Lecture Leadership: Enhancing the lessons of experience (4/e) – Chapter 6

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C

 

HAPTER

S

IX

Leadership and Values


 The Relative Importance People 
Place On Values
Terminal Values

Instrumental Values

An exciting life

Being courageous

A sense of accomplishment

Being helpful

Family security

Being honest

Inner harmony

Being imaginative

Social recognition

Being logical

Friendship

Being responsible

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Some Influences On the Development 
Of Personal Values
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Parents
Religion

Peers
Personal 
Value 
System

Technology

Education
Media

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The Building Blocks Of Skills

Skills/ 
Competencies

Knowledge

Intelligence

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Experience

Personality 
Traits and 
Preferences

Values 
Interests 
Motives/Goals

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Developmental Levels Of Moral 
Reasoning
• Preconventional ­ the level in which a person’s 
criteria for moral behavior are based primarily on 
self­interest
• Conventional ­ the level the criteria for moral 
behavior are based primarily on gaining others’ 
approval 
• Postconventional ­ the level in which the criteria 
are based on universal, abstract principles that 
may even transcend the laws of a particular 
society
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Stages Of Moral Reasoning
• Preconventional Level
• Stage 1: “Bad” behavior is that which is punished.
• Stage 2: “Good” behavior is that which is concretely 
rewarded.

• Conventional Level
• Stage 3: “Good” behavior is that which is approved by 
others; “bad” behavior is that which is disapproved by 
others.

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Stages Of Moral Reasoning continued
• Conventional Level
• Stage 4: “Good” behavior conforms to standards set 
by social institutions; transgressions lead to feelings of 
guilt or dishonor.

• Postconventional 

• Stage 5: “Good” behavior conforms  to community 
standards set through democratic participation; 
concern with maintaining self­respect and the respect 
of equals
• Stage 6: “Good” behavior is a matter of individual 
conscience based on responsibly chosen commitments 
to ethical principles.
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Perceptions Of Unethical Business 
Practices
Percent of people expressing belief business would...

62%
48%

Harm the
environment

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38%

37%

Endanger
public health

Sell unsafe
products

44%

42%

Knowingly sell Deliberately Risk employee
inferior
charge inflated
health and
products
prices
safety

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Actions That May Be Legal But 
Unethical
• Scapegoating personal failures.
• Shirking unpleasant responsibilities.
• Knowingly making unreasonable demands 
of others.
• Breaking promises.
• Slacking off.
• Favoring friends for desirable assignments 

when others are more qualified. 
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How Good People Justify Doing 
Bad Things
•
•
•
•

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Moral justification
Euphemistic labeling
Advantageous comparison
Displacement of responsibility

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How Good People Justify Doing Bad Things, 
continued

• Diffusion of responsibility
• Disregard or distortion of 
consequences
• Dehumanization
• Attribution of blame

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The Narrow Band of Acceptable 
Behavior
Traditional 
feminine 
behavior

Traditional 
masculine 
behavior

Narrow Bands of Acceptable Behavior

My 
characteristics 
as a leader

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This 
organization’s 
stereotype of 
effective 
leadership

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