Hình tượng nhân vật phụ nữ trong truyện nôm Tài tử giai nhân : Luận án PTS. Văn học: 62 22 34 01

BOCilAODUC VA I M O ' I A O
rRl/6'NCi DAI HOC I ONCi I lO'l'

NCllYKN i l l K

HII':N

IIINH Tl/ONG N I I A N VAT PIIU NlT
TRONG TRUYEN NOM TAT TLT G I A I N I I A N

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IJIAN AN rilOMKN S) KilOA IHU N(;frvAN

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MA NOI - 199.H

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PIIAN Md DAU
iil/rong phAn nay, luAn an xin npu gian lupc ve m5t s5' vA'n d^ chung ciia de (ai,
n h u m u c dich, pham vi do'i tupng, phurrng phap nghien cufu ... c u n g n h u n g ket fjiia
ma luAn an hy vpng se dat tdi.
1 - Trong kho tAng van hoc C(S Vi^t Nam, truy()n tho Nom dupc coi la hien
tuung dac bi^t, la hien tupng "Thang hoa" cua m5L th^^ hm van hoc, ben canh khuc
ngAm. Sir ibn Uxi cua th^ loai truyt^n N5m dat ra hang loat vA'n de eiia thi phap van
hoc ma g\d\ nghien ciki con phai day cong tlin kiem .
Khi ti^'p cAn vdj truy^n N5m - loai tac ph^m sang tao bang phurmg thuc tu
s u thi nhAn vAt la vA'n d^ 16n, then ch5't. Thanh cong cua truye^n N5m la co ban phu
thupe vao m/fc do thank cong cua nghe thuAt xAy dung nhAn vAt.
JTien nay, trong khong khi doi mc'ti cua viec nghien ei'ru va giang day van hoc
CO,la ngii'di true tiep giang day giai doan van hoe nay d trucmg F)ai hpr, toi nhAn
thA'y e'An c6 sU dfii mdi trong phuong phap luan, i rong npi dung va phirrmg phap
giang day. LuAn an nay muon eo mot dong gop nh*) vao viec nghien ci'ni van hpc e6
-Trung dai theo each nhhi mdi.
Vi ly do rA't co ban do, chiing toi chpn de tai ITmh tcan.g nh/in vgl phu nfr
trong truyeti Nam tdi tu giai nhdn, dtheky

XIX. (^)i dAy la vA'n df^ dang quan (Am

cua van hoe the ky XVIII, nua dAu the ky XIX.
2 - Muc dich cua liiAn an la nhd/n long kf't fh(>nh fin/ cua c(u' nhd nghif'n ci'ru
(f.i fri/'de da. tim. hien va. khdo .9a/ vdn df' nhdn rd' frong fii/yen Nam. TrfMi ca sff
klnh nghiem ciia cac cong trhih da ro hang each tiop can rieng, luan an f^e phdn

tick nhfmg dgc l.naig nghe thugl trong vice xciy dung nhdn vol phu nu cua
Norn tdi tugicd

tn/yen

nhdn. Tu' do Jitn hien quan niem (too due, thdni mv r a su van

dong cua van hex' the ky XVIII nun ddu theky

XIX qua hbih tirxmg nhdn vgl phu

nCr..
De dap iViig muc dich tr&n , luan an dupc chia t h a n h nhu'ng churfng muc cu
the sau:

Ghi elm: Trn rtht ngiihn fU lien Rtrdimg trou^ Ingn tin: X( m fhi ficii fha?n hhao. So rfai/ la thi
tai lic^n, sd' sent la frang fai fi(^n do.

-3


PI IAN MO D A U
C H l f d N G I : NhAn vAt va thA loai triiyen Nom. Lich sii' va'n de
nghien eiixi truyen Nom
CHUUNG

II : SuxuA't hien hinh tupng nhAn vat phu n u trong varv
hpc viet trudc the ky XVIII. Nhu'ng dan hieu kh()i dau
eho mot su" chuyen Info'ng van hoc.

CHlfONGIII: Ilinh tupng nhAn vat phu niT va tinh yeu trai tai
gai sac trong truyen Nom tai tu'giai nhAn.
CHU'ONG

IV: Van de phii'cmg phap xay d u n g nhAn vat jihu n u
trong truyen Nom tai tU giai nhAn .

PIIAN KET LUAN
3 - P h a m vi nghien ciiii chung cua lu(ni an la tlie lean tru3^en th(J Nom the ky
XVIII, nua CTAU the ky XIX. Tuy vAy,luan an khong eo y dinh bao qimt Umn \)g tac
phAm, tac gia truyen Nom giai doan nay, ma thay cAn thiet phai tAp t r u n g vao mot
so truyen Nom tieu bieu de eo dfe,u kien viia phAn ti'ch sAu, viia c6 kha nang tong
hpp n h u n g ket luan kho;i hpc co gia tri khai (jujit ve van hoc giai do^m nay.Hon t;ie
pham dupc chpn: Hoatie.n,

Than Trdn, So kfnh ton frang va Truyen Kieu c6 gia

tri tieu hieu thue sU, dong thoi lai c6 nhillig dac diem riong, doc dao khong thp nham
Ian. Tu'nlifeu nam nay, g\d\ nghien ci'fu van hpc deu thu'a nhan ti'nh chat. Wew hipu
cua bon tac pham do, coi la (rpng tAm trong (|ua t r m h nghipn cult, giang day (( cut
tru'f^ng t r u n g hpc va dai hpc. Mat khac nhieu nam (]ua, bon tac pham do da di v/io
dc*i song ciia nhieu the he nhu' mot gia tri tinh than tiiAn thiet .
Chpn bon tac phAm lam pham vi chu yen de nghien ex\\\ , luan an cOng klifing
c o y dinh bao quat toan dien cac van de, cac mat khac nhau c6 the phAn ti'cli, ma
chi coi doi tupng cO ban de khao sat va danh gia la hinh tu'png nhAn vat phu nU
trong cac tac pham nhAn vat do, va (u gioi ban t o n g cac

Hinh tu'png nhAn vat

phu luT t r u n g tAm hoac nhAn vat chinh, o tuyen ':hfnh di(;n . Neu c6 de cap \d\

nhAn vat phu n u phan dien ciing la trong tirung (^I'an so sanh de lain noi bat nhAn
vAt chinh dien .
4 - Khi nghi&n cifu dong van hpc viot tlioi trung dai, thUc tien sang tac cho
phep chung ta k h a n g dinh : da c6 nhiTng thanli ron,.,^ noi bAt vA nglie thuAt xay
dung nhAn vat, nhUng hien nay elnra hinh thanh n'luTng ciuan diem, he thong li
luan.ve xAy d u n g nhAn vat eho rieng van hpc co trung dai. Vi the , dong thdi voi
viec nghien ciixi idiAn vat phu niT trong truyen Nom tai tir giai nhAn. chung toi vua
phai dua vao ly hum chung ve nhAn vat phu niT nhir t hong le, vua co gang tlm hieu
nhan vAt nhunf^icTi xUa da hiAu.


Nhrmg vA'n de nhix Nhn/i vol trong van hoc, i^uphcin loai truyen thaNom vd
suxuai hien cac nhdn vol tdi tu giai nhdn deu la nhu'ng eO sa ly luan va thuc tien
cho nhiem vu dupc dat ra vdi ban luan an nay .
Tren co sd nhUng dac diem chung cua the lofu truyen Nom, luan an se di sAu
vao phAn tich dgc thi/ cua b5'n truyen Nom tai tU giai nhAn c6 tinh chA't tieu bieu:
Truyen Hoa tien (Nguyen Huy Tu, Ngiiyen Thieu, Vu Dai VA'n), So kfnh tdn trang
(Pham Thai), Phan T/'dn va 'Truyen Kicu (NguyAn l)ii).
TLT do tAp trung phAn tfch su hinh thanh va phat tri^n, vi tri va dac diAm xA
hoi, dao due, thAm my ciia cac nhAn vat phu nu trong tac phAm .
Ve cU sd ly luAn, de giai (]uy^t v^n de trong luAn van, chung t6i se dong thfti
quan tAm ca hai phuong dien sau dAy: Mot mat, vAn dung nhiTng thanh (jua ly luAn
van hpc ve nhAn vAt, mat khac, bdni s(il thue tien sdng fgo eo nhieu. dgc thn trong
viec xAy dung cac loai nhAn vat trong truyen t ho Nom de tu do tim ra nhu'ng d(jc
diem mdi- vdcdi m/n eo trong thuc tien do .
Do la nhUng diem se dupe liiXiy dac biet ve mat phuong phap luan nghien cu\i
trong ban luAn van nay . Phu'Ong phap luan do se chi phdi va thA'in sAu trong (jiia
trinh su* dung cac phudng phap nghien cuu cu the .
TrUdc het la phudng phap pho bien nhat ciui viec nghien ci'ai van hpc, nhimg
biet su dung no mot each hieu qua lai la vA'n de khong dun gian. Do la phuung phap

Vila mieu ta, vira phan tich vA tong hpp nham hieu biet cu the, sAu sac dac trung
ciia tu'ng tac phAm, timg nhAn vat, dong thoi c6 kha nang chi ra nluTng qui luat
dang tiic dong doi v6i tien trinh van hpc.
Mot phu'Ong phap khac dac biet fiuan trpng la phu'Ong phap so sanh ve licli
su va loai hinh. Nhin tung su" kien van hoc va toan bo tien trinh van hpc trong su
van dong ve mat lich sU, vira ke thiia, vUa phu dinh va phat trif>n la the manh cua
phirong phap so sanh lich su. iSo sanh nhung su kiAn va bk phAin van hoc cung
xuA't hien trong mot giai doan lich sU, eo sU tUcJng dong ve chue nang, lojn the, dac
diem pho cjuat, nhung lai c6 nhung dac thu sAu sac la lOi the noi trpi cua su so sanh
loai hinh dang dupc van dung nhieu trong nhu'ng nam gAn dAy.
Luan an se c6 gang van dung cac phu'itng phap tren theo y nghia t6ng hpp de
CO dieu kien di sAii tim ra nhung ket luan khoa hpc can thiet .
5 - (Jua viec nghien ciixi, phAn tich nhAn vat phu nU trong truyen Nom tai tu
giai nhan, luan an niong dat den nhung ket qua nhu sau :
De tai luan an dudc chpn vdi dfii tuang nghien ci'm rieng ve. nhdn vgl - Nhdn
vat phu nu trong truyen Nom tdi tugiai nhdn (khong phai truyen Nom noi chung).


Quaphdn tich se thdy nhAn vAt phu nu' trong truyen Nf)m tai tu giai nhAn Id. hxa
nhdn vgi ducfc the hien thanh cong nhat cua the Ujgi tusu'ndi chung i)d. eua truye
Nom noi rieng), Thanh cong do xud't ph(it ti): tu: (h/y nghe thugt cua nhd nho, tf
quan niem vdn hoc Id gido due dgo due, la, tn/yen dai su hdi hod cua. trot tu xd hoi
theo dgo dii-c cU(Pig thirdfig, tu' do hinh thanh kicu: "fir duy phdn logi" trong ngh
thugt xdy dung nhdn vat, tao nen net doe dao trong phiftfng phap sang tac cua
truyAn Nom thdi ki nay.

- NhAn vAt phu mJ trong truyAn Nom tai t if giai nhAn chinh Id kfU (jud mo td
theophuetng phdp van hoc eod.irn ve thxin phdn, le (p/.ycn sfmg, kheii V(mg eua. h
trong xd hoi ]'>hong kien khung hexing vd su t()e (fgng eua sinh luKit do fhi d(n)
phat trien.

- Luan an phAn tich va lAm sang to nhifngf/ar diem vdbu'dc phdl trien eua.
tu duy van hoc thdi ky nay, gop pKAn nho tim hieu nhi'mg qui luat van dong cua
van hoc Viet nam qua khii'.

-6-


Chiforng I
LOAI TRL^YEN NOM
LICH Sir VAN DE NGHIEN CUU TRUYEN NOM
N I I A N V A T VA T H E

'a CO sang tac van hpc, ke tu buoi khdi dAu ngAy tho va rAt dep de cua tU duy
sang tao Ay - van hpc dAn gian - thi ta da c6 va phai c6 ?ihdn vgl van hoe, du do la
cac thAn hay cac con vAt dupc "ngudi hoa", du do la con ngUcJi cu the c6 ten hay la
m5t su phiem chi nao do.
Luan an se di sAu tlm hieu va nghien ciiii van de nhAn vat cua truyen Nom,
nen tru'dc het, chung toi muon trinh bay doi net ve nhan vat van hpc .
I. KHAI NIEM N I I A N VAT vA N I I A N VAT
TRONG TRUYEN THO NOM
Neu coi hien thuc la doi tupng chung ciia van hpc bao gom toan bp the gif'n
khach quan, tir thien nhien, xa hoi den eon nguoi, thi hien thue thiet yen nhat doi
vdi sang tao van hoc chinh la con ngu'Oi vdi tat ca ngoai hinh va noi tiim, tAm ly va
so phan tren mpi sac thai da dang va phiic tap .
Ve mat ly luan van hoc, thuAt ngiT nhan vAt van hpc dung de chi eon ngudi
dupc mieu ta trong van hpc. ThuAt ngiT nhAn vat, thu'(*ng di lien vd\ thuat ngU tinh
each de chi nhu'ng "dgc diem tdni li f.umig doi on dinh hieu hien phdni chat, ca
tinh, thdi do song cua nhdn vat" (29 trang 74). Thiu)t ngu' nhAn vat, de chi mot dac
trung chung cua van hoc, con thuat ngiT tinh each chinh la ket fjua cu the cua su
phat hien va tim kiem ve con ngu'Ui ciui tung nhA van, tii'ng th(ii ky van hoc. Vi the,

trai cjiui cac thdi dai, cung v(i\ su phat trien cu;i tu duy van hpc , nhan vat van hpc
dupc cac nha van the hien ngay cang phong phu, da dang va sAu sac .
Gai cot loi cua van chuong tu sU la nhAn vat vd\ nhung quan he xa hoi va ca
nhAn phii'c tap, nhinig bien thai da dang eiui no tao nen dong cot truyen vd\ mot
chuoi vdi nhu'ng su kien va bien eo tac dong Ian nhau. (} dAy, dau an cua chu the
sang tao nhu liii ve phia sau (khac vd\ thu trir tinh), nhung thuc sU lai luon luon
nhu mot mach ngam xuyen trong dong cot truyen, dan dat cot truyen va tao nen
cac tinh each nhAn vat, tif do tao nen mot hue tranh xa hoi. Tac phAm tu su nhan
thiVc va kham pha hien thuc thong qua viec xAy dimg bue tranh cu the do va nhAn
vat bao giil cung di'mgU vi tri trung tAm trong buc tranh Ay. Trong khi do, tac phAm
tru" tinh hu6ng ve bieu hien mot each true tiep nhu'ng rung dong va suy tu cua ban


than tac gia (nhAn vAt tru" tinh). Phuung thii'c phan anh dang tac phAm triT tinh
la nhAn to chii qmrn (ngivdi sang tao) dupe bieu hien - tir bieu hien de tai hien cuoc
song va tai hien eiipc song hang each tU bieu hien chfnh minh, la mot dac diem noi
bAt cua th§ loai tru" tinh.
N h u vAy, hai dang tdc pham tu su, tru: tinh frong van

hoc deu eo mot dgc

diem, ehung : phan dnh hien thue bang hinh tugng. Dieu khc'ic biet Id. d eho, doi
vdi the logi, tu su hien thue ay, eugc ddi tiy dirac trif't tu. thdnh mot Ini'e tranh. theo

to cliuc, ket can tu than cua k.hdch the, con cUn v(')'i the Uxii In? tinh, hien. thuc vd
cage song dudc khuc xg true tiep qua the gidi tinh than, ccwi xue cua nguM

sdng

tdc vd tap hop Igi trong nhu'ng hinh fiixtng tho I)dng ffnh tu/mg tuang, sdng fgo eua.

chu the. Do chinh la mot trong nhung dac diem " o tinh fjui luat ve each thuc dac
t h u cua van hpc trong viec phan anh cuoc song" (9r) trang 281).
Vai tro quan trpng ciia nhan vat trong tac pham van hpc chinh la, trong ban
thAn ciia moi nhAn vAt la su ham ehiia toan ho n h u n g vA'n de', hoac mot van de nao
do dupe tac gia phat hien trong drti song xa hoi, hofic dac diem mot tang Idp ngiioi,
so phan eua eon ngu'di ea nhan trong xa hoi, dong th('fi "moi nhAn vat bao gio cung
m a n g trong minh no s u e a m nhan, danh gia ciia nha van doi v6i cuoc song khach
quan "(29 t r a n g 76). Vi vay , thn hieu, phAn tfch nhAn vat trong tac pham la tim
hieu mii'e dp, trinh dp nhan thiie va kham pha hieu thue cua van hoc, la tim hieu
thai dp, quan diem thAm mi, tAi nang, ca tinh sang tao cua nha van va (|iia do phAn
tich, danh gia sU phat trien ciia tir duy nghe thua* cac giai doan, cac thfti ky van
hpc. "Nhi'mg nhAn vat trong tac pham co khi la nhiTng dai bieu eho ly tuong eua
nha van, co khi chin s u p h e phan, huoe toi dirdi anh sang ciia ly tu'dng Ay " (89 t rang
121).
T r o n g tong so da dang cac nhAn vat cua tac phAm tu sU, tuy theo vi Iri cua
timg nhAn vat, li luan van hpc thutfng chia thanh nhung nhAn vat cbinli, nhAn vat
phu va nhu'ng nliAn vat chinh, ngiftM phAn t I'ch bao giu cung quan tam dac biet den
nhAn vat t r u n g tAin ciia tac phAm .
Khac vdi each phAn kwi pho hien Ay, trong \a(i hpc V i e t n a m thdi t r u n g co
dai, dac biet trong van chirffng tu su the ky XVIII mra dau the' ky XIX, do

nhung

ngu.yen nhdn thugc ve truyen thong lich su, ve quan niem thdni mi vd dcio due nf^n
khong chi co suphdn

biet vf' vi tri chinh phu dgfx' do sdng fgo cua. tdc gi(i md lufm

h/dn CO su phdn biet rcw.h roi ve mat quan niem dgo due, thdni mi dfn v('h ccie nhdn
vat van hpc, nhat thiet phdi eo suphxin locn giu'a hai tu.yen nhdn vgl: chinh

vdphdn

(lien.

8

dien


Nhdn vat chinh dien la loai nhan vat thA hien sir thong nhat, hoh nhap cua
ly tudng thAm my, dao diVc eiia tac gia, dupc tac gia khAng djnb la eai dep, cai cao
ca, cai hoan thien, cai ly tudng. Do la loai nhAn vAl nhif Song Tinh, Kim Trpiig,
Mai Sinh, Mai Ba Cao, Nhiiy Chan, Hanh Nguyen vv...
Nhdn. vat phdn dien lA nhAn vat doi lap vdi ly tuvtng tham my, dao due cua
tac gia, loi.ii nhAn vAt eo fpian he doi lap luon luon la luc tAn pha doi nhan vfit chinh
dien. Do la \m\ nhAn vat n h u T i i Ra, Sd Khanh, IfoTon Hien, Lu Ky, H o a n g T u n g
vv ...
Theo ehiing tdi, trong van hpc ("o trung dai, nliAn vat con co nhUng net rit'Mig
ma cluing toi xin manh dan t rinh bay nhu'ng suy nf,dn ve net, riAng ay .
Con ngirdi da the hien trong van chuttng thdi cb t rung dai co hai loai. I/Kii t InV
nhat, con ngu'di dupe'mo ta, khac hoa d "cap do nhAn vat van hoe " dupc the hi(Mi
trong tac phAm co tinh each va so phan rieug. Do 'A nhi'mg truyen fluf vd ngt'un
khuc. \jm

thii" hai, con ngirdi khong dirpe khac IKU vdi eliAn dung va t.i'nh each cu

thA, khong du'pc the hien d "Cap dp nhAn vat van hoc" do la tho vinh su. Doi \'<'i\
kvii nay , nha nho sang tac khong cd y dinh tai hien lai cucic ddi' va tfnli each nhAn
vat lich sU ma chi nhan xet, hinh gia nhan vat lich su" va rut ra hai hoc .
Trong truyen tlid Nom nhAn v(it dupc phAn chia thanh hai loai : chinh dien

va phan dien " khong phai ngAu nhien, tinh cd ma mang tfnh chat quy luat, phan
anh m5t nguyen tac tu duy cua tac gia, nha nho khi ihe hien con ngirdi " (86 trang
114). Su ddi lap giii'a hai loai nhAn vat chinh dien va phan dien trong truypii tint
noin van hpc dupc the hien bang bien phap nghe thuat mieu ta : cac nhAn vat chi'nh
dien dupe mo ta bang ngdn ngfr thien nhien, con nhan vat j^han dien du'pc the hien
bang ngdn ngfi' eua ddi sdng thirc. Dac diem nay the hien quan niemlhAm my cua
nhA nho thdi ky iiAy.
Doi vdi nidi locii nhdn vgl, tdcgidhifm

Inx- Igfhdi dgyf'u hogeghet

phAn mirdi.

Tren cO sd do, t«ac gia-" cA'u tao phAin chAt " eho tirng loai nhAn vat. th(H) (juan ni(Mn
thAm ml cua minh. DAy la net dae trimg eim " t u d u y phAn Imi ". NhAn vat chinh
dien thudng la "diAm hoi tu" cua mpi tai nang, pham chat, dii'c dp, eon nhAn vat
phan dien lai bj don nen cho mpi thdi xA'u va sU doc -ic .
Tuy nhien theo each phAn loai do cung khong phai khong c6 tru'dng hpp ca
biet. Do la trirdng hpp Thuc Sinh trong truyen. Kieu da du'pc cac nha nghien ciiM
nbini xet la "nhAn vat trung gian". ( J . S Le Dinh Ky viet: "Thuc Sinh thupc loai
ngudi t r u n g gian trong Truyen Kiei/' (57 trang 25^). (J.S Nguyen Loc cung cho
rang nhAn vat Thiic Sinh "khong phai tich eUc, cung khong hoan toan tieu cUc"
(57 t r a n g 174) ...


Pliai thira nhAn rhng Nguy(>n Du da danh cho Thiic Sinh ft nhfeu thien cjun
"nghi t i n h chAng Thiic mA thiftfng". Quan he tinh yeu vdi Kfeu, xet ve mot mat
Thuc Sinh cungchAn thanh say dam, da ciiii Kieu thoj'it khoi lAu xanh. (/hAng phai
ngAu nhien, sau nay khi cho mdi Thuc Sinh den de tra on, Kieu da hoc Ip tinh c;im
thAn thie't cua nang "lAm tri ngirdi cu chang eon UIKV khong "hdi" chfnh Kieu cung

thay CO cai gi chung giua minh va Thuc Sinh" (57 trang 258). Nguyrm Du da viet
nhu'ng cAu th(t vp thiAn nhien dep nhat dA khac hop nhAn vat Thuc Sinh trong bufii
chia tfiy vdi Kieu, cd vang trang xe mra,cd dong sdng xanh canh lieu ru :
I

"Sf>ng lYin mot (h'li xonh xanh
Loi thoi Inr Id^'u mdy canh duo'ng quon"

VA khi Thiic Sinh tir biet Ilotm T h u dA ve tham Kieu vdi tAm tiaiig hao hiVc,
rao rue yeu difttng, khao khat du'pc g(ip Kieu ciia chang, da dupe Nguyen I )u ta trong
hinh tu'png thien nhien trong treo:
'

"Long lanh ddy nude in frdi
Thdnh .voy kh(')i biee no/i plufi hong vdng'^

Hinh tu'png thien nhien gan vdi nhung gi thu'e nliAt a nhAn vAt Thuc Sinh. VA vi
v^y,phdi

chang nhdn vgl Thiic Sinh Idnwf ng(xii le, khcmg nam trong khufvi nu)//

thien - de nhu von co. Do Id mot nhdn vat thuc trong y nghia khd. fron V('n cua nr')
khong duac ly twang hod md cung khong phdi nhdn vgl "phdn ly tuwig" nhu hoi
tuyen nhdn vat quen thugc ciia. truyen tho Nfvn.
Doi vdi the loai ngAm khuc uhuCung

(x)n ng{)ni k.hiic va Chinh phu

ngdm

khuc ... chi CO nigt locii nhdn v(il, nhu'ng vAn chin sir chi phdi eua each " tu' duy phan
loai". cac nhAn vAt cung dupe qui vAf) mot Irai xac djnh. NhAn vat trong cac khuc
ngAm chu yen gan lien vdi the gidi thien nhien. Ban chat nhAn vAt dupe the hien
trong the gidi day inau sac cua thien nhien Ay .
N h u vay, khi nhin nhan van'hpc trung dai,.can thay ro n h u n g net rieng biet
cua he thong nhan vat xuAt phat tu quan niem sang tac doc dao cua cac nha nho,
n h u da phAn tich tren .
NhAn vat co vi tri quan trpng trong tac phAm van hpc . Nhu'ng nhAn vat du'pc
xay dung thAnh cong trong van hpc moi thdi dai bao gid cung ehiia dung mot kham
pha to Idn. Bang su kham pha ay, nhA van khang djnh ly tudng thAm my cua m i n h
va lam phong phii them nen van hoc dAn tpc. V,d le vi the, de d(fn gian hoii nhiTng
van de ly luan kha rac rdi, ngirdi ta cd mot nhan dinh that, de hieu va day sii'c thuyet
phuc: doi vdi nbu'ng nha van Idn, ngu'di dpc ddi khi cd the (juen ten tac gia nhu'ng
se khong thA" quen n h u n g nhAn vat ma nha van do xay dung nen.

;

-10-


Viec thn hieu nhAn vAt truyen thu Ndm co lien quan de'n viAc phAn loai truyAn
N6m. Phai tir trong timg loai truyAn N6m vdi nhiuig dac diem rieng ciia no mdi
tim dA'n dupc nhiJng t h a n h tim mdi ciia nghA thuat xAy dulig nhAn vat. Sir phAn
loai truyen N5m se la cd sd dA luAn an thuc hien muc dich ciia minh.
I I . V a n tu'giai n h a n ,
Tir lAu, gidi nghien cum van hpc da quan tAm den sU phAn loai truyen Nom vi
SU ton tai trAn thUc te hai loai truyen: Loai n h u Tong Trdn Ci/c Hoa, Phgni

Tdi

Cue Hoa, Ly Cong, Phumig Hoa v.v... Mot logi khac n h u Hoa tien, Sef kinh

tdn

trang,

Tn/yen

Kieu, Phan Trdn, Nhi Do Mai, Luc Vctn Tien v.v...Trong

nhu'ng t.(jcphdin khong co tdc gid, doi hoi mot suphdn

do eo

tich vd nghien ei/ii nhu hai

hien tuang khdc biet ci/a ciing nigt the logi,
TrUde nhiTng nam 1960 da xua't hien quan diem chia truyen Nom thAnh hai
loiii: Truyen N5m hiai danh va truyen N5m khuyA't danh. Cach phAn chia nay dupc
thA hien trong cong trinh b/cfe thdo lich sir vdn JUK- Viet Nam ciia nhdm nghiAn
ciVu van hoc LA Qui D5n (30). Va sau do, quan niem nay lai dupc G.S Bui Van Nguyen
viet trong Truyin Nom khiiyet danh, mot hien tuang dgc biet cua vdn hoc Viet
nam (79). Theo b\c gia, van hpc khuyet danh chinh la cd ten tac gia niiung vl ly do
nao do ma thieu ten di.
Cach phAn chia nay thiian tiiy vA mat liinh thiVc, chua chu y den nhu'ng dac
diem ve noi dung va thA Irai truyen N5m. Tir nhi'mg nam 60, cac nha nghien cihi
van hoc co - t r u n g dai, nhat la d Dai hpc Tong hpp va Dai hpc Su pham da tlm den
each phAn loai mdi. Do la chia truyen Nom thanh 2 ioiii : Truyen Nom bac hoc va
Truyen Nam binh dan. Vi n h u dim vao tinh chA't cua phuong thue sang tac, t r i n h

dp tac gia dupe biAu hien trong truyen Nom, G.S NguyAn lx)c cho rang : Truyen
Nom binh dAn la sang tac ciia nha nho khong thanh dat sdng gAn gui vdi nhAn dAn
va qiian chiing lao dong. Hinh thiic nghe thuat don gian, npi dung thi^ hien dao dii'c
t r u n g hieu tiet nghia va cuoc dau tranh bao ve tinh yen, hanh phiic gia dinh . ITAii
het nhinig tac pham loai nay la khuyet danh. Do la nhu'ng truyen n h u Tong
Ciic Hoa., Phcnn Tai Ngpe H(xi, Thgch Sanh, Thogi Khanh

Trim

Chdii Tuan v.v... eon

nhilmg truyAn Nom co npi dung tu tUdng va tfnh ngliA thuAt cao, noi dung chinh
la giai phong tinh cam, tinh yen t u d o virpt khdi khudn kho le giao phong kien dupc
gpi la truyen Nom bac hpc. Tac gia ciia loai truyen Nom nay la nhu'ng nha nho cd
hpc va'n cao. Do la nhu'ng tac phAm n h u Hoa tien, Phan Trdn, Nhi Do Mai,
Kinh

tdn trang, Truyen Kieu, Ngpe Kih/ Le, Truyen Tdy Suang, Luc Vim

v.v...

-11 -

Sa
Tien


Cach phAn loai nay dUa tren nhitng tieu chf tu'dng doi khoa hpc, vi thA', quan
diA'm nay xuA't hiAn KAu nhu thay thA' cho quan diem truyAn Nom hi?u danh - khuyet
danh. G.S TfAn E)inh Hucfu cd nhAn xet: "Phai noi rang cho dA'n Nguyen Dinh

ChiAu, mot so lucmg dang kA truyAn Nom ma ngay nay nhfAu nha nghien curu chia
ra 2 loai bac hpc va binh dAn da lam cho thA loai do gAn nhu 6n dinh cd nA ne'p va
ft nhiAu da hinh thanh mot thur khudn kho, khuynh hudng " (48) .
So vdi quan diim hilru danh, khuye't danh, quan diA"m binh dAn, bac hpc la mdt
budc tiA'n trong viAc phAn loai va di sAu vAo thi phap ciia truyAn Nom. Cai mdi cua
quan diAm nay la da nhin nhAn truyAn Ndm qua thUc tiln van hpc va mot s5' tieu
chf ma ngay nay ta gpi la thi phap hpc .Su khac nhau ciia hai loai truyen khong
phai la d ch& co hay khong cd ten tac gia ma la sU khac nhau ve mot so dac diem
ciia thi phap hpc nhu trinh dp tac gia, thao tac nghe thuAt, chu de tac pham va dac
biet la Logi hmh nhdn vat. Suphan chia hpp ly hai Imi truyen Nom binh dAn, bac
hpc la tfen dA d^ di sAu vao hai loai truyAn Nom, phat, hien ra nhung dac trung rieng
ciia tu'ng loai. Truyen Nom bac hpc chu yeu viet de (foe, truyen Nom binh dan Viet

dike.
Cach phAn loai truyen Nom theo quan diein binh dAn, bac hpc cung la cd sd
de luan an di sAu vao phAn tich he thong nhan vat j)hu ml va nghe thuat xAy dung
nhAn vAt cua ca hai loai truyAn trAn .
Tie'p tuc vA'n dA phAn loai truyen Nom, vai nam gAn dAy G.S TrAn Dinh Hift.fu,
trong mot chuyen luAn Hoa tien vd vein d-e ciia no frong lich sir truyen Nom dupc
trinh bay d hoi nghj khoa hpc vA nha thu Nguyen Huy Tu (thang 01 nam 1991) da
neu y kiA'n "Van hpc Viet Nam tif khi cd van hpc thanh van eho den giua the ky
thuf XVIII chiu anh hudng sAu sac cua van hpc Trung Quoc. Mang van hpc tu' khdi
thuy de'n ddi To'ng ro rang nliA't la Kinh truyen, sir Ban Ma, phu ddi Han, thu ddi
Dudng va c5 van E)irdng - Td'ng . De'n giiJa the ky XVIII ho mdi lai chiu anh hudng
ciia mdt loai van hpc cung viA't hang chuf Han : Cac tiAu thuyA't ca ban do thi. NAn
van hpc do khong phai thAm nhAp vao dam nha nho dong dao Idp trirdc ma vao dam
nha nho thupng lifu d kinh ky Thang I^ong va Hue. Du'pc cai mdi kich thich, nhfeu
ngU^i dua nhau dich cac tac pham tir ngoai vao, dA lai cho ta Hoa tien, Truyen Kieu,
Phcui Tran, loai ma chiing toi gpi la "TruyAn tai tif giai nhAn" (50 trang 119).
Tie\i thuye't "Tai tif giai nhan" la loai tieu thuye't xuA't hien trong thdi Minh

va phat triAn d thdi Thanh, chuyen vie't vA tinh yeu. Npi dung chinh cua loai truyAn
nay la trai tai gai sac yAu nhau, thanh vp thanh chdng, dat phu qui, thudng cd ke.
"Pha dam" x5ng vao.nhimg rut cu5c khdng lam dupc gi. Nhu'ng truyen cd chii de
nhu the thi trong truyAii ky, trong by khiic da cd nhieu, trong thoai ban cung cd.

12


Con trong tiAu thuye't bach thoai tai tir giai nhAn thi den cudi ddi Minh mdi cd (ti'rc
nii'a dAu the ky XVIII). Ngoai anh huVmg truyAn thd'ug con cd liAn he vdi khdng khi
xa hoi "ca vu t h a n h binh", chai hdi phong dang cua t'Ang Idp tren. F)ay la mot hien
tupng van hpc noi bAt cua Trung Qud'c, phat trien manh h(fn ca vao ddi T h a n h ,
nhfeu tieu thuye't W- tU giai nhan ra ddi lam thanh mot "cao trao" cua sir phat trien
van hpc tai tif giai nhAn.
Ld Tan da tinig cd nhan xet "Hang \oi\t truyeu tai tir giai nhAn deu lay viee
dat dupe cong danh lam cot loi,trong dd cd xen them nhinig doan md ta chuyen van
nha phong km ...".
Tuy viet ve nhimg de tai gAn vdi truyen tinh yen, hdn nhan, song do y djnli
cua ngu'di sang tac muon gia tang va tuyen truyAn tir tuifng va ky euung phong kien
(Thdi Minh) nen gia tri bao ve tinh yen tU do va chdng phong kien khdng nhiAu.
Tirthe'ky thiirXVIII, mot so'thi sT- Nha nho ViAt Nam da vay nnipn cot truyen
tiAu thuyet tai tif giai nhAn eua Trung Qud'c thdi Minh, Thanh dA chuyen dich va
tai tao t h a n h nhu'ng truyAn thu Nom Viet Nam. C('> the ke nbfnig tac phAm nlnr
Song tinh, Ngpe Kieu Le, Hoa Tien, Phan Trim, Truyen Kieu .... Mac dau nhirng
nhAn vat tai tif giai nhAn trong cac tac pham tren van cd gdc gae tir tieu thuyet
T r u n g CJude, nhimg ciing da xua't hien nhu'ng dac diem rieng ve cam InVng sang
tac, ve e h u d e va y nghia xa hoi. Do dd, khai niem "tai tii' giai n h a n " du'Uc sir
dung trong luan an khdng hoan trvm trung hpp vdi npi dimg trong tieu thuyet (ai
tir giai nhAn ciia T r u n g Qud'c. Cum tir dd chi nham thA fiien mot sd dac diAm chung
ciia mot nhdin truyen Nom. Vi vay, bat dAu tir dAy, xin dupe liieu cum tir nay frong

ngoae kep. Npi ham cua no bao gom cac y nghia se dupe phAn tich sau day.
Truyen Nom cd hai chung kwii : TruytMi Nom bac hpc va truyen Nom hinh
dAn, dfeu dd n h u da ndi tren, khdng cd gi ban lai. Van de u day la, trong truyfMi
Nom bac hpc, phai chang, cd nhung nhdm truyen Ichiic nhau. 'I'lieo ehung tfti, rd
thA chia thanh hai nhdm, xet d gdc dp cam hifng sanj; tac va chu de. Mot nhdm ginn
nhu'ng f/ic pluim cd npi dung fuyfdi di tu do nhu: Song Tinh, Ngpe Kieu IJ>, Ihxj
tien, Sa kinh tan trang, Plmn Trdn, Truyifu Kieu, Truyen Tdy Suvng

vv.... M(>t

nhdm khac gom nhu'ng tac pham cd npi dung t r u n g hieu tie't nghia n h u : Nln Dp
Mai, Luc VAn Tien vv.... (Chiing tdi xin pheji dupe menh danh, cd thA la chua Id
gfch, cho hai nhdm truyen Ndm : Truyen Nfmi tdi fir giai nh(in vd. truyen

Nom

trung hiru tiet nghia. (]hung tdi hieu cum tir " Truyen Ndm tin tu giai nhan " chi
t h e o y nghia dd chu khdng phai la su" phAn loai truyen Ndm ndi chung.

-13


Chu de bao triim ciia truyen tho Nom bac hpc the' ky XVIII nira dAu XIX la
vA'n dA dao di'fc, quyAn sd'ng, tinh yAu tu do, hanh phuc vp clidng. Cot truyAn eua
TruyAn Ndm bac hpc thudng du'pc xAy diilig dua trAn cAu truyen tinh yeu ddi liVa,
nghia vp cKdng vdi hai nhAn vAt chinh la trai tai gai sac. Hp phai trai qua chang
dudng : gap gd, nhung trac trd gap phai doan tu hanh phiic. Trong cai chung nhA't
Ay, lai cd sir khac nhau rd ret giira hai nhdm truyen :mdt nhdm thA hien npi dung
tinh nghia vp chdng chung thuy, giir trpn le nghia nhu truyAn Nhi Dp M(u, Luc
Van Tien. Con nhdm khac hudng vA chu dA chung thuy hanh phuc xuA't phat tir

tinh yeu tu do giua trai tai gai sac whxxHoa Tien, Phan Trdn, Sa kinh Tdn Trang,
Tn/yen Kieu. vv... sir khac nhau vA npi dung mdi nhdm truyAn Ndm bac hoc deu
dAn den sir khdc nhan ve dae diem nhxin vol., phuenig thirc xdy dung nhcvi vol,, ve
quan niem dgo due, tham my cua timg nhdm.
Loai-truyen Ndm bac hoc trung hieu tiet nghia luon de cao tinh nghia vp
chdng, dA cao nghia vu, bon phan eua mdi ngu'di ddi vdi gia dinh, cha me va nha
vua. Cho* nghia bao ham npi dung tinh nghia sAu nang cua cac cap vp chdng, tinh
cam thuy chung khdng chi d(m phuung ngirdi phu nur ma ca tir phia ngudi dan dng,
virpt qua (juan niem nho giao chi coi su ehung thuy la nghia vii cua ngirdi phu nir,
coi ngudi dan dng cd quyen nam the bay thiep. Cac nhan vAt n\\\xLi/c Vdn Tien,
Ngu.yet Nga, Mai Sinh, Hwih Nguyen vv... deu cd tai, cd sac nhung cac tac gia
khdng tap trung md ta tai, sac ma chi chu yeu mieu {i\ qua trinh vupt len trAn inpi
trac trd de thuc hien trung, hieu, tiet, n^hia ma thdi.
XuA't phat tir dao nghia, cac nhAn vAt virpt lAn tren mpi thirthaeh, quyen lire.
Su tan bao khdng lam hp nhut chi, giau sang khdng lam hp hdi nghia vong an. Mai
Sinh, Hanh Nguyen, Luc VAn TiAn, Kfeu Nguyet Nga vv... la nhung nhan vAt ly
tudng vA dao diic trong xa hoi.
Dd'i lAp vdi cac nhAn vAt chinh dien trAn la nhAn vat phan dien, dai dien cho
cai ac, cai xA'u whxtLuKy, Hodng Tung, Trinh Ham, Vd Cong vv... kwu nhan vat
luon gay tai bien cho nhAn vat chinh dien eua tac phAm. Ndi dung truyen mang
muc dich giao huA'n.
Con nhdm truyen tai tir giai nhAn khdng nham muc dich giao huA'n ma chi
mieu ta nhimg tinh yen tu nguyen, say dam giira trai tai gai sac. Tinh yeu tu do
vupt ra ngoai lA giao la chii de chinh eiia tiuyen .
Cac nhan vat cua nhdm truyAn Ndm phai tai tUgiai nhan la nhuiig nam thanh,
nu* tii da tinh, tai hoa. Hp gap nhau, rung dong tir con tim,den vdi nhau bdi su thdi
thiic ciia tinh yen ddi li'ra, hp khdng xin phep cha me, hp hang va qua trinh de'n vdi

14

tinh yAu, bao vA tinh yAu, ho da vifUt lAn trAn KAu hA't nhirngrang budc khat, khe
cua lA giao phong kiA'n.

N h u da phAn tfch d trAn, gan vdi nhdm truyAn Ndm nay dd xud't hien nipt
logi nhdn v(it mM, c6 le chua timg eo trong vdn hcx^ d.dn tpc, dd Id nhdn vat tdi. tir
giai nhdn vdi y nghia trpn ven da dang ciia tir ndy.
Ve xuA't thAn, dd la nhUng chang trai, cd gai quy \IK dupc giao due trong mdi
trudng giAu sang, quyAn qui, ludn lA'y lA giao lam trpng. Nhimg chinh hp da vifpt
qua mdi trudng lA'yl^nghi lam trpng dd,dA chi n g h i d e n tinh yAu t u d o vadidA'ncimg
vdi tinh yAu tu chpn cua minh .
NhAn vAt tai tir la nhAn vat trai tai nhimg khdng vdi y nghia cai tai dem lai
Ipi ich eho xa hdi theo nghia "van vd kinh luan". "Ngirdi tai tir tjuan niem theo
nhfeu each. Cd thA la tai kinh liiAn n h u Nguyen (-dug TriV, ed thA la tai hpc vA'n
n h u Cao Ra Quat. Cd the la tai cAm quan danh giae. Nhirng dAu da cd nhil'itg tai
n h u vay, vAn phai cd thAm tai van ehuung " nha ngpe phun chAu "tai cAm ky thi
hoa, nhrmg t h u nghe thuAt tai hoa gan bd vdi tinh nUamdi t h a n h ngirdi quAn tir"
(47 t r a n g 252).
(^ae nhAn vAt tai tir mud'n lAp nAn su nghiep Idn d^ ndi danh, va ciing inud'n
cd giai nhAn tUcfng xi'mg vdi tinh. Nhimg ne'u "Tao vat do' toan " cho hp cai nay ina
lA'y di ciia hp cai kia thi ngirdi tai tir sAn sang bo ca cdng danh su nghiep dA "theo
mai vdi tinh", d^ "vao sinh ra tir hoa la thA'y nhau" n h u chang Kim Trpng cua
Nguyen Du. NhAn vAt tai tir khao khat sdng t u do theo y minh, chdng lai su gd bd
ciia lA giao phong kiA'n. 0 hp, tai va tinh khang kbit vdi nhan n h u la mot phAm
chA't, n h u la kA't tinh sir da dang cua con ngirdi. Dac diem tai, tinh da chi phdi sir
phat trien cua tfnh each nhAn vat trong truyen Ndm tai tu giai nhAn.
Tifttng iimg vdi cac tai tif la cac giai nhAn, ngojii sac dep, hp con la n h u n g phu
niT cd tai dan, tai thu, cd tAm hdn da cam, nhAy cam va tinh tA', sac, tai va tinh ciia
hp cung tac dong de'n qua trinh van dong tinh each ciia timg sd phan , timg cuoc
ddi trong tac phAm. Chung ta dA nh(in thA'y sir khac nhau cua cac "giai nhAn" d

truyen Ndm tai tir giai nhAn vdi cac nhAn vAt niTct truyen Ndm khac la : cac nhAn
vAt nfr truyen Ndm khac du cung cd sac dep va tai van thu n h i m g cac tac gia ciia
loai truyen nay khdng coy dinh khac boa dAm net vA tai nghA thuAt ciia cac nhAn
vat niT, ban thAn hp cung khdng khao khat tlm de'n tinh yeu tU do n h u nhAn vAt
n i r d truyen Ndm tai tif giai nhAn. Tinh yen cua hp dupe diAn ta giua An nghia, vi
dao If, Vl sir gan bd thudng tinh giua trai gai. Dd la phAm chA't da chi phdi dac diem
tfnh each ciia nhAn vat phu nu ciia truyen Ndm vua neu trAn .

15-


Tom lai, vAn dung nhiiiig kA't qua va nhimg gpi y ciia qua trinh phAn loai
truyAn Ndm cxni cac hpc gia di trirdc, liiAn an muon tam khoanh viing truyAn Ndm
bac hpc t h a n h hai nhdm truyen khac biAt nhau ve cam huTng sang t^c va chu dA, tif
dd sir dung khai nlAm "tn/yen Ndm tdi hrgiai nhdn'' n h u mot thao tac khoa hpc
dA di sAu phAn tfch hinh tupng nhAn vAt phu ml.
III. LICH Sir VAN Dfe NGHlfeN ClTU TRUYAN N 6 M
TruyAn Ndm la mdt hiAn tupng ddc dao, phong phii va kha phi'rc tap trong
lich sir van hpc ViAt nam. VI vAy, trong nhfeu thAp ky qua da cd nhfAu cdng t r i n h
nghien ciru van hpc ban ve vA'n cfe nay. Ke tir nhu'ng nam 50 trd lai dAy da ed nhieu
cdng t r i n h nghiAn cu\i vA truyAn Ndm. Trirdc he't la nhiTng cdng t i i n h van hoc sir,
trong dd ban den truyen Ndm nhU: luac thdo lich sir vdn hoe Viet nam (30),

sofhiio

lich sir vdn hpc Viet Nam (91), gido trinh lich sir vdn hoc Viet Nam ei/a, (Dpi hpc
Su phgni) (5 tap ) , lich sir van hpc Viet nam ei/a (Dpi hpc Tong hap) (4 tap),

lich

sir van hpc Viet fifam ci/a fly ban khoa hpc xa. hoi Viet Nam (42) vv....
Thi'rde'n nhiTngbai nghien ei'fti vA truyAn ndm ndi ehung hoac nhfmg truyAn
Ndm cu the dupc dang tai trAn nhfeu tap chi qud'c gia n h u Tap son viin .nghien ciru vdn. hpc, fgp chi vdn hpc, tgp chi khoa hpc xd hoi (Dpi hpc Tong hpi)
v.v... ed th^ neu tfm nhuiig hai nhu: t.im hieu tniyen Quan dm thi Kinh (32) Xi/ng
quanh ciidn Nhi Dp Mai (13); Vdi y kien vc truyen Phan Trdn (80); Ban tic gid. tri
tniyen Hodng TnYu (70); Truyen Nfmi khuyet danh, mot hien tirojig d(ie biet eiia
vdn hpc Viet Nam, (79); Nhdn vgl phu nfr qua mot so tniyen Ndm (71); Nhung

viin

de xd> hoi trong ttvyen Nom binh dan (64) v.v....
Ngoai ra la nhumg tieu luan nghiAn cim ve tiic gia, tac pham thudng dang tai
d plian dAu tac pham khi xuat ban, vf du n h u Truyen Vuang Tir(ing (63); So

Kinh

tan trang (11); Khdo luan ve tn/yen Hoa. Tien (W): Nhi Dp Mai (98); Truyen

Sorig

Tinh (52); Tn/yen

Tdy Smmg (83); Ngpe Kieu Lf' (34) v.v...

Qua cac cdng trinh trAn, y kie'n ve truyen thu Ndm rat phong phu va da dang.
Cac tac gia da phAn tich su hinh thanh va phat triAn ciia truyen thu Ndm, danh
gia npi dung va y nghia xa hdi, phAn tich nghe thuat mien ta va xAy dung nhAn vAt
ciia truyen Ndm ndi chung va ciia nhiAu truyen Ndm cu the, dac biet la

Tn/yen

Kieu, RiAng viec nghiAn ciiti vA nhan vat truyen Ndm da xiiA't hien nhfeu each danh
gia cu the ve cac nhAn vAt. C^ac nha phe binh van hpc Hoai T h a n h viet "vA nghA
thuAt, truyen Hoa Tien da cd nhirng eho t h a n h cdng, trirdc het la t h a n h cdng trong
viec xAy dimg nhAn vAt. Moi nhAn vAt deu cd mot ban sac rieng. Cac nhAn vAt ndi
chung deu cam xuc, suy nghl, ndi nang, h a n h dong t u nhien theo dung tAm ly cua
m i n h " (92 t r a n g 230). Ve Tn/yen Kieu, tac gia khAng dinh "NhAn vat ciia NguyAn

-16-


Du la nhOtig con ngudi ma tir diAn mao, dang diAu, each Sn mSc, each ndi nang dA'n
tAm ly va hanh ddng dAu nhA't trf" (92 trang 281).
NhAn xet vA truyAn Hoa Ti^M, nha nghiAn ci'fu van hpc Lai Ngpe Cang cho
rang: "thanh cdng Idn nhA't ciia nghA thuAt truyAn Hoa Tien la viAc xAy dung tinh
each nhAn vAt. Thoat ra ngoai tAm tu tac gia, m&i nhAn vAt cua Hoa Tien da cd
nhung ca tfnh riAng biAt cd ddi sd'ng ddc lAp" (10 trang 47).
Nhin chung, cac y kien danh gia truyAn Ndm ve mat the loai, npi dung va
nghA thuAt la tuung dd'i thong nha't. TA't ca deu coi truyen thu Ndm la th^ loai phat
tri^n phong phu, da dang, la hiAn tupng dac biet cua van hpc dAn tdc thdi trung
dai.
Nhin nhAn lich trinh nghiAn ei'ru v'A truyAn thu Ndm, dang chu y nhA't la
nhihig chuyAn luAn di sau nghien ciifu truyAn Ndm ndi chung hoac nhung truyAn
Ndm tiAu bi6u. ChSng ban nhu:
"Tn/yen Kieu vd chii nghia hien thue ci/a Nguyen Du"(57)
"Truyen Kieu vd the logi tn/yen thaNdm'*(72)
"Tim hieu phong cctch Nguyen Du trong tn/yen Kieu"(77)
"Ve ch.il nghia hien thue thdi dpi Nguyen Du" (19).
Va ca van hpc ViO.t Nam nira cuoi theky XVIII nira. dim XIX (65), trong dd tac gia

danh cho viAc nghien ei'ru truyAn Ndm tdi vai tram trang.
Vdi cdng trinh nghiAn cu\i Tniyen Kieu vdehii nghia, hien thuc ciia Nguyen
Du, G.S Le Dinh Ky la ngirdi dAu tiAn md ra mdt hudng nghiAn cufu mdi: NghiAn
ciifu tniyen Kieu trong mdi tUUng quan vdi phuung phap vsang tac cua nha thu
Nguyen Du. Vdi Id'i phAn tich sau sac, su nhay cam tinh te' hiem thay trong each
cam thu cAu thu tniyen Kieu, tir gdc dp phuung phap sang tac, tac gia da ed nhu'ng
phat hien mdi vA truyen Kieu. Tac gia da cd nhu'ng kien giai thSr sAu sac va phong
phu, dac biAt trong nhOlig ehuung viA't vA nhem vol tniyen Kieu va ehuung vA ly
tifimg tham mi cua Ngu.yen Du. Danh gia nhdn vat tniyen Kieu, G.S LA Dinh Ky
khSng dinh: "Thanh tuu khdng the chd'i cai dupe cua tniyen Kieu. dd'i vdi ngay nay
va vdi mai mai la da xAy dung lAn nhu'ng nhAn vat bAt hii va da phan anh mdt each
sAu sac thuc te' xa hoi duung thdi ... d van truyen, van tiAu thuyet, y nghia xa hdi
xet dA'n cung khdng phai la mdt cai gl ben ngoai hay ben tren viec khac hoa tinh
each va bpc 16 tAm ly nhAn vAt... Viec soi rpi vao nhiJng quan hA xa hdi thUe te, bpe
Id nhiJng mAu thuSn xAu xa cd thue trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi se giup rA't nhfeu, se dua
lai chfeu sAu cho viAc khai thae t^m ly va tinh each nhAn vAt" (57 trang 228). Ve
nhiJng "dot pha" trong quan niAm thAm my ciia NguyAn Du, tac gia vie't: "Trong
17
Xii,i

v!ui^;


Tniyen Kieu, hinh thanh mdt quan niem rA't ddc dao vA dao dure, vA gia tri ciia ngud
phu nil. Nguyen Du da dua ra mdt mSu ngudi hi xa hdi ddn lAn dAu t^'t ca nhu'ng
nhuc nha A cKA ma ngudi dan ba thdi trudc phai chiu dung, nhung cung chfnh ngird
phu nur Sy, trong cudc ddi cay dang vAn giuf dupc dao lam ngudi, v&n giuf dupe nhAn
phSm ciia minh" (57 trang 197).

Vdi nhung kham pha ddc dao va sAu sac ve Tn/yen Kieu, dgc biet Id. van d.e

nhdn. vgt trongTruyen Kieu, cdng trinh eua G.S I^e Dinh Ky da tim thAm nhfrng
gia tri mdi quan trpng, trAn cU sd dd, giup ngudi doe hidu thAm nhimg gia tri dich
thuc ciia Truyen Kieu.
Nhung cung d cdng trinh nay, tac gia vAn dung mdt tieu chuAn pho hiAn ciia
o

*

•

•

„

.

,

van hpc the' gidi, dac biAt la van hpc ChAu Ail . ve " chu nghia hiAn thUc", rdi ddi
chiA'u,so sanh vdi nhAn vAt Tniyen Kieu. va tac gia da khang djnh su hiAn dien cua
chii nghia hien thue nhu la mot phuung phap sang tac cua NguyAn Du trong Tniyen
Kieu. XuA't phat tir nhimg tieu chiiAn dien hinh hoa, tac gia viA't: "Dung la chu nghia
hien thuc phan anh thue tai chAn thue va sAu sac nhA't, nhung vi sao? tra Idi cAu
hdi nay ddi hdi phai xac dinh tac phAm trong di san van hpc qua khufve mat phuung
phap sang tac, tim hilu tfnh ddc dao ciia con dudng tiep cAn thuc tai, ciia sir dien
hinh hoa va cua sU thA hien tuung \h\g vdi nhiJng dieu kiAn lich su xac dinh" (57
trang 6) .
Bang sU phAn tich cu thA, tdc gid da phat hien ved tro ciia ngdn ngfr thien
nhien trong phuang thirc xdy dimg nhdn vgt ciia. Nguyin Du. Nhimg tdc gid dd
khong di sail vdophdn tich vd ly gidi hien tirang ndy de chi ra rang chi co nhdn

vgt chinh dien m&i duac khac hog, bin hinh twang liiy tir thien nhien, con doi vdi
nhcm vgt phdn dien, Nguyen Du sir dung ngdn ngir ddi thudng. Su khdc biet do
theo chiing tdi, khong chi Idbien phap cu the de xdy dung nhdn vgtmdcbn ldm.pt
tieu chi de phdn logi nhdn vgt chinh dien vdphdn dien. Vi the, tac gia viet: "Ddi
vdi NguyAn Du, mdt net mat, mot man da, mdt dang dieu, mdt cU chi, mot tu the'
khdng chi la cai bAn ngoai ma thong qua dd cd the hien ra cai than ciia nhAn vAt.
Cac nhAn vAt Ma Giam Sinh, Tu Ba, Sd Khanh hinh thanh bat dAu tir cai "may
rAu nbSn nhui", cai "nhdn nhut man da", eai "chai chiidt din dang"ma neu thieu di
thi nhan vat cung thieu mat ca hinh thuc Ian man thjt. Dd la nhiilig chi tiet hien
thuc chii nghia da thd'ng nhA't trong Truyen Kieu" (57 trang 357).

Ciing vdi quan diem tren cua G.S LA Dinh Ky, nha nghien ci'm van hpc Dd
Diic Due cung khang dinh su hien diAn ciia chii nghia hiAn thUe khdng phai chi
rieng Tntyen Kieu ma trong toan bd giai doan van hpc the ky XVIII nua dau the'
ky XIX. Trong mot chuyAn luAn ciia minh, tac gia viA't: "NguyAn Du khdng ban

-18


tAm vA nhung chi tiA't vun vat ma dng biA't torn lA'y nhutig chi tiA't vira ca biAt, vira
dien hinh, vira phan anh cai ngoai hinh ma vira soi sang cai npi tAm . Mdt chi tiet
vA Ma giam Sinh nhu "GhA' trAn ngdi tot sd sang" hay vA Tu Ba nhu "Vat ndc len
giudng ngdi ngay", thude vao loai chi tiA't dd, no la mdt chi tiA't khAu gpi khie'n ngUdi
dpc tir mdt nhAn to' riAng le, cue bd, cd thA trUc giac dupc cai chung, cai toan bd, cu
the nhu tir mdt cUchi, mdt hanh ddng, mdt Idi ndi, tham chf mdt each an mac, trang
phuc ciia nhAn vAt ma hinh dung dupc ca tAm ly, tinh each cua mdt con ngirdi. Tim
trung, ed th6 ndi rang NguyAn Du tir nhimg dfAu trdng thA'y da vxrun tdi chfAu rdng
ca chfAu sAu ciia sU vAt, con ngudi, chu nghia hien thuc cua dng dat tdi trinh dp vica
khai quat xa hdi cao, vira di vao chfAu sAu eua tAm hdn, tAm ly con ngudi" (19 trang
62).

Vdi each nhin nhAn nhu vay, ben canh mat manh Id su khdi qi/dt theo mot
he thong, su dp dung nhirng tim toi ly ludn mdi, eo le hai tdc gid tren chua xuat
phdl. tir qui luat van ddng rieng ciia vdn hpc ddn tpc trong qua khir de phdn tich
vd ddnh gid tniyen Kieu ma da ft nhfeu hien dai hoa tac phAm, gd ep nhimg dae
diem riAng cua van hpc qua khiV Viet Nam theo nhiTng ehiiAn muc cua mdt chii
nghia hien thuc ChAu Au va vi the, lam md nhat tinh lich su cua van hpc qua khiif
dAn toe.
Rieng vdi cdng trinh Truyen Kieu vdchi/ nghia hien thuc ci/a Ngu.yen Du,
nhfmg y kien co tinh phat hien cao ci/a tdc gid. ve phurrng thii'c xdy dung nhdn vgt,
ve tinh h.uong, hoan canh, tdm trgng ciia. nhdn vdi trong tn/yen Kieu ... la nhiTng
gpi y qui bail eho chung tdi, khdng chi nghien ciai nhAn vAt Truyen Kieu ma ca d
truyAn Ndm. Cdng trinh nay cho chiing tdi mdt kinh nghiAm khi tiA'p cAn truyAn
Ndm, phan tfch va danh gia truyen Ndm phdi tir logic nghe thugt ci/a tdc pham,
tir tinh lich sir ciia no, tranh ap dung mot each ft nhfeu cdng thu'e nhirng ke't qua
nghiAn cuii ly lu^m tir bAn ngoai, khi nhu'ng ket (jua dd khdng phii hpp vdi dac diAm
rieng eua tien trinh van hpc dAn tdc.
Vdi cdng trinh nghien cu\i Vdn hpc Viet Nam nua cudi the ky XVIII nira
ddu the ky XIX (tAp I va tap II), G.S Nguyen Ldc da tir mot each nhin khai (juat
dien mao van hpc giai doan dd de'n tirng tac gia va tac phAm tieu biAu. Tac gia da
chi ra dupe mot so' dac trimg rieng biAt ciia truyen Ndm, da phAn loai truyen Ndm
dA tim ra tfnh ddc dao ciia mdi loai truyen, va dac biet tir sir khao sat dae trimg rieng
ciia tirng loai truyAn, tdc gin khang dinh sir xuat hien hinh tirang ngirdi phu nfr
trong truyen thaNom Id. thdnh tui/ ci/a vdn hoc giai doan ndy, no gan lien vdi. phdt
trien trdo lira, nhdn dgo trong vdn. hpc. "Chi ed den giai doan nua cudi the ky XVIII
nUa dAu the' ky XIX, vA'n de con ngirdi mdi dupe dua nen hang dAu va sir kham pha
ra con ngirdi mdi xua't hien nhu inpt tat yen lich sir... Dd la su" ra ddi cua mot trao
-19-


luu nhAn dao chii nghia ... Cac nha thu giai doan nay viA't vA chiA'n tranh phong

kiA'n va nhufng tai hoa ciia no, viA't vA sir thd'i nat ciia giai cA'p phong kiA'n thd'ng tri,
ve cuoc sd'ng nhAn dAn, ve than phAn ngudi phu nu, ve tinh yeu va nhumg rang budc
khac nghiet cua dao dijfc phong kiA'n ... Ciing vdi sir xuat hien nhung dA tai mdi va
nhumg ly tudng thAm my mdi, van hoc nUa cudi the ky XVIII nira dau thA' ky XIX
gan IfAn vdi su ra ddi ciia nhu'ng nhAn vAt vdi tu each la nhilfng ca thA xa hdi" (65
trang 6 6 - 6 8 - t A p I).
Tir nhumg thanh tuu cua truyen thu Ndm va Tniyen Kieu, tac gia phAn tfch
vA'n dA diAn hinh hoa trong Tn/yen Kieu. Tac gia cho rang khi nghiAn cu*u Tniyen
Kieu, phai chu y de'n yAu td truyen thd'ng lam ban che trinh dp dien hinh boa, mat
khac, sir each tan, sir pha vd truyen thd'ng d^ di tdi dien hinh hoa hien thUe chu
nghia trong Tniyen Kieu: "NguyAn Du mot mat vAn thira kA' truyAn thd'ng, mat
khac lai pha vd truyen thd'ng dA di de'n chu nghia hien thuc. Nhimg cud'i cung,
NguyAn Du vAn dimg lai trudc ngudng cua cua ehu nghia hiAn thuc" (65 Tr 129
tAp II), va "NguyAn Du chua bao gid doan tuyet vdi truyen thd'ng" (65 trang 183
tAp II).
XuA't phat tir quan niem tren, G.S NguyAn Ldc da trinh bay vA'n de diAn hinh
hoa nhAn vAt Truyen Kieu theo ba kiAu khac nhau: NhAn vAt chinh dien dupe xAy
dung theo "Id'i ly tudng hoa" theo truyAn thd'ng ciiii truyAn Ndm. NhAn vAt phan
dien dupc xAy dUng theo but phap "ndi ro tinh chA't hien thuc chu nghia" (65 trang
163 tap II). RiAng vdi nhAn vat Thuy Kieu, tac gia lap lui\n "nhAn vAt chinh dien
trung tAm ciia tac phAm, mdt nhAn vat ehi'ra dUng ly tudng chu quan cua nha thu,
ddng thdi chi'ra dung nhUng van de xa hoi ciia tac phAm thi phuimg thiife dien hinh
hoa eua nd khdng thudc mdt trong hai loai trAn, ma cd tinh chA't qua dp, bien ebi'mg
trong qua trinh bie'n chuyAn tir Id'i dien hinh hoa truyen thd'ng theo ly tudng hoa
dA'n Id'i diAn hinh hoa ciia chu nghia hien thuc" (65 trang 156 - 157 - tAp II).
DAy la y kiA'n rA't dang ehii y, rat tie'e, do gidi ban ciia mot giao trinh van hoc
sU nAn cdng trinh nghiAn cu*u cua tac gia chua ed dieu kiAn di sau phAn tich vi sao
lai cd hien tupng nhu vay trong phuung thuc xAy dung nhAn vat Truyen Kieu. Va
tac gia cung chua cd dfAu kien di sAu ly giai qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien eiia
nhumg thanh tuu nghA thuAt ciia truyen Ndm nhu la mot ddng gdp nghe thuAt Idn

va ddc dao eua nd .
Tir nhiimg phat hien mdi cua cdng trinh nay, chiing tdi se cd cu s(^ dA di sAu
tim hiAu ve thi phap eiia truyen thu Ndm.
Ben canh nhumg ddng gdp, nhiimg phat hien mdi cua cac tae gia trAn, cd thA
thA'y rang d mirc dp khac nhau, ca ba tae gia LA Dinh Ky, Dd Dire Due va NguyAn

20


Ldc deu hi mdt ap lUc khd cUdng noi cua mdt thdi ky nghiAn cufu van hoe dAn tdc
nhumg nam 70: Su van dung nhfmg mo hinh, nhung chuan muc ci/a chii nghia
hien thue ehdii An vdophdn. tich lich sir vdn hpc nirde nhd the ky XVIII nira ddu
theky XIX. Thong qua ba cdng trinh tren, chiing la thay ro, mot mot, dd Id budc
tien thuc su ciia tu duy khoa hpc, cua khoa nghien cim von hpc, ddng thdi., mat
khdc, tir cdch nhin mdi ciia ngay horn nay led nhin ra duac nhfmg nhirgc diem,
nhirng hgn. che ci/a nhiTng budc tien do.
Bang mdt each tiA'p cAn khac, G.S Dang Thanh I^ trong chuyen luAn Truyen
Kieu. va the logi tntyen thaNom da nghien ciru truyen Ndm tir gdc dp the loai. Tac
gia da phAn tfch va ly giai mdt each hA thd'ng sir phat tri^n eiia truyAn Ndm nhu la
su "trirdng thanh cua but phap tu sU trong van hpc cd Viet Nam". Su hinh thanh
va phat trien ciia thA loai truyAn tho Ndm dan den sU xuA't hien he thd'ng nhAn vat
"cd nhiimg dac diAm khac biet so vdi nhumg nhAn vat thude thA loai khac" (72 trang
87). Tae gia nhA'n manh "d truyen Ndm, ngudi phu nrr tiAu biAu cho sd phan va
phSm chat dao diife ciia quan chiing trd thanh nhan vat trung tAin (72 trang 87) va
thanh cdng cua viec thA hien hinh tupng ngirdi phu nu" da tao nAn sac thai mdi cho
the loai truyen Ndm "hinh tupng ngudi phu nU trong van hpc cimg da lam nAn gia
tri nghe thuAt cua mdt the loai nhu truyen Ndm" ... (72 trang 89). Tac gia cimg da
phat hien kA't cA'u ehung cua truyen Ndm "hdi ngd - tai bien - doan tu" la the hien
kiAu tu duy truyAn thd'ng dAn tdc "la mot phuung tien dae thu ciia ket cA'u truyen
Ndm" (72 trang 95).

Sau khi phAn tfch Truyen. Kieu, mdt thanh tuu nghA thiiAt dac sac nhat trong
the loai truyen Ndm, tac gia cung eho rang d Truyen Kieu ehua ed nhAn v^t diAn
hinh va hoan chinh va Nguyen Du con chiu anh hurfng eiia my hoc udc le, eiia quy
pham truyen thd'ng: "vdi mdt quan diem nhin nhan cudc sdng it nhieu cd chju
anh hudng eua triet ly duy tam sieu hinh va ly tudng tham my, phong kien,
vdi mdt phong each nghe thuat cdn chiu anh hudng khuynh hudng khai quat
hoa va chua nhin nhAn diing mi'rc yAu cAu ca the hoa, vdi but phap cdn tinh
chat udc le cdng thiic ma eU sd chii yA'u la do dieu kien xa hdi tfen de the gidi
quan chua thA thoat ly dac tfnh phong kien, cho nAn NguyAn Du chua ed thA
xAy dung dupe nhung con ngirdi diAn hinh vdi y nghia hoan chinh" (72 trang
261 - 262). Va tae gia khAng dinh: "DfAu dd khdng cd y nghia phu dinh nhung
thanh tUu nghe thuAt xay dung nhAn vAt rue rd eiia Th/yen Kieu'' (72 trang 262).
Vdi canh nhin tren cd the nhAn thA'y rang tac gia da xuat phat tir Id gich nghe
thuAt cua tac phAm, tir tfnh lich sU ciia nd dA danh gia 7Vyf;n Kieu. Cdng trinh cua
G.S Dang Thanh LA da cd nhiTng ddng gdp quan trong trong budc dudng nghien
ci'ru hien tuprig van hpc dac biet nay ciia dAn tdc.
-21 -


GAn dAy nhA't, cdng trinh tim hieu phong cdch Nguyen Du trong Truyen Kieu
cua giao sU Phan Ngpe da tlm hieu nhumg cd'ng hien nghA thuat cua Nguyen Du
dudi mot each nhin mdi: Phong each hpc. Theo tae gia, cAn phai lam ro nhumg thanh
cdng nghA thuAt ciia NguyAn Du trong Truyen Kieu la chi ed d Nguyen Du, trUde
va sau chua ai lam dupc, nhung Nguyen Du da thanh cdng, dd mdi trd thanh "phong
each ciia Nguyen Du". Tac gia da tien hanh khao sat cdng phu, ti mi qua trinh xdy
dung nhdn vgt ciia Tniyen Kieu, trufc he't la sir lira chpn dd'i tupng va bang each xac
lap sir ddi lAp cua cac dd'i tupng: Thdi dai vdi thdi dai, thA loai vdi the loai, tae gia
vdi tae gia, tirdd rut ra net khu biet cua tac gia, tae phAm va kiAm tra nd qua "true
thdi dai". Tac gia If giai: Tir trong phong each chung cua thdi dai, Nguyen Du da
chpn cho minh mot each di rieng. Vf du, van de tinh yAu tir do trong Truyen Ki^eu,

tae gia viet: "Tinh yAu la chuyen binh thudng, truyen Ndm nao ciing ndi den, nhung
tinh yeu trong Tn/yen Kieu thi "NguyAn Du da chpn nhUng bien phap lam viec
trai ngupe vdi each nhin ciia lA giao xUa". "Tinh yeu trong Truyen Kieu ludn ludn
gan lien vdi yeu td' the xac. Nd ndi de'n cai rung cam ciia xac thit va ca ngui cai rung
cam ay. Cach nhin dd la each nhin eiia thdi dai ... Nguyen Du la ngirdi phAn tfch
tAm ly tan nhAn, khdng the girpng nhe d bat ky llnh vxrc nao cua ddi sd'ng ndi tam.
Ong khdng thA nhAn nhupng, gat bd yen td nhuc cam ra khdi tinh yeu, neu nhu
yeu td' Ay thUc ed, bdi vi lam the' la tir bd nguyen ly nghe thiiAt ma dng da ebon...
tuy yeu tdthe xac la net bat bien trong phong each thdi dai nhung phai ndi d NguyAn
Du, nd tao bao hun va cu the hun" (77 trang 162 -163 - 164) ...
Bang each phAn tich nhu vAy, tac gia chilmg minh mot each dAy sii'c thuyet
phuc phAn tfch tAm ly nhAn vAt cua NguyAn Du da dat den trinh dp mAu muc eua
thdi dai dng : "Phuung phap phAn tich tAm ly nhAn vat da tao nen tfnh thd'ng nhat
hum cU cua toan bd tac phAm va nang Tniyen Kieu len thanh mAu mue cfAu tien ciia
nhimg tiAu thuye't phAn tfch tAm ly vl dai" (77 trang 197).
Cd the khang dinh, dAy la cdng trinh cd phuung phap nghien ci'ai mdi me,
nhin nh;)n va tiep cAn Nguyen Du ciing thdi dai cua dng tir nhfAu phia, tir nhiAu
gdc dp khac nhau, nhimg chu yA'u la tir quan diem mi hpc truyen thd'ng, tir phong
each ciia Nguyen Du, tranh dupe each ap dung nhung tieu chuAn eiia chu nghia
hien thuc chAu Au vao thue te Tn/yen Kieu. Cdng trinh da lam ndi bAt thanh cdng
nghe thiiAt xay dung nhAn vat eiia Tn/yen Kieu chfnh la su tiep thu tinh hoa cua
van hpc trirdc dd, la sir pha vd mdt each tao bao nhufng truyen thd'ng ml hoc cu, khai
thdng con dudng mdi cho budc di tiep ciia van hoc dan tdc. Tuy vAy, du ed nhirng
thanh cdng , theo tac gia, chua the coi Nguyen Du la nha thu hien thue bdi vl, chu
nghia hien thUc vdi tfnh each la mot trao kai nghe thuat, chi la san phAm cua mot
giai d(xin lieh sir, giai doan ca nhAn con ngirdi tUy thuc dupc su ton tai cua minh
22


nhu mdt ea nhAn ... chu nghia hien thuc khdng phai la mlAu ta diing khach quan

ma la the hien dupc mot tinh thd'ng nhat huu ca giua cai Idgfc khach quan cua hanh
ddng va cai logic ehu quan eiia ndi tAm" (77 tr 100 - 101).
Tir quan niAm tren, tac gia khAng dinh: "Gdc dp NguyAn Du thiAn ve mat chu
quan hun la khach quan, nhung khdng gat bd sir di^n biA'n khach quan, cung
khdng di ngUUc lai sU dien bien ay. Chung tdi chua dam gpi NguyAn Du la mdt
nha thu theo chii nghia hien thUc. Ndi thA' tdi sp la qua dang, vi tfAn dA xa hdi U
dAu? Nhimg rd rang, dng da ed' gang vuun len bui phap hien thu'e" (77 tr 102).
Hien nay, mdt so cdng trinh nghien euXi cua nhdm can bd giang day khoji ngu*
van TrUdng Dai hpc Tdng hpp Ha fjpi ve van hpc cd trung dai vdi dA tai "vA quan
niem van hpc va the loai van hoc thdi ed" (51) dang ed gang dat vAn de nghien ei'ru
van hpc co trung dai khdng phai bang each nhin hien dai ma bang eai nhin eua
chinh nhiimg ngirdi sang tao ra nd.
G.S Tran Dinh Hupu viet: theo quan niem nho gia thi "thuc tai", the' gidi cua
su va vAt gan vdi dao va trong timg ngu'di vdi tAm. Ddi vdi nho giao, "van" la dac
biet quan trpng nhung khdng tach rdi tAm va dao. Ma nghA thuat thu phu va c6
van lai khdng tach khdi dupe the gidi khach quan va quan niem van hpc cuii nho
giao cho nen khdng tach dupe "Thuc tai" ra khdi tAm va dao dA quan sat va nhan
thijfc thue te', khdng nghi ngd va tim each khac dA tiep cAn nd ngoai luc nghia, phu,
ti, hihig, phong, nha tung cd san tir kinh thi" (49 trang 41).
Tac gia cho rang khdng phai vi quan niAm van hpc nhu vAy ma nen van bpe
dd "khdng eho ra ddi nhumg tae phAm hay", nhimg "theo du6i eai thAn chi'r khdng
phai eai thuc, bang con dudng cua dudng tAm chi'r khdng phai md ta ghi chep khach
quan, liAn van hoc dd khdng phai hien thUe ma cimg khdng ehuAn hi tien len theo
hudng hien thuc" (49 tr 41).
Tie'p tuc quan niem trAn, Tran Nho Thin trong chuyAn luan Nguyen Du vd
quan niem nho gido ve nhdn cdch (ban tieng Nga) da vie't: "Dd'i vdi Nguyen Du
cung nhu dd'i vdi cac nha Nho Viet Nam khac cd ca mdt phuung thiife phan anh thuc
tai dac biAt. Cd't loi cua nd la viec the hien cu the, chi tiet cac nhAn vat phan diAn
va sir thA hien Udc le tupng trUng cac nhAn vat tich cUc" (7 trang 7). Sir phAn biet
hai loai nhAn vAt khdng ehi hoc Id thai dp yen ghet cua tac gia ma eon thA hien trong

viec phAn biet cac phuung tien nghe thiiAt dupe dung de mieu ta cac nhAn vat. Xuat
phat tir quan niem dd, tae gia viet: "Chinh tif su tai hien lai cu sd thAm mi - trie't
hpc ciia viec dd'i lAp giita hai loai nhAn vat d Truyen Kieu ed thA thay rd eai gid'ng
thue va eai eu thA ea biet eua cac nhAn vat phan dien Vhbugphid, Id thdnh tm/ ci/a
ngdi but hien thUc nhu nhieu ngirdi van tudng (87 tr 11 - 12).

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Theo chung tdi, quan diAm tren la dang ghi nhan ve mdt cd gang mdi trong
viAe tim den mot phuung phap tni uu de nghien cum van hpc trung dai. Nhumg
nhiimg y kien trAn khdng khdi khdng cho ehung tdi sU bAn khoan: VAy thi, dd'i vdi
nhiimg nhAn vAt "thuc" nhu Hoan Thu, Sd Khanh, hay nhAn vAt "ca biet" Thue
Sinh, cAn dupc danh gia nhu the' nao cho thoa dang?
Nhin chung, qua trinh nghiAn cum truyAn thu Ndm va Iruyen KfAu ndi chung
va qua trinh nghien cum viec xay dung nhan vat truyAn Ndm ndi rieng thA' ky XVIII
nira dAu the ky XIX, tir 1954 den nay cac nha nghiAn eiiu van hpc deu ed nhfmg
dong gop ehung trong viec khdng dinh nhirng thdnh tuu ci/a tniyen Ndm ve gid
tri hien thuc, gid tri nhdn dcio, nhung thdnh cong trong nghe thugt xdy dimg nhdn
vgt ve suphd vd quan niem nghe thugt khudn sao efi de hudng den hien thuc.
Gang ve nhumg nam gAn day, khuynh hudng nghien ciiru cang da dang, phong
phu, cd nhfeu each tie'p cAn mdi, khoa hpc de tlm biAu gia tri dich thuc eiia van hpc
thdi trung dai, dac biet vA'n dA co hay khong co ehu nghia hien thuc trong tn/yen
Kieu vd vdn hpc Viet nam the ky thir XVIII, nira ddu XIX dang la de tai dupe ban
den sdi ndi va thii vi.
Qua sU phan tfch nhimg cdng trinh dd, ciing eo the hinh dung sir van dong
cim qua trinh nhdn thirc khoa hpc ve lich sir vdn hpc ddn tpc.
Ve vA'n dA nhAn vat eua truyen thu Ndm, hau het cac cdng trinh tren dAu cd
su quan tAm nghiAn eijni. Nhung do pham vi bao quat eiia cac cdng trinh tren rat
Idn, nhieu mat, nen viec nghiAn ciim vA nhAn vat phu lu'r chua dupc danh cho mdt

vi trf day du va cung chUa ed mdt chuyen luan rieng ve vA'n dA nay.
Trong nhumg cdng trinh da dupc nAu tren, nhieu vA'n dA cU ban da dupe gai
quye't va nhumg phat hien mdi nhA't ve truyAn thu Ndm se la diem tua va nhfmg
gai, y quan trpng dd'i vdi chung t^i trong luan an nay.

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Chifcfngll
Sir XUAT HIPN HINH TlTdNG NHAN VAT PHU N C TRONG
V A N H O C TRU'dC THE KY XVIH. N H U J N G DAU HIEU K H d l DAU
CHO MOT Sir CHUYEN HU'CfNG VAN HOC
1. Trong tiA'n trinh xAy dung va bao vA dA't nude, trong xu hudng phat trien
chAm chap nhumg HAn tuc ciia tinh th^n nhAn ban Dai ViAt, van hoc dAn tdc hiAu
theo nghia hoan chinh eiia nd, dupe khdi dAu tir thA' ky thi'r X, da dAn dAn xuat hien
hinh tuang nhirng con ngirdi vira mang tinh lich sir, vira mang man sac ly tir&ng.
Dd la hinh tupng ngudi anh hung ve qud'c, cac thi An su hanh dao cum ddi,
nhumg nha nho dAy khat vpng kinh bang tA' thA', nhiimg Sn sy thanh bach liAm
khiA't. Ta cd Ngf) QuyAn, LA Hoan, Ly Thudng Kiet, TrAn Himg Dao, Pham Ngu
l^/Ao, LA Lui, LA Lai ... Nhumg Ngd ChAn Luu, D6 Phap ThuAn, Van Hanh, Minh
Khdng, nhumg Td HiA'n Thanh, Truung Han SiAu, Nguyen Trai, Giap Hai, Phung
Khac Khoan va nhiimg Nguyen Thdi Trung, Ly Tif CAu, Nguyen Hue, Nguyen
Hang, NguyAn Binh KhiAm v.v... tat ca la - nhfmg eon ngirdi thuc nhimg ddng thdC
Cling Id nhfmg hinh tuang tning tdm trong ccic tdc pham van hpc giai dogn ddu
ciia lich sir van hpc Viet Nom tic the ky thir X den dim the ky XVIH.
Cd thA nghl rang, trong sang tac van hoc tir the ky X den the ky XV nhumg
mAu ngudi minh quAn, luung tuimg k^ trAn da tao nen dac diAm ndi bat nhA't eiia
van hoc giai doan nay. Trong tuung quan dd, hinh tugng ngudi phu nir qua Id
cdn rat md nhat, chua du siJc tao nen mot dau An gi Idn trong dac diAm chung
cua van hpc. Cho de'n the ky XVI - XVII, guang mat ngudi phu nu mdi duac

the hien va budc dAu tao dupe A'n tupng vdi ddc gia. Dd la Tuy Tieu, Nhi Khanh,
Dao Han Than (Truyen ky man luc), Vuung Tudng Truyen Vuang Tudng, ViAn
Thj (Ldni tuyen ky ngd). Nhilng hinh tupng ngifdi phu ml tiAu biAu kA trAn da
dupc van hpc miAu ta khdng phai la nhu'ng anh hung liAt nU nhu Ba TrUng, Ba
Trieu, nang My E ma la nhu'ng so phdn cu the, ddi thudng, co cuoc song eo le
phfrc tgp, cd khat vpng tinh yeu va pham chat trung hau. Ddy la nhung hieu
hien mdi m-e cua vdn hpc viet trong viec the hien cuoc song Id nhitng dciu hieu
khai ddn cho mot sU chuyen bien cua van hpc thdi ky nay. Vay, eU sd xa hdi nao
lam nen eho nhirng sang tao van hpc dau tiAn, ed y nghia nhu sir "khdi cfAu"
cho xu hudng van hpc mangy nghia nhan dao ma hinh tupng nhAn vAt chinh
la ngudi phu niJ ?

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Nhiimg cudc dA'u tranh HAn tye danh ddc lAp tu do cho dAn tdc tir thA' ky thilr
X de'n XV la cdi ngudn cho mdt cam hihig Idn nhA't cua van hpc mdt thdi: Cam hiimg
anh himg vdi hinh tupng trung tAm la nhumg nhAn vat anh hiing, luung tudng, ve
qu6c an dAn. Tir t,hA' ky XVI-XVII, vi muc tiAu hudng ngoai cua xa hdi phong kiA'n
ViAt Nam (chd'ng xAm luuc, bao vA dA't nude) khdng cdn nang va true tiA'p nhu trudc
niia. Xa hdi dd dang phai tu giai quyA't nhumg vA'n de eiia chinh nd, ca nhiimg mat
phat tri^n va ea nhumg mAu thuAn mdi dang hinh thanh trong long xa hdi.
Theo nhumg quan diem mdi ciia cac nha nghien cum sir hpc eho biet: The ky
X dA'n XV la thdi hinh thanh va xac lAp ciia che dp phong kiA'n ViAt Nam va dA'n
the' ky XV, chA' dd phong kiA'n mdi dupe xac lAp vmng vang. Md hinh Nho giao vdi
chA' dp quAn chu tAp quyen da dat de'n sUdn djnh vdi tinh chA't ddc doan va chuyen
ehA'. Budc sang thA' ky XVI, xa hdi whn tiA'p tye phat tri^n theo sU vAn ddng ndi tai
ciia hinh thai kinh tA' xa hdi phuung Ddng. Mae dii d thdi diAm nay dang dien ra
cudc ndi chien giOa eae t^p doan phong kien Le - Mac, Trinh - Nguyen v.v... nhung
khdng vi thA' ma riAn kinh te phong kiA'n da suy thoai nhu nhumg quan diAm trudc

dAy da khang dinh. Theo G.S Phan Huy LA: "ThA' ky XVI - XVII la giai doan phat
trien kha manh me ciia nen kinh te hang hoa va ciing la giai doan phdn vinh ciia
eae thanh thi trung dai Viet Nam" (40 tr 27). Sir cung ghi thA' ky nay da cd thdi
"ngudi budn ban va ngudi di dudng deu di tay khdng, ban dem khdng ed trpm cirdp,
trAu bd tha chan khdng phai dem ve, chi moi thang kiem soat mdt Ian ... trong
khoang vai nam dudng sa khdng nhat ciia rui, cdng ngoai khdng ddng, thudng dupe
miia to, trong coi tam yen" (69 tr 126).
Su md mang nhfeu trung tam budn ban, trao ddi cac thii" hang khoang san
va vat dung, tien due nhieu , gi^o luu bang thuuiig nghiep, bang dudng dai
trong npi dia va dae biet la viec md ra eae hai khan de" thdng thuung vdi thuyen
budn cua mdt sd' nude phuung TAy hoac phuung Ddng da mang lai cho nen kinh
te' nhu'ng budc phat trien mdi. Chinh trAn cu sd xa hdi va nen kinh te' dd, mdt
t"ang Idp cong thuung giAu ed da bat dAu xuA't hien va phat trie'n hun trudc. Viec
ghi niAn hieu san xuat, ten ngUdi san xuat, tAn ngirdi dat hang len cac dd gd'm
sii thdi dd, theo G.S TrAn Qud'c Vuung nhAn xet "phan anh chirng nao tdn trpng
quyen con ngudi, quyen ca nhAn mang tinh nhAn van tu san. Dd la mot thur I'rng
xiif da bat dau di chech con dudng quan chu chuyen chA', phu nhAn mpi ca tinh
ngoai ngdi vi quan chu" (40 tr 32).
Su thA't bai nang riA ciia triAu dinh nha LA vdi "md hinh qiiAn chu Td'ng Nho
"chuyAn chA' la bai bpc thufc tinh dd'i vdi triAu nha Mac va eae trfAu dinh tie'p sau
nha Mac. Hp vAn dung hA thong nho gia la hA tu tudng thd'ng tri nhimg da cd sir

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