Week1 GE gas turbine training document

Welcome to GT Operation,
Performance, and
Overview
Laura Boes
9 May, 2013


GT Basics - Agenda
GT Components
Actuator, Sensors
Other Power Plant
Components/Configurations
Operating Philosophies / Regimes
Thermodynamics
GE products/ Nomenclature
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GT components – basic Physics

Principle of Conservation of Mass:
mass in = mass out
(steady
state)

Principle of Conservation of Energy:
energy in = energy out
(steady
state)

Plant converts
Power
energy
may
be
transformed
from
Chemical
one to
form
to another
Thermal
Fue
l

Generator

to Mechanical
to Electrical Energy
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GT components - basics

Note: s denotes entropy

Compression increases Pressure and Temp, decreases
volume

Combustion increases Temp, Volume & Entropy
Turbine section harnesses high-pressure hot gases to
turn shaft to produce power and low-pressure, cooled
air is exhausted
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Gas Turbine Sensors/Actuators
FPG2
(psig)

Legend:
IGV– critical
effectors
TTXM – critical
(F) sensors
(Units)

(F)

PM1

AFPAP
(inHg)

AFPCS
(inH2O)

PM2
PM3

CTIM

Comb

(F)

~
DWATT
(MW)

7FA+e DLN 2.6
shown

SRV Quat

ATID

C

TNH
(%)
CPD

IGV

(psig)
TTXM

CTD

IBH
Sensor Signals:
ATID – Ambient Temperature
AFPAP – Ambient Pressure
AFPCS – Inlet Pressure Drop
CTIM – Compressor Inlet Temperature
DWATT – Generator Output

T

Other Critical Control Parameters:
CA_CRT – combustion reference temperature
TNHCOR – inlet temp-corrected speed
CPR – compressor pressure ratio

(F)

(F)

FPG2 – P2 Fuel Pressure
TNH – Shaft Speed as % of Design Point
CPD – Compressor Discharge Pressure
CTD – Compressor Discharge Temperature
TTXM – Exhaust Gas Temperature
5
GE Title or job number
9/21/20

Power Plant Configurations
(as you will hear them in GE Engineering)

Simple Cycle – GT exhaust direct to
atmosphere
Combined Cycle – GT exhaust
passes through HRSG (Heat
Recovery Steam Generator) to
transfer heat to Steam system
Multi-Shaft – GT with only a
Generator attached to its centerline
Single Shaft – GT and ST on same
shaft with a single generator
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Operating Philosophies
95% of our customers produce power for
the transmission grid
• Cyclic plants start and stop most days
• Baseloaded plants start 2-50 times/year
• Peakers run when demand (price) is so high they are profitable
(or mandatory)

Emissions Compliance is mandatory for
most

• NOx and CO emissions are commonly permitted pollutants
• Each unit has a range where emissions will comply with their
permit
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Operating Philosophies - Start to
Base
Start sequence – Purge, Fire/Warmup,
Accel
Sequence of interactions with no operator intervention

Loaded operation – Synch through Base
Load
• GT speed and Gen phase must be matched to grid parameters
– While synchronized, the GT is ‘slaved’ to grid speed, cannot
control
• GT will stabilize at “Spinning Reserve” ~=7% of full power
•

Thatcher to cover load
Operator can dictate desired load and GT will go there (within
control in-depth in next
limits)
class

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Typical Gas Turbine Startup Mission
PG7241FA Gas Turbine Typical Startup Characteristics
( @ ISO Conditions; NG Fuel )
130

Starting Cycle

1300

Loading Cycle

120

1200

110

1100
Notes:
%TNH = Turbine Speed (100% = 3600 rpm
%Wx = Exhaust Flow (100% = Design Flow)
Tx
= Exhaust Temperature

100
90

1000

H

900

80

800

70

700

Tx (F)
% Wx

60

600

50

500

40

400

IGV (Deg)

%%Loa
Load

IGV (Deg)

30

300

d

20

% Wx

200

** For Reference Only

10

100

0

0
0

2

4

6

8

10

*1) Purge time will vary based on Exhaust System Characteractics
*2) DLN

Prestar
t

Tx (F)

TNH(%), Load(%), Wx(%), IGV (Deg)

%
TNH
%TN

Purg
e

Fire &
Warmu
p

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

Time (minutes)

Accelerati
on

Sync & Temp
Match

Loading
9
GE Title or job number
9/21/20

GT components - basics

Note: s denotes entropy

Compression increases Pressure and Temp, decreases
volume
Combustion increases Temp, Volume & Entropy
Turbine section harnesses high-pressure hot gases to
turn shaft to produce power and low-pressure, cooled
air is exhausted

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Compressor
We use compressor maps at
base load IGV position
 Wair,cor = f (CPR, Ncor)
 comp = f (CPR, Ncor)
 PR(OLL) = f (IGV, Ncor)
• Corrected parameters simplify map
• Map adjusted for IGV closing
• Compressor Extractions
provide cooling
flow to turbine
- CPR = Pout / Pin

- Ncor = f (N, Tin)
- Wair,cor = f (Wair, Tin, Pin)

SURGE LINE
OPERATING LIMIT LINE
BASE LOAD LINE
NO LOAD LINE

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Combustor
GTP models the following features of the
combustor:
 Fuel is mixed with Air
 Mixture is burned accounting for combustor
efficiency
 Pressure loss through combustor
 Emissions model (includes crude estimate of
modes)
 Cooling of TP with compressor discharge air
F/A
Mixing
Premix

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Turbine Section

We model the following features of the turbine:
 Accounts for individual stages
 Tracks expansion / cooling of hot compressed
gas
 Computes the work extracted
 Each stage has a unique efficiency and PR
maps,
similar to the
compressor maps
13th stg.
Comp.
bleed

9th stg.
Comp.
bleed

CD

Compressor
Bleed

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Firing Temperature (Tfire)

Defined as gas temperature at point in cycle where initiation of
turbine work begins (N1 Trailing Edge / B1 Leading Edge)
Highest temperature point in cycle for thermal performance, but
NOT the hottest point in cycle
Key parameter related to gas turbine performance. Emissions
relies on T 3.9
Nozzle/Wheelspace Cooling Air
(Chargeable)

Firing Plane
B
N 1
1
Combustor &
T
Combustor
3.9

N
2

B
2

N
3

B
3

Turbine
Exit Flow

N1 Cooling Air
(Non-Chargeable)

Bucket/Wheelspace Cooling Air
(Chargeable)
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Gas Turbine Performance (GTP)
GTP is a 1-D Aero-Thermal
Mathematical
Model of the Entire GT Cycle
– Physics based models: Thermodynamics,
Aerodynamics, Compressible Flow, Heat Transfer
– Steady state, near-nominal speed model only
– Built & Maintained By Advanced Technology
Operations (ATO), Integrated Performance (IP)
team
– GTP contains many Cycle Decks that represent the
many different GT models
– Used as a design and validation tool
– />

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ARES vs GTP
ARES (Adaptive Real-Time Engine
Simulation) is a Model of a Specific GT
– Runs onboard the controller of all MBC machines
– Stripped the ‘multiple options’ ability of GTP to
model only 1 set of hardware. Therefore it can run
every frame (40ms)
– Built By Advanced Technology Operations (ATO),
Integrated Performance (IP) team, published by
GEIP with Toolbox (ST)
– Inputs: sensed conditions, fuel properties, tuners.
– Outputs: 50 predetermined parameters (T fire,
T3.9, etc), knobs (measures of error)
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Basics
– Critical enabler of our ETS & AT products 2013
byControls Training: GT5/9/2013


Gas Turbine Cycle Deck
New Cycle Deck
Nomenclature
How to decipher New Cycle Deck Nomenclature:
7FA.03-05A-0509A

7 – Frame size (9, 7, 6)
FA – Class (FA, FB)
.03 – Rating / Technology revision (.01, .02, .03, .04, .
05, …)
-05 – Hardware configuration major option
A – Hardware configuration minor option
-0509 – Cycle deck release date in MMYY format
A – Cycle deck option (not required)

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Gas Turbine Cycle Deck
Old Cycle Deck
Nomenclature
How to decipher Old Cycle Deck Nomenclature:
PG9371-04B-0806A
PG – Application; PG = Power Generation,
M = Mechanical Drive,
IG = IGCC
9 – Frame size (9, 7, 6)
37 – Horsepower rating, # x 10,000 = HP
1 – Number of drive shafts
-04 – Hardware configuration major option
B – Hardware configuration minor option
-0806 – Cycle deck release date in MMYY format
A – Cycle deck option (not required)

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Gas Turbine Products: F-class

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Gas Turbine Products: E-Class

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Questions?