Routing
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PART IV
Routing
Chapter 7 Static Routing
Chapter 8 RIP
Chapter 9 EIGRP
Chapter 10 Single Area OSPF
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CHAPTER 7
Static Routing
This chapter provides information and commands concerning the following topics:
• Configuring a static route on a router
• The permanent keyword (optional)
• Static routes and administrative distance (optional)
• Configuring a default route on a router
• Verifying static routes
• Configuration example: Static routes
Configuring a Static Route on a Router
When using the ip route command, you can identify where packets should be routed
in two ways:
• The next-hop address
• The exit interface
Both ways are shown in the “Configuration Example: Static Routes” and the
“Configuring a Default Route on a Router” sections.
Router(config)#ii
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172.16.20.0 = destination
network.
255.255.255.0 = subnet mask.
172.16.10.2 = next-hop address.
Read this to say, “To get to the
destination network of
172.16.20.0, with a subnet mask
of 255.255.255.0, send all packets
to 172.16.10.2.”
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172.16.20.0 = destination
network.
255.255.255.0 = subnet mask.
Serial 0/0/0 = exit interface.
Read this to say, “To get to the
destination network of
172.16.20.0, with a subnet mask
of 255.255.255.0, send all packets
out interface serial 0/0/0.”
70 Static Routes and Administrative Distance (Optional)
The permanent Keyword (Optional)
Without the permanent keyword in a static route statement, a static route will be removed
if an interface goes down. A downed interface will cause the directly connected network
and any associated static routes to be removed from the routing table. If the interface comes
back up, the routes are returned.
Adding the permanent keyword to a static route statement will keep the static routes in the
routing table even if the interface goes down and the directly connected networks are
removed. You cannot get to these routes—the interface is down—but the routes remain in
the table. The advantage to this is that when the interface comes back up, the static routes
do not need to be reprocessed and placed back into the routing table, thus saving time
and processing power.
When a static route is added or deleted, this route, along with all other static routes, is
processed in one second. Before Cisco IOS Software Release 12.0, this processing time was
five seconds.
The routing table processes static routes every minute to install or remove static routes
according to the changing routing table.
To specify that the route will not be removed, even if the interface shuts down, enter the
following command, for example:
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Static Routes and Administrative Distance (Optional)
To specify that an administrative distance of 200 has been assigned to a given route, enter
the following command, for example:
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By default, a static route is assigned an administrative distance (AD) of 1. Administrative
distance rates the “trustworthiness” of a route. AD is a number from 0 through 255, where
0 is absolutely trusted and 255 cannot be trusted at all. Therefore, an AD of 1 is an extremely
reliable rating, with only an AD of 0 being better. An AD of 0 is assigned to a directly
connected route. The following table lists the administrative distance for each type of route.
Route Type Administrative Distance
Connected 0
Static 1
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
Protocol (EIGRP) summary route
5
Configuring a Default Route on a Router 71
By default, a static route is always used rather than a routing protocol. By adding an AD
number to your ip route statement, however, you can effectively create a backup route
to your routing protocol. If your network is using EIGRP, and you need a backup route, add
a static route with an AD greater than 90. EIGRP will be used because its AD is better
(lower) than the static route. If EIGRP goes down, however, the static route will be used in
its place. This is known as a floating static route.
If a static route refers to an exit interface rather than a next-hop address, the destination is
considered to be directly connected and is therefore given an AD of 0 rather than 1.
Configuring a Default Route on a Router
Exterior Border Gateway Protocol (eBGP) 20
EIGRP (internal) 90
Open Shortest Path First Protocol (OSPF) 110
Intermediate System-to-Intermediate
System Protocol (IS-IS)
115
RIP 120
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) 140
On-Demand Routing 160
EIGRP (external) 170
Internal Border Gateway Protocol (iBGP)
(external)
200
Unknown 255
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Send all packets destined for
networks not in my routing
table to 172.16.10.2.
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Send all packets destined for
networks not in my routing
table out my serial 0/0
interface.
72 Configuration Example: Static Routes
Verifying Static Routes
To display the contents of the IP routing table, enter the following command:
Router#ss
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NOTE: The codes to the left of the routes in the table tell you from where the
router learned the routes. A static route is described by the letter S.
Configuration Example: Static Routes
Figure 7-1 illustrates the network topology for the configuration that follows, which shows
how to configure static routes using the commands covered in this chapter.
Figure 7-6 Network Topology for Static Route Configuration
NOTE: The host names, passwords, and interfaces have all been configured
using the commands shown in the configuration example in Chapter 6,
“Configuring a Single Cisco Router.”
Boston Router
Boston>ee
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configuration mode
s0/0/1
DCE
172.16.40.2
s0/0/0
172.16.40.1
Network 172.16.50.0/24
fa0/0
172.16.50.50
Bangor
Network 172.16.10.0/24
Network 172.16.20.0/30 Network 172.16.40.0/30
s0/0/1
DCE
172.16.20.2
s0/0/0
172.16.20.1
fa0/0
Boston
172.16.10.10
Network 172.16.30.0/24
fa0/0
172.16.30.30
Buffalo
172.16.10.1
172.16.30.1 172.16.50.1
Configuration Example: Static Routes 73
Buffalo Router
Bangor Router
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Configures a static route
using the next-hop address
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Configures a static route
using the next-hop address
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Configures a static route
using the next-hop address
Boston(config)#ee
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Moves to privileged mode
Boston#cc
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Saves the configuration to
NVRAM
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Moves to privileged mode
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Moves to global
configuration mode
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Configures a static route
using the exit interface
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Configures a static route
using the exit interface
Buffalo(config)#ee
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Buffalo#cc
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Saves the configuration to
NVRAM
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Moves to global
configuration mode
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Configures a static route
using the default route
Bangor(config)#ee
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Saves the configuration to
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CHAPTER 8
RIP
This chapter provides information and commands concerning the following topics:
• The ip classless command
• RIP routing: mandatory commands
• RIP routing: optional commands
• Troubleshooting RIP issues
• Configuration example: RIPv2 routing
The ip classless Command
NOTE: A supernet route is a route that covers a range of subnets with a
single entry.
NOTE: The ip classless command is enabled by default in Cisco IOS Soft-
ware Release 11.3 and later.
RIP Routing: Mandatory Commands
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Instructs Cisco IOS Software
to forward packets destined for
an unknown subnet to the best
supernet route
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command
Router(config)#rr
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Enables RIP as a routing
protocol.
Router(config-router)#nn
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w.x.y.z
w.x.y.z is the network number
of the directly connected
network you want to advertise.
76 RIP Routing: Optional Commands
NOTE: You need to advertise only the classful network number, not a subnet:
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If you advertise a subnet, you will not receive an error message,
because the router will automatically convert the subnet to the
classful network address.
RIP Routing: Optional Commands
Router(config)#nn
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process.
Router(config-router)#nn
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Removes network w.x.y.z
from the RIP routing process.
Router(config-router)#vv
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RIP will now send and
receive RIPv2 packets
globally.
Router(config-router)#vv
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RIP will now send and
receive RIPv1 packets only.
Router(config-if)#ii
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The interface will send only
RIPv1 packets.
Router(config-if)#ii
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The interface will send only
RIPv2 packets.
Router(config-if)#ii
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The interface will send both
RIPv1 and RIPv2 packets.
Router(config-if)#ii
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The interface will receive
only RIPv1 packets.
Router(config-if)#ii
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The interface will receive
only RIPv2 packets.
Router(config-if)#ii
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The interface will receive
both RIPv1 and RIPv2
packets.
Router(config-router)#nn
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RIPv2 summarizes networks
at the classful boundary.
This command turns auto-
summarization off.
Troubleshooting RIP Issues 77
Troubleshooting RIP Issues
Router(config-router)#pp
pp
aa
aa
ss
ss
ss
ss
ii
ii
vv
vv
ee
ee
--
--
ii
ii
nn
nn
tt
tt
ee
ee
rr
rr
ff
ff
aa
aa
cc
cc
ee
ee
ss
ss
00
00
//
//
00
00
//
//
00
00
RIP updates will not be sent
out this interface.
Router(config-router)#nn
nn
ee
ee
ii
ii
gg
gg
hh
hh
bb
bb
oo
oo
rr
rr
a.b.c.d
Defines a specific neighbor
with which to exchange
information.
Router(config-router)#nn
nn
oo
oo
ii
ii
pp
pp
ss
ss
pp
pp
ll
ll
ii
ii
tt
tt
--
--
hh
hh
oo
oo
rr
rr
ii
ii
zz
zz
oo
oo
nn
nn
Turns off split horizon (on
by default).
Router(config-router)#ii
ii
pp
pp
ss
ss
pp
pp
ll
ll
ii
ii
tt
tt
--
--
hh
hh
oo
oo
rr
rr
ii
ii
zz
zz
oo
oo
nn
nn
Reenables split horizon.
Router(config-router)#tt
tt
ii
ii
mm
mm
ee
ee
rr
rr
ss
ss
bb
bb
aa
aa
ss
ss
ii
ii
cc
cc
33
33
00
00
99
99
00
00
11
11
88
88
00
00
22
22
77
77
0
0
00
33
33
66
66
00
00
Changes timers in RIP:
30 = Update timer (in
seconds)
90 = Invalid timer (in
seconds)
180 = Hold-down timer (in
seconds)
270 = Flush timer (in
seconds)
360 = Sleep time (in
milliseconds)
Router(config-router)#mm
mm
aa
aa
xx
xx
ii
ii
mm
mm
uu
uu
mm
mm
--
--
pp
pp
aa
aa
tt
tt
hh
hh
ss
ss
x
Limits the number of paths
for load balancing to x (4 =
default, 6 = maximum).
Router(config-router)#dd
dd
ee
ee
ff
ff
aa
aa
uu
uu
ll
ll
tt
tt
--
--
ii
ii
nn
nn
ff
ff
oo
oo
rr
rr
mm
mm
aa
aa
tt
tt
ii
ii
oo
oo
nn
nn
oo
oo
rr
rr
ii
ii
gg
gg
ii
ii
n
n
nn
aa
aa
tt
tt
ee
ee
Generates a default route
into RIP.
Router#dd
dd
ee
ee
bb
bb
uu
uu
gg
gg
ii
ii
pp
pp
rr
rr
ii
ii
pp
pp
Displays all RIP activity in
real time
Router#ss
ss
hh
hh
oo
oo
ww
ww
ii
ii
pp
pp
rr
rr
ii
ii
pp
pp
dd
dd
aa
aa
tt
tt
aa
aa
bb
bb
aa
aa
ss
ss
ee
ee
Displays contents of the RIP
database
78 Configuration Example: RIPv2 Routing
Configuration Example: RIPv2 Routing
Figure 8-1 illustrates the network topology for the configuration that follows, which shows
how to configure RIPv2 using the commands covered in this chapter.
Figure 8-7 Network Topology for RIPv2 Routing Configuration
NOTE: The host name, password, and interfaces have all been configured as per
the configuration example in Chapter 6, “Configuring a Single Cisco Router.”
Cancun Router
Cancun>ee
ee
nn
nn
aa
aa
bb
bb
ll
ll
ee
ee
Moves to privileged mode
Cancun#cc
cc
oo
oo
nn
nn
ff
ff
ii
ii
gg
gg
uu
uu
rr
rr
ee
ee
tt
tt
ee
ee
rr
rr
mm
mm
ii
ii
nn
nn
aa
aa
ll
ll
Moves to global configuration
mode
Cancun(config)#rr
rr
oo
oo
uu
uu
tt
tt
ee
ee
rr
rr
rr
rr
ii
ii
pp
pp
Enables RIP routing
Cancun(config-router)#vv
vv
ee
ee
rr
rr
ss
ss
ii
ii
oo
oo
nn
nn
22
22
Enables RIPv2
Cancun(config-router)#nn
nn
ee
ee
tt
tt
ww
ww
oo
oo
rr
rr
kk
kk
11
11
77
77
22
22
..
..
11
11
66
66
..
..
00
00
..
..
00
00
Advertises directly connected
networks (classful address only)
Cancun(config-router)#nn
nn
oo
oo
aa
aa
uu
uu
tt
tt
oo
oo
--
--
ss
ss
uu
uu
mm
mm
mm
mm
aa
aa
rr
rr
yy
yy
Turns off auto-summarization
s0/0/1
DCE
172.16.40.2
s0/0/0
172.16.40.1
Network 172.16.50.0/24
fa0/0
172.16.50.50
Mazatlan
Network 172.16.10.0/24
Network 172.16.20.0/30 Network 172.16.40.0/30
s0/0/1
DCE
172.16.20.2
s0/0/0
172.16.20.1
fa0/0
Cancun
172.16.10.10
Network 172.16.30.0/24
fa0/0
172.16.30.30
Acapulco
172.16.10.1
172.16.50.1172.16.30.1
Configuration Example: RIPv2 Routing 79
Acapulco Router
Mazatlan Router
Cancun(config-router)#ee
ee
xx
xx
ii
ii
tt
tt
Returns to global configuration
mode
Cancun(config)#ee
ee
xx
xx
ii
ii
tt
tt
Returns to privileged mode
Cancun#cc
cc
oo
oo
pp
pp
yy
yy
rr
rr
uu
uu
nn
nn
ss
ss
tt
tt
aa
aa
rr
rr
tt
tt
Saves the configuration to
NVRAM
Acapulco>ee
ee
nn
nn
aa
aa
bb
bb
ll
ll
ee
ee
Moves to privileged mode
Acapulco#cc
cc
oo
oo
nn
nn
ff
ff
ii
ii
gg
gg
uu
uu
rr
rr
ee
ee
tt
tt
ee
ee
rr
rr
mm
mm
ii
ii
nn
nn
aa
aa
ll
ll
Moves to global configuration
mode
Acapulco(config)#rr
rr
oo
oo
uu
uu
tt
tt
ee
ee
rr
rr
rr
rr
ii
ii
pp
pp
Enables RIP routing
Acapulco(config-router)#vv
vv
ee
ee
rr
rr
ss
ss
ii
ii
oo
oo
nn
nn
22
22
Enables RIPv2
Acapulco(config-router)#nn
nn
ee
ee
tt
tt
ww
ww
oo
oo
rr
rr
kk
kk
11
11
77
77
22
22
..
..
11
11
66
66
..
..
00
00
..
..
00
00
Advertises directly connected
networks (classful address only)
Acapulco(config-router)#nn
nn
oo
oo
aa
aa
uu
uu
tt
tt
oo
oo
--
--
ss
ss
uu
uu
mm
mm
mm
mm
aa
aa
rr
rr
yy
yy
Turns off auto-summarization
Acapulco(config-router)#ee
ee
xx
xx
ii
ii
tt
tt
Moves to global configuration
mode
Acapulco(config)#ee
ee
xx
xx
ii
ii
tt
tt
Returns to privileged mode
Acapulco#cc
cc
oo
oo
pp
pp
yy
yy
rr
rr
uu
uu
nn
nn
nn
nn
ii
ii
nn
nn
gg
gg
--
--
cc
cc
oo
oo
nn
nn
ff
ff
ii
ii
gg
gg
ss
ss
tt
tt
aa
aa
rr
rr
tt
tt
uu
uu
pp
pp
--
--
cc
cc
oo
oo
nn
nn
ff
ff
ii
ii
gg
gg
Saves the configuration to
NVRAM
Mazatlan>ee
ee
nn
nn
aa
aa
bb
bb
ll
ll
ee
ee
Moves to privileged mode
Mazatlan#cc
cc
oo
oo
nn
nn
ff
ff
ii
ii
gg
gg
uu
uu
rr
rr
ee
ee
tt
tt
ee
ee
rr
rr
mm
mm
ii
ii
nn
nn
aa
aa
ll
ll
Moves to global configuration
mode
Mazatlan(config)#rr
rr
oo
oo
uu
uu
tt
tt
ee
ee
rr
rr
rr
rr
ii
ii
pp
pp
Enables RIP routing
Mazatlan(config-router)#vv
vv
ee
ee
rr
rr
ss
ss
ii
ii
oo
oo
nn
nn
22
22
Enables RIPv2
Mazatlan(config-router)#nn
nn
ee
ee
tt
tt
ww
ww
oo
oo
rr
rr
kk
kk
11
11
77
77
22
22
..
..
11
11
66
66
..
..
00
00
..
..
00
00
Advertises directly connected
networks (classful address only)
80 Configuration Example: RIPv2 Routing
Mazatlan(config-router)#nn
nn
oo
oo
aa
aa
uu
uu
tt
tt
oo
oo
--
--
ss
ss
uu
uu
mm
mm
mm
mm
aa
aa
rr
rr
yy
yy
Turns off auto-summarization
Mazatlan(config-router)#ee
ee
xx
xx
ii
ii
tt
tt
Moves to global configuration
mode
Mazatlan(config)#ee
ee
xx
xx
ii
ii
tt
tt
Returns to privileged mode
Mazatlan#cc
cc
oo
oo
pp
pp
yy
yy
rr
rr
uu
uu
nn
nn
nn
nn
ii
ii
nn
nn
gg
gg
--
--
cc
cc
oo
oo
nn
nn
ff
ff
ii
ii
gg
gg
ss
ss
tt
tt
aa
aa
rr
rr
tt
tt
uu
uu
pp
pp
--
--
cc
cc
oo
oo
nn
nn
ff
ff
ii
ii
gg
gg
Saves the configuration to
NVRAM
