Phát triển dịch vụ Logistics tại doanh nghiệp giao nhận vận tải quy mô vừa ở Việt Nam trường hợp nghiên cứu : công ty giao nhận vận tải biển đông

BO. GIAO DUC
. VA DAO TAO
.
TRUONG D~I HQC KINH

TE TP. HO CHi MINH

NGUYEN NGUY]J:T QUE

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I

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PHAT TRIEN DICH VU LOGISTICS TAl
. DOANH NGHIEP
GIAO NH~N V~N TAl QUY MO VUA 0 VI:IJ:T NAM-

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TRUONG HOP NGHIEN. CUU: CONG TY GIAO NHAN

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-

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VAN TAl BIEN DONG
Chuyen nganh: Quiin trj Kinh doanh

Mfi sb: 5.02.05

LU~N VAN TH~C Si KINH TE

Ngtriri htr6'ng dftn khoa hQc: TS. PH~M THJ HA

r-------~HO CHi MINH- NAM 2004
B¢ GIAO Dl)C VA oAo T~O
TRUClNG CH KINH TE TP.HCM

THUVI~N


MUCLUC
. .
LOOMODAU ......................................................................................................... 1
CHUONG 1.

TONG QUAN VE LOGISTICS ...................................................... 3

1.1.
Khai niem va vai tro ctia Logistics: ............................................................................................. 3
'.
•'
~
'
•A
,
•
•
1.1.1. Vat net ve S\f phat tnen cua Logtstlcs hi~n d(IL ........................................................................... 3
Thap nien 1960 ................................................................................................................ 3
1.1. 1.1.
1. 1. 1. 2.
Thap nien 1970 ................................................................................................................ 4
Thap nien 1980 ................................................................................................................ 5
1.1.1.3.
1.1.1.4.
Thap nien 1990 ................................................................................................................ 6
1.1.2. Khai ni~In Logistics ................................................................................................................... 8
1.1.2.1.
Cac khai ni~m thain khao ................................................................................................. 8
•A
'
'
•
1.1.2.2.
Khat m~m Logtstlcs theo quan diem
cua
tac

guL.
............................................................. . 9
1.1.3. Vai tro cua Logistics ................................................................................................................ 10
'A

,.

•A

•

•

•

1.2.
Sa IU'Q'C v~ bol].t d()ng ciia cac cong ty cung cip d!ch V\1 Logistics ............................................. ll
1.2.1. Cong ty Logistics (LSP: Logistics Service Provider) ................................................................ 11
1.2.2. Cac dich V\1 cung dip b6i LSP ................................................................................................. 11
1.2.2.1.
Dich Vl.l,tuviht...:············································································································ 11
1.2.2.1.1. Quyet dinh ve vi tri cua h~ th6ng kho-bai-nha xu6ng ............................. ········ ............ 11
1.2.2.1.2. QuySt dinh v~ san xu~t.. ............................................................................................ 11
1.2.2.1.3. QuySt dinh h~ th6ng dlJ trfr hang h6a ......................................................................... 12
1.2.2.1.4. ,QuySt di~ van tai ................ :.:·······························································-···················12
1.2.2.2.
f>ieu ph6i, to chUc th\fc hi~n chuoi Logistics ................................................................... 12
1.2.2.2.1. Dich V\1 kho-bai ........................................................................................................ 12
1.2.2.2.2. Van tai va pban ph6i bang h6a ................................................................................... 13
1.2.2.2.3. Quan ly (dlJ trfr) hang t6n kho .................................................................................... 13

1.2.2.2.4. Th\fc hi~n don hang ................................................................................................... 13
1.2.2.2.5. Cac dich V\1 gia tang gia tri khac ................................................................................ 13
1.2.2.3.
Dich V\1 thong tin............................................................................................................ 13
1.2.2. 3.1. Tracking I Tracing ..................................................................................................... 14
1.2.2.3.2. f>~t hang I Nl$1 don $t hang 1 Theo doi tiSn do cua don hang .................................. 14
1.2.3. Phan lo(li cac cong ty Logistics ................................................................................................ 14
1.2.3.1.
C~pdo 1: ....................................................................................................................... 14
1.2.3.2.
c~p do 2: ....................................................................................................................... 15
1.2.3.3.
c~p do 3: ....................................................................................................................... 1s
1.2.3.4.
c~p do 4: ....................................................................................................................... 15
1.3.

· Y nghia cua VI~c ngh1en cuu ......................................................................................................
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_,,

•A

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•

1~

~

CHUONG 2. THUC TRANG PHAT TRIEN DICH VU LOGISTICS TAl CONG
TY GIAO N~N V~N TAiBIEN DONG ........... :.......... :......................... :............ 17
.'" t h"A
. n hAl].D Vl].D
A tai B'A
2. 1.
G IO'I
I~u CA
ong t y gtao
1en DAong ...................................................................... . 17
2.1.1. Nhfrng thong tin ca ban ........................................................................................................... 17
2.1.2.
Chirc nang, nhi~m V\1 ............................................................................................................... 17
2.1.3.
Ca c~u t6 chuc ........................................................................................................................ 18
?0

2.2.
Phiin tich thtfC trl].ng hOl].t dqng kinh doanh va tinh hinh phat tri~n d!ch V\1 Logistics tl].i cong
. n hAl].ll Vl].ll
A t'"
t y g1ao
ai B"A
1en DAong............................................................................................................... . 18

2.2.1. K6t qua ho~t d()ng kinh doanh.................................................................................................. 18
2.2.2. Dich V\1 van tai ........................................................................................................................ 19
Xet theo lo~i hinh van tai xufit nhiip kh~u ........................................................................ 20
2.2.2.1.
2.2.2.2.
Xet theo thi tru<>ng ......................................................................................................... 21
Xet theo phuong thirc va di~u kien chuyen eM ............................................................... 22
2.2.2.3.
2.2.3. Dich V\1 kho-bai va phan ph6i hang h6a .................................................................................. 25
He th6ng kho-bai va cac khach hang chinh. ..................................................................... 25
2.2. 3 .1.
Kha nang m& r()ng dich V\1.............................................................................................. 25
2.2.3.2.
2.2.4. Dich V\1 Hai quan .................................................................................................................... 26
Van chuy~n hang cong trinh.................................................................................................... 27
2.2.5.
2.2.6. Dich V\1 gia tri gia tang khac .................................................................................................... 27
Dich V\1 ki~m hang ......................................................................................................... 27
2.2.6.1.
2.2.6.2.
Dich V\1 bao hi€m va chuy~n phcit chirng tir ..................................................................... 28
Cac dich V\1 khac ........................................................................................................... 29
2.2.6.3.
2.2.7. He th6ng d~ Iy ........................................................................................................................ 29
2.2.8. He th6ng thong tin va Dich V\1 khach hang ............................................................................... 30
2.2.8.1.
He th6ng thong tin .......................................................................................................... 30
2.2.8.2.

Dich V\1 khach hang ........................................................................................................ 32

2.3.
2.3.1.
2.3.2.

Nh~n

xet- ~anh gia chung ...................•.................................................................................... 32

Cac uu diem d~ cong ty phcit tri~n ho~t d()ng Logistics ............................................................. 32
Cac ~t ~ ch6 trong qua trinh phcit tri~n ho~t d()ng Logistics ............................................... 33

CHUONG 3. GIAI PHA.P PHAT TRIEN DICH VU LOGISTICS CUA CONG TY
GIAO NH~N v~N TAl BIEN DONG GIAI DO..:\N 2005-2010............................... 34
3.1.
Kinh nghi~m phlit tri~n cua cac cong ty Logistics trong khu V\fC ASEAN ya xu hu6ng phlit
tri~n thj trtrimg out-sourcing hol_lt d()ng Logistics t\rl Vi~t Nam .............................................................. 34
3 .1.1. Kinh nghiem phcit tri~n cua cac cong ty Logistics trong khu we ASEAN ................................. 34
3.1.2. Xu hu6ng phcit tri~n thi tru<>ng out-sourcing hoat d()ng Logistics tai VietNam ......................... 35
3.2.
3.2.1.
3.2.2.

Djnh hmmg va my.c tieu phat tri~n cua cong ty Bi~n Dong giai dol.ln 2005-2010 ..................... 37
Binh hu6ng: ................................................................................................................ 0........... 37
M1.1c tieu phcit tri6n giai doan 2005-2010 ............................................................................... 0.. 37

H~ th6ng giiii phlip phat tri~n djch vy. Logistics t\rl cong ty giao nh~n v~n tai Bi~n Dong ....... 37
3 .3.1. Nh6m giai phcip phcit tri6n dich V\1 ........................................................................................... 37

3. 3. 1.1.
ChU trong phcit tri6n dich V\1 van tai giao nhiin ................................................................ 37
3.3.1.2.
Nang cao hieu qua ho~t d()ng kho-bai va pMn ph6i hang h6a .......................................... 39
Nang cao chfit luQ'Ilg dich V\1 khach hang ........................................................................ 40
3.3.1.3.
3.3.1.4.
Phcit tri6n cac dich V\1 gia tang khac ......................................................................... 0.. 0... 41
3 .3.2. Nh6m giai phcip phcit tri6n cong ngM thong tin ........................................................................ 41
3.3.2.1.
Khai thac met d6 he th6ng EDI ...................................................................................... 41
303.2.2.
Xay d\fng cac chuong trinh cap nhiit, truy tim gia va ijch tau "m&" ................................. 42
Xay dl.fng chuong trinh quan ly dO'n hang tren Web (Tracing & Trackin?) ...................... 42
3.3.2.3.
3.3.2.4.
Tim hiMkM nang irng d1.mg cac chuong trinh quan tri va lien k6t he thong .................... 43
nv
~ +"-~
.J.. d' h
I.
.,.
' ' ............
43
3 .3 .2 .5.
u~t nen
1111tg va' ph'at tr1en
lC V\1 tu van
giai
ph'ap Logishcs

3 .3.3. Nh6m giai phcip phcit tri6n he th6ng dai ly va d6i tac lien k6t kinh doanh ...................... 0........... 44
Cling c6 va phat tri6n M th6ng dai Iy ................................................ 0.......................... 0.. 44
3.3.3.1.
Lien k6t ngang ...................................................
45
3.3 .3 .2.
Lien k6t doc ................................................................................................................... 45
3.3.3.3.
Tan d\Ulg CO' hQi phat tri6n kinh doanh da chi~u .............................................................. 45
3.3.3.4.
Thanh lap van phOng chi nhanh t~ dia di8m chi€n luqc: Vfing Tau, Da N~n,g .................. 46
3.3.3.5.
3.3.4. Nh6m giai phap cai ti€n CO' cfiu va each thirc quan ly ................................................................ 47
Tai cfiu trUe he th6ng ........................................................................
47
3.3.4.1.
Cai ti6n each thirc quan ly .............................................................................................. 48
3.3.4.2.

3.3.

0

0

............................. 0

...................... 0

.... ..

.............................

o ........ o ........ o ........ o ..


3.3.4.3.
ChUtrQngvaditym~ hol;ltdi;>ng Marketing ................................................................ 49
3.3.5. Nh6m giai phcip phat tri~n ngu6n nhan h;rc ............................................................................... 50
3.3.5.1.
Cap nhat va chufut h6a ki6n thirc chuyen mon ................................................................. 50
3.3.5.2.
Roan thi~n van h6a cong ty ............................................................................................ 51
3.3.5.3.
f>ao tl;lO mfii nhan vien la mi;>t nha tu vful Logistics chuyen nghiep .................................. 51
3.4~
Ki~n nghi .................................................................................................................................... 52
3.4.1. B6i v&i nganh van tru giao nhan............................................................................................... 52
3 .4.2. B6i v&i cac nganh khac ........................................................................................................... 53
3.4.3. B6i v&i Nha nu&c .................................................................................................................... 53

OA qua t h 1JC ben
oll:
' ki~en n gh'! ................................. ........ ............ s~·•·
H ·~u
cua hA~ t h~ong g.ru p h'ap va' cac
0

3.5.

?

?

0?

KET LU~ .............................................................................................................................................. 56
PHV LVC................................................................................................................................................. 57

TAI Ll¢u THAM KHA.o ....................................................................................................................... 62

Danh mlJC biing
Bimg 1: Tinh hfnh kinh doa"!h cua cong ty BiJn Dong giai dor;m 2000-2004 .......... .................................... 19
Bang 2: Uu diem cua he thong ED!........................................................................................ ................... 31
Bang 3: Kit qua hogt df}ng kinh doanh dich vt,t vtjn tai himg xu tit khdu thea thi truimg ...... ........................ 57
Bang 4: Kit qua hogt df}ng kinh doanh dich vt,t vtjn tai hang nhQp khdu thea tht truimg ............................. 57
Bang 5: Kit qua hogt df}ng kinh doanh djch vt,t vtjn ttii hang consolidation ................................................ 58
Bang 6: Kit qua hogt d(mg kinh doanh dich vt,t vtjn tai hang Je co-load .................................. ................... 58
Bang 7: Kit qua hogt df}ng kinh doanh dich vt,t vtjn tai bang duimg hang khOng .. ...................................... 58
Bang 8: Kit qua kinh doanh dich vt,t vtjn tai hang FCL.. ............................................................................ 59
Bang 9: Ty l? doanh thu hang chi djnh cua dgi lyl hang cong ty !1! kinh doanh .... ....................................... 59
Bang 10: Kit qua kinh doanh t6ng thJ cac djch VT,t .................................................................................... 59

Danh mlJc hinh
Hinh
Hinh
Hinh
Hinh
Hinh
Hinh

Hinh
Hinh
Hinh
Hinh
Hinh

1:
2:
3:
4:
5:

Quan trt vtjt tu I Logistics ddu vao.................................................................................................. 4
Ph an ph6i san phdm I Logistics ddu ra ...................................................................... ..................... 4
th6ng Logistics (Logistics kinh doanh) ...................................................................................... 5
Logistics va day chuydn cung img .................................................................................................. 7
Ca cdu t6 chirc cua cong ty BiJn Dong ...................................................................... ................... 18
6: Kit qua kinh doanh djch vt,t vtjn tai thea logi hinh xu&t nhtjp khdu ................................................ 20
7: Doanh thu djch vt,t v(ln tai hang xu&t khdu thea thj truimg ............................................................ 21
8: Doanh thu dtch vt,t vtjn tai hang nh(lp khdu thea thj truimg .... ...................................................... 22
9: Ca cdu cong ty BiJn Dong du(Jc didu chinh .............................................................. ................... 48
10: Quy trinh phan ph6i hang- khtlch hang Tan Thjnh .. .................................................................. 60
11: Quy trinh kiJm tra va th'f!c hien dan hang- Khach hang A/do Group ....................... ................... 61

He


1

LOIMODAU

1. Ly do chQn d~ tai:

Kinh t~, khoa hoc

kY

thu~t cang phat tri~n, "cung" va "c~u" v~ hang h6a,

dich V\1 tren thi trnemg ngay cang tr& nen da d~g, phong phu hon "bao gia h~t.
Nguai tieu dimg mong mu6n duqc th6a man nhu c~u m()t each nhanh chong, ti~n .
lqi, trong khi d6, nha cung cfip luon tim moi each d~ hang h6a c6 m~t tren thi trnemg
trong thai gian nglln nhfit, kip thai dap irng cac yeu c~u cua khach hang. Logistics
chinh la cong Cl) t6ng hqp hfru hi~u rna nha cung cfip t~ dl)llg d~ d~t dUQ'C ffil)C dich
cuaminh.
Ngay nay, khai ni~m Logistics da tr& nen rfit quen thu()c v&i h~u h~t cac
thuong nhan. Nhu c~u thue cong ty Logistics chuyen nghi~p th\fc hien dich V\1 dlng
duqc nhi~u doanh nghiep ap dl)ng c6 hieu qua.

d VietNam trong 2-3

nam gk day,

s6 lm;mg cong ty Logistics gia tang dang k~ (hien t~i c6 khoang hon 800 cong ty,
t6c d() tang binh quan la 10%/nam, nghla la s6 luqng nay se vao ·khoang 1200 cong
ty trong vong 5 nam t&i). Tuy nhien, ho~t d()ng cua rfit nhi~u cong ty Logistics
khong c6 gi khac so v&i ho~t dqng cua m()t cong ty giao

nh~ v~n

tai thong thuemg,

thi trnemg giao nh~n v~n tai hang h6a rfit manh mttn, h~u h~t cac c6ng ty n·ong
nganh c6 quy mo vira va' nh6.
Trong bBi canh fiy, viec tim hi~u v~ Logistics va phat tri~n dich V\1 Logistics
& cac cong ty giao nh~ v~ tai la rfit c~n thi~t, nhfit la khi c6 rfit it ta,;; gia nghien
crru v~ vfiu d~ nay t~i VietNam, tai lieu tham khao h~n ch~. Ngoai ra, do ti~n trinh
gia nh~p WTO dang duqc rut ng~n d~n, Vi~t Nam c~n dAy m~nh hchuy~n dich co cfiu kinh t~ theo huang phat tri~n dich V\1 d~ giam b&t nguy co ho~t

d()ng dich V\1 n6i chung va ho~t d()ng giao nh~n v~ tai n6i rieng se do c:ong ty nu&c
ngoai khai thac.


2

Do nhfrng ly do chu yeu tren, tac gia da quyet djnh chon d~ tai "Phat tii~n
dich V\1 Logistics t:;ti cac cong ty giao nhan van tai quy mo vira & Vi~t Nam Trnoog hqp nghien ctru: Cong ty GNVT Bi~n Bong" lam d~ tai luan van t6t nghi~p.
2. My.c dich nghien ctl'u:
Hi~u ro khai ni~m Logistics, ban chdt cua Logistics.

Tim hi~u cac cdp do phat tri~n cua cong ty Logistics, danh gia cflp do thuc t€
cua cac cong ty Logistics

Vi~t

Nam.

Bua ra dinh hu6ng phat tii~n va cac giai phap di~n hinh d~ nang cdp ho:;tt
dong cho cac cong ty Logistics/ cong ty giao nhan van tai Vi~t Nam.
3. DBi tU'C]llg, ph~m vi nghien ctl'u:

B6i tuQllg nghien cl:ru: Cac dich V\1 trong chu6i Logistics.
Ph:;tm vi nghien ctru: Cong ty giao nhan van tai quy mo vira

(y Vi~t

Nam,

trong d6 trnoog hqp nghien cl:ru c1,1 th~ la cong ty GNVT Bi~n B6ng.
4.

Ynghia khoa hQC va th\l'C ti~n cua d~ tai nghien Ctflll:
B~ tai la tu li~u tham khao rdt c6 ich cho cac doanh nhan va cac chu th~

mu6n nghien ctru v~ Logistics va nhfrng vdn d~ lien quan. Trong tuong lai,
Logistics c6 th~ tr& thanh mot mon hoc chinh thuc va rdt quan trong n·ong h~ th6ng
giao d1,1c cua Vi~t Nam, d~ tai c6 th~ duqc xem nhu mot vi d1,1 thuc t€ ci€ cac giang
vien va sinh vien cimg nghien ctru, xem xet du&i khia c:;tnh phat tri€n djeh V\1.
5. K~t cAu lu~n van gBm 3 chU'ong:
Chuong 1.

T6ng quan v~ Logistics

Chuong 2.

Thuc tr:;tng phat tii€n dich V\1 Logistics t:;ti cong ty giao nhan
van_ tai Bi~n Bong

Chuong 3.

Giai phap phat tri€n dich V\1 Logistics cua cong ty giao nhan

van tai Bi€n Bong giai do:;tn 2005-2010


3

Chw«ng 1. TONG QUAN VE LOGISTICS
1.1. Khai

ni~m

va vai tro cua Logistics:

1.1. 1. Vai net v& Slf phdt'triln cua Logistics hi~n ilfli
Th~ gi&i hi~n d~i cua chung ta ngay nay phat trien m~nh me hm1 bao gia h~t
v&i cac ti~n bo khoa hQC- cong ngh~ di6n ra timg ngay, timg gia. Trong cac ti~n bo
do, S\l' ra doi va phat trien cua cong ngh~ tin hQC da gop phftn to l&n vao vi~c m&
rong ho~t dong giao thuang lam cho kh6i luQ'llg giao dich hang hoa tang len gfip
nhi~u lftn so v&i tru&c, dAy nhanh han qua trinh chuyen mon hoa,

wdo hoa va toan

cftu hoa n~n kinh tS th~ gi&i.
Cong ngh~ tin hQC phat trien cang t~o di~u ki~n cho h~ th6ng th6ng tin duqc

ma rong, thong tin duqc truy~n tai nhanh chong, chinh xac. Bay chinh la mot trong
nhfrng ti~n d~ de Logistics hi~n d~i ra doi va phat tri€n vuQ't b~c.
Sau chi~n tranh th~ gi&i lftn thu II, n~n kinh tS m&i duqc hinh thanh v&i hai
C\l'C

My - Tay Au.

Ctmg v6i nhfrng thanh wu thftn kY v~ kinh t~, Nh~t Ban dftn dftn

xufit hi~n tren ban db kinh t~ th~ gi6i nhu C\l'C kinh tS thu 3, sanh vai v6i 2 nguoi
khbng

16 My va Tay Au.

duqc ap d1,mg rong rai
trien m~ me

1.1.1.1.

Phftn l&n cac cai ti€n trong kinh doanh cfing xufit phat va

anhfrng n~n kinh t~ khbng 16 nay. Logistics cfin,g vi th~ phat

a day, S\l' phat trien nay the hi~n fO qua tUng th~p nien.
Thgp nien 1960

Vao nhfrng nam 1960-1970, hftu h~t cac cong ty da chuyen dful

tu mo hinh

quan ly pharr khuc timg qua trinh rieng Ie nhu v~ tai, mua hang va kho bai sang mo
hinh quan ly tbng the cac chuc nang co lien quan v6i nhau du6i hai qua trinh duqc

tri v~t tu (hinh 1) va Pharr ph6i san phAm (hinh 2). Quan tri v~t tu Ut
vi~c ho~ch dinh, tb chuc, kiem soat tfit ca cac ho~t dong cling nhu nhan S\f lien quan
t6i dong nguyen v~t li~u dftu vao. Quan tri v~t tu bao gbm cac chuc nang nhu mua

gQi la Quan

nguyen v~t li~u, quan ly hang luau chuyen trong qua trinh san xufit, v~n chuyen noi


4

b(), l~p ke ho~ch san xudt. Phan ph6i san phftm Ia cac ho~t d()ng nhiim di chuy~n
hang h6a (thanh phftm) tir cu6i day chuyen san xudt t&i khach hang. N6 g6m cac
chirc nang nhu v~n tai, kho bai, dong g6i bao bi, thgc

hi~n

don hang, dg doan nhu

cfiu, ki~m soat hang t6n kho va djch V\l khach hang.
f>iam cung
nguy~n v~t

cap
lieu

~--------------v-----------~
Hinh 1: Quim tri w;lt tu I Logistics ctdu viw
San xuat

Thj tru6'ng

Vc;in chuy~')

~--------------

_______________/

"'V"

Hinh 2: Phiin ph6i sim phdm I Logistics adu ra

Tru6'c 1960, cac nha quan tri c6 khuynh huang xem cac ho~t d()ng phan ph~i
Ia cac ho~t d()ng ph6 thong va khong dang d~ chu y, vi~c nay dfin den chi phi tang
nhanh va bdt hqp ly. Chi phi nay Ifin vao cac chi phi gian tiep, chi phi t6ng hQP ctia
cong ty khien cho nguai ta kh6 xac dinh mire d() thgc sg ctia cac chi phi phan ph6i
d~ quan ly hang h6a m()t each hi~u qua.

1.1.1.2.

Thqp nien 1970

T6'i nhfing nam 1970, chi phi ho~t d()ng ctia cac cong ty tang rdt cao. L~
phat phi rna da len t&i hai chu s6, ket qua Ia chi phi nhan cong, nha xu&ng, chi phi
v6n da tang dang k~ va lam tang chi phi phan ph6i. M~t khac, gia xang dfiu l~i leo


5

thang do OPEC doi cit giam luqng cung tren thi truoog, di€u nay bu()c cac nha
qmin tri phai tim ki€m each thuc mcri d€ k€t n6i cac chuc nang phan ph6i. T\1' do h6a
trong nganh v~n tai cling dua l~i cho cac nha quan tri nhfrng 1\fa chQn mcri d€ cit
giam chi phi, tang hi~u qua ho~t d()ng cua minh. Vi v~y, cho tcri nhfrng nam cu6i
cua th~p nien 1970, Quan tri v~t tu va Phan ph6i san phfun da duqc xem nhu m()t

t6ng th€ hiiu cava thu~t ngu Logistics kinh doanh da m& r()ng han (hinh 3) .
LU'U kho

San xuat

NVL

LU'U kho

Th! trU'ang

thanh pham

_____

\.__

y

Logistics dt!u vao

Logistics dt!u ra

Hinh 3: H? th6ng Logistics (Logistics kinh doanh)

1.1.1.3.

Thtjp nien 1980

Trong th~p nien 1980, S\1' phat tri€n cua Logistics duqc danh dftu ro r~t nhftt,

vi~c do b6 nhfrng lu~t 1~ can tr&, m& r()ng dich V\1 Logistics da lam thay d6i quan
h~

giua nguai chuyen ch& va nguai gfri hang. Cac nha chuyen ch&

t~p

trung mQi

kha nang d€ giam gia eucre nhfun ti€t ki~m chi phi v~ tai; trong khi d6, nguai gfri
hang l~i t~p trung hang h6a vao m()t s6 it nha v~ chuy€n rna hQ danh gia cao nh~m
d~t duqc k€t qua dam phan t6t han cho cong vi~c phan ph6i hang h6a cua minh, d6

la ly do t~i sao luqng nguai gfri hang c6 ve it han nhung t6ng cong vi~c kinh doanh
cua m()t nha v~ tai nao d6 l~i gia tang nhi€u han. Vi th€, cac nha v~ tai phai nfi
l\fc d€ lQt vao danh sach nha thfiu duqc nguai gfri hang l\fa chQn. Nhfrng nha thfiu
thanh cong la nguai c6 djch V\1 khach hang vuqt tr()i, c6 cac djch V\1 gia tri gia tang
hftp dfin va gia ca

a muc hqp ly. M()t lo~t cac thong 1~ mcri da nfii len khi cac nha

v~n tai cling nhu nguai gfri hang mu6n c6 ging cit giam chi phi va cai thi~n djch V\1

cua minh, bao gbm nhfrng ho~t d()ng nhu len h6a dan va ki€m tra eucre t\1' d()ng,


6

dimg h~ th6ng trao dbi dfr li~u di~n tir EDI d€ h6 trq vi~c sir d\lng hoa dan di~n ill
khong sir d\lllg giAy, tim ki~m hang hoa,

n~i,

nr tra CUu va tinh cu&c, theo doi cac khi~u

thanh to an cu&c vv ...
Ciing trong th~p nien 1980, nhieu cong ty da thay dbi ca cAu d€ ding cao kha

nang c~ tranh va tranh

bi sap

tri€n m~nh, nganh dich V\1 bimg

nh~p b6'i cong ty khac, thuang m~i th~ gi&i phat

nl>

nhanh chong. Cac cong ty cung cAp dich V\1

Logistics b~t d§u xuAt hi~n nhieu han, h~ th6ng Just in time (JIT) do ngm1i Nh~t
sang ki~n ciing xuAt hi~n trong thai kY nay. Nguyen tiic CO' ban cua h~ thBng ntly Ia

khong siin xuat hay v{in chuyin hang khi chlfa co ilijt hang, noi dtch khac, h~
th6ng JIT mu6n d~t duqc ID\lC dich cung i:mg v~t tu, hang hoa theo nhu cku th~rc SlJ
cua khach hang trong thai gian ng~ nhAt, giam thi€u chi phi luu kho. D€ d~t duqc
dieu nay, vAn de xu ly va truyen thong tin la y~u t6 t6i quan trQng. Thong tin kjp

thOi, chinh xtic se thay thl cho vi~c siin xuiit theo dlf ilotin va t8n kho siin phdm.
H~ th6ng JIT se phan i:mg nhanh chong theo d~ng "cku keo", nghia la nhu cku th~:rc
t~ se duqc thong tin kip thai va. h~ th6ng chi t~o ra mot luqng cung tuO'ng ling rna

thoi.
1.1.1.4.

Thgp nien 1990

Cho t&i th~p nien 1990 khi ho~t dong cua nhieu cong ty da biio hoa 6' thi
truang trong nu&c, buoc cac cong ty phai c~t giam cac chi phi d€ co th€: kinh doanh
hi~u qua han va vuan ho~t dong ra cac thi truerng nu&c ngoai. vAn de rut ng~n thai

gian d€ hang hoa co mijt n·en thi truerng va nang cao chAt luqng dich

VI,L

ciing la hai

y~u t6 quan trQng khac nh~m nang cao lqi th~ c~ tranh cua doanh nghi~p. Tbng

hqp nhfrng yeu cku kh~t khe ve chi phi, thai gian va chAt Iuqng dich V\1 buoc cac
nha quan tri phai tim ra nhfrng cong C\1 hfru hi~u m&i d€ cai thi~n, ti~p t'llc phat tri€n
cong vi~c kinh doanh. Bo chinh la cai thi~n ho~t dong Logistics. Tuy nhien, d€ co
duqc cong C\1 hfru hi~u do khong phai la dieu dan gian, vi cac cong ty phai dku tu
cong ngh~ m&i, nhAt Ia cong ngh~ thong tin, rna rong h~ th6ng tren toan cku, phat
tri€n ngu6n nhan ll,lC

VV...

Vz vgy, a€ cfit giam chi phf, thai gian phdn phtJi hang

7

hoa, nang cao chdt lu(J'ng hor;zt tlf}ng ma khong phai t6n nhiJu chi phi adu tu cfing
nhu chju rid ro cho vi?c adu tu t/6, nhiJu doanh nghi?p t/a thue cac cong ty cung
cdp djch V¥ Logistics chuyen nghi?p thl!c hi?n toan bf} hor;zt ilf}ng Logistics cua
minh.
Ciing trong thai

kY m\y khi h~ thfmg cac cong ty ngay cang m& r(>ng v&i sl)'

ra dai cua nhiBu cong ty da qu6c gia ho~t d(>ng tren toan cAu, chinh sach cua cac
cong ty nay chuy€n sang huang chuyen mon h6a vi~c s{m xuAt m(>t ho~c vai lo~i san
phdm t~i nhfing vimg san xuAt c6 lqi th€ vB nguyen li~u va nhan cong. Sau d6, cac
nha may lAp rap se gAn k€t cac dan vi cua san phAm I~i v&i nhau theo tirng ch~ng.
Cac nha may c6 th€ d~t each xa nhau, tir nu&c nay tm nu&c khac, tir chau h,1c nay
sang chau h.1c khac; keo theo nhiBu chu th€ cimg tham gia vao day chuyBn cung ling
va ho~t d(>ng Logistics cang duqc m& r(>ng them; khai

ni~m

Dliy chuyen cung Ullg

da xuAt hi~n trong giai do~n nay nhu m(>t thu~t ngfr m& r(>ng cua Logistics (hinh 4).

ffinh 4: Logistics

va diiy chuyJn cung img


8

1.1.2. Khai niim Logistics
1.1.2.1.

Cite khai ni¢m tham khcw

Hi~n nay c6 nhi~u khai ni~m Logistics khac nhau dang tAn t~i, sau day la m9t

vai khai ni~m tieu bi~u.
Theo TS. Andreas Froschmayer "Logistics la khoa hoc v~ S\f t6i uu h6a day
chuy~n cung -ung b~g nhfrng ki€n thuc va cong ngh~ tien ti€n nhAt."[42]

Theo Uy ban v~ quan tri Logistics cua Hoa Ky "Logistics la b9 ph~ cua day
chuy~n cung fulg, c6 nhi~m V\1 l~p k€ ho~ch, t6 chuc thl,fc hi~n va ki•~m soat m9t

each hiiu hi~u cac dong san ph~m, dich

Vl)

va dong thong tin tir di~m bit dfru t6i

di~m tieu th\1 nh~m tho a man cac yeu cfru cua khach hang." [24]

Theo TS. Ly Bach Ch§n "Logistic c6 th~ duqc mo tit nhu la m(tt chuc nang
di~u ti€t cac dong san ph~m va dong thong tin tir nguai cung fulg t6i, qua va tir cac

xi nghi~p d~n nguai tieu dimg." [4]
"Logistics la qua trlnh t6i uu h6a v~ vi tri v~n chuy~n va dl,f trfr ngu6n tai
nguyen tir di~m dfru tien cua day chuy~n cung li'ng cho d€n tay nguai tWu dung cu6i
cirng, thong qua hang lo~t cac ho~t dong kinh t€". [ 1]

Nhu phan rich 6 phfrn 1.1.1., chung ta c6 th~ thAy duqc nhfrng net chinh
trong qua trlnh phat tri~n khai ni~m Logistics kinh doanh hi~n d~i, dBng thai, thong
qua cac dinh nghia neu tren d~u cho chnng ta thAy Logistics la m9t qua trinh xuyen
su6t toan h~ th6ng tir vi~c thu mua nguyen v~t li~u cung fulg cho san :mAt, luu trfr
va v~n chuy~n cac ban thanh ph~m qua cac khau san xuAt khac nhau, Iuu w va v~
chuy~n thanh ph~m t&i cac di~m phan ph6i, t6i tay nguai tieu dung. D6i v&i m8i

khau

C\}

th~ trong toan b9 day chuy~n, Logistics phai tra lai duqc cac cau hoi

CO'

ban:
•

Bao nhieu- cai gi? (vi d\1: lo~i nguyen v~t li~u, san ph~m gi? S6 luqng bao
nhieu? ChAt luqng nhu th€ nao?)


9

• d

dau - d€n dau? (vi dl): hang h6a duqc luau chuy~n tir di~m mlo t6'i di~m

nao? D\I trfr 6 dau?)
•

Khi nao - bao lau? (Khi nao van chuy~n, d\I trfr? MAt bao lau? Trong then
gian bao nhieu?)

•

Ai? (Ai la nguo'i th\fc hi~n?)

•

Nhu th€ nao? (V~n chuy~n b~ng phuong thirc gi? D\I trfr ra sao?)
D~c bi~t, vi Logistics la mot qua trinh tAng th~ nen tAt ca cac cau hoi d€u

phai duqc tAng hqp va tra Uri d6ng bo sao cho co duqc mot k€t qua cu6 i cimg mang
tinh t6i uu cho h~ th6ng. Qua phan tich tren chimg ta c6 th~ thAy rin.g Logistics
chinh la S\f phat tri~n cua ho~t dong v~n tai giao nh~n. N€u cho di~m diiu cua chu6i
cung irng la A, di~m cu6i la B thi Logistics chinh la qua trinh luau chuy~n hang h6a

tir A d€n B va phai dam bao s6 luqng t6i uu, ngay khi cfui, v6'i chi phi nh6 nhftt. Tuy
nhien, ilidm khitc nhau lim nhdt giua hoqt ilt)ng Logistics

va hoqt at)ng giao nh(jn

wjn tai truydn th6ng Ia hoqt ilt)ng Logistics bao tritm nhidu hoqt ilt)ng han xuyen
su6t quit trinh cung zmg, a6ng thai chu5i thong tin vi. hang hoa ci1ng phiii ilU'!fc
luan chuyin song song vOi vi~c luan chuyin hang hoa him hinh.
Nhu v~y, ch(rng ta c6 th~ hi~u th\IC hien bftt

kY

mot ho~t dong nao trong

chu6i cung irng cling la tham gia ho~t dong Logistics. Ho~t dong v~n tai cling la
mot

ho~t

dong Logistics;

ho~t

dong kho bai cling la mot

ho~t

dong Logistics vv...

nhung hi~u theo chi€u nguqc l~i Logistics la ho~t dong van tai hay Logistics la ho~t
dong kho bai la khong dung va chua du. Di€u nay giup chimg ta hi~u sau hon v€
tfun bao quat cua Logistics so v6'i cac ho~t dong giao nh~n don le khac nhau.
1.1.2.2.

Khiti ni?m Logistics theo quan ilidm ciia titc gia

TAng hqp tir cac khai mem nghien ciru va each phan tich tt·en, theo quan
di~m cua tac gia, thlfc chfit logistics la qua trinh luan chuyin hang hoa ti¥ A tOi B.

Trong d6:

10

- A va B : la vi tri dfiu va cu6i cua day chuy~n cung trng
- Hang h6a : g6m hang h6a hfru hinh va ca nhfrng thong tin, dich V\1 di kern
theo n6.
Theo t{tc gia, dinh nghia nay c6 kha nang khai quat duqc tAt ca cac quan
ni~m v~ Logistics tru&c day. Trong cac thap nien 1960-1970, di€m Ala cu6i khau .

san xufit thanh phAm va di€m B la thi trubng. Trong thap nien 1980, di~m A duqc

ma r()ng tU noi b~t dfiu cung trng nguyen vat li~u cho san xufit va diSm B la ngm)'i
tieu dung cu6i. Trong thap nien 1990, di€m Ava B khong thay d6i, nlmng gifra A
va B la day chuy~n cung trng phirc hqp v&i nhi~u chu th~ va nhi~u cong do~n
Logistics ben trong, d6ng thai thong tin JIT la di~u b~t bu()c song hanh eung sl,Iluan
chuy€n hang h6a nhu da neu.

1.1.3. Vai tro cua Logistics
Du trl,lc tiep hay gian tiep, ho~t d()ng Logistics anh huang t&i hfiu het cac
khia c~ trong dai s6ng cua con nguai. That vay, chuy~n gi se xay ra khi chung ta
ra cira hang mua lo~i san phAm rna chung ta ck nhung hang da het; chung ta d~t
mua m()t cu6n sach yeu thich d€ t~ng cho nguai than nhung cu6i cung hang giao hi
tr€ h~n; chilng ta d6n xe bus di lam nhung xe bus l~i too tr€ 30 phut so v&i thai gian
quy dinh vv ... Tfit ca nhfrng vi~c nhu vay, du l&n hay nh6 d~u anh huang va lam
gian do~ nhip s6ng cua chilng ta.
Trong kinh doanh, Logistics cang c6 vai tro quan trQng d6i vori cac doanh
nghi~p. Logistics chinh la cong c1,1 chu yeu t~o kha nang c~nh tranh cua doanh
nghi~p, t~o S\I khac bi~t gifra cong ty v&i cac d6i thu c~nh tranh cua minh. Logistics

ciing la yeu t6 can ban d€ doanh nghi~p tinh toan xem linh V\IC ho~t d()ng nao c6
kha nang mang l~i lqi nhuan hay khong. Han nfra, Logistics con h6 trq hfru hi~u cho

ho~t d()ng Marketing, nang cao chfit luqng dich V\1 khach hang, giup m6' r()ng them

thi tru

11

D6i v&i nSn kinh t€, Logistics giup nang cao hieu qua kinh t~ xa hoi cilng
nhu giup cho cac lu6ng giao dich kinh t€ duqc ph6i hqp nhip nhang, t16ng bo. Tir
do, cac ngu6n Uti nguyen duqc bi€n d6i thanh cac san phAm, dich

V1,l

giup thoa man

nhu c~u va nang cao mire s6ng cua moi thanh ph~ trong xa hoi.
1.2. So- IU'f.YC v~ ho~t dt}ng cua cac cong ty cung cftp dich vy. Logistics

1.2.1. Cong ty Logistics (LSP: Logistics Service Provider)

Khi v~ tai da phuong thirc ra dai, mot s6 chu th~ da chu dong tham gia ho~t
dong trong lfuh V\fC mffi nay, do la cac chu th~ CUa chu6i V~D tai nhu CaC hang tau,
cac cang bi~n vv ... Cfing gi6ng nhu v~y, trong thai kjJ phitt tridn Logistics, nh6m

chu thd tham gia h6 tr(l cite c6ng ty thl:fc hi?n hi?u qua vi?c quan trj Logistics, quan
trj day chuyJn cung ung cua minh nhiJu nhdt chinh Ia cite c6ng ty wjn tai giao
nhgn. T ~i cac nu&c c6 nSn kinh t€ phat tri~n tren th€ gi&i, nha giao nh~n dang cang
ngay cang m& rong ho~t dong bao tritm sang toan bo ho~t dong Logistics va ho
duqc goi la cac nha cung c~p dich V\1 Logistics.

1.2.2. Cdc djch v~ cung cOp hOi LSP
1.2.2.1.

Djch V¥ tu vdn

Cac dich V\1 tu v~n thuemg lien quan t&i viec dua ra cac quy€t dinh sau:
1.2.2.1.1. Quy€t dinh vs vi tri cua he th6ng kho-bai-nha xuang
Viec tinh toan d~ d~t cac xuang san xuat, kho hang, ngu6n nguyen lieu la
bu&c d~u tien r~t quan trong khi thi€t l~p mot day chuySn cung irng. Nhfrng quy€t
dinh miy anh huang t&i viec diSu ph6i cac ngu6n hrc cho mot k€ ho~eh phat tri~n
lau dai, nhfmg vi tri duqc Iva chon se anh huang t&i chinh sach tham

nh~p

tlti

tru(mg CUa cong ty, anh huang tai doanh thu, chi phi va mire do dich V\L rna cong ty
c6 th~ cung c~p cho khach hang. Hien t~i c6 cac ph~ mSm chuyen d\mg cho viec
giai bai toan vi tri t6i uu.
1.2.2.1.2. Quy€t dinh vS san xu~t


12

Quy~t dinh v~ san xu~t bao g6m vi~c Iva chon san phAm nao eho phil hqp

nh~t, phan b6 cac nha cung c~p cho nha may ra sao, Iich trinh san xu~t nhu th~ nao,

tir nha may t&i cac trung tam phan ph6i va d~n thi tiuOng, dau Ia du(mg di d~ ngu6n
hang duqc chuy~n ti~p t6t nh~t. Cac quy~t dinh di~u ph6i hang hoa lien quan r~t

nhi~u t&i k~ ho~ch lich tiinh san xu~t, bao tri thi~t hi, may moe vv ... ,:) khau nay,

vi~c tham gia tu v~ cua nha cung cAp dich V\1 Logistics Ia r~t han hfru.

1.2.2.1.3. Quy~t dinh h~ th6ng dv trfr hang hoa
M\lC dich tru&c tien cua cac quy~t dinh dv tiuia dam bao t6i thi~u hoa Iuqng
hang dv trfr an toan trong h~ th6ng vi chi phi Iuu kho-bai Ia r~t cao. Nguai cung c~p
dich V\1 Logistics Ia nguai dong vai tro h~t sue quan trong trong khan m'ty vi cac
quy~t dinh cua ho se anh hu6ng t&i muc do, kich cO' va chi phi kho-bai duqc sir

d\lng.
1.2.2.1.4. Quy~t dinh van tai
Di~u t6i quan trong trong khau nay Ia phuong thuc van tai nao se duqc Iva

chon d~ CO th~ can d6i phil hqp gifra chi phi tr\fC ti~p (chi phi van tai) v&i CaC chi
phi gian ti~p (chi phi dv trfr hang hoa

dn thi~t khi thvc hi~n phuong thirc

van tai

do). Vi d\1, chi phi van chuy~n hang bfulg may bay Ia r~t t6n kern nhung bil I~i, chi
phi Iuu trfr hang hoa se giam xu6ng. D~ ra duqc cac quy~t dinh nhu v~y ph\1 thuoc
nhi~u vao c~p do dich V\1 rna khach hang yeu cAu cung nhu vi tri dia Iy cua cac di~m
di/d~n. Thvc t~, chi phi van tai chi~m trung binh t&i hon 30% chi phi Logistics cua

mot cong ty nen chinh sach van tai Ia n·ong y~u trong vi~c dam biw tinh c~nh tranh
va dam bao thai gian chinh xac khi thvc hi~n cac ho~t dong kinh doanh.
1.2.2.2.

£Ji€u ph6i, t6 chuc thl!c hi¢n chu6i Logistics

Mot khi da co nhfrng quy~t dinh Logistics duqc dua ra, cac n:h.a cung c~p
dich V\1 Logistics co th~ tham gia thvc hi~n mot ho~c nhi~u cac chuc nang sau:
1.2.2.2.1. Dich V\1 kho-bai


13

H~ th6ng kho gicr day khong nhAt thi€t phai thu9c v€ ngucri san xuAt hay
ngucri cung cAp hang h6a rna n6 c6 th€ duqc cung cAp bm LSP. Kho-b2li duqc cung
cAp con c6 th€ duqc kem theo h~ th6ng may tinh phuc hngu6n hang ra/vao. Kho-bai la cua nha cung cAp dich V\l con hang h6a ben trong Ia
cua nha san xuAt.
1.2.2.2.2. van tai va phan ph6i hang h6a
LSP c6 th€ tham gia tn,rc ti€p vao qua trinh v~n tai hang h6a ho~c

kY cac hqp

d6ng ph1,1 vm cac nha v~ tai khac. Vi~c tn,rc ti€p v~ chuy€n giup LSP chu d()ng
ki€m soat chi phi va quan ly qua trinh phan ph6i.
1.2.2.2.3. Quan ly (dl.l trfr) hang t6n kho
Dl,la vao ngu6n thong tin tir cac m~t xich cua day chuy€n cung ung, LSP se
quan ly va lien tl,lc di€u chinh luqng hang h6a dl,l trfr trong kho.
1.2.2.2.4. Thl,lc hi~n don hang
LSP chiu trach nhi~m d~t hang cho nhfrng nguyen v~t li~u, cac linh ki~n d€
cung -frng cho san xuAt hang h6a hay thl,lc hi~n vi~c nh~n don d~t hang tu ngucri tieu
dU.ng. Nghla la trong h~ th6ng "cAu keo", LSP c6 th€ la ngum nhan dw;rc don hang
tir ngucri tieu dung va d~t hang l~i vm cac nha cung cAp nguyen v~t li~u de ti€n hanh

cung -ung va san xuAt don hang do.
1.2.2.2.5. Cac dich V\l gia tang gia tri khac
B6 la cac dich V\l nhu dong goi bao bi hoan tAt cho san phAm, dan nhan, len
don gia, ban hang, dich V\l tai chinh v. v ... Cac dich V\l nay duqc yeu du khac nhau
theo tirng khach hang. Thl.lc chAt, khi lam hang, LSP thuO'ng xuyen c:6 ccr h9i d€
thl,lc hi~n m9t hay m9t s6 cac dich V\l gia tang gia tri tren.

1.2.2.3.

Dtch V¥ thong tin

H¢ th6ng thong tin au(Jc vi nhu "qua tim" cua Logistics. Cac dich V\l duqc
d€ cap trong CaC phAfl tren se khong th€ th\]'C hi~n t6t n€u thi€u cac cong Cl,l quan tri


14

m~nh, trong do quan trQng nhfit la may tinh va cac phftn m€m chuyen d\lng. Cac

phftn m€m nay co th€ duQ'c mua hay thue

mcac cong ty phftn m€m chuyen nghiep,

hoijc do LSP t\I xay d\ffig va phat tri€n. Cac phftn m€m nay se giup cho cac LSP ti€n
hanh nhiem V\1 ella minh (vtra duai

d~ng

ffiO phong, vtra dum

d~ng

th\fC hi en dich

V\1 tren thl,lc t€) lam phat tri€n them cac dich V\1 "thong minh" cho khaeh hang. Hai

dich V\1 sau day la di€n hinh trong Logistics:
1.2.2.3.1. Tracking I Tracing
Dich V\1 nay thuThong tin v€ hang hoa va cac don hang tr& nen thong subt, IDQi chll th€ trong chu6i
cung U:ng d€u bi€t duQ'c tinh tr~ng thl,lc t€ ella don hang C\1 th€.
1.2.2.3.2. Bijt hang I Nhan don dijt hang I Theo doi ti€n do ella don hang
Ngay khi co cac thong tin ban hang, viec dijt hang se ngay lap tU:c dUQ'C thl,lC
hien. N~u LSP dUQ'C giao nhiem V\1 quan ly lu<)'llg hang ban ra hoijc nhan dUQ'C cac
thong tin ck thi~t v€ hang hoa, hQ se la ngucri co kha nang nhfit trong viec dijt va t6
chirc van tai dua cac nguyen lieu tho t&i nha may, dua hang tlr nha may t&i cac di€m
pharr phbi va t&i nguoi tieu dimg.

1.2.3. Ph/in lofli ctic cong ry Logistics
Theo cac nghien ciru phan lo~i ella nhi€u t6 chirc, cac cong ty Logistics duQ'c
phan ra lam 4 cfip do khac nhau, trong do nha cung cfip dich V\1 Logistics 6' cfip do 4
la nha cung cfip co mire do phat tri€n cao nhfit. Thuat ngfr nha ctmg cfip dich

V\1

Logistics cfip do 4 da duQ'c cong ty Andersen Consulting dang Icy ban quy€n. Du&i
day la viec phan lo~i dl,la tren mire do djch V\1 rna cong ty Logistics cung cfip cho
khach hang.

1.2.3.1.

Cdp t/91:

Cong ty don thuftn cung cfip dich V\1 van tai hang hoa va chuyen chCac khach hang t\I di€u phbi cac ho~t dong Logistics ella minh va hQ cfing co dfty


15

du cac phuong ti~n v@.tl tai va kho bai d€ th\IC hi~n vi~c di€u phf>i trong noi bo cong
ty. H~u hSt cac cong ty Logistics cua Vi~t Nam dang &mire do nay.

1.2.3.2.

Cdp tll) 2:

Cong ty cung c~p them dich V\1 kho-bai va cac ho~t dong giao nh~n. Cac
cong ty nay chu ySu Ia cac cong ty kho van cua nha nu&c hoi;ic cac lien doanh; co r~t
it cac cong ty Logistics cua tu nhan Vi~t Nam ho~t dong & c~p do nay.
1.2.3.3.

Cdp t19 3:

Cong ty cung c~p dich V\1 tr& thanh d6i tac quan trong cua khach hang, th\.fc
hi~n phk Ian vi~c di€u ph6i luau chuy€n hang h6a cua khach hang. Theo d6, cong
ty cung c~p dich V\1 se dam nh~n cac qua trinh v~n tai, xSp do, bao quan, luu kho

hang h6a. Ho cling co th€ cung c~p them cac dich V\1 gia

tri gia tang l

rap, dong g6i, dan nhan bao bi san phAm vv... H~u hSt cac cong ty Logistics c~p do
3 & Vi~t Nam dSu la cac cong ty lien doanh hol;ic cac d~i ly cho cong ty Logistics

nu&c ngoai.
1.2.3.4.

Cdp t19 4:

Cong ty thiSt kS, di€u khi€n va qmin ly toan bo day chuy~n Clmg irng cho
khach hang. Cac ho~t dong cua cong ty cung cAp dich V\1 lite nay ph~n Ian la th6ng
nhAt vi h~ th6ng do chinh ho thiSt kS va th\.fc hi~n cho khach hang. Hii~n t~i & Vi~t
Nam, chi c6 cac cong ty lien doanh va cac

d~i

ly cho cong ty Logistics nu&c ngoai

m&i cung cAp duqc cac dich V\1 & cAp do nay.
1.3.

Y nghia ciia vi~c nghH!n ctl'u
Vi~c nghien ciru S\1 phat tri€n cua khai ni~m Logistics hi~n d:~i va S\1 m&

rong

ho~t

dong cua cac cong ty giao

nh~n v~n

tai tr& thanh cac LSP c6 y nghia sau

s~c trong b6i canh kinh tS Vi~t Nam n6i chung vacua cac doanh nghi~:p Vi~t Nam

n6i rieng dang dirng tru&c nhi~u thach thirc m&i cua qua trinh hoi nh~p nhfrng nam
2006, 2007.


16

Nghien cilu c6 y nghia th\fc ti6n cao:
- Da neu duqc xu hu6ng phat tri€n t~t yeu cua qua trinh san xu~t kinh doanh.
Thi truchirng l:;ti.
- Mang l:;ti nh~ thirc sau si\c cho cac doanh nghi~p, d6 la khong phai doanh
nghi~p nao khong c6 kha nang d~u tu h~ th6ng nha xu6ng, kho bai, phan ph6i rieng

thi khong th€ kinh doanh vuqt tr9i; thi truho t~ d\lng ca.c ngu6n 1\fc c6 sful d€ ph\lc V\1 cho m\lc tieu phat tri€n cua minh.
- M6 ra hu6ng di m&i cho cac cong ty giao

nh~ v~

tai

Vi~t

Nam khi hQ

dang trong vong luAn quAn cua S\)' canh tranh v6 gia va gianh gi¢ nhau cac khach
hang quy mo "vira va nho".
- Th~y duqc cong ngh~ thong tin duqc irng d\lng va mang lai nhung gia tti gia
tang cho moi mijt cua dai s6ng kinh te xa hoi. Ky nguyen cua tri thirc va ky thu~t
cao th\]'C S\I la V~n d6 nong h6i; neu chfulg ta khong chju kh6 tiep nh:~ll nhfrng tri
thirc m&i, S\f Wt h~u se luon la d6 tai duqc ban cai trong xa hoi Vi~t N am.
Tom lai, Logistics la khai

ni~m

tuy khong m&i me nhung gia day n6 dang

mang nhfrng hinh thai phat tri€n m&i; d6ng thai n6 la mot d6 tai r~t ri)ng va phirc
tap. Trong gi&i han cua d6 t•h, tac gia chi nghien cilu vi~c phat tri€n cac dich V\1
Logistics tai cac cong ty giao

nh~

quy mo vira o Vi~t Nam v&i tru
CUu C\1 th€ la cong ty giao nh~ v~n tai Bien Dong. Ph~n phan tich se duqc C\1 th€

h6a trong chuong 2 tiep theo day.


17

:hwong 2. THl/C TR;.NG PHAT TRIEN DJCH

VV

LOGISTICS

.

rAI
. CONG TY GIAO NHAN VAN
. TAl BIEN DONG
2.1. Gi6i thi~u Cong ty giao nh~n v~n tai Bi~n Dong

2.1.1. Nhitng thong tin cO' biin
Cong ty TNHH giao nhan van tai BiSn Dong, v&i ten giao dich qu6c tS T &M
Forwarding Ltd, ho~t d()ng trong linh V\fC cung cfip cac dich V\1 v~n chuySn va giao
nhan himg hoa trong nu&c va qu6c t€.
Cong ty duc;rc thanh l~p theo gifiy phep (sf> 1643/GP-UB ra ngay 25/06/1996)
cua UBND Tp. Hb Chi Minh. Van phong chinh d~t t~i Tp. Hb Chi Minh va co chi
nhanh t~i Ha N9i, HaiPhong.
Cong ty hi~n co 60 nhan vien, d9 tu6i trung binh trong khoang 23-35 tu6i.
Chfit luqng ngubn nhan hrc: 100% nhan vien t6t nghi~p D~i h9c, trong do 71,4%
nhan vien tf>t nghi~p d~i hQC chuyen nganh ngo~i thuong, hang hai va hai quan;
10,7% nhan vien dang theo h9c cac l&p cao h9c v€ qmin
quan

tri

tri kinh doanh, tai chinh,

Logistics va cong ngh~ thong tin. Cac chi€n luc;rc, chinh sach kinh doanh

duc;rc xay d\ffig va phat triSn dva tren cac lc;ri th€ cua ngubn nhan lvc.

2.1.2. Chli'c niing, nhifm V¥
Cong ty dam nhan cac chuc nang va nhi~m V\1 sau:
- V~n chuySn va giao nh~n hang bfutg duemg biSn, duang hang khong.
- V~n chuySn hang le, hang chung chu.
- Khai thue hai quan.
- van chuySn hang cong trinh.
- X€p dO', luu kho, bao quan va dong goi hang hoa.

B¢ GIAO Dl)C VA DAO T~O
TRUONG CH KINH TE TP.HCM

THUVI~N

s-


18

2.1.3. Cu cbu ta chuc

Cong ty dugc tA chuc theo ca cfru g<;m nhy, theo mo hinh mong dam bao cac
chi d~o va lubng thong tin dugc thong su6t tir tren xu6ng du&i va ngugc l~i. Giua
cac phong ban chuc nang v&i quy~n h~ va trach nhi~m rieng c6 sg lien ket, ph6i
hgp ch~t che va trao dbi thong tin thu(mg xuyen, vi~c nay giup cong ty nang d(>ng
va thich ilng v&i nhfi'ng thay dbi, thgc hi~n cong vi~c m(>t each hi~u qua va chAt
lugng dugc duy tri, dam bao.

Hinh 5: Ca c&u t6 chuc cua cong ty Biin Dong

2.2. Phan tich thvc tr~mg ho~t d(}ng kinh doanh va tinh hinh phat tri~n djch Vl}
Logistics t~i cong ty giao nhin vin tai Bi~n Dong
2.2.1. Kit qua ho{lt tlpng kinh doanh

Trong giai

do~n

2000-2004, muc d(> tang tru6ng doanh thu binh quan ctia

cong ty d~t 22,76%/nam. Doanh thu u&c tinh nam 2004 xfrp xi 50 cy dbng.

ty;

CtlC

Dich

V{l

chfnh la V\1 v~ tai hang h6a mang

l~i

dich

V{l

hb ITf/ nhu gf>m djch V\1 kho-bai, phan ph6i, hfti quan va CaC djch V\1

tren 90% doanh thu cho cong


19

gia tri gia tang khac nhu ki~m tra hang h6a, theo doi don hang, chuy~n phat chl:mg

tir, dong g6i hang h6a, bao hi~m w ... chua d~t du<;rc 10% doanh thu.

Nhln chung, doanh thu tir tAt ca cac dich V\1 d~u tang tru6ng trong thai gian
qua, dbng thai ca cAu dich V\1 dang chuy~n dich theo hu&ng phat tri~n cac dich V\1
h6 tr<;r d~ nang cao kha nang cung cAp dich V\1 Logistics tbng th~ cho khach hang.
Ket qua kinh doanh (tinh theo doanh thu) cua c6ng ty qua cac nam, giai do~n 20002004 duc:;rc th~ hi~n trong bang 1.
Nam
%tang trU'ang (%/nam)
TOng Doanh thu (ty dOng)
Doanh thu tti' Dich vv v~n tai
MiPc dong g6Q vao doanh thu cua
cac /of!_i hinh dich vu g_ua cac nam
Dich w v~n tai
Dich v1,1 kho-bai
Dich v1,1 phan ph6i hang h6a
Dich w hai quan
Dich w gia tri gia tang khac

22.32
21.76

2001

25.0%
27.90
26.78

2002
31.0%
36.55
34.14

2003
22.0°/.>
44.5B
40.9a

97.70%
0.00%
0.50%
1.20%
0.60%

95.40%
0.52%
1.23%
1.70%
1.15%

93.97%
1.17%
1.96%
1.40%

1.50%

92.38%
1.87%
2.50%
1.50%
1.75%

2000

2004( U'ac>
11.8%
49.8545.41

91.67%
2.12%
2.80%
1.49%
1.92%

Bang 1: Tinh hinh kinh doanh cua cong ty Bi€n Dong giai tlot;m 2000-2004

Tuy c6ng ty c6 mtrc d() tang tru6ng kha d~u qua cac nam nhung t6c d() tang
dang c6 xu hu6ng giam diln. Nam 2002 la nam c6 t6c d() tang tru&ng cao nhAt:
31%, nam 2004 c6 t6c d() tang tru6ng chl,lllg l~i 11. 8%. Nhfrng thay dbi trong doanh
thu cua "djch V¥ chinh" la ly do chu y€u dful d€n nhfrng bi€n d()ng trong tbng doanh
thu. Sau day la nhfrng phan tich v~ tinh hinh kinh doanh cac djch V¥ chinh cling nhu
djch V¥ hJ tn; cua c6ng ty.
2.2.2. Djch V¥ v{ln tiii

T~i c6ng ty Bi~n Bong, dich V\1 v~n tai la dich V\1 quan tr<,mg nhAt, mang v~
nhi~u l<;ri nhu~ nhAt. Doanh thu cua dich V\1 v~n tai lien tl;lc tang qua cac nam va
v~n chi€m 91.67% tbng doanh thu trong nam 2004. Tuy nhien, t6c d() tang tru6ng

cua dich V\1 v~n tai dang c6 xu hu&ng chl,lllg l~i; t6c d() tang doanh thu v~n tai hung
binh 3 nam 2001-2003 la 23.68% nhung nam 2004 t6c d() tang tnr6ng chi la


20

10.94%, day Ia m9t nguyen nhan chu y€u dfrn d€n t6c d9 tang tru6ng tAng doanh
thu trung binh giai do~n 2001-2003 Ia 26%, nam 2004 chi con 11.8%.

2.2.2.1.

Xet theo logi hinh wjn tid xudt nhqp khdu

M~c du s6 luQTig hang nh~p khAu su dt.mg djch V\1 v~ tai cua cong ty luon

gfip 1.5 lfut so v&i hang xufit khAu nhung doanh thu v~n tai hang xufit khAu l~i luon
b~ng 1.5-1.7 lfut doanh thu v~n tai hang nh~p khAu (hinh 6) chu y€u do doanh thu

bien cua hang thubng xufit thuNhin tAng quat, trong giai do~n 2000-2004, doanh thu v~n tai hang xufit tuy
luon cao hon hang nh~p nhung t6c d9 tang tru6ng cua djch V\1 v~ tai hang xufit
nam 2004 dang giam m~nh, chi con 6.8%/nam so v&i t6c d9 tang tru6ng trung binh
cac nam 2001-2003 Ia 25 .6%/nam - giai do~n cong ty c6 S\1" thay dAi v~ d~i ly va
thi trubng mvc tieu (se phan tich trong phAn thi trubng va d~i ly). Nguqc l~i, s61i~u
tAng k€t cho thfiy djch V\1 v~ tai hang nh~p khong c6 sg vuqt tr9i v~ doanh thu
nhung phat tri~n d~u d~ qua cac nam v&i muc tang tru6ng trung binh 20.2%/nam.

Ly do chu y€u dfrn t&i sg khac bi~t nay vi hAu h€t nhan vien b9 ph~n kinh doanh
hang nh~p Ia nhan vien lau nam (3-6 nam) va lam vi~c An djnh, trong khi d6 nhan
vien kinh doanh hang xufit lien tvc thay dAi trong nhiing nam qua va hi~n t~i chua
c6 tru6ng phong.
LLPQ'ng hang xuit nh~p khau trong dich v~;~ v~n tai
Nam
2000

2001

2002

~

'i"
,..

~

100.00
10.00

.....

-

2004

-

--+- Nh~p khau (ty dOng)
-.....%tang trU'ang hang
nMp khau (%/nam)
---®-Xullt khau (ty dOng)

1.00
0.10

2003

.,.

-

'-f

--

-

~

~%

tang trU'ang hang
xullt khau (%/nam)

0.01

Hinh 6: Kit qua kinh doanh dtch V{-1 w,1n tai theo loqi hinh xudt nh(ip khdu

21

2.2.2.2.

Xet theo tht truirng

Cong ty c6

S\f

phat tri~n rAt nhanh chong vao cac thi tru
nhau, nhAt Ia thi trucho djch V\1 v~n tai. Cong ty da ti~n hanh tham do hai thi trudbng v&i hai d~;ti ly Ian Ia d~;ti ly Delmar (Canada) va d~;ti ly Topoceon (My) mang l~;ti
ngu6n hang Ian 2500-3000 TEU/nam; va cac hgp dbng djch V\1 rAt c~;tnh tranh v&i
cac hang tau danh ti~ng nhu APL, Mearsk Sealnd, OOCL, NYK vv ... Tir nam 2001,
doanh thu tir hai thj tru(mg nay da tang len dang k~, VUQ't t6ng doanh thu ctia thj
tru
(phyl¥c- bimg 3). Cac thi tru
A,

chau Uc- Ia "thi tru
tranh kh6c li~t, lqi nhu~n h~;tn ch~. Trung binh m()t container 40'DC xuAt tir Vi~t
Nam vao My c6 doanh thu la 300-400USD, trong khi xuAt vao thi tru

duqc 60-80USD con trong chau A chi thu duqc khoang 30-SOUSD.
D6i v&i thi trutrunh~p thi tru
gia va dich V\1 khach hang. Thi truhang tir Dai Loan chi~m tren 30% t6ng luqng hang nh~p, Singapore chi~m 21%,
Hbng Kong 18%; luqng hang tir chau Au va chau My chi chi~m khoang 20%. (hinh

8)
12.00
-

--+- Bac My (My,
Canada)

10.00

ICJ)

c

~:g

~

=

-chauAu

8.00
6.00

=
"2

4.00

-*-Chau Oc

8

2.00

-Khac

nl

0.00
2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Hinh 7: Doanh thu dtch v~ v{ln tai himg xudt khdu theo tht tru&ng