bệnh hại cây trồng bài mở đầu

đại học cần thơ
đại học cần thơ đại học cần thơ
đại học cần thơ -
--
- khoa nông nghiệp
khoa nông nghiệp khoa nông nghiệp
khoa nông nghiệp


giáo trình giảng dạy trực tuyến
QJ7S&ĂQ7K7HO)D[
:HEVLWHKWWSZZZFWXHGXYQNQQHPDLOGPLQK#FWXHGXYQYWDQK#FWXHGXYQ






Giáo trình
Các nguyên lý về
bệnh hại cây trồng


Chơng 1
Mở đầu




Biên soạn bởi PGs. Phạm Văn Kim
Bộ môn Bảo Vệ Thực Vật

Khoa Nông Nghiệp
Đại Học Cần Thơ



&DÉF1JX\½Q/\ÉY½Ð%½ÕQK+DÕL&»\7U¾ÐQJ&KÀ¿QJ 


&+ml1*

0§¯¤£¸8


,7$v&+$,&8t$%j1+&h</j108s$0$s1*

%QKF\WUQJODPJLDPPFWKXKRDFKFXDPXDPDQJ

6OLXFXD)$2FKRELWKLQQD\FROLQKQORDLDQJWURQJWQKWUDQJ
WKLXGLQKGQJ7KQKQJOQJWKFVDQ[XWFDEPWLNKRDQJ
KQJQPGRFDFWDFQKQQKFQWUXQJFXDFKLPFKXWFRGDLYDEQKWWJ\
QQWURQJREQKFXDF\WUQJDODPWKLWKDLNKRDQJVDQOQJlt+RDN\
KQJQPEWKLWPWNKRDQJWODGREQKF\ODPVXWJLDPVDQOQJ

 1F9LW1DPFKXQJWDQPWURQJYXQJQKLWLQRQJYDPFKRQQWKLW
KDLGREQKF\WUQJJ\UDFRQWUPWURQJKQQKLX&ROHWKWWKXKQJQP
FRQFDRKQFRQVWKYLVDQOQJOQJWKFWULXWQVOLXQP
WKFKXQJWDDPWLKQWULXWQiRODFKDNKQJQPFKXQJWDD
SKDLFKLUDPWVOQQJRDLWQKSWKXFWUEQKFKRF\WUQJ

 0WVEQKWUQF\WUQJWKQJ[D\UDWKDQKGFKJ\WKLWKDLWUPWURQJ

FKRPXDPDQJFXQJQKFRNKDQQJJ\WKLWKDLQJKLPWURQJFKRORDLQJL
QK

 'FKEQKPFVQJNKRDLW\3K\WRSKWKRUDLQIHVWDQVWDL,UHODQGYDRFDFQP
DWLXGLWWRDQENKRDLW\FXDQFQ\0DNKRDLW\ODLODOQJ
WKFFKQKFXDGQQJKHR1JRDLUDOXF\QF$QKFRQFKDFKRSKHS[XWNKX
OQJWKFUDNKRLQF'RRSKQOQGQQJKHRFXD,UHODQGWURQJWQKWUDQJ
WKLXQWUPWURQJ0WVDFKWYRLVNKDFDFKWYEQKWWGRVX\
GLQKGQJWUPWURQJJ\QQ0WVOQGQ,UHODQGDSKDLER[GLFVDQJ%F
0\WPQJVQJ'QVFXD,UHODQGWUFRFRWULXQJLVDXFDFW
GFKFKFRQODLNKRDQJWULX'FKEQKPFVQJNKRDLW\WDL,UHODQGDDQK
KQJOQQORDLQJLWUQQKLXPWYPWQKQORDLDODPQKLXQJLFKW
Y WKLXQYPWFKQKWUDODPWKD\LFKQKVDFKFXDFKQKSKX$QKFKR
SKHS[XWNKXOQJWKFYPWNKRDKRFDODPFKRQKLXQKDNKRDKRFD
WSWUXQJQJKLQFXWPELQSKDSLSKR

&DÉF1JX\½Q/\ÉY½Ð%½ÕQK+DÕL&»\7U¾ÐQJ&KÀ¿QJ 


 %QKWKDQHQKDWOXDP7LOOHWLDOHZLVJ\WKLWKDLWUPWURQJFKRYLFVDQ
[XW OXD P  +RD .\ WURQJ QKQJ QP  7KHR 1HOFKHUV  ULQJ 
EDQJ.DQVDVPLQPDEWKWWKXYDRNKRDQJWULXOWOXDP

 9DRQPGFKEQKPQXODOXD+HOPLQWKRVSRULXPRU\]DHDJ\WKW
WKXYDODPFKR[%HQJDOSKDLULYDRQDQRLWUPWURQJ

 %QKUODFDSK+HPLOHLDYDVWDWUL[DODPJLDPQQJVXWFDSKWUPWURQJ
YDODPJLDPQOQJFDSK[XWNKXFXDQF6UL/DQND

 lt 9LW 1DP QP +HPLOHLD YDVWDWULV  FXQJ  WDQ  SKD  FDF YQ WUQJ FD SK

DUDELFDYXQJ%DP07KXW%DR/F'L/LQKODPFKRNKXYFQ\FKFRWK
WUQJKDLORDLFDSKNHPSKPFKWKQODUREXVWDYDH[FHOVD

7X\QWUXQJ'LW\OHQFKXVDQJXVWXVJ\EQKWLPRWVQWUQOXDPXDGDLQJD\
YQFRQODPLORXFXDQJLQQJGQFDFKX\QQJRDLWKDQK7KDQK3K+&K
0LQK9XOXDPXDQPULQJKX\Q7KXiFFRQKDOXDPXD
PFEQKWLPRWVQWURQJRFRKDF[HPODPWWUQJGREQKJ\UD

'FKEQKOXQ[RQODOXDDEFSKDWEWQJYDJ\WKLWKDLWUPWURQJFKR
YXOXDQJ[XQWDLFDFWQK&Q7K6RF7UQJ9QK/RQJ7UD9LQKYD
iQJ7KDS&KULQJWQK&Q7KWKLWKDLFFOQJQQJDQWQ
WKRFWQJQJYLWQJ91

%QKF\WUQJFRQODPJLDPSKPFKWFXDQQJVDQ

&DFQQJVDQGRYXPXDEEQKQQJWKQJFRSKPFKWNHPNKQJ[XW
NKXGFKRFEPWJLDWUPWURQJ7KGXQKVDXYXPXDEEQKFKD\ODQQJ
3\ULFXODULDRU\]DHJDR[D\UDWKQJELQDWWOWPFDRQQNKQJXWLXFKXQ
[XWNKX&KXLJLDFXDQFWDGRNKQJFEDRYWWQQWUDLFKXLWKQJFR
FKPHQGRQPEQKJ\UD'RRFKXQJWDNKQJWK[XWFKXLWLVDQJFDF
QFSKQJW\FYNKX\WLPQ\

5DXFDLNKLPFEQKODWUDLXODPFKRVDQSKPPWYHP\TXDQYDE
PWJLDDQJNWUQWKWUQJ




&DÉF1JX\½Q/\ÉY½Ð%½ÕQK+DÕL&»\7U¾ÐQJ&KÀ¿QJ 



 %QKF\FRQODQJX\QQKQFXDVNKDQKLPFDFORDLQQJVDQWKHR
PXDYX

lvW WUQJ WURQJ PXD PD WKQJ E EQK WKL WUDL GR  QP &ROOHWRWULFKXP
FDSVLFXP%QKQ\J\WKLWKDLUWWUPWURQJWURQJPXDPDYDODQJX\QQKQ
FKQKKDQFKYLFWUQJWWURQJPXDPD

 %QKF\FRQODPQJFFKRQJLYDJLDVXF

3KQOQPPEQKNKQJFLYLQJLYDJLDVXF7X\QKLQFXQJFR
PWVPPEQKFXDF\FRWKJ\QQQJFFKRJLDVXFKRFFDFKRQJLNKL
QSKDL7KGXQKQP&ODYLFHSSXUSXUHDJ\EQKWUWUDLWUQOXDPU\HhX
&KXFRWKJ\QJFFKRQJLQSKDLEDQKPODPEQJEWGROXDEEQK
9DRXWKN\FRKQJQJDQQJLEQJFVDXGFKEQKWUWUDLWUQOXD
PU\HGRQPQ\J\UD1PQ\FRQN\VLQKWUQNKRDQJORDLFRGDLYDJLD
VXFNKLQSKDLFXQJFRWKEQJF

1JRDLUDFDFQP)XVDULXPVSYD3KLDOHVWHPXOHQWDFXQJFRWKJ\QJF
FKRQJLQSKDLFDFQQJVDQFRFDFQPQ\J\EQK

 %QKF\FRQFRWKJ\FDFWKLWKDLFELWNKDF

9DRFDFQPOXDPWDLEDQJ:DVKLQJWRQ+RD.\EEQKWKDQ
HQKDWGRQP7LOOHWLDOHZLVJ\UD'FKEQK[D\UDUWWUPWURQJWURQJQKLXQP
OLQYDJ\QKLXWKLWKDLDQJNYPFNLQKW%QFDQKRWURQJPXDJWQP
FRUWQKLXYXQYDFKD\PD\SOXDP[D\UDYXJ\WKLWKDLDQJ
NYWDLVDQFXQJQKODPFKRQKLXQQJGQEWKQJ/\GRODKDWOXDPPF
EQKFRFKDUWQKLXEDRWQJFXDQPJ\EQK7URQJEDRWQJFXDQP
EQKFRFKDQKLXFKWEHRYDPWKFKKS7URQJTXDWUQKSOXDEQJ

PD\GRVPD[DWPDQKFXDPD\QKLWEQWURQJPD\WQJOQFQJWKPYL
VWFKWXWQKLQWURQJPD\DODPFKRFKWEHRWURQJEDRWEXQJQJ\FKD\
PD\YDOXDPFKWQJFKXQJTXDQKPD\

,,/ml&6mt1*$s1++2&%j1+&h<75k|1*

 &DFQKDNKDRFKRFDWP WK\ FDFPXQPN\ VLQKQP3HURQRVSRULWHV
DQWLTXDULXVWUQFDFWKFYWFDLWURQJFDFKRDWKDFKFXDWKLN\7KDFK7KDQ
7NKLORDLQJLEWXELWWUQJWURWF\WUQJFXQJDEQKLXORDLYLVLQKYW
N\VLQKJ\KDL7X\QKLQGRNLQWKFFXDORDLQJLWKLE\JLFRQKDQKHSQQ
&DÉF1JX\½Q/\ÉY½Ð%½ÕQK+DÕL&»\7U¾ÐQJ&KÀ¿QJ 


PDLQNKL[DKLORDLQJLDKRDQWKLQKRPL\QKLQWQJEQKKRDQ
FXDF\WUQJYDWPFDFKNKFSKXF7URQJVOLXF'HPRFUDWHNKX\QQQJ
GQGXQJGXOLXSKXQOQF\KDQFKVODQWUDQFXDFDFEQKGRQPJ\
UDlt9LW1DPFKXQJWD/4XiQFRJKLQKQQFDFEQKWUQOXDYDQJL
QQJGQWKL\DGXQJWRLLSKRYLPWVEQKFXDF\WUQJ

.LQWKFNKRDKRFFXDORDLQJLFKPLSKDWWULQYDLWUPQPQD\WKL
QQVKLXELWWQJWQYEQKFXDF\WUQJFXQJFK[XWKLQJQ\

9DRJLDWKN\WKYLVSKDWPLQKUDNQKKLQYLQJLDQYDVSKDW
KLQUDYLVLQKYWFXD$QWRQ\9RQ/HHXZHQKRHNNKRDYLVLQKYWEWX
SKDWWULQQJWKLFXQJOLNHRWKHRVDXRVSKDWWULQFXDNKRDEQKF\
3LHU$QWRQLR0LFKHOLQKDWKFYW<vOQXWLQTXDQVDWQPYDFDFEDRW
FXDQP

iQQP7LOOHWQKDWKFYW3KDSFQJEFQJWUQKWPKLXYEQK
WKDQHQKDWOXDP7URQJRQJFKRUQJFDFKDWOXDFREDRSKXELSKQHQ

QJEDRWFXDQPVHPFEQKQKLXKQQKQJKDWNKQJFRSKQHQkQJ
FXQJFKRUQJEQKWKDQHQKDWOXDPODPWEQKWUX\QQKLPYDFROLQKQ
QPi\FRWK[HPODPWEDRFDRPXFKRQJDQKKRFEQKF\WUQJ7LS
WKHRRQP)HOLFH)RQWDQDYD*LRYDQQL7DUJLRQL7R]]HWWLQJKLQFXFOS
QKDXYEQKUFXDOXDPQKQWGFKEQKWUPWURQJ<v&DKDLQJXLQ
NWOXQEQKUFXDOXDPGRQPN\VLQKJ\UD

1P&+3HUVRRQQKDQKTX\Q6\QRSVLVPHWKRGLFDIXQJRUXPOD
QJL P X FKR YLF SKQORDL QP 1P  (0)ULHVQKDQKTX\Q
6\VWHPDP\FRORJLFXPSKQORDLWWFDQPDELWQOXFE\JL

1P/RXLV3DVWHXUYD5REHUW.RFKFKQJPLQKEQKWKDQHQFXDER
GRPWORDLYLNKXQJ\UD.RFKFXQJKQKWKDQKSKQJSKDS[DFQKWDFQKQ
J\EQKFKRQJYWYLEQEFQJD\QD\FKXQJWDELWGLWQODQK
.RFK .RFKV 3RVWXODWHV  iQK  .RFK  FXQJ F  FDF QKD EQK F\ WUQJ
QJWKLYDFDQJD\QD\WXQWKX

1P3LHUUH0DULH$OH[LV0LOODUGHWQKDNKRDKRF3KDSWPUDKQKS
%RUGHDX[KQKSJLDVXOIDWQJYDYLEWFRKLXTXDWUEQKSKQWUQJOD
QKRGRQP3ODVPRSDUDYLWLFRODPWEQKDJ\WKLWKDLWUPWURQJFKRFQJ
QJKODPUXQKRFXD3KDS3KDWPLQKQ\PXFKRFDFWPWRLWLSVDXV
GXQJFDFFKWQKOXKX\QKYDFDFGQFKWFXDWKX\QJQWUEQKF\