Oxford Collocations Dictionary for students of English_ Chương 2.14

LI
label
noun
1paper, etc. attached to sth
• ADJ. adhesive, sticky
I
designer
clothes with a de-
signer label
I
address, luggage
I
price
I
warning
• VERB
+
LABEL bear, carry, have
It doesn't have a
price label on it.
I
attach, put on, stick on
She stuck labels
on all the jars. I
remove, take off
I
read
Always read the
label beforetaking any medicine.
• PREP. on a/the -
What does it say on the label?

I-
on
the label on the bottle
2description
• VERB
+
LABEL apply, attach, use
One sometimes feels
that the label 'classic' is applied to any book that is dull.
3company that produces records
• ADJ. record I major I independent
• VERB
+
LABEL sign to/with
The band are hoping to
sign with a major label by the end of the
year:
• PREP. under a/the -
The record was produced under the
Virgin label.
label
verb
1put a label on sth
• ADV. correctly, properly
I
wrongly
Some of the plants
were wrongly labelled.
I
carefully, clearly, neatly

apile of
small plastic bags, each carefully labelled
• PREP. with
The samples were all labelled with a date
and place of origin.
2 describe sb/sth as a particular thing
• ADV. falsely, wrongly
She was wrongly labelled a liar.
I
automatically
• PREP as
She had automatically labelled the boys as
troublemakers.
laboratory
noun
• ADJ. up-to-date, well-equipped
I
commercial, indus-
trial
I
school, university
I
biology, chemistry, physics,
science
I
chemical, pharmaceutical
I
analytical, clin-
ical, development, experimental, forensic, medical, nu-
clear, pathology, photographic, public health, quality

control, research, testing
• VERB
+
LABORATORY build, establish, set up
She
has donated money to establish a pharmaceuticallabora-
tory.
I
run
He runs his own research laboratory.
I
work in
They work in a laboratory studying growth patterns.
• LABORATORY
+
NOUN assistant, chemist, manager,
scientist, technician, worker
I
apparatus, bench,
equipment, facilities
I
animal
I
analysis, experiment,
investigation, measurement, simulation, study, test,
testing, trial, work
laboratory tests on animals
I
science,
subject

I
practices, procedures
I
data, evidence,
findings, report, results
I
conditions, setting
The ath-
letes' reflexes were tested under laboratory conditions.
0
simulated driuing in a laboratory setting
• PREP. in a/the -
The effects of weathering can be simu-
lated in the laboratory.
labour
noun
1work
• ADJ. manual, physical
I
forced, hard
He was sen-
tenced tofour years hard labour for his crime.
• VERB
+
LABOUR withdraw
The miners are threaten-
ing to withdraw their labour.
• LABOUR
+
NOUN market

an increasingly competitive
labour market
2workers
• ADJ. cheap
I
casual
I
skilled, unskilled
I
child, mi-
grant, slave
It is thought that Stonehenge was built using
slave labour.
• LABOUR
+
NOUN force
the size of the labour force
I
cost/costs
I
relations
3giving birth
• ADJ. difficult, easy
I
long, short
The baby was born
after a long labour.
• VERB
+
LABOUR go into

She went into labour two
weeks early.
I
induce
Labour was induced when the baby
was ten days overdue.
• LABOUR
+
NOUN room, ward
I
pains
• PREP.
in-She
was in labourfor ten hours.
labourer
noun
• ADJ. casual, seasonal
I
migrant
I
manual
I
skilled,
unskilled
I
general
I
agricultural, farm, rural
I
build-

er's
Hegot ajob as a builder's labourer.
• QUANT. gang
Gangs of labourers dug the canals.
C:>NoteatJOB
lace
noun
1for a shoe
• VERB
+
LACE do,do up, tie
He's still a bit young to tie
his own laces.
I
undo, untie
I
loosen, tighten
2decorative cloth
• ADJ. delicate, fine
• VERB
+
LACE knit, make
a machine for knitting lace
• PHRASES edged/trimmed with lace
a silk dress
trimmed with lace
lack
noun
• ADJ. profound, serious, severe
I

conspicuous, dis-
tinct, notable, obvious
There was a distinct lack of urgen-
cy in his manner.
I
complete, sheer, total
a complete lack
of confidence
I
relative
I
abysmal
an abysmal lack of
knowledge
• PREP. by - of
The situation was worsened by lack of
communication.
for - of
They lost the game, but not for
lack of trying.
from - of
She thought she would collapse
from lack of sleep.
through - of I'ue
lost those skills
through lack of practice.
I -
of
I couldn't hide my lack of
enthusiasm.

• PHRASES no lack of sth
There is certainly no lack of
interest in the subject.
lack
verb
• ADV. really
I
completely, entirely
She completely lacks
confidence.
I
apparently
He apparently lacked the desire
to learn.
I
clearly, conspicuously, manifestly, obvious-
ly
I
simply
Perhaps you simply lack the intelligence to
realize just how serious this is?
I
otherwise
Her high-
heeled shoes gave her the height she otherwise lacked.
I
somehow
His claim somehow lacked conviction.
• VERB
+

LACK appear to, seem to
His life seemed to
lack direction.
lacking
adj.
• VERBS be, feel, seem
Her lifefelt lacking in direction
and purpose.
I
find sth
an area ofpolicy where the govern-
ment has beenfound seriously lacking
• ADV. seriously
I
altogether, completely, entirely,
quite, totally, wholly
The book is altogether lacking in ori-
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lacquer
ginality.
I
a bit, a little, rather, somewhat
I
apparently
I
clearly, conspicuously, distinctly, notably, noticeably,
obviously
Tom was conspicuously lacking in enthusiasm
for the idea.
I

singularly
I
curiously, strangely
I
sadly,
sorely, woefully
• PREP. from
the passion sadly lacking from. his perform-
ance
in
Her remarks were curiously lacking in perception.
lacquer
noun
• ADJ. protective
I
clear, matt
• VERB
+
LACQUER be coated with, be varnished with
I
apply, put on, spray on
Apply the lacquer evenly.
• LACQUER + NOUN finish
lad
noun
• ADJ. little, young
I
big, strapping
He's a strapping
lad-already bigger than his father.

I
handsome
I
de-
cent, fine, good, great, lovely, nice, smashing
I
bright,
sensible
• QUANT. bunch, group
They're a nice bunch of lads.
ladder
noun
1 piece of equipment for climbing up sth
• ADJ. rickety
I
wooden
I
loft, rope
• VERB
+
LADDER ascend, clamber up, climb (up),
mount, go up
He went up the ladder onto the deck.
I
come
down, descend, go down
I
put up
Weput up the ladder
and went to get the paint.

I
fall off, step off
• PREP. on/up a/the-
She was up a ladder mending the
roof
down a/the -
I was standing lower down the ladder.
I
- to
the ladder to the gallery
• PHRASES the bottom/foot of a ladder, a rung/step of
a ladder
Several of the ladder's rungs were broken.
the top
of a ladder
2 levels in a system
• ADJ. evolutionary, social
the people at the top of the
social ladder
I
career, corporate, housing, promotion
• VERB
+
LADDER ascend, climb, move up
She was
anxious to move up the promotion ladder.
I
get onto
• PREP. higher up the -
creatures higher up the evolu-

tionary ladder
lower down the -
I -
of
the ladder offame
-to
helping her on the ladder to success
• PHRASES get/have one foot on the ladder
Hefinally
managed to get onefoot on the career ladder.
a rung/step
on the ladder
the old problem of how to get onto the first
step on the ladder
laden
adj.
• VERBS be
• ADV. heavily
He took the heavily laden tray from her.
I
absolutely, fully
The trees were absolutely laden with
apples. o afuliy laden basket
• PREP. with
They arrived laden with gifts.
lady
noun
• ADJ. elderly, middle-aged, old, young
A little old lady
opened the door.

I
attractive, beautiful, lovely, pretty
I
charming, fine, lovely, nice
I
cleaning, dinner, tea
The
school employs four dinner ladies.
• LADY
+
NOUN friend
Weteased my uncle about his new
lady friend.
• PHRASES a lady of leisure
She's a lady of leisure now
that she's retired.
the lady of the house
q
Note at PEER
lag
verb
• ADV. badly, seriously
I
behind
She did well in her first
year at school but then started to lag behind.
• PREP. behind
Britain still lags badly behind the rest of
448
Europe on this.

• PHRASES lag far/way/well behind (sb/sth)
The Tories
are still lagging way behind in the opinion polls.
lake
noun
• ADJ. big, great, huge, large
I
little, small
I
deep
I
shallow
I
beautiful, lovely
I
blue
I
freshwater, salt
I
frozen
I
artificial, man-made, ornamental
I
inland,
mountain
I
boating
• VERB + LAKE cross
You should cross the lake before
nightfall.

• LAKE
+
NOUN bed, water
• PREP. across a/the -
A ferry takes people across the
lake.
around/round a/the -
Wewalked around the lake.
at
a/the-
Wehad a holiday at Lake Como.
in a/the-
Carp live
in the lake.
into althe-
Shefell into the lake.
on a/the-
We
went boating on the lake o a cottage on the lake
• PHRASES the edge/middle/shores/side/surface of
the lake
There
is
a cafe on the other side of the lake.
lamb
noun
1young sheep
• ADJ. newborn
I
orphaned

I
sacrificial
(often figura-
tive) I am not going to be a sacrificial lamb on the altar of
political correctness.
• VERB
+
LAMB fatten
I
kill, slaughter
the traffic in
illegally slaughtered lamb
• LAMB
+
VERB bleat
I
frolic, gambol
2 meat
• ADJ. spring
I
curried, grilled, minced, roast
• LAMB + NOUN chop, cutlet
I
casserole, curry, stew
• PHRASES breast/leg/necklracklshoulder of lamb
q
Special page at FOOD
lame
adj.
• VERBS be, look

I
go
His horse had gone lame.
I
leave
sb, make sb
an accident which had left him lame
• ADV. completely, quite
I
slightly
lamp
noun
• ADJ. bedside, desk, reading, standard, table
I
gas,
oil, paraffin
• VERB
+
LAMP light, switch on, turn on
I
switch off,
turn off
• LAMP
+
VERB burn, glow, shine
An oil lamp burned
in the darkness.
I
flicker, go out
land

noun
1surface of the earth
• ADJ. dry
It was good to be on dry land again after
months at sea.
• VERB
+
LAND reach
The explorers reached land after
a long voyage.
I
sight
In the distance the crew sighted
land.
I
reclaim
The new project will reclaim the land.from
the sea.
• LAND
+
NOUN mass
chains of volcanoes running
along the edgeof continental land masses
I
animal, mam-
mal
I
battle, war
I
forces

With the land forces defeated,
everything now rested on the navy.
• PREP.
by-It's impossible to reach this beach by land be-
cause of the high cliffs.
on-
Some animals can live both on
land and in water.
2 piece of ground
• ADJ. good, prime
prime building land
I
fertile, rich
rich agricultural land
o
land that
is
rich in mineral de-
posits
I
marginal, poor
animals grazing on marginal
land that was previously heath or moorland
I
arid, dry,
hard, parched
The land was very dry and hard after the
long, hot summer.
I
marshy

I
barren
I
derelict, waste
(also wasteland)
A new shopping centre will be built on
the derelict land.
I
contaminated
I
empty, unused, va-
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cant I uncultivated, virgin, wild I agricultural, arable,
cultivated, farm (also farmland), farming
I
grazing I in-
dustrial
I
building, housing
I
green belt
I
rural, urban
I
private
I
public
I
common
This used to be common

land, where everyone had the right to graze animals.
I
open
They finally got out of the town and reached open
land.
I
flat, low-lying
I
hill, undulating
I
coastal, for-
est,meadow
• QUANT.
parcel, piece, plot, scrap, strip, tract
Every
scrap of land
is
usedfor growingfood.
0
The college owns
vast tracts of land.
• VERB + LAND
have, hold, own
The inhabitants of a
village held land in common.
I
acquire, buy, purchase
I
sell
I

cultivate, farm, plough, work
I
irrigate
I
clear
The land has been cleared ready for building.
I develop
They were refused permission to develop the land.
I
oc-
cupy
During the war their lands were occupied by the
enemy.
I seize I allocate, distribute, redistribute
I
grant sb
He was granted land by the king.
• LAND
+
VERB
adjoin sth
a piece of land adjoining a
disused railway line
• LAND
+
NOUN
owner, ownership
I
acquisition, pur-
chase

I
reclamation
I
development
I
use I prices,
values I dispute
3the land farming land
• VERB + LAND
live off
It's very fertile countryside
where you can just live ojJthe land.
I
farm, work (on)
His
family had always worked the land.
I
leave
Many people
leave the land to find work in towns and cities.
I
get/go
back to
He's tired of living in cities, and wants to get back
to the land.
4 country
• ADJ.
ancestral, native
the tribe's ancestral lands
I dis-

tant
He travelled to many distant lands.
I
alien, foreign,
strange
She was all alone in a strange land.
I
promised
(of tenfigurative) the promised land of progressive educa-
tion
I cloud cuckoo, never-never
(both figurative) Any-
one who thinks this legislation will be effective
is
living in
cloud cuckoo land.
land
verb
1of an aircraft
• ADY.
safely
The pilot managed to land the plane safely.
• VERB + LAND
be due to I come down to
The plane
slowly came down to land.
I be forced to
The plane was
forced to land in a nearby field.
I manage to

• PREP. at Weare due to land at Heathrow at 12.15.
2fall to the ground
• ADV.
awkwardly, badly
I landed awkwardly and twist-
ed my ankle.
I expertly, neatly
He tensed himself for the
jump and landed expertly on the other side.
I heavily I
lightly
• PREP.
on
Shefell and landed heavily on her back.
landing
noun
1of an aircraft
• ADJ.
abrupt, bumpy I crash, emergency, forced
I
gentle, safe, smooth, soft
• VERB
+
LANDING
make
The pilot had to make an
emergency landing in afield.
• LANDING + NOUN
strip
2top of a staircase

• ADJ.
first-floor, second-floor, etc.
• PREP. off the-
The room opens off the landing.
on the-
There's aphone on the landing outside your room.
landlady, landlord
noun
1sb who lets a house/room
• ADJ. resident
I
absentee
The house has an absentee
landlord, who visits theproperty once a year.
2sb who owns/runs a pub
449
lane
• ADJ.
pub
He left the army and became apub landlord.
• LANDLADY, LANDLORD + VERB
serve sb
The land-
lady came over to serve me.
landmark
noun
1feature of the landscape
• ADJ.
distinctive, prominent
I

famous, well·known
I
familiar
After twenty years, all the familiar landmarks
had disappeared.
I
local
I
historic
• VERB
+
LANDMARK
recognize
• PREP
-for
The tower was once a landmark for ships.
2 important stage in the development of sth
• ADJ.
great, important, major, significant
• VERB
+
LANDMARK
be, represent
The Russian Revo-
lution represents a landmark in world history.
• LANDMARK + NOUN
decision, ruling
a landmark de-
cision on the legal status of afoetus
I case

• PREP. - in Thefilm. is an important landmark in the his-
tory of the cinema.
landscape
noun
• VERB
+
LANDSLIDE
barren, bleak, dramatic, rocky,
rugged
the dramatic landscape of the desert
I
beautiful
I
rural, urban
an urban landscape of factories and sky-
scrapers
I
industrial
I
winter
I
lunar
I
political, social
(both figurative) The political landscape of the country
has changed since unemployment rose.
• VERB + LANDSCAPE
conserve, preserve, protect
the
need to conserve the rural landscape

I
dominate
The
power station dominates the landscape.
• LANDSCAPE
+
NOUN
architect, gardener I design,
gardening
I
painter, photographer
I
painting
landslide
noun
1fall of earth or rocks
• VERB
+
LANDSLIDE
cause
The floods caused a land-
slide.
• LANDSLIDE + VERB
destroy sth
The village was des-
troyed by a landslide.
2election victory
• ADJ.
electoral
Nobody predicted such an electoral land-

slide.
I Conservative, Labour, etc.
• VERB
+
LANDSLIDE
win
by The National Party won
·by a landslide.
• LANDSLIDE
+
NOUN
victory
lane
noun
1narrow road
• ADJ.
little, narrow, single-track, small
I
quiet
I
bumpy, rough
I
dusty, muddy
I
twisting, winding
I
grassy, green, leafy
I
cobbled
I

country
I
back
Light-
ing
is
poor in the back lanes of the city.
• VERB
+
LANE
turn down/into
• LANE + VERB
go, lead, run
the lane leading to the vil-
lage
0
The lane runs past the the lake.
• PREP.
along a/the -
Wecycled for miles along winding
country lanes.
down a/the», in a/the>, up a/the»
2 part of a wide road for one line of traffic
• ADJ.
fast, slow I inside, left-hand, middle, outside,
right·hand I overtaking I northbound, southbound.
etc.
I
traffic
I

bus, cycle
• VERB
+
LANE
change, get in
I hate changing lanes on
the motorway.
0
Get in lane early when approaching a
junction.
I
keep in, stay in
• LANE + NOUN
closures, restrictions
Lane closures
are causing hold-ups on the
M6
near junction
2.
• PREP.
in (the) -
The bus was crawling along in the slow
lane.
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language
NOTE
Language
excellent, fluent, good, perfect-
He speaks fluent Japanese.
bad, broken, poor-

I got by with broken Chinese and sign language.
colloquial, idiomatic, non-standard, pidgin,
standard-
The inhabitants speak a kind of pidgin Spanish.
spoken, written-
My spoken Polish is better than my written Polish.
business-
She is doing a course in business English.
original-
Thefable is translatedfrom the original French.
know, read, speak, understand, use-
I am more comfortable using Spanish,
if
you don't
mind.
be fluent in-
She wasjluent in German, Urduand Swahili.
do, learn-
I did German at school but I'ueforgotten most of it.
I'ue
been learning Arabic for four years.
improve, practise-
I spent a month in Rome to improve my Italian.
master-
I never really mastered Latin.
translate sth into-
He has translated her latest book into Korean.
-class, course, lesson
I'm
latefor my Russian class.

-interpreter, speaker, a speaker of-
the needfor Gujarati interpreters
a command/knowledge of-
He has apoor command of English.
in-
What is 'apple' in French?
He addressed me in his best Portuguese.
q
See also the note at
SUBJECT
language
noun
1system of communication
• ADJ. first, native
She grew up in Spain,
so
herfirst lan-
guage is Spanish.
I
foreign, second
How many foreign
languages does she speak?
0
the teaching of English as a
second language
I
original
Most local cinemas show films
in the original language, with German subtitles.
I

source, target
(both technical) I
ancient, classical, dead
Latin isa dead language.
I
modern
I
common,shared
I
indigenous, local
I
official
Belgium has two official lan-
guages.
I
national
Portuguese is the national language of
Brazil. I
international
I
minority
Some minority lan-
guages are dying out.
I
spoken, written
She could speak
some Chinese, but never studied the written language. I
colloquial, everyday, informal
I
formal

I
flowery, liter-
ary, poetic
I
racist, sexist
I
sign
Not all deaf people use
sign language.
I
body, non-verbal
You could tellfrom his
body language that he was very embarrassed.
I
legal,
technical, etc.
I
computer, programming
• VERB
+
LANGUAGE speak
I
understand
I
use
I
learn, study
I
master
I

be couched in, be expressed in
I
enrich
idiomatic expressions that enrich the language
• LANGUAGE
+
NOUN acquisition, learning
new
methods of language learning
I
course, lesson
• PREP. in ... -
His letter was couched in very formal
language.
• PHRASES command/knowledge/mastery of (a) lan-
guage
Her command of language is very advanced for a
six-year-old.
use of language
The writer's use of lan-
guage reflects the personality of each character.
450
2offensive words
• ADJ. bad, crude, foul, obscene, offensive, strong
using foul Language
• VERB
+
LANGUAGE use
I
mind, watch

The referee
warned theplayers to mind their language.
lantern
noun
• VERB
+
LANTERN light, shine
He shone his lantern
into the dark room.
I
blowout, put out
• LANTERN
+
VERB glow, shine
I
hang
The lantern
hungfrom the roof
lap
noun
• ADJ. first, opening
I
final, last
• VERB
+
LAP complete, do, run
• LAP
+
NOUN record
He set a new lap record.

• PREP. onthe ...
<He tripped and fell on thefinal lap.
• PHRASES a lap of honour
The silver medallist joined
the winner in a lap of honour.
lap
verb
• ADV gently, softly
• PREP. against
The waves lapped gently against the side
of the ship.
around
The water lapped around his ankles.
over
Thefreezing water lapped over her boots.
lapel
noun
• ADJ. narrow, wide
a coat with wide lapels
• VERB
+
LAPEL be pinned to
A silver brooch was
pinned to her lapel.
• LAPEL
+
NOUN badge, pin
• PREP. in the/your-
He was wearing a carnation in his
lapel.

on the/your-
ajacket with a badge on the lapel
• PHRASES grab sb by the lapels
He grabbed her by the
lapels and shook her violently.
lapse
noun
1small error
• ADJ. minor
I
momentary, temporary
I
sudden
I
memory, mental
I keep suffering these mental lapses.
• VERB
+
LAPSE have, suffer
I had a momentary lapse
when I couldn't remember his name.
• PREP. - in
a lapse in attention -
of
sudden lapses of
concentration
2 bad behaviour
• ADJ. curious, odd
It was an odd lapse for one who is
normally

so
polite.
3 passing of time
• ADJ. brief, considerable
I
time
• PHRASES -of
after a considerable lapse of time oa time
lapse of three months
larder
noun
• ADJ. full, well-stocked
I
bare, empty
I
walk-in
• VERB
+
LARDER fill, stock
I
empty, raid
He comes
homefrom school and raids the larder.
• LARDER
+
NOUN door, shelf
• PREP. in the-
There wasn't much.food left in the larder.
large
adj.

• VERBS be, feel, look, seem
Some of the clothes looked
very large.
I
become, get, grow
By this time his debt had
got extremely large.
0
The plant had grown quite large.
I
remain
• ADV. exceptionally, extremely, very
I
comparatively,
fairly, moderately, quite, rather, reasonably, relatively
Isn't that jumper rather large?
I
enough, sufficiently
Are
you sure the hall will be large enough?
I
indefinitely, in-
finitely
The universe is infinitely large.
I
abnormally, dis-
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proportionately, surprisingly, unexpectedly, unusually
His eyes were abnormally large.
laser

noun
• ADJ.
powerful
• VERB
+
LASER
use
• LASER
+
NOUN
beam, light
I
printer
I
gun
I
surgery,
therapy, treatment
lash
noun
• ADJ. bottom, lower
I
long, thick
• VERB
+
LASH
bat, flutter
She batted her lashes
flirtatiously.
I

lower
She lowered her lashes in sudden
embarrassment.
• LASH
+
VERB
flicker, flutter
Her lashesflickered and I
knew she was lying.
last
verb
• ADV.
long
Your car will last longer if you look after it.
I
forever, indefinitely
Nothing lasts
foretier:
0
With care, the
vines will last indefinitely.
I
never
Happiness never lasts.
• VERB
+
LAST
can/cannot, could (not)
The storm
could last quite a long time.

I
will/won't, would (not)
The
kids are all very enthusiastic, but it won't last-it never
does.
I
be likely/unlikely to
I always thought his popular-
ity was unlikely to last. I
be expected to
I
seem to
The
journey seemed to lastforeoer:
I
be built to
This house was
built to last.
• PREP.
for
The war lasted for three years.
into
The cele-
brations lasted well into the next week.
until
The trial is ex-
pected to last until the end of the week.
• PHRASES
while sth lasts
Make the most of this feeling

while it lasts.
late
adj.
• VERBS
be, feel, seem
I don't know what the time is, but
itfeels quite late.
I
make sb
• ADV.
extremely, really, very
I
a bit, fairly, a little,
quite, rather, relatively
• PREP.
for
I'm
latefor work.
in
He took up music late in
life.
with
He was now three weeks late with his rent.
• PHRASES
an hour, ten minutes, etc. late
The train
was
45
minutes late.
leave it a bit/ratherivery late

You've
left it a bit late to start your homework, haven't you?
Latin
noun
• ADJ.
classical
I
medieval
cc>
Note at
LANGUAGE
latitude
noun
1geographical position
• ADJ.
high, low
I
northern, southern
I
polar, temper-
ate
These birds only survive in temperate latitudes.
• VERB
+
LATITUDE
calculate, determine
• PHRASES
a line of latitude
2freedom
• ADJ.

considerable, great
• QUANT.
degree
Some degree of latitude is required in
interpreting the law on this point.
• VERB
+
LATITUDE
allow (sb), give sb
• PREP -
for
This method allows very little latitude for
error. -
in
Nowadays, newspapers are allowed consider-
able latitude in criticizing the government.
laugh
noun
1sound/act of laughing
• ADJ.
loud
I
light, little, short, slight, small
I
low
I
big, good, great
The last joke got the biggest laugh. I
belly, booming, hearty
I

barking, cackling, harsh,
husky, throaty
I
silvery, tinkling
I
amused, delighted
I
451
laughter
embarrassed, nervous, shaky
I
polite
I
bitter, brittle,
cynical, derisive, dry, forced, hollow, humourless,
mirthless, mocking, rueful, scornful
She forced a
humourless laugh.
I
infectious
• VERB
+
LAUGH
give, let out, utter
He gave a short,
amused laugh.
I
have
I
force, manage

I
enjoy, like
He
enjoys a good laugh.
I
get, raise
Few of his jokes got a
laugh.
0
She got a laugh out of Jack.
I
hear
• LAUGH
+
VERB
escapesbAsmalllaughescapedher.
• PREP
for a-
She dyed her hair green just for a laugh.
with a-
He left the room with a cynical laugh.
I -
about/at
Weall had a great laugh about it afterwards.
• PHRASES
be good for a laugh
Paul's always goodfor a
laugh
(=
always amusing). have the last laugh

We'llhaue
the last laugh if she finds out that you're the one who
played the trick.
a laugh at sb's expense
Oh yes, very
funny-have your laugh at my expense/the
laugh is on sb
(=
sblooks ridiculous after they havetried to make fun of
sbelse)
2sb/sth that is amusing
• ADJ.
good, real
• PHRASES
a barrel of laughs, a bit of a laugh, a laugh a
minute
(=
very funny)
laugh
verb
• ADV
aloud, loudly, out loud
It looked sofunny that I al-
most laughed out loud.
I
gently, lightly, quietly, softly,
silently, under your breath
I
deeply, heartily, a lot, real-
Iy, uproariously

He laughed heartily at his own joke. I
just, merely, simply
I thought she would be angry but she
just laughed. I
almost
I
briefly, a little, shortly
I
sud-
denly
I
easily, freely
She smiles and laughs easily. I
openly, outright
I
helplessly, uncontrollably
I
cheer-
fully, delightedly, excitedly, happily
I
hysterically, ner-
vously
I
politely
I
incredulously, in disbelief
I
angrily,
bitterly, cynically, derisively, grimly, harshly, hollowly,
humourlessly, mirthlessly, ruefully, scornfully, sourly,

wryly
He realized how he had beenfooled, and laughed bit-
terly.
I
together
talking and laughing together
• VERB
+
LAUGH
have to, want to
He looked
so
funny I
just had to laugh. I
begin to, start to
I
try not to
I was
watching them and trying not to laugh.
I
make sb
He
pulled a funny face to make us laugh.
I
hear sb
I heard
him suddenly laugh aloud.
• PREP.
about
Tomorrow you'll be able to laugh about

this.
at
The audience laughed at her jokes.
with
talking
and laughing with the children
0
Trent almost laughed
with relief
• PHRASES
burst out laughing, can't/couldn't
help/stop laughing
She was telling us jokes and we
couldn't stop laughing.
fall about laughing
It was
so
funny toejust fell about laughing.
find yourself laughing
He laughed, and she found herself laughing with him.
stop laughing
laughter
noun
• ADJ.
helpless, hysterical, loud, raucous, wild
I heard
sounds of raucous laughter upstairs.
I
delighted, happy
I

infectious
Her infectious laughter had everyone smiling.
I
nervous
I
silent, suppressed
She was bent over with
suppressed laughter. I
derisive, mocking
• QUANT.
bellow, hoot, howl, roar, shriek,
snortHegave
a sudden bellow of laughter.
I
fit
Everyone dissolved into
fits of laughter when they saw my haircut.
I
gale, peal,
ripple
His suggestion was greeted with peals of laughter.
0
A ripple of laughter ran round the room.
• VERB
+
LAUGHTER
burst into, dissolve into/with, ex-
plode with
I
bellow with, cackle with, hoot with, howl

with, roar with, scream with, shriek with, snort with,
whoop with, yell with
I
rock with, shake with
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launch
launch
noun
• ADJ.
official, press, public
She is signing copies of her
book at the official launch.
I
successful
I
imminent
I
book, campaign, product
I
balloon, rocket, satellite,
shuttle
• VERB + LAUNCH
get (sth) ready for, prepare (sth) for
They are preparing for the launch of the new campaign
next month.
I
announce
I
mark
a big Hollywood event to

mark the launch of the movie
I
coincide with
The show is
timed to coincide with the launch of a new book on the sub-
ject.
I
attend, go to, speak at
I
delay, postpone, put off
• LAUNCH
+
NOUN
date
I
party
(=
for a product or
book)
I
pad, site
• PREP.
after/following/since the -
In the six months
since its launch the car has sold extremely well.
at a/the -
I
met her at the launch of her new book.
I -
for

a spring
launch for the new TV system
laundry
noun
• ADJ.
clean, dirty
• QUANT.
bundle, pile
There was a pile of clean laundry
on her bed.
• VERB + LAUNDRY do The housekeeper cooks, does the
laundry and cleans.
• LAUNDRY
+
NOUN
bag, basket
I
service
The hotel
offers afree laundry service.
lavatory
noun
• ADJ. public
I
communal, shared
I
indoor, inside
I
outside
I

flush, flushing
• VERB
+
LAVATORY
go to, use
I
need
I
flush, flush
sth down
• LAVATORY
+
NOUN
basin, bowl
I
seat
I
cistern
I
chain I paper I brush
• PREP.
in the-, on the-
law
noun
1official rule/rules
• ADJ.
administrative, case, civil, common, constitu-
tional, contract, criminal, international, statute, etc. (see
also martial law)
• VERB

+
LAW
become
Parliament uotedfor the bill to
become law.
I
enforce, uphold
It's the job of the police to
enforce the law. I
obey, observe
I
break, flout, violate
I
adopt, enact, pass
I
annul, repeal
I
interpret
Judges in-
terpret this law in different ways.
• LAW + VERB
allow sth, forbid sth, prohibit sth
The
lawforbidsgamblingofanykind.
I
permitsth
I
require
sth
The wearing of a crash helmet is required by law.

I
govern sth
the law governing school attendance
• LAW
+
NOUN
court
I
enforcement
• PREP.
above the- No
one is above the law.
againstthe-
What you did was clearly against the law.
by-
By law, you
are obliged to install smoke alarms in the factory.
within
the -
The company is operating entirely within the law.
I
-against
a local law against keeping horses
-concerning
the law concerning industrial action ballots -
on
A law on
hunting will cause a lot of disagreements. -
relating to
the

law relating to the sale of goods
• PHRASES
as the law stands
As the law stands, you can
get married while still tooyoung to have a driving licence.
law and order
Martial law was imposed to prevent the
breakdown of law and order.
the letter of the law
In spite
of the difficulties it would cause herfamily, thejudge stuck
to the letter of the law and jailed her.
take the law into your
own hands
When police failed to arrest the suspect, local
people took the law into their own hands and beat him up.
2SUbjectof study/profession
• VERB
+
LAW
practise
• LAW
+
NOUN
firm
q
Note at
SUBJECT
(for more verbs and nouns)
452

lawful
adj.
• VERBS
be
I
become
I
consider sth, deem sth
• ADY. perfectly
This is aperfectly lawful activity.
lawn
noun
• ADJ.
manicured, neat, tended
a carefully tended lawn
I
overgrown
I
back, front
• VERB + LAWN
cut, mow, trim
The lawn really needs
mowing.
• PHRASES
a sweep of lawn
The cottage sits on a hill
above a sweep of lawn.
lawsuit
noun
• VERB + LAWSUIT bring,fiIe,issueAlawsuithasbeen

filed against the company.
I
be involved in, pursue
I
drop
They have agreed to drop their lawsuit against the
Dutch company.
I
be faced with, face
The company now
faces several lawsuits over itsfailure toprotect its employ-
ees.
I
defend
She plans to defend the lawsuit vigorously.
I
win I lose
I
settle
The two companies have settled the
lawsuit.
• PREP.
in a/the -
They are seeking damages in a lawsuit.
I -
against
a lawsuit against her former husband -
over
a
lawsuit over a disputed estate

lawyer
noun
• ADJ.
clever, competent, good, successful
I
leading,
senior
I
experienced, qualified
I
practising
I
academ-
ic
I
defence, prosecuting, prosecution
I
corporate,
government
I
foreign, international, local
I
civil, civil
rights, commercial, constitutional, criminal, divorce,
human rights, libel, personal injury
q
Note at
PROFESSIONAL
(for verbs)
lay

verb
• ADV.
carefully, gently, tenderly I down
He laid the
books down on the table.
• PREP.
on
She laid the child tenderly on the bed.
over
They carefully laid a blanket over the body.
PHRASAL VERB
lay sth out
• ADV.
tastefully, well
The owners have built a gift shop
and a tastefully laid out caravan site.
lay-by
noun
• VERB + LAY-BY
pull into
• PREP
in a/the-
Iwas parked in a lay-by, having a nap.
layer
noun
• ADJ.
fine, thin
Everything was covered with afine layer
of dust.
I

deep, generous, heavy, thick
Mulch with agen-
erous layer of peat or compost.
I
bottom, inner, lower,
middle, outer, surface, top, upper
the upper layers of the
earth's atmosphere
I
double
I
protective
a protective
layer of black plastic
I
ozone
holes in the ozone layer
• VERB
+
LAYER
form
Useenough gravel toform. a layer
about 50mm thick.
I
be covered by/with
The body had
been covered with a thin layer of soil.
• LAYER + NOUN
cake
• PREP.

beneath/under a/the-
Beneath the surface layer
of the skin are several further layers.
in-s
The building is
constructed in layers.
I -
of
an extra layer of clothing
0
a
layer of bureaucracy
0
multiple layers of meaning
• PHRASES
layer after/on/upon layer
The remains lay
buried under layer upon layer of black earth.
layout
noun
• ADJ.
basic, general
Before designing the house we
planned the basic layout of the rooms.
I
physical, spatial
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I
interior, internal
I

page, text
page layout software
I
road, street
laZyadj.
• VERBS
be, feel
I
become, get, grow
He had grown
lazy and.fat,
o
Wethought we were winning,
so
wegot lazy.
• ADV.
extremely, incredibly, really, very
I
downright
I
almost
His smile was slow, almost lazy.
I
a bit, pretty,
rather
lead"
/li:d/
noun
1example set by sb's behaviour
• ADJ.

moral
• VERB
+
LEAD
give, take
The government should give
a lead in tackling racism.
I
follow
• PREP. -
in
Weshould fclloui their lead in banning chem-
ical weapons.
2 position ahead of other people
• ADJ.
big, clear, comfortable, commanding, good,
strong
I
narrow
I
overall
I
early
• VERB
+
LEAD
be in, have
She has a narrow lead over
the other runners.
I

go into, move into, take
They took an
early lead.
I
build up, establish
The team has now built
up a commanding lead.
I
hold, maintain
I
lose
I
regain
They regained the lead with only afeto minutes left toplay.
I
put sb/sth (back) into
I
extend, increase
Sheffield in-
creased their leadjust before half time.
I
give
• PREP
in/into the -
struggling to stay in the lead
I
- over
This win gives the team a two-point lead over their
closest rival.
3 main part in a play, show, etc.

• ADJ.
romantic
I
female, male
• VERB
+
LEAD
play
Her big break came when she was
chosen toplay the lead in a Broadway musical.
• LEAD
+
NOUN role
I
singer
I
guitar, guitarist
4clue
• ADJ.
good
I
new
I
possible
The police are following
every possible lead.
• VERB
+
LEAD
have

I
follow, pursue
I
give
• PREP.
-on
leads on the murderer's identity
lead
2
/li:d/
verb
1show the way
• ADV.
back, on
'Lead on!' saidArnold.
• VERB
+
LEAD
help (to)
Five people helping to lead a
convoy of aid arefeared dead.
I
allow sb to, let sb
Let me
lead the way.
• PREP.
along, down, into, out of, through, to, etc.
She
led them along a dark corridor toa small room.
• PHRASES

lead the way
You lead the way and we'll
follow.
2go to a place
• ADV.
directly
I
back, down, up
An old track led back
through the wood.
I
nowhere, somewhere
(often
figura-
tive) Often there are discoveries which lead nowhere.
• PREP.
from, onto
The gardens lead directly onto a
beach.
to
apath leading from the village to the old church
3 cause
• ADV.
normally, usually
I
inevitably, inexorably
Industrialization inevitably led to the expansion of the
urban working class. I
(almost) certainly, undoubtedly
I

not necessarily
The use of soft drugs does not necessar-
ily lead to a progression to hard drugs.
I
automatically
Business success does not automatically lead tofinancial
success.
I
naturally
Discussion of a client's tax affairs will
lead naturally into consideration of investment options.
I
directly
I
indirectly
I
eventually, ultimately
• VERB
+
LEAD
can/could (easily/only), may/might
(well), must
Sugar and fat can more easily lead to obesity
than some other foods.
<>
The carbon tax might well lead to
a doubling of prices for fossil fuels.
I
appear to, seem to
I

453
leaf
be expected to, be likely to, tend to
Worrying about your
weight is more likely to lead to comforting yourself with a
piece of chocolate.
I
be bound to
• PREP.
to
the events that led eventually to war
lead
3
/led/
noun
• ADJ.
molten
• VERB
+
LEAD
be made of
• LEAD
+
NOUN pipe, piping
I
paint
I
shot
I
poison-

ing
I
content, levels
I
industry, mine, miner, mining
leader
noun
1 person who is in charge of sth
• ADJ.
born, natural
I
charismatic, effective, good,
great, inspiring, inspired, visionary
I
undisputed
I
powerful, strong
I
weak
I
deputy
I
former
I
joint
I
local,
national
I
opposition, parliamentary, party

I
Conser-
vative, Labour, etc.
I
military, political, religious, spirit-
ual
I
gang, guerrilla, nationalist, rebel
I
group, project,
squadron, team
Discuss any problems with your team
leader.
I
business, church, civic, community, council,
government, strike, student, (trade) union, youth
Busi-
ness leaders have been in talks with the government. I
miners', teachers', etc.
• VERB
+
LEADER
be appointed, become, be elected
I
appoint (sb), appoint sb as, choose (sb as), elect (sb),
elect sb as, nominate (sb), nominate sb as
• PHRASES
a leader of the Opposition
2 person/team that is best or in first place
• ADJ.

undisputed
I
brand, market, world
The company
is a world leader in electrical goods.
I
championship,
league, tournament
• VERB
+
LEADER
overtake
aiming to overtake the
market leaders within twoyears
• PREP.
behind the -
ten points behind league leaders
Manchester United I -
in
the undisputed leader in herfield
leadership
noun
• ADJ.
clear, effective, firm, outstanding, real, strong
He was praised for his firm leadership.
I
poor, weak
I
charismatic, dynamic, visionary
I

hardline
I
tradition-
al
I
personal
I
deputy
He is standing in the deputy lead-
ership election.
I
collective, joint
I
local, national, world
I
Conservative, Labour, etc.
I
cultural, industrial, intel-
lectual, military, moral, political, spiritual
Political lead-
ership needs aparticular combination of skills.
I
church,
government, parliamentary, party, union
• VERB
+
LEADERSHIP
assume, take on/over
When
Smith died, Blair took over the leadership of the party.

I
assert
her method of asserting personal leadership
I
exercise, provide, show
In the crisis he showed real
leadership.
• LEADERSHIP
+
NOUN bid, campaign, challenge
I
ballot, battle, contest, election, race, struggle
I
role
I
structure
I
style
I
qualities, skills
He lacks leadership
qualities.
• PREP.
under sb's-
The school has flourished under the
leadership of Mr Buxton.
I -
from
What is really needed is
clear leadership from the prime minister. -

in
Leadership
in science now went to the United States.
• PHRASES
a challenge to sb's leadership
She with-
stood several challenges to her leadership.
a lack of lead-
ership, sb's style of leadership
leaf
noun
• ADJ.
new, young
I
autumn, dead, dry, fallen, falling,
rotting, rotten
The ground was thick with dead leaves.
I
broad
(especially technical),
heart-shaped, oval
broad
leaf plants
I
green, yellow, etc.
I
glossy, hairy, lea-
thery, mottled, shiny, spiky, variegated
I
bay, lettuce,

oak, tea, etc.
Throw the tea leaves on theflotoer bed.
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leaflet
• VERB
+
LEAF
have
This plant has beautifully varie-
gated leaves.
I
break/burst/come into, grow, produce,
put out
It was spring and the trees were coming into leaf
0
In the spring the plant began toput out new leaves.
I
shed
Deciduous treesshed their leaves in autumn.
• LEAF + VERB
appear
Spring arrived and the first
green leaves began to appear.
I
turn, yellow
The summer
was over and the leaves were beginning to turn.
I
fall
I

rustle
The leaves rustled in the light breeze.
• LEAF
+
NOUN
litter, mould
the leaf litter on theforest
floor
• PHRASES
in full leaf
The corn was already ripening
and the trees infull leaf
leaflet
noun
• ADJ.
free
a free leaflet explaining your tax return
I
helpful, useful I explanatory, information, instruction I
promotional, publicity
I
campaign, election, party
• QUANT.
copy
• VERB
+
LEAFLET
issue, produce, publish
The
Health Council issued hundreds of leaflets.

I
deliver, dis-
tribute, give out, hand out, send out
Campaigners hand-
ed out leaflets to passers by.
I enclose
I enclose a leaflet
about some of the other services we offer.
• LEAFLET
+
VERB
advertise sth, explain sth
• PREP.
in a/the -
More details are given in our promo-
tional leaflet.
league
noun
1group of sports clubs that compete with each other
• ADJ.
cricket, football, etc.
They want to start a new
football league.
I
European, northern, etc.
I
local, na-
tional
I
Sunday

He played Sunday League cricket for
years.
I premier I major, minor
major league baseball
I
super
new proposals for a European super league
• VERB
+
LEAGUE
create, form, set up, start I join
The
teamjoined the Northern League last year.
I win
• LEAGUE
+
NOUN
champions, leaders
I
champion-
ship, cup, title I club, side
I
player
I
game, match I
table
I
cricket, football, etc.
• PREP. in
a/the-e The team is now in the Premier League.

• PHRASES
at the bottom/top of the league, (come)
bottom/top of the league, a position in the league
hop-
ing to improve their position in the league
2 level of quality, ability, etc.
• ADJ.
big, super, top, world
This move propelled him
into thepolitical big league.
• PHRASES
in a different league
Today's technology is in
a different league
(=
very much better), in a league of
your own
As apainter he is in a league of his own
(=
much
better than others). not in the same league (as ...
)(=
not
nearly as good as), out of sb's league
A house like that is
way out of our league
(=
too expensive for us).
leak
noun

1small hole/crack
• VERB
+
LEAK
have
The boat had a small leak.
I
spring
The pipe has sprung a leak.
I
plug, stop
I man-
aged toplug the leak.
• PREP. - in
a leak in the roof
2when gas/liquid escapes
• ADJ.
major, serious I minor I slow I fuel, gas, oil,
radiation, radioactive
• VERB
+
LEAK
cause
The dismantling of a nuclear re-
processing plant caused a leak of radioactivity yesterday.
I
detect, discover, find, notice, spot
Fortunately. we spot-
ted the leak in time.
I

fix, repair, stop
The plumber fixed
the leak.
I
prevent
taking steps toprevent gas leaks in the
future
• LEAK
+
VERB
happen, occur
• PREP. -
from
Pollution inspectors were called to a leak
from a chemicalfactory:
-of
a leak of dangerous chemicals
454
3giving away information
• ADJ.
security
• LEAK + VERB
come from sth
The leak could only
have comefrom one source.
• PREP. -
about
a security leak about a number of suspi-
cious deaths among civil servants -
from

a leak from the
prime minister's office -
of
a leak of confidential material
-fo
a leak to theAmerican authorities
• PHRASES
the source of a leak
The organization's
press secretary is thought to be the source of the leak.
leak
verb
1allow sth to get out through a hole
• ADV.
badly
The house was old and the roof leaked quite
badly.
I
slightly
2tell sb about sth
• ADV.
carefully, deliberately I Widely
The document
had been widely leaked.
• PREP.
from
Confidential information that has been
leaked.from the BBC.
to
The report was leaked to thepress.

lean
verb
• ADV. heavily
I
lightly
I
slightly
I
casually, easily,
lazily, nonchalantly I eagerly
I
earnestly
I
confidential-
ly, confidingly, conspiratorially
I
weakly, wearily
I
drunkenly
I
precariously
I
close, near
He leaned closer,
lowering his voice.
I across, forward, down, out, over
She leant fortoard eagerly to listen to him.
I away, back,
backwards
He leaned back in his chair.

I
sideways
• PREP.
across
She was leaning confidentially across the
table.
against
She leaned her head against his shoulder.
into
He leaned into the open doorway.
on
The old man was
leaning heavily on a stick.
out of
She leaned precariously
out of the window.
over
She leaned casually over the rail-
ings.
through
The taxi driver leaned through his window.
towards
He leaned towards her.
PHRASAL VERB
lean on sb/sth
• ADV.
heavily
Britain leans heavily on Europe for trade.
leap
noun

1bigjump
• ADJ.
big, giant, prodigious
I
little
I
flying, running
He made aflying leap at the ball.
• VERB
+
LEAP
make, take
• PREP.
-from,-intoaleapintotheair-to
2great change/increase in sth
• ADJ.
big, enormous, giant, great, huge, quantum
There has been a quantum leap in profits since 1995.
I
small
I
bold, dramatic, sudden
a dramatic leap in the
number of people out of work
J
imaginative, intuitive
I
technological
• VERB + LEAP
make

They've made a great leap for-
ward with their road building in the lastfeto years.
• PREP. -frorn
a leapfront
$632
to
$735 -jn
a leap inprices
-ofaleapof750%
-to
• PHRASES
a leap forward, by leaps and bounds, come
on/improve in leaps and bounds
His technique has come
on in leaps and bounds this season.
leap
verb
• ADV.
almost, nearly
He almost leaped down the stairs
when he heard who it was.
I
immediately
I
suddenly
I
clear, high
She leaped clear of the water.
I about, around,
back, down, forward, out, up (and down)

children leap-
ing about with excitement
• VERB
+
LEAP
seem to
(figurative) The photograph
seemed to leap off the page at her.
I
be about to, be ready
to
Don't be so nervous-anyone would think I was about to
leap on you.
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• PREP. across
leaping across the puddles
from
He
leaped down from the ladder and ran over towards her.
into, off, on, onto
He leaped onto his horse and rode off
out
of
He leaped out of bed when he heard the telephone.
over
leaping over high fences
• PHRASES leap to your feet
Rosie immediately leaped to
her feet.
learn

verb
1 gain knowledge/skill
• ADV. a lot
I learned a lot from my father.
I
quickly,
soon
Children learn very quickly.
<>
They soon learn that
bad behaviour is a sure-fire way of getting attention.
• VERB + LEARN need to
I
be eager to, want to
He was
eager to learn all she could teach him.
I
have a lot to
I'ue
got a lot to learn, haven'tI?
• PREP. about
learning about art
from
She learned from
watching others.
through
Children learn through play.
2 become aware
• VERB
+

LEARN be astonished to, be astounded to,
be intrigued to, be surprised to
I was surprised to learn
that he was only
24.
I
be dismayed to, be saddened to
• PREP. of
Wefirst learned of the
problemfrom
her school.
learner
noun
• ADJ. quick, slow
She was a quick learner, and her Ger-
man got better by the day.
I
advanced, intermediate
a
book for advanced learners of English
I
adult, older
I
young
The book has been written with the interests of
young learners in mind.
I
language
I
foreign

• LEARNER
+
NOUN driver
learning
noun
1
process of learning sth
• ADJ. effective, successful
a model for effective learn-
ing
I
rapid
I
independent
I
distance
(=
by correspond-
ence course)
I
early
(=
the education of very young chil-
dren, often through play)
I
higher
institutions of higher
learning
I
active, passive

I
formal, informal
I
rote
I
computer-assisted
I
language
• LEARNING + NOUN curve
The whole team has been on
a steep learning curve since the project began.
I
environ-
ment
The centre aims toprovide a supportive learning en-
vironment.
I
experience, process
I
difficulty, disability
severe learning difficulties
• PHRASES a seat of learning
2 knowledge got from reading and studying
• ADJ. great
I
book
(old-fashionedy
• VERB
+
LEARNING acquire, gain

lease
noun
• ADJ. long, long-term
I
short, short-term
I
ten-year,
etc.
I
business, commercial
I
building, mining
• VERB
+
LEASE have, hold
They'vegota lease
toith
fiue
years to run.
I
draw up
I
acquire, buy, enter into, get,
negotiate, obtain, sign, take (on/out/up)
She has taken
outa new ten-year lease on theflat.
I
grant (sb), sell
(sb)A
jreeholder may grant a lease of any duration.

I
renew
I
forfeit, surrender
They moved out and the lease was sur-
rendered.
I
cancel, terminate
I
take over
I
transfer
• LEASE
+
VERB run
The lease runs from April
19.
I
take effect
I
come up for renewal, expire, run out
• PREP. in
a/the-a new clause in the lease
on
a-Thecom-
pany holds the building on a long lease.
under a/the-
Under the new lease, the rent would go up.
I -
of

He took a
lease of the premises. -
on
The club has a 20-year lease on
theproperty.
• PHRASES a clause in a lease, a condition of a lease,
the length/period/term of a lease, a provision in a lease,
the terms of the lease
455
lecture
leather
noun
• ADJ thick
I
thin
I
tough
I
soft
I
shiny
I
worn
I
genuine, real
I
imitation, synthetic
I
calf, chamois, etc.
I

morocco, patent
I
shoe
• VERB
+
LEATHER tan
I
treat
The leather has been
treated with wax.
I
polish
I
be made from/in/(out) of
a
coat
nuuiefrom
buffalo leather
I
bind sth in
Each volume
is bound in genuine leather.
• LEATHER + VERB crack
a cracked leather belt
• PREP. in -
(=
made of leather)
I'm
looking for a pair of
boots in dark brown leather.

in -s
(=
wearing leather)
a
biker in black leathers
leave
noun
1 period of time when you do not go to work
• ADJ. annual
I
paid, unpaid
I
extended, indefinite,
weekend
I
compassionate, maternity, parental, pater-
nity, sabbatical, sick, study
I
home, shore
• VERB + LEAVE be entitled to, get, have
How much an-
nual leave do you get?
<>
I'oe still got some leave left this
year.
I
go on, spend, take, use (up)
She spent most of her
leave with herfamily.
<>

Tve still got some leave to use up.
I
save
I'm saving all my leave tohave a long holiday later in
the year.
I
cancel
When the war broke out all leave was
cancelled.
I
give sb, grant sb
I
be due for, be owed
I
apply for
• LEAVE + NOUN entitlement
• PREP. on-
She's on leave until the end of the month.
2
official permission to do sth
• ADJ. special
• VERB
+
LEAVE ask, request
He asked leave to absent
himself for four days.
I
give sb, grant sb
I
obtain

I
ref-
use sb
• PREP. by sb's-
The appeal can only be brought by leave
of the trial judge.
with/without sb's-:
No application may
bemade without the leave of the court.
• PHRASES absent without leave, leave of absence,
without (so much as) a by your leave
(=
without
asking
permission)
leave
verb
• VERB
+
LEAVE decide to
I
intend to, plan to, want to
I
be ready to
We were all packed and ready to leave.
I
be
about to, be going to
Did you want something? I wasjust
about to leave.

I
threaten to
My secretary has threatened
to leave.
I
attempt to, try to
They were caught trying to
leave the country.
I
refuse to
I
be compelled to, be
forced to, be obliged to
I
ask sb to, order sb to
They
were being extremely rowdy and the manager had to ask
them leave.
I
allow sb to, let sb
I wanted to leave but they
wouldn't let me.
I
enable sb to
• PREP. for
They leftfor Scotland this morning.
lecture
noun
1 talk given to a group of people
• ADJ. fascinating, interesting

I
boring
I
formal
I
il-
lustrated
I
impromptu
I
guest
A two-day event of guest
lectures, seminars and workshops.
I
popular, public
I
annual
I
inaugural, introductory
Professor Pearsongave
the inaugural lecture in the new lecture theatre.
I
key-
note, plenary
I
memorial
• QUANT. course, programme, series
• VERB + LECTURE deliver, give, present
I
hold, put

on
The society isputting on a series of lectures on the sub-
ject next term.
I
attend, go to, hear
I!ormal),
listen to
I
miss, skip
I
prepare, write
• LECTURE
+
NOUN course, programme, series
I
hall,
room, theatre
I
notes
I
tour
I
circuit
a familiar figure
on the international lecture circuit
• PREP. at a/the-
She wasn't at the lecture.
during a/the-
Thefire bell went during his lecture.
in a/the -

She referred
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lecturer
to Professor Jones's work in her lecture on Shakespeare's
imagery.
I -
by
a lecture by Professor Snow -
about/on,
- to
a lecture to the Darwin Society
• PHRASES
a lecture entitled sth
a lecture entitled 'How
to Prevent Food Poisoning'
a lecture on the subject of sth
2serious talk to sb about their behaviour
• ADJ.
little, long
I
severe, stern
• VERB
+
LECTURE
give sb, read sb
She read mea stern
lecture on ingratitude.
I
get
I got a lecturefrom Dad about

coming home on time.
I
take
• PREP. -
about/on
I don't take lectures from anyone on
how to behave.
-from
lecturer
noun
• ADJ.
principal, senior
I
assistant, junior
I
college,
university
I
guest, visiting
I
English, physics, etc.
• PREP.
-Jn
a lecturer in German at Plymouth University
q
Note atJOB
ledge
noun
• ADJ.
high

I
narrow, wide
I
cliff, mountain, window
• VERB
+
LEDGE
cling to
The climbers were clinging to
a ledge hundreds of feet above the sea.
I
be perched on
• LEDGE
+
VERB
go, run
A narrow ledge runs across the
northernface of the cliff
• PREP.
along a/the-
Ifelt along the ledge at the top of the
door.
on a/the -
The phone was perched precariously on the
window ledge.
left
noun
1side
• ADJ.
extreme, far

My dad's in the front raw, on the ex-
treme left of the picture.
• VERB
+
LEFT
turn to
If you turn to your left you will
see the parliament building.
• PREP.
from the -
The car came from the left.
on
the/your-
The bank is on the left, just after the post office.
o
As you go in the door, you'll see it on your left.
on the - of
The car park is on the left of the library.
to the/your -
He
looked to the left and then crassed.
to the - of
My office
is
just to the left of the main door.
• PHRASES
from left to right; from right to left
Arabic
script reads from right to left.
2the left political groups

• ADJ.
extreme, far
• PREP.
of the-
In recent years the country has been ruled
only by governments of the left.
on the -
They're both on
the extreme left of the party.
to the -
The party has moved
further to the left.
0
He is somewhat to the left of the previ-
ous leader.
leg
noun
1part of the body
• ADJ.
left, right
I
front
I
back, hind
I
long
I
short,
stumpy
I

beautiful, good, shapely
I
muscled, muscu-
lar, powerful, strong
I
skinny, spindly, thin
I
fat
I
bandy
I
hairy
I
bare
I
artificial, wooden
I
bad, stiff
I
broken, fractured
I
lame, withered
He sat down with his
lame leg outstretched.
I
tired
She crossed the finish. line on
tired legs.
I
fresh

They don't train the day before a match
to ensure they hauefresh. legs.
I
outstretched
• VERB
+
LEG
bend I brace
He put his back against the
car, braced his legs and pushed.
I straighten
I
cross
I
moved the chair away from the table so I could crass my
legs.
I
splay, spread
They made him put his hands on the
police car and spread his legs.
I
extend, stretch (out)
She
stretched her legs under the table.
0
(figurative) It was
good to get out of the car and stretch our legs
(=
walk
about).

I
lift
The dog lifted its leg against the lamp post.
I
draw up, tuck under
She sat with her legs drawn up
underneath her.
I
kick
I
swing
She swung her legs over
456
the side of the bed and reachedfor her crutches.
I
entwine,
tangle
They gazed at each other, their legs entwined under
the table.
I
break, injure
I
amputate
She had her leg am-
putated below the knee.
I
shave
• LEG
+
VERB

move
They ran together, their legs mov-
ing in unison.
I flail, kick
He jumped to avoid the flailing
leg of the defender.
I
pump
She started running, fat legs
pumping.
I
bend
I
buckle, give way
His legs buckled and
he collapsed on the floor.
I
shake, tremble
I
dangle,
hang, swing
He sat with his legs dangling off the bridge.
I
ache
• LEG
+
NOUN
exercise
I
muscle

I
injury, pains,
trouble, ulcer, wound
I
room (also legroom)
You don't
get much legroom on economy-classflights.
• PREP.
between the/your -s
The dog sloped off its tail
between its legs.
in the -
He was shot in the leg by a sniper.
on the/your -
I'ue got a big bruise on my leg.
on one-
Many birds are able to stand on one leg for hours at a time.
• PHRASES
(have, etc.) your leg in plaster
He was
wheeled out of the hospital with his leg in plaster.
2of trousers
• ADJ.
trouser
• VERB
+
LEG
pull up, roll up
He rolled up his trouser
legs.

I
roll down
• PHRASES
long/short in the leg
These jeans are too long
in the leg.
3 of a journey/race
• ADJ.
first, second, etc.
I
final, last
I
anchor
The fast-
est runner often runs the anchor leg
(=
the last one)
of a
relay.
I
outbound
I
homeward
• PREP.
on the ... -
At last we were on the homeward leg
of our journey.
legacy
noun
1 money/property

• ADJ.
generous, large
I
small
• VERB
+
LEGACY
bequeath (sb), leave (sb)
I
get, re-
ceive
He received a large legacy from his uncle.
• PREP.
in a/the -
She left her the money in a legacy.
I
-from
a legacy from myoid teacher
• PHRASES
heir to a legacy
She is the heir to a legacy of
£1 million.
2 result of previous events
• ADJ.
enduring
I
historical
Theseprablems have arisen
as a result of historical legacies.
I

bitter, grim
• VERB
+
LEGACY
bequeath (sb), leave (sb), leave be-
hind
the enduring legacy bequeathed by the war years
• PREP.
-from
Such attitudes are a legacy from colonial
times.
legal
adj.
• VERBS
be
I
become
• ADV.
completely, perfectly
It
is
perfectly legal to charge
extra for these services.
legality
noun
• ADJ.
doubtful, dubious
• VERB
+
LEGALITY

challenge, question
Her lawyer is
challenging the legality of the court order.
I
assert, rec-
ognize, uphold
The government does not recognize the le-
gality of this court.
• PHRASES
doubt/doubts about the legality of sth
legend
noun
1well-known story
• ADJ.
ancient
I
Greek, Roman, etc.
I
local
• VERB
+
LEGEND
become, pass into
The story of how
she was rescued has already passed into legend.
I
tell (sb)
He told us the legend of the ghostly horseman.
• LEGEND
+

VERB
live on
The legend of his supernat-
ural origins lives on.
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• PREP.
according to - According to ancient legend, the
river is agoddess. in
(a/thej-:
There have always been stor-
ies of human giants in Celtic legend and mythology.
I
- about legends about the Vikings - of The story ispart of
the ancient legend of King Arthur.
• PHRASES
legend has it that ... Legend has it that the
Bridge of Sighs got its name from the cries of prisoners
being led across it. myths and legends the myths and le-
gends of Mexico the subject of legend The unusual shell
has long been the subject of legend.
2famous person/event
• ADJ.
living pop stars who become living legends
I
bas-
ketball, motoring, racing, sporting, etc.
legible
adj.
• VERBS
be

• ADV.
clearly, easily Her handwriting was clearly le-
gible.
I
perfectly
I
barely, scarcely
• PREP.
to
The price must be legible to apurchaser.
legislation
noun
• ADJ.
parliamentary
I
draft
I
fresh, further, new
I
ef-
fective, tough
I
complex
I
controversial
I
unworkable
The police think that such legislation would be unwork-
able.
I

knee-jerk The terrorist attack prompted knee-jerk
legislation.
I
anti-abortion, anti-discrimination, em-
ployment, environmental, financial, gun control, health,
housing, social, etc.
• QUANT.
piece a major piece of legislation
• VERB
+
LEGISLATION
need, require
I
call for, pro-
pose They are calling for tough legislation to tackle this
problem.
I
draft, draw up
I
bring forward, initiate Any-
one has the right to initiate legislation in Parliament by
means of a private bill.
I
approve, enact, introduce,
pass Congress approved legislation which outlawed the
sale of the drug. I adopt Member states may not adopt le-
gislation contrary to EU law.
I
block, delay The reform
will make it more difficult for MPs to block legislation. I

amend
I
repeal
I
comply with Companies have until De-
cember 31 to comply with the new legislation.
• LEGISLATION
+
VERB
come into effect, come into
force New legislation on drink-driving comes into effect at
the end of theyear.
• PREP.
under- This will be a criminal offence under the
new legislation.
I-
against They are planning the intro-
duction of legislation against sex discrimination. -
on
Le-
gislation on this issue is urgently needed.
legislature
noun
• ADJ.
highest, supreme
I
bicameral, unicameral I
109-member, etc.
I
elected

I
standing
I
central, fed-
eral, national, provincial, state
• VERB
+
LEGISLATURE
be elected to She is the young-
est woman to be elected to the national legislature.
• LEGISLATURE
+
VERB
comprise sth, consist of sth
The legislature comprises a 212-member Chamber of Dep-
uties electedfor a four-year term.
I
pass sth The legisla-
ture passed a law to prohibit the dumping of nuclear
waste. I vote The legislature voted narrowly to table a mo-
tion of no-confidence in thegovernment.
legitimate
adj.
• VERBS
be, seem
I
consider sth, deem sth, regard sth
as, see sth as
• ADV.
entirely, perfectly, quite I apparently

leisure
noun
• VERB
+
LEISURE
have We have more leisure than our
parents had.
• LEISURE
+
NOUN
hours, time
I
activities, interests,
457
leniency
pursuits
I
centre, complex facilities
I
equipment,
goods
I
industry
lemon
noun
• ADJ.
fresh
• QUANT.
slice, wedge Garnish the fish with wedges of
lemon.

• VERB
+
LEMON
squeeze Squeeze a quarter of a lemon
over thefish.
I
slice
I
garnish sth with
• LEMON
+
NOUN
tree
I
pip
I
peel, rind, zest
I
juice
cc:>
Special page
at
FRUIT
lend
verb
• ADV.
kindly She very kindly lent me her bicycle.
• VERB
+
LEND

be prepared to, be willing to
I
refuse
to, be unwilling to The bank was unwilling to lend him
the money.
I
persuade sb to
• PREP.
to
I'oe lent my car to Georgefor the weekend.
lender
noun
• ADJ.
big, large, leading, major The bank is the largest
mortgage lender in the country.
I
money, mortgage
• PREP. - to
The bank was an important lender to the
British government.
length
noun
1
distance from one end to the other
• ADJ.
entire, full, maximum, whole There is a max-
imum length of
2
500 words.
o

The queue stretched the
whole length of the High Street.
I
great a ditch of great
length and width
I
medium
I
overall, total
• VERB
+
LENGTH
estimate, measure He measured the
length and width of the table.
I
have The vehicle has an
overall length of
12
feet.
I
grow to, reach These fish can
reach a length of over two metres.
I
double in, increase in
I
cut sth to Measure the size of the window and cut the
cloth to length.
I
drive, run, swim, travel, walk, etc. The
fence runs the length of thefootpath,

• PREP.
along the - of There were coloured lights along
the whole length of the street.
in-
Thepipe was two metres
in length.
• PHRASES
at arm's length He has to hold newspapers at
arm's length tofocus on the print. double, twice, three
times, half, etc. the length of
sth
The queen bee is twice
the length of a worker bee.
2amount of time that sth lasts
• ADJ.
considerable, great, inordinate
I
reasonable
• VERB
+
LENGTH
cut, reduce, shorten
I
increase
• LENGTH
+
VERB
increase
I
decrease

• PREP.
at-
He told me at length about his new job.
in-
Each lesson was an hour in length.
• PHRASES
length of time They complained about the in-
ordinate length of time they had to wait.
31ength of a swimming pool
• VERB
+
LENGTH do, swim
Idid20lengths today.
lengthy
adj.
• VERBS
be
• ADV. extremely, very Agreement was finally reached
after very lengthy discussions.
I
fairly, quite, rather, rea-
sonably, relatively, somewhat After a fairly lengthy
delay, we were able to continue.
leniency
noun
• ADJ.
great Judges are advised to show greater leniency
touiardsfirst-time offenders.
I
excessive, undue

• VERB
+
LENIENCY
show
I
appeal for, beg for
• PREP. -
for She begged for leniency for her son. - of the
undue leniency of the sentence -
to
Police offer leniency to
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