Chapter
8-1
CHAPTER
8
VALUATION OF INVENTORIES:
A COST-BASIS APPROACH
Intermediate Accounting
13th Edition
Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield
Chapter
8-2
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives
1.
Identify major classifications of inventory.
2.
Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.
3.
Identify the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.
4.
Understand the items to include as inventory cost.
5.
Describe and compare the cost flow assumptions used to account for inventories.
6.
Explain the significance and use of a LIFO reserve.
7.
Understand the effect of LIFO liquidations.
8.
Explain the dollarvalue LIFO method.
9.
Identify the major advantages and disadvantages of LIFO.
10.
Understand why companies select given inventory methods.
Chapter
8-3
Valuation of Inventories:
Valuation of Inventories:
CostBasis Approach
CostBasis Approach
Inventory
Issues
Classification
Cost flow
Control
Basic inventory
valuation
Chapter
8-4
Physical
Goods
Included in
Inventory
Goods in transit
Consigned
goods
Special sales
agreements
Inventory errors
Costs
Included
in Inventory
Product costs
Period costs
Purchase
discounts
Cost Flow
Assumptions
Specific
identification
Average cost
FIFO
LIFO
LIFO: Special
Issues
LIFO reserve
LIFO liquidation
Dollar-value
LIFO
Comparison of
LIFO approaches
Advantages of
LIFO
Disadvantages of
LIFO
Basis for
Selection
Summary of
inventory
valuation
methods
Inventory Issues
Inventory Issues
Classification
Inventories are:
items held for sale, or
goods to be used in the production of goods to be sold.
Businesses with Inventory:
Merchandiser
Chapter
8-5
or
Manufacturer
LO 1 Identify major classifications of inventory.
Inventory Issues
Inventory Issues
Classification
Illustration 81
One inventory account
Purchase goods ready
for sale
Chapter
8-6
LO 1 Identify major classifications of inventory.
Inventory Issues
Inventory Issues
Classification
Illustration 81
Three accounts
Raw materials
Work in process
Finished goods
Chapter
8-7
LO 1 Identify major classifications of inventory.
Inventory Issues
Inventory Issues
Inventory Cost Flow
Chapter
8-8
Illustration 82
LO 1 Identify major classifications of inventory.
Inventory Issues
Inventory Issues
Inventory Cost Flow
Illustration 83
Companies use one of two types of systems for maintaining inventory records
— perpetual system or periodic system.
Chapter
8-9
LO 1 Identify major classifications of inventory.
Inventory Cost Flow
Inventory Cost Flow
Perpetual System
1.
Purchases of merchandise are debited to Inventory.
2.
Freightin is debited to Inventory. Purchase returns and allowances and
purchase discounts are credited to Inventory.
3.
Cost of goods sold is debited and Inventory is credited for each sale.
4.
Subsidiary records show quantity and cost of each type of inventory on hand.
The perpetual inventory system provides a continuous record of Inventory
and Cost of Goods Sold.
Chapter
8-10
LO 2 Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.
Inventory Cost Flow
Inventory Cost Flow
Periodic System
1. Purchases of merchandise are debited to Purchases.
2. Ending Inventory determined by physical count.
3. Calculation of Cost of Goods Sold:
Beginning inventory
$ 100,000
Purchases, net
Chapter
8-11
800,000
Goods available for sale
LO 2 Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.
Inventory Cost Flow
Inventory Cost Flow
Illustration: Fesmire Company had the following transactions during the
current year.
Record these transactions using the Perpetual and Periodic systems.
Chapter
8-12
LO 2 Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.
Inventory Cost Flow
Inventory Cost Flow
Illustration:
Chapter
8-13
Solution on
notes page
Illustration 84
LO 2 Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.
Inventory Cost Flow
Inventory Cost Flow
Illustration: Assume that at the end of the reporting period, the perpetual
inventory account reported an inventory balance of $4,000. However, a physical
count indicates inventory of $3,800 is actually on hand. The entry to record the
necessary writedown is as follows.
Inventory Over and Short
Inventory
200
200
Note: Inventory Over and Short adjusts Cost of Goods Sold. In practice, companies sometimes report
Inventory Over and Short in the “Other revenues and gains” or “Other expenses and losses” section of the
income statement.
Chapter
8-14
LO 2 Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.
Inventory Issues
Inventory Issues
Inventory Control
All companies need periodic verification of the inventory records by actual
count, weight, or measurement, with the counts compared with the detailed
inventory records.
Companies should take the physical inventory near the end of their fiscal
year, to properly report inventory quantities in their annual accounting
reports.
Chapter
8-15
LO 2 Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.
Basic Issues in Inventory Valuation
Basic Issues in Inventory Valuation
Valuation
Companies must allocate the cost of all the goods available for sale (or use)
between the goods that were sold or used and those that are still on hand.
Illustration 85
Chapter
8-16
LO 2 Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.
Basic Issues in Inventory Valuation
Basic Issues in Inventory Valuation
Valuation requires determining
The physical goods (goods on hand, goods in transit, consigned goods,
special sales agreements).
The costs to include (product vs. period costs).
The cost flow assumption (FIFO, LIFO, Average cost, Specific
Identification, Retail, etc.).
Chapter
8-17
LO 2 Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.
Physical Goods Included in Inventory
Physical Goods Included in Inventory
A company should record purchases when it obtains legal title to the
goods.
Illustration 86
Chapter
8-18
LO 2 Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.
Effect of Inventory Errors
Effect of Inventory Errors
Ending Inventory Misstated
Illustration 87
The effect of an error on net income in one year (2009) will be counterbalanced in the next
(2010), however the income statement will be misstated for both years.
Chapter
8-19
LO 3 Identify the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.
Effect of Inventory Errors
Effect of Inventory Errors
Illustration: Jay Weiseman Corp. understates its ending inventory by $10,000 in 2009;
all other items are correctly stated.
Illustration 88
Chapter
8-20
LO 3
Effect of Inventory Errors
Effect of Inventory Errors
Purchases and Inventory Misstated
Illustration 89
The understatement does not affect cost of goods sold and net income because the errors
offset one another.
Chapter
8-21
LO 3 Identify the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.
Costs Included in Inventory
Costs Included in Inventory
Product Costs costs directly connected with bringing the goods
to the buyer’s place of business and converting such goods to a
salable condition.
Period Costs – generally selling, general, and administrative
expenses.
Purchase Discounts – Gross vs. Net Method
Chapter
8-22
LO 4 Understand the items to include as inventory cost.
Costs Included in Inventory
Costs Included in Inventory
Treatment of Purchase Discounts
Illustration 811
**
*
* $4,000 x 2% = $80
** $10,000 x 98% = $9,800
Chapter
8-23
Solution on
notes page
LO 4 Understand the items to include as inventory cost.
Which Cost Flow Assumption to Adopt?
Which Cost Flow Assumption to Adopt?
FIFO
LIFO
Cost Flow Assumption Adopted
Cost Flow Assumption Adopted
does not need to equal
does not need to equal
Physical Movement of Goods
Physical Movement of Goods
Average Cost
Specific Identification
Answer: Method adopted should be one that most clearly
reflects periodic income.
Chapter
8-24
LO 5 Describe and compare the cost flow assumptions used to
account for inventories.
Cost Flow Assumptions
Cost Flow Assumptions
Example
Young & Crazy Company makes the following purchases:
1.
One item on 2/2/11 for $10
2.
One item on 2/15/11 for $15
3.
One item on 2/25/11 for $20
Young & Crazy Company sells one item on 2/28/11 for $90. What would be
the balance of ending inventory and cost of goods sold for the month ended
Feb. 2011, assuming the company used the FIFO, LIFO, Average Cost,
and Specific Identification cost flow assumptions? Assume a tax rate of
30%.
Chapter
8-25
LO 5 Describe and compare the cost flow assumptions used to
account for inventories.