Chapter
18-1
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 18
18
Financial Statement
Analysis
Accounting Principles, Eighth Edition
Chapter
18-2
Study Objectives
Study Objectives
1.
Discuss the need for comparative analysis.
2.
Identify the tools of financial statement analysis.
3.
Explain and apply horizontal analysis.
4.
Describe and apply vertical analysis.
5.
Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s liquidity,
profitability, and solvency.
6.
Understand the concept of earning power, and how irregular items
are presented.
7.
Understand the concept of quality of earnings.
Chapter
18-3
Financial Statement Analysis
Financial Statement Analysis
Basics
Basicsof
of
Financial
Financial
Statement
Statement
Analysis
Analysis
Need for
comparative
analysis
Tools of
analysis
Horizontal
Horizontaland
and
Vertical
Vertical
Analysis
Analysis
Balance
sheet
Income
statement
Retained
earnings
statement
Ratio
RatioAnalysis
Analysis
Liquidity
Profitability
Solvency
Summary
Earning
EarningPower
Power
and
andIrregular
Irregular
Items
Items
Discontinued
operations
Extraordinary
items
Changes in
accounting
principle
Comprehensive
income
Chapter
18-4
Quality
Qualityof
of
Earnings
Earnings
Alternative
accounting
methods
Pro forma
income
Improper
recognition
Basics of Financial Statement Analysis
Basics of Financial Statement Analysis
Analyzing financial statements involves:
Characteristics
Chapter
18-5
Comparison
Bases
Tools of
Analysis
Liquidity
Intracompany
Horizontal
Profitability
Industry averages
Vertical
Solvency
Intercompany
Ratio
LO 1 Discuss the need for comparative analysis.
LO 2 Identify the tools of financial statement analysis.
Horizontal Analysis
Horizontal Analysis
Horizontal analysis, also called trend analysis, is a technique for
evaluating a series of financial statement data over a period of time.
Its purpose is to determine the increase or decrease that has taken place.
Horizontal analysis is commonly applied to the balance sheet, income
statement, and statement of retained earnings.
Chapter
18-6
LO 3 Explain and apply horizontal analysis.
Horizontal Analysis
Horizontal Analysis
Exercise: The comparative condensed balance sheets of Ramsey Corporation
are presented below.
Current assets
PP&E
Intangibles
Total assets
2009
$ 76,000
99,000
25,000
$ 200,000
2008
$ 80,000
90,000
40,000
$ 210,000
Current liabilities
Long-term liabilties
Stockholders' equity
Total liabilities & equity
$ 40,800
143,000
16,200
$ 200,000
$ 48,000
150,000
12,000
$ 210,000
Instructions: Prepare a horizontal analysis of the balance sheet data for
Ramsey Corporation using 2008 as a base.
Chapter
18-7
LO 3 Explain and apply horizontal analysis.
Horizontal Analysis
Horizontal Analysis
Exercise: The comparative condensed balance sheets of Ramsey Corporation
are presented below.
Current assets
PP&E
Intangibles
Total assets
2009
$ 76,000
99,000
25,000
$ 200,000
2008
$ 80,000
90,000
40,000
$ 210,000
Current liabilities
Long-term liabilties
Stockholders' equity
Total liabilities & equity
$ 40,800
143,000
16,200
$ 200,000
$ 48,000
150,000
12,000
$ 210,000
Increase Percentage
(Decrease)
Change
$ (4,000)
-5.0%
9,000
10.0%
(15,000)
-37.5%
$ (10,000)
-4.8%
$ (7,200)
(7,000)
4,200
$ (10,000)
-15.0%
-4.7%
35.0%
-4.8%
Instructions: Prepare a horizontal analysis of the balance sheet data for
Ramsey Corporation using 2008 as a base.
Chapter
18-8
LO 3 Explain and apply horizontal analysis.
Vertical Analysis
Vertical Analysis
Vertical analysis, also called commonsize analysis, is a technique
that expresses each financial statement item as a percent of a base
amount.
On an income statement, we might say that selling expenses are 16%
of net sales.
Vertical analysis is commonly applied to the balance sheet and the
income statement.
Chapter
18-9
LO 4 Describe and apply vertical analysis.
Vertical Analysis
Vertical Analysis
Exercise: The comparative condensed income statements of Hendi
Corporation are shown below.
Net sales
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Operating expense
Net income
2009
Amount
$ 600,000
483,000
117,000
57,200
$ 59,800
2008
Amount
$ 500,000
420,000
80,000
44,000
$ 36,000
Instructions: Prepare a vertical analysis of the income statement data for
Hendi Corporation in columnar form for both years.
Chapter
18-10
LO 4 Describe and apply vertical analysis.
Vertical Analysis
Vertical Analysis
Exercise: The comparative condensed income statements of Hendi
Corporation are shown below.
Net sales
Cost of goods sold
Gross profit
Operating expense
Net income
2009
Amount
Percent
$ 600,000
100.0%
483,000
80.5%
117,000
19.5%
57,200
9.5%
$ 59,800
10.0%
2008
Amount
Percent
$ 500,000
100.0%
420,000
84.0%
80,000
16.0%
44,000
8.8%
$ 36,000
7.2%
Instructions: Prepare a vertical analysis of the income statement data for
Hendi Corporation in columnar form for both years.
Chapter
18-11
LO 4 Describe and apply vertical analysis.
Ratio Analysis
Ratio Analysis
Ratio analysis expresses the relationship among selected items of
financial statement data.
Financial Ratio Classifications
Chapter
18-12
Liquidity
Profitability
Solvency
Measures shortterm
ability of the company
to pay its maturing
obligations and to meet
unexpected needs for
cash.
Measures the income or
operating success of a
company for a given
period of time.
Measures the ability of
the company to survive
over a long period of
time.
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s
liquidity, profitability, and solvency.
Ratio Analysis
Ratio Analysis
A single ratio by itself is not very meaningful.
The discussion of ratios will
include the following types of comparisons.
Chapter
18-13
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s
liquidity, profitability, and solvency.
Ratio Analysis
Ratio Analysis
Liquidity Ratios
Measure the shortterm ability of the company to pay its maturing
obligations and to meet unexpected needs for cash.
Shortterm creditors such as bankers and suppliers are particularly
interested in assessing liquidity.
Ratios include the current ratio, the acidtest ratio, receivables
turnover, and inventory turnover.
Chapter
18-14
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s
liquidity, profitability, and solvency.
Ratio Analysis
Ratio Analysis
Illustration
Chapter
18-15
T a y lo r T o o l Co m pa ny
I nc o m e S t a t e m e nt
For t h e Ye a r End e d De c e m b e r 3 1
2009
2008
N e t s a le s
Cos t o f g oo d s s old
$ 1 , 8 1 8 , 5 0 0
1, 011, 500
$ 1 , 7 5 0 , 5 0 0
9 9 6 , 0 0 0
Gr o s s p r of it
S e lling a nd a d m inis t r a t ive e x p e ns e s
8 0 7 , 0 0 0
5 0 6 , 0 0 0
7 5 4 , 5 0 0
4 7 9 , 0 0 0
I nc om e f r o m op e r a t ions
O t h e r e x p e ns e s a nd los s e s :
3 0 1 , 0 0 0
2 7 5 , 5 0 0
I nt e r e s t e x p e ns e
I nc om e b e f or e inc om e t a x e s
1 8 , 0 0 0
2 8 3 , 0 0 0
14, 000
2 6 1 , 5 0 0
I nc om e t a x e x p e ns e
N e t inc om e
8 4 , 0 0 0
$ 1 9 9 , 0 0 0
77, 000
$ 1 8 4 , 5 0 0
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s
liquidity, profitability, and solvency.
Ratio Analysis
Ratio Analysis
T a y lo r T o o l Co m pa ny
Ba la nc e S h e e t s
De c e m b e r 3 1
As s e ts
Chapter
18-16
2009
2008
Cur r e nt a s s e t s
Ca s h
$ 6 0 , 1 0 0
$ 6 4 , 2 0 0
S h o r t t e r m inve s t m e nt s
A c c o unt s r e c e iva b le ( ne t )
I nve nt o r y
T o t a l c ur r e nt a s s e t s
Pla nt a s s e t s ( ne t )
T o t a l a s s e t s
6 9 , 0 0 0
1 0 7 , 8 0 0
1 3 3 , 0 0 0
3 6 9 , 9 0 0
6 0 0 , 3 0 0
$ 9 7 0 , 2 0 0
50, 000
1 0 2 , 8 0 0
1 1 5 , 5 0 0
3 3 2 , 5 0 0
5 2 0 , 3 0 0
$ 8 5 2 , 8 0 0
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s
liquidity, profitability, and solvency.
Ratio Analysis
Ratio Analysis
Lia b ilit ie s a nd S t o c k h old e r s ' Equit y
2009
2008
Cur r e nt lia b ilit ie s
A c c ount s p a y a b le
$ 1 6 0 , 0 0 0
$ 1 4 5 , 4 0 0
I nc om e t a x e s p a y a b le
T ot a l c ur r e nt lia b ilit ie s
Bond s p a y a b le
4 3 , 5 0 0
2 0 3 , 5 0 0
2 0 0 , 0 0 0
42, 000
1 8 7 , 4 0 0
2 0 0 , 0 0 0
T ot a l lia b ilit ie s
S t oc k h old e r s ' e quit y
Co m m o n s t oc k ( $ 5 p a r )
Re t a ine d e a r ning s
4 0 3 , 5 0 0
3 8 7 , 4 0 0
2 8 0 , 0 0 0
2 8 6 , 7 0 0
3 0 0 , 0 0 0
1 6 5 , 4 0 0
T ot a l s t oc k h old e r s ' e q uit y
T ot a l lia b ilit ie s a nd e quit y
5 6 6 , 7 0 0
$ 9 7 0 , 2 0 0
4 6 5 , 4 0 0
$ 8 5 2 , 8 0 0
All sales were on account. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $3,200 on December 31,
2009, and $3,000 on December 31, 2008.
Chapter
18-17
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s
liquidity, profitability, and solvency.
Ratio Analysis
Ratio Analysis
Liquidity Ratios
Compute the Current Ratio for 2009.
Current Assets
Current Liabilities
$369,900
$203,500
= Current Ratio
= 1.82 : 1
The ratio of 1.82:1 means that for every dollar of current liabilities,
the company has $1.82 of current assets.
Chapter
18-18
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s
liquidity, profitability, and solvency.
Ratio Analysis
Ratio Analysis
Liquidity Ratios
Compute the AcidTest Ratio for 2009.
Cash + ShortTerm Investments + Receivables (Net)
=
Current Liabilities
$60,100 + $69,000 + $107,800
$203,500
AcidTest
Ratio
= 1.16 : 1
The acidtest ratio measures immediate liquidity.
Chapter
18-19
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s
liquidity, profitability, and solvency.
Ratio Analysis
Ratio Analysis
Liquidity Ratios
Compute the Receivables Turnover ratio for 2009.
Net Credit Sales
Average Net Receivables
$1,818,500
($107,800 + $102,800) / 2
=
Receivables
Turnover
= 17.3 times
It measures the number of times, on average, the company collects
receivables during the period.
Chapter
18-20
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s
liquidity, profitability, and solvency.
Ratio Analysis
Ratio Analysis
Liquidity Ratios
$1,818,500
($107,800 + $102,800) / 2
Receivables Turnover
= 17.3 times
A variant of the receivables turnover ratio is to convert it to an average
collection period in terms of days.
365 days / 17.3 times = every 21.1 days
This means that receivables are collected on average every 21 days.
Chapter
18-21
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s
liquidity, profitability, and solvency.
Ratio Analysis
Ratio Analysis
Liquidity Ratios
Compute the Inventory Turnover ratio for 2009.
Cost of Good Sold
Average Inventory
$1,011,500
($133,000 + $115,500) / 2
=
Inventory
Turnover
= 8.1 times
Inventory turnover measures the number of times, on average, the
inventory is sold during the period.
Chapter
18-22
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s
liquidity, profitability, and solvency.
Ratio Analysis
Ratio Analysis
Liquidity Ratios
$1,011,500
($133,000 + $115,500) / 2
Inventory Turnover
= 8.1 times
A variant of inventory turnover is the days in inventory.
365 days / 8.1 times = every 45.1 days
Inventory turnover ratios vary considerably among industries.
Chapter
18-23
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s
liquidity, profitability, and solvency.
Ratio Analysis
Ratio Analysis
Profitability Ratios
Measure the income or operating success of a company for a given period of
time.
Income, or the lack of it, affects the company’s ability to obtain debt
and equity financing, liquidity position, and the ability to grow.
Ratios include the profit margin, asset turnover, return on
assets, return on common stockholders’ equity, earnings per
share, priceearnings, and payout ratio.
Chapter
18-24
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s
liquidity, profitability, and solvency.
Ratio Analysis
Ratio Analysis
Profitability Ratios
Compute the Profit Margin ratio for 2009.
Net Income
Net Sales
$199,000
$1,818,500
=
Profit Margin
= 10.9%
Measures the percentage of each dollar of sales that results in net
income.
Chapter
18-25
LO 5 Identify and compute ratios used in analyzing a firm’s
liquidity, profitability, and solvency.