Chapter
6-1
CHAPTER 6
INVENTORIES
Accounting Principles, Eighth Edition
Chapter
6-2
Study Objectives
Study Objectives
1.
Describe the steps in determining inventory quantities.
2.
Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the inventory cost
flow methods.
3.
Explain the financial effects of the inventory cost flow assumptions.
4.
Explain the lowerofcostormarket basis of accounting for
inventories.
5.
Indicate the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.
6.
Compute and interpret the inventory turnover ratio.
Chapter
6-3
Reporting and Analyzing Inventory
Reporting and Analyzing Inventory
Classifying
Classifying
Inventory
Inventory
Determining
Determining
Inventory
Inventory
Quantities
Quantities
Finished
goods
Work in
process
Raw materials
Taking a
physical
inventory
Determining
ownership of
goods
Chapter
6-4
Inventory
Inventory
Costing
Costing
Inventory
Inventory
Errors
Errors
Specific
identification
Cost flow
assumptions
Financial
statement
and tax
effects
Consistent
use
Lower-ofcost-ormarket
Income
statement
effects
Balance sheet
effects
Statement
Statement
Presentation
Presentation
and
andAnalysis
Analysis
Presentation
Analysis
Classifying Inventory
Classifying Inventory
Merchandising
Company
One Classification:
Merchandise Inventory
Manufacturing
Company
Three Classifications:
Raw Materials
Work in Process
Finished Goods
Regardless of the classification, companies report all inventories under Current
Assets on the balance sheet.
Chapter
6-5
Determining Inventory Quantities
Determining Inventory Quantities
Physical Inventory taken for two reasons:
Perpetual System
1. Check accuracy of inventory records.
2. Determine amount of inventory lost (wasted raw materials,
shoplifting, or employee theft).
Periodic System
1. Determine the inventory on hand
2. Determine the cost of goods sold for the period.
Chapter
6-6
LO 1 Describe the steps in determining inventory quantities.
Determining Inventory Quantities
Determining Inventory Quantities
Taking a Physical Inventory
Involves counting, weighing, or measuring each kind of inventory
on hand.
Taken,
when the business is closed or when business is slow.
at end of the accounting period.
Chapter
6-7
LO 1 Describe the steps in determining inventory quantities.
Determining Inventory Quantities
Determining Inventory Quantities
Determining Ownership of Goods
Goods in Transit
Purchased goods not yet received.
Sold goods not yet delivered.
Goods in transit should be included in the inventory of the company
that has legal title to the goods. Legal title is determined by the terms
of sale.
Chapter
6-8
LO 1 Describe the steps in determining inventory quantities.
Determining Inventory Quantities
Determining Inventory Quantities
Terms of Sale
Illustration 61
Ownership of the goods passes to
the buyer when the public carrier
accepts the goods from the seller.
Ownership of the goods remains
with the seller until the goods reach
the buyer.
Chapter
6-9
LO 1 Describe the steps in determining inventory quantities.
Determining Inventory Quantities
Determining Inventory Quantities
Review Question
Goods in transit should be included in the inventory of the buyer
when the:
a. public carrier accepts the goods from the seller.
b. goods reach the buyer.
c. terms of sale are FOB destination.
d. terms of sale are FOB shipping point.
Chapter
6-10
LO 1 Describe the steps in determining inventory quantities.
Determining Inventory Quantities
Determining Inventory Quantities
Determining Ownership of Goods
Consigned Goods
•In some lines of business, it is common to hold the goods of other
parties and try to sell the goods for them for a fee, but without
taking ownership of goods.
•These are called consigned goods.
Chapter
6-11
LO 1 Describe the steps in determining inventory quantities.
Inventory Costing
Inventory Costing
Unit costs can be applied to quantities on hand using the
following costing methods:
Specific Identification
Firstin, firstout (FIFO)
Lastin, firstout (LIFO)
Cost Flow
Assumptions
Averagecost
Chapter
6-12
LO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the
inventory cost flow methods.
Inventory Costing
Inventory Costing
Example
Young & Crazy Company makes the following purchases:
1.
One item on 2/2/08 for $10
2.
One item on 2/15/08 for $15
3.
One item on 2/25/08 for $20
Young & Crazy Company sells one item on 2/28/08 for $90. What
would be the balance of ending inventory, cost of goods sold, and net
income for the month ended Feb. 28, 2008, assuming the company used
the Specific Identification method to cost inventories and the item
purchased on 2/15/08 is sold? Assume a tax rate of 30%.
Chapter
6-13
LO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the
inventory cost flow methods.
Inventory Costing
Inventory Costing
“Specific Identification”
Inventory Balance =
$ 30
Purchase on 2/25/08
for $20
Purchase on 2/15/08
for $15
Purchase on 2/2/08 for
$10
Chapter
6-14
Young & Crazy Company
Income Statement
For the Month of Feb. 2008
Sales
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Expenses:
Administrative
Selling
Interest
Total expenses
Income before tax
Taxes
Net Income
$ 90
15
75
14
12
7
33
42
13
$ 29
LO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the
inventory cost flow methods.
Inventory Costing
Inventory Costing
Specific Identification Method
An actual physical flow costing method in which items still in
inventory are specifically costed to arrive at the total cost of the
ending inventory.
Practice is relatively rare.
Most companies make assumptions (Cost Flow
Assumptions) about which units were sold.
Chapter
6-15
LO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the
inventory cost flow methods.
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Cost Flow Assumption
does not need to equal
Physical Movement of Goods
Illustration 611
Use of cost flow methods in major U.S.
companies
Chapter
6-16
LO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the
inventory cost flow methods.
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Example
Young & Crazy Company makes the following purchases:
1.
One item on 2/2/08 for $10
2.
One item on 2/15/08 for $15
3.
One item on 2/25/08 for $20
Young & Crazy Company sells one item on 2/28/08 for $90. What
would be the balance of ending inventory, cost of goods sold, and net
income for the month ended Feb. 2008, assuming the company used the
FIFO, LIFO, and Averagecost flow assumptions? Assume a tax rate
of 30%.
Chapter
6-17
LO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the
inventory cost flow methods.
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
“ FirstInFirstOut (FIFO)”
Earliest goods purchased are first to be sold.
Often parallels actual physical flow of merchandise.
Generally good business practice to sell oldest units first.
Chapter
6-18
LO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the
inventory cost flow methods.
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
“FirstInFirstOut (FIFO)”
Inventory Balance =
$ 35
Purchase on 2/25/08
for $20
Purchase on 2/15/08
for $15
Purchase on 2/2/08 for
$10
Chapter
6-19
Young & Crazy Company
Income Statement
For the Month of Feb. 2008
Sales
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Expenses:
Administrative
Selling
Interest
Total expenses
Income before tax
Taxes
Net Income
$ 90
10
80
14
12
7
33
47
14
$ 33
LO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the
inventory cost flow methods.
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
“ LastInFirstOut (LIFO)”
Latest goods purchased are first to be sold.
Seldom coincides with actual physical flow of merchandise.
Exceptions include goods stored in piles, such as coal or hay.
Chapter
6-20
LO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the
inventory cost flow methods.
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
“LastInFirstOut (LIFO)”
Inventory Balance =
$ 25
Purchase on 2/25/08
for $20
Purchase on 2/15/08
for $15
Purchase on 2/2/08 for
$10
Chapter
6-21
Young & Crazy Company
Income Statement
For the Month of Feb. 2008
Sales
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Expenses:
Administrative
Selling
Interest
Total expenses
Income before tax
Taxes
Net Income
$ 90
20
70
14
12
7
33
37
11
$ 26
LO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the
inventory cost flow methods.
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
“ AverageCost”
Allocates cost of goods available for sale on the basis of
weighted average unit cost incurred.
Assumes goods are similar in nature.
Applies weighted average unit cost to the units on hand to
determine cost of the ending inventory.
Chapter
6-22
LO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the
inventory cost flow methods.
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
“Average Cost”
Inventory Balance =
$ 30
Purchase on 2/25/08
for $20
Purchase on 2/15/08
for $15
Purchase on 2/2/08 for
$10
Chapter
6-23
Young & Crazy Company
Income Statement
For the Month of Feb. 2008
Sales
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Expenses:
Administrative
Selling
Interest
Total expenses
Income before tax
Taxes
Net Income
$ 90
15
75
14
12
7
33
42
13
$ 29
LO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the
inventory cost flow methods.
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Comparative Financial Statement Summary
FIFO
Sales
Chapter
6-24
Average
LIFO
$90
$90
$90
Cost of goods sold
10
15
20
Gross profit
80
75
70
Admin. & selling expense
33
33
33
Income before taxes
47
42
37
Income tax expense
14
13
11
Net income
$33
$29
$26
Inventory balance
$35
$30
$25
LO 3 Explain the financial effects of the inventory cost flow assumptions.
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
In Period of Rising Prices, FIFO Reports:
FIFO
Lowest
Highest
Chapter
6-25
Sales
Average
LIFO
$90
$90
$90
Cost of goods sold
10
15
20
Gross profit
80
75
70
Admin. & selling expense
33
33
33
Income before taxes
47
42
37
Income tax expense
14
13
11
Net income
$33
$29
$26
Inventory balance
$35
$30
$25
LO 3 Explain the financial effects of the inventory cost flow assumptions.