior.
169. To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life
situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method has the psychologist used?
A) the survey
B) the case study
C) experimentation
D) naturalistic observation
170. Little Hans' extreme fear of horses was observed as part of a(n)

A) experiment.
B) survey.
C) case study.
Bank for Psychology in Everyday
D) double-blindTest
procedure.

Life 4th Edition by Myers

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171. By revealing what can happen through an in-depth examination of an atypical individual, ________ often suggests directions
for future research.
A) the double-blind procedure
B) random assignment
C) a case study
D) a survey
172. The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it
A) is based on naturalistic observation.
B) may not represent what is generally true.
C) overestimates the importance of operational definitions.
D) leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between events.
173. A descriptive technique of monitoring and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to change or
control the situation is called
A) random sampling.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) replication.
D) the double-blind procedure.
174. Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee societies in the jungle are using a research method known as
A) the survey.
B) experimentation.

C) naturalistic observation.
D) the case study.
175. Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of children in their classrooms to track the development of their
social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly engaged in
A) survey research.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) experimentation.
D) replication.
176. New technologies such as smart-phone apps and body-worn sensors have enabled the collection of “big data” by means of
A) the testing effect.
B) case studies.
C) experimentation.
D) naturalistic observation.

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177. One research team studied the ups and downs of human moods by counting positive and negative words in 504 million
Twitter messages from 84 countries. The researchers' method best illustrates the use of
A) experimentation.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) case studies.
D) a survey.
178. Which of the following enables more exact descriptions of ongoing behaviors without explaining them?
A) random assignment
B) informed consent
C) naturalistic observation
D) the double-blind procedure
179. In one study, introductory psychology students were fitted with electronically activated recording devices so that researchers

could sample their daily activities. The researchers used a scientific method known as
A) naturalistic observation.
B) the double-blind procedure.
C) experimentation.
D) the case study.
180. A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a representative sample of a population is
known as
A) naturalistic observation.
B) debriefing.
C) a case study.Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 4th Edition by Myers
D) a survey.

Full file at />181. Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of
Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?
A) the survey
B) naturalistic observation
C) the case study
D) experimentation
182. Surveys indicate that people are less likely to support “welfare” than “aid to the needy.” These survey results best illustrate
the importance of
A) random sampling.
B) wording effects.
C) the placebo effect.
D) naturalistic observation.
183. A representative sample is one that accurately reflects a larger
A) control group.
B) correlation coefficient.
C) dependent variable.
D) population.
184. To learn about the TV-viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected

and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all the children attending the school are considered to be a(n)
A) population.
B) representative sample.
C) independent variable.
D) control condition.
185. When every individual in a large population has a small but equal chance of being included in a survey, researchers are using
a procedure known as
A) the case study.
B) the double-blind procedure.
C) random sampling.
D) naturalistic observation.
186. Which of the following is most useful for helping survey researchers avoid false generalizations?
A) the case study
B) naturalistic observation
C) random sampling
D) operational definitions

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187. Governor Donovan was greeted by large, enthusiastic crowds at all of his political rallies. As a result, he became
overconfident about his chances of reelection. In this instance, the governor needs to be alerted to the value of
A) replication.
B) random sampling.
C) experimental control.
D) naturalistic observation.
188. To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her school, Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the
registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Ariana is ensuring that her survey results are accurate by
using

A) random assignment.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) replication.
D) random sampling.
189. Suppose you want to find out which candidate college students will vote for in an upcoming national election. To be sure the
sample of college students you survey is representative of the college student population, you should
A) survey only a small sample of college students.
B) survey only politically informed college students.
C) survey every college student on your own campus.
D) survey a large representative sample of the college student population.
190. In a survey, psychologists select a random sample of research participants to ensure that
A) the participants are representative of the population they are interested in studying.
Bank
forofPsychology
Life 4th Edition by Myers
B) there will beTest
a large
number
participants inin
theEveryday
research study.
C) the study will not be influenced by the researcher's personal values.
D) the same number
of file
participants
will be assigned to each of the experimental conditions.
Full
at />191. Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors
A) vary together.
B) are random samples.

C) influence each other.
D) are dependent variables.
192. Correlational research is most useful for purposes of
A) explanation.
B) prediction.
C) control.
D) replication.
193. To discover the extent to which economic status can be used to predict political preferences, researchers are most likely to
use
A) the case study approach.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) correlational measures.
D) experimental research.
194. Which of the following is a statistical measure of the relationship between two variables?
A) a correlation coefficient
B) a random sample
C) SQ3R
D) an independent variable
195. To determine whether the strength of people's self-esteem is related to their income level, researchers would most likely make
use of
A) case studies.
B) correlational research.
C) experimentation.
D) naturalistic observation.
196. A direct relationship in which two factors increase together or decrease together represents
A) a dependent variable.
B) replication.
C) a positive correlation.
D) a confounding variable.

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197. An inverse relationship in which one factor increases as another factor decreases represents
A) a confounding variable.
B) random assignment.
C) replication.
D) a negative correlation.
198. A researcher would be most likely to discover a positive correlation between
A) intelligence and academic success.
B) poverty and physical health.
C) self-esteem and depression.
D) school grades and school absences.
199. Suppose psychologists discovered that people with a higher socioeconomic status are less satisfied with their marriages than
people with a lower socioeconomic status are. This would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are
A) causally related.
B) negatively correlated.
C) independent variables.
D) positively correlated.
200. Suppose the correlation between children's body weight and their reading ability is –1.00. This would mean that
A) there is very little statistical relationship between children's body weight and reading ability.
B) low body weight has a negative effect on children's reading ability.
C) among children, better reading ability is associated with lower body weight.
D) body weight has no causal influence on the reading ability of children.

Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 4th Edition by Myers
201. Which research method
how well one variable predicts another without demonstrating a cause-effect relationship
Full assesses

file at />between the variables?
A) naturalistic observation
B) correlational research
C) the case study
D) the experimental method
202. Suppose that people who watch a lot of violence on TV are also particularly likely to behave aggressively. This relationship
would NOT necessarily indicate that watching violence influences aggressive behavior because
A) random sequences often don't look random.
B) correlation does not prove causation.
C) sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations.
D) the sample may have been randomly selected.
203. A survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, while those with
lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently
influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger of
A) failing to use operational definitions.
B) perceiving order in random events.
C) being influenced by a confounding variable.
D) thinking that association proves causation.
204. If psychologists discovered that more intelligent parents have smarter children than less intelligent parents, this would
demonstrate that
A) intelligence is inherited.
B) more intelligent parents provide their children with greater educational opportunities than do less intelligent parents.
C) the intelligence of parents and children is positively correlated.
D) all of these statements are correct.
205. A negative correlation between degree of wealth and likelihood of suffering from a psychological disorder would indicate
that
A) poverty makes people vulnerable to psychological disorders.
B) people who are poor are more likely to have a psychological disorder than are wealthy people.
C) psychological disorders usually prevent people from accumulating wealth.
D) all of these statements are correct.

206. Which of the following methods is most helpful for clarifying cause-effect relationships?
A) the survey
B) the experiment
C) correlational research
D) naturalistic observation

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207. Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods in order to isolate
A) facts from theories.
B) causes from effects.
C) case studies from surveys.
D) random samples from representative samples.
208. An experiment enables researchers to isolate the effects of one or more factors by manipulating the factors of interest and also
by
A) obtaining participants' informed consent prior to beginning the experiment.
B) summarizing participants' responses with a correlation coefficient.
C) holding other factors constant across experimental and control groups.
D) fully debriefing participants after completing the experiment.
209. Which research method provides the best way of assessing whether cigarette smoking boosts mental alertness?
A) the case study
B) the survey
C) naturalistic observation
D) the experiment
210. In which type of research would an investigator manipulate at least one factor and observe its effect on some behavior or
mental process?
A) the survey
B) the case study

C) experimentation
Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 4th Edition by Myers
D) naturalistic observation

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211. In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8
hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of
A) naturalistic observation.
B) survey research.
C) a case study.
D) an experiment.
212. Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a research project involves being assigned
A) to that group by chance.
B) to the group in which participants are representative of people in general.
C) in a way that ensures that the independent variable will affect the dependent variable.
D) to the group in which participants all have similar personalities.
213. To accurately isolate cause and effect, experimenters should use
A) random assignment.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) case studies.
D) correlation coefficients.
214. To assess the impact of test difficulty on persistence of effort, researchers plan to give one group of children relatively easy
tests and another group more difficult tests. To reduce the chance that the children in one group are more intelligent than
those in the other group, the researchers should make use of
A) random assignment.
B) the double-blind procedure.
C) naturalistic observation.
D) operational definitions.
215. Research participants are randomly assigned to different groups in an experiment in order to
A) minimize chances that participants in any group know one another.

B) increase chances that participants are representative of people in general.
C) minimize any differences between groups of participants.
D) increase chances that the different groups have the same number of participants.
216. One research team randomly assigned hospitalized premature infants either to formula feedings or to breast-milk feedings.
Which research method did they use?
A) case study
B) experimentation
C) naturalistic observation
D) correlational research

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217. Participants who are exposed to the treatment being tested in an experiment are said to be assigned to the
A) random sample.
B) experimental group.
C) standardized treatment.
D) control group.
218. The group of people who are exposed to the drug that is being tested in an experiment is called the ________ group.
A) control
B) standardized
C) baseline
D) experimental
219. Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group?
A) The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior.
B) The research participants are exposed to all the different experimental treatments.
C) The research participants are exposed to the most favorable levels of experimental treatment.
D) The experimental treatment is absent.
220. To study the potential effects of social interaction on problem solving, some research participants were instructed to solve

problems by working together; other participants were told to solve problems by working alone. Those who worked alone
were assigned to the ________ group.
A) experimental
B) survey
C) control
D) correlationalTest Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 4th Edition by Myers

Full file at />
221. Research participants drank either caffeinated or decaffeinated beverages in a study of the effects of caffeine on anxiety
levels. Those who received the caffeinated drinks were assigned to the ________ group.
A) survey
B) experimental
C) correlational
D) control
222. To assess the effectiveness of flu vaccine for county residents, Mr. Carlson wants to administer vaccine injections to all
county residents rather than give half of them a placebo injection. Mr. Carlson is most clearly underestimating the importance
of
A) testing a large sample.
B) operationally defining his procedures.
C) replicating observations of other researchers.
D) creating a control group.
223. An inactive substance that may be administered instead of a drug to see if it produces any of the same effects as the drug is
called a
A) placebo.
B) coefficient.
C) case study.
D) replication.
224. Participants in an experiment are said to be blind if they are uninformed about
A) what experimental hypothesis is being tested.
B) whether the experimental findings will be meaningful.

C) how the dependent variable is measured.
D) which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving.
225. In a study of the effects of drinking alcohol, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted
like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was a
A) dependent variable.
B) replication.
C) placebo.
D) double blind.
226. Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have actually received a
potentially memory-enhancing drug and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use of
A) naturalistic observation.
B) random sampling.
C) the double-blind procedure.
D) replication.

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227. To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control groups can be attributed to placebo
effects, researchers make use of
A) random sampling.
B) the double-blind procedure.
C) random assignment.
D) operational definitions.
228. The relief of pain following the taking of an inactive substance that is perceived to have pain-relieving benefits illustrates
A) random assignment.
B) hindsight bias.
C) debriefing.
D) the placebo effect.

229. The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ________ on feelings and behaviors.
A) the double-blind procedure
B) random sampling
C) positive expectations
D) hindsight bias
230. Random assignment minimizes ________ between experimental and control groups. Random sampling minimizes ________
between a sample and a population.
A) similarities; differences
B) differences; similarities
C) similarities; similarities
Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 4th Edition by Myers
D) differences;Test
differences

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231. In an experimental study, men with erectile disorder received either Viagra or a placebo. In this study, the drug dosage (none
versus peak dosage) was the
A) confounding variable.
B) dependent variable.
C) random sample.
D) independent variable.
232. In a psychological experiment, the experimental factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the ________ variable.
A) dependent
B) independent
C) control
D) experimental
233. In an experimental study of the impact of criticism on self-esteem, being criticized would be the ________ variable.
A) replicated
B) dependent
C) confounding

D) independent
234. A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment is called a
A) wording effect.
B) correlation coefficient.
C) placebo effect.
D) confounding variable.
235. If participants in the experimental group of a drug treatment study are much younger than participants in the control group,
the age of the research participants is a
A) dependent variable.
B) correlation coefficient.
C) confounding variable.
D) replication.
236. In a psychological experiment, the factor that may be influenced by the manipulated experimental treatment is called the
________ variable.
A) dependent
B) experimental
C) control
D) independent

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237. To assess the influence of self-esteem on interpersonal attraction, researchers either insulted or complimented students about
their physical appearance just before they went on a blind date. In this research, the dependent variable was
A) insults or compliments.
B) physical appearance.
C) interpersonal attraction.
D) feelings of self-esteem.
238. For an experiment designed to study how drinking alcohol might affect emotional stability, the researcher clearly identified

the procedures used to measure emotional stability. This illustrates
A) the independent variable.
B) an operational definition.
C) the double-blind procedure.
D) random assignment.
239. Assessing how well one variable predicts another variable is to _________ as detecting cause-effect relationships between
different variables is to _________.
A) naturalistic observation; case studies
B) descriptive methods; correlational methods
C) a control group; an experimental group
D) correlational research; experimental research
240. The simplified reality of laboratory experiments is most helpful in enabling psychologists to
A) predict human behavior in almost all situations.
B) perceive order in completely random events.
Testprinciples
Bank for
in Everyday Life 4th Edition by Myers
C) develop general
thatPsychology
help explain behavior.
D) observe random samples of human conduct.

Full file at />241. Depression and suicide are more common in North America today than they were a century ago. But in both periods,
pessimistic thinking and feelings of loneliness correspond to a heightened risk of depression and suicide. This best illustrates
that ________ play a role in depression and suicide in varied settings.
A) genetic differences
B) unconscious motives
C) early childhood memories
D) common underlying principles
242. Psychologists study animals because

A) animal behavior is just as complex as human behavior.
B) experiments on people are generally considered to be unethical.
C) the ethical treatment of animals is not mandated by professional guidelines.
D) similar processes often underlie animal and human behavior.
243. A central issue that emerges in debates over experimenting on animals is the
A) usefulness of studying biological processes in animals.
B) ethics of placing the well-being of humans above that of animals.
C) obligation to treat information about individual animals with confidentiality.
D) need to obtain the informed consent of animals used in research.
244. A major issue that has emerged from debates over the use of animals in psychological research centers on
A) whether operational definitions help to distinguish between animal and human functioning.
B) when use of the double-blind procedure is most appropriate in animal studies.
C) whether experimental methods can reduce the need for descriptive methods in research involving animals.
D) what safeguards should protect the well-being of animals used in research.
245. In an effort to prevent participants in an experiment from trying to confirm the researchers' predictions, psychologists
sometimes
A) obtain written promises from participants to respond honestly.
B) treat information about individual participants confidentially.
C) deceive participants about the true purpose of an experiment.
D) allow people to decide for themselves whether they want to participate in an experiment.
246. Potential research participants are told enough about an upcoming study to enable them to choose whether they wish to
participate. This illustrates the practice of seeking
A) a representative sample.
B) informed consent.
C) an operational definition.
D) a placebo effect.

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247. The ethics codes of the American Psychological Association and the British Psychological Society urge researchers to
A) avoid the use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to participate in research.
B) forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypotheses that the research will test.
C) avoid the manipulation of independent variables in research involving human participants.
D) explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed.
248. After an experiment, research participants are told its purpose and about any deception they may have experienced. This is
called
A) debriefing.
B) replication.
C) informed consent.
D) the double-blind procedure.
249. Psychologists' personal values and goals
A) are carefully tested by means of observation and experimentation.
B) lead them to avoid experiments involving human participants.
C) can bias their observations and interpretations.
D) have very little influence on the process of scientific observation.
250. The study of psychology is potentially dangerous because
A) psychological knowledge can be used for destructive purposes.
B) psychologists generally believe that people are not personally responsible for their actions.
C) psychological research usually requires performing stressful experiments on people.
D) psychological research typically violates personal privacy rights.

Test Bank for Psychology in Everyday Life 4th Edition by Myers
251. Psychological research
that people who are both happier and healthier than average tend to be those who
Fullindicates
file at />A) perceive their intellectual abilities as fixed by their heredity.
B) live spontaneously without focusing on long-term goals.
C) give priority to relationships with supportive friends.

D) are more physically attractive than average.
252. Psychological research indicates that regular aerobic exercise is an effective way to minimize
A) critical thinking.
B) mild depression.
C) overconfidence.
D) all of these things.
253. The testing effect refers to the ________ that accompanies repeated retrieval of learned information.
A) hindsight bias
B) naturalistic observation
C) enhanced memory
D) increasing boredom
254. SQ3R is a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, ________, and review.
A) revise
B) reason
C) retrieve
D) research
255. The SQ3R study method emphasizes the importance of
A) massed practice.
B) replication.
C) retrieving information.
D) random sampling.
256. Detecting the unstated assumptions and values that underlie conclusions best illustrates ________, which is an important
learning tool.
A) critical thinking
B) the testing effect
C) spaced practice
D) SQ3R
257. Students learn and remember course materials best when they
A) give informed consent.
B) engage in massed practice.

C) process class information actively.
D) avoid operational definitions.

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