boi duong hoc sinh kha gioi mon tieng viet theo huong day hoc tu chon 28128

•Khoa hoc Gido due

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BOI DUONG

H O C S I N H K H f l G I O I M O N T I 6 N G VICT

TH€0 HUONG

DflV HOC T U CHON

• PGS.TS. NGUYEN TH| HANH
Trung tarn nghien cuu Giao due phd thdng
1. Vi sao can boi dudng hoc sinh (HS)
kha gidi mon Tieng Viet theo hudng day hoc
tuchon?
Sau 7 nam thuc hien chuong trinh va sach
giao khoa tieu hoc mdi, chat Iddng giao due cap
hoc nay da cd nhdng chuyen bien ro net. Ben
canh nhdng chuyen bien tich cue ve chat Iddng
giao due, sau mot sd nam thdc hien, chddng
trinh tieu hoc mdi da bpc Ip mpt vai ton tai. Mpt
trong so nhdng ton tai dd la tinh linh hoat cua
chdong trinh chda cao. ChdOng trinh mdi chi de
xuat mpt phddng an thdc hien chung cho mpi ddi
tddng HS ma chda cd cac phddng an thdc hien
cho nhieu ddi tddng HS khac nhau ve nhip dp
phat trien, sd trddng. Viec thdc hien ddng loat
mpt phddng an cua chddng trinh cho tat ca HS
da dan den tinh trang: mpt so khdng nhd HS cd

nhip dp phat trien va sd trddng ndi trpi hon
nhdng HS cd nhip dp phat trien binh thddng da
dat dddc yeu cau cua chddng trinh mpt each de
dang song khong ddpc tiep tuc hpc de phat trien
hdn nda theo kha nang cua cac em. Do dd, can
phai cd giai phap thich hdp nham hd trp nhdng
HS cd nhip do phat trien va sd trddng ndi trpi
dddc phat trien theo kha nang. Bdi dddng HS
kha gidi mdn Tieng Viet theo hddng td chpn la
mpt giai phap nham giai quyet tinh trang nay.
2. Boi dddng HS kha gidi mon Tieng Viet
theo hddng day hoc td chon dUa tren nhung
cd sd khoa hoc nao?
Cd sd li luan cua giai phap nay la li thuyet
day hpc phan hda (phan hda theo trinh dp HS),
li thuyet ve day hpc tich cue hda ngudi hpc
(hddng vao hinh thanh va phat trien nang Idc
hanh dong cua HS). Cd nhieu each lam de thdc
hien day hpc phan hda: td chdc day hpc theo
tUng nhdm HS cd sd tddng ddng ve nhip dp phat
then ca nhan, td chdc hpc ngoai khoa theo sd
trddng va kha nang cua HS, td chdc day hoc tu
chon ... Day hpc tu chpn la mpt trong nhung
each thdc thuc hien day hpc phan hda. Vdi each
KHGD sd 55, thdng 4 - 2010

nay, HS dupe hpc tap theo nhip dp phat then va
sd thich cua ca nhan mpt each chu dpng, hdng
thu, khdng bi ap dSt, viec hpc dddc tien hanh cd
ke hoach va dddc dinh hddng, giam sat danh gia

mpt each khoa hpc.
Cd sd thdc tien cua giai phap nay la kinh
nghiem giao due tieu hpc (trong dd cd van de
thdc hien phan hda trong giao due d tieu hpc)
cua mpt so nddc tien tien tren the gidi (Anh, Uc,
Trung Qudc, Singapore ...); la kinh nghiem bdi
dddng HS gidi d cap tieu hpc cua nddc ta trong
khoang hai thap ki gan day. Cu the la :
- Chddng trinh tieng Anh (chddng trinh
khung) ap dung cho trddng phd thong trong toan
nddc Anh hien nay, ben canh phan chdong trinh
chuan cd phan npi dung hpc tap md rpng. O
phan md rpng, chddng trinh tap trung vao cac
npi dung dpc rpng mpt so van ban (van ban
khdng phai van hpc va van ban van hpc) d dang
bai in va dang bai soan tren may vi tinh, soan
cho chddng trinh truyen hinh hoac dang thd
dien td, tap trung vao cac hoat dpng cd tac dung
phat then mpt each tdng hpp nhieu ki nang trong
giao tiep cho HS.
- Chddng trinh mdn tieng Anh danh cho
nhdng HS dung tieng Anh la ban ngd d Uc cung
cd phan md rpng so vdi chuan cua chddng trinh.
Phan md rpng nay khong tach ra thanh mpt
phan rieng d tdng Idp ma dat ngay d trong tdng
mach npi dung cua chddng trinh. Trong phan
chddng trinh md rpng, mach dpc ddpc md rpng
them npi dung nhin va xem (viewing) de day
each dpc cac ban tin va cac van ban cd hinh tren
cac phddng tien truyen thong nhd chddng trinh

phat tren ti vi, cac trang tin phat tren internet ma
ngddi hpc cd dddc nhd vao may vi tinh; mach
viet ddpc md rpng them npi dung thu thap va
phan tich dd lieu de lam td lieu cho bai viet va
soan thao van ban (bao gdm ca chd va hinh)
bang may vi tinh; phan md rpng con cd them
nhdng hoat dpng phan hdi ve nhdng dieu da doc
23


Khoa hoc Gido duebang nhCrng bai trinh bay mieng va bang nhCrng
bai viet tu" chpn (co the la bai viet cua ca nhan,
co the la bai viet do mpt nhom HS cung soan
thao).
- 6 Trung Quoc, day hpc td chpn ddpc thdc
hien dudi hinh thdc ngoai khoa danh cho sd
dong HS va do HS td nguyen tham gia. O cap
tieu hpc, hoat dong ngoai khoa mon Ngd van
bao gdm: hoat dpng dpc ngoai gid, hoat dpng
cua td nhdm yeu thich cac hoat dpng ngoai khoa
trong mdn Ngd van. Trong hoat dpng Opc ngoai
gid len Idp, GV hddng din HS van dung kT nang
dpc hieu trong gid hpc Ngd van chfnh khoa de
dpc ngoai khoa vdi cac hinh thdc hoat dpng dpc
da dang nhd: dpc va trao ddi nhdm ve nhdng
dieu tdng ca nhan tarn dac qua dpc tai lieu, viet
ve nhdng dieu da dpc vdi nhdng muc dich khac
nhau (torn tat tai lieu de gidi thieu tai lieu, viet ve
mpt vai dieu minh thich trong tai lieu dddi dang
mpt bai bao de gdi len bao tddng...). Nhdng HS

yeu thich mdn Ngd van con ddpc tham quan,
phdng van, td viet bao cao ve mpt sd viec hdng
thu, td td chdc cac hpi nhd hpi ke chuyen, hpi
dpc sach, hpi dien giang (hung bien), tham gia
cac ki thi ve tieng phd thdng, thi tap lam van.
- O Singapore, hoat dpng day hpc td chpn
mon Tieng Anh (ngon ngd qudc gia) ddpc thiet
ke trong chddng trinh day hoc bang phan md
rpng trong moi mach kien thdc va kT nang. Kien
thdc, kT nang cua mon Tieng Anh la : nghe, ndi,
dpc, nhin va xem, viet, trinh bay (bang ndi va
viet), mpt so kien thdc ve td va ngd phap. Trong
7 mach ndi tren thi mach dpc, viet, nghe, ndi,
kien thdc ve td va ngd phap la 5 mach cd ban,
cd tinh chat la npi dung hpc tap tdi thieu. Hai
mach nhin va xem, trinh bay (ndi va viet) la
nhdng mach npi dung md rpng cd tinh chat la
mach tich hpp nhdng kTnang va kien thdc da hpc
trong 5 mach cO ban. Nhdng HS hoan thanh
nhiem vu d 5 mach npi dung cd ban thi ddpc tiep
tuc hpc 2 mach npi dung md rpng vdi cac tai lieu
day hpc da dang (bao gdm ca tai lieu in chd va
cac tai lieu cd chd va hinh tren tivi, tren may vi
tinh), vdi cac hoat dpng hpc tap da dang nhd dpc
md rpng: viet ve nhdng dieu dpc ddpc, nhdng
dieu da lam: thao luan nhdm ve mpt so chu de;
cung soan thao van ban phuc vu cho viec trinh
bay ndi hoac trinh bay bang bai viet trong cac
tap san hoac bao tddng.
24

Ngh en
- 6 Viet Nam, trong thdi gian thdc hien
chddng trinh Cai each giao due (1981-2001), cac
trddng tieu hpc da thdc hien hai hinh thdc day
hpc cd yeu td td chpn: day hpc ngoai khoa
khong bat bupc trong mdn Tieng Viet va day hpc
bdi dddng HS gidi mdn Tieng Viet. Day hpc
ngoai khoa mdn Tieng Viet dddc thdc hien dddi
cac hinh thdc: hpc lam bao tddng, thi ke chuyen,
thi viet chd dep. O cac hinh thdc nay, HS ddpc
hpc tap theo tinh than td nguyen tham gia cac
hoat dpng, hpc tap theo each td hpc cd hddng
dan cua GV. Viec day hpc bdi dddng HS gidi
mon Tieng Viet cd muc dich chu yeu la bdi
dddng kien thdc va kT nang cho dpi ngu HS gidi
de cac em dat thanh tich cao trong cac ki thi HS
gidi (cap trddng, cap huyen/th|, cap tinh/thanh
phd, cap qudc gia). Tuy nhien, HS tham gia hpc
tap d hinh thdc nay khong phai hoan toan td
nguyen va td chpn. Hon nda, npi dung hpc tap
dddc quy d|nh bdi cd quan quan li giao due cap
huyen, cap tinh, cap qudc gia, do dd khong cho
phep HS dddc chpn Ida theo sd thich va sd
trddng cua mdi em. Hinh thdc day hpc chu yeu
la nghe GV giang, lam cac bai tap viet de chuan
bi cho cac bai thi viet. Ben canh mat tich cdc cUa
viec hpc bdi dddng HS gidi, mpt so trddng, dia
phddng do thich thanh tich ve ti le HS gidi da qua
tap trung vao viec chi bdi dddng phan chuyen

sau cua mon hpc ma xao nhang day cac mdn
hpc khac, viec nay dan den tinh trang HS gidi
hpc lech. Td nam 2001, Bp Giao due va Dao tao
da ban hanh chddng trinh tieu hpc thdng nhat
trong ca nddc va den nam 2006, chddng trinh
nay ddpc hoan thien theo hddng lien thdng vdi
chddng trinh cap trung hpc cd sd, cap trung hpc
phd thdng. Chddng trinh nay dddc chinh thdc
thdc hien trong cac trddng tieu hpc td nam hpc
2002-2003. Day la chddng trinh chuan, phan npi
dung day hpc td chpn cua tdng ITnh vdc, tdng
mon hpc chda ban hanh, do dd viec day hpc td
chpn cac mdn hpc da va dang ddpc thdc hien
chda cd tinh thdng nhat cao.
3. Cach td chdc thdc hien boi dddng HS
kha gidi mon Tieng Viet theo hddng day hpc
td chpn
a. Can lam ro muc tieu day hpc tdchpn mon
Tieng Viet
- Cd cac kT nang sd dung tieng Viet (doc,
viet, nghe, ndi) vdng chac de hpc tap co hieu
KHGD so 55, thdng 4 - 2010


curu

——————————————————— Khoa hoc Gido

qua cao va giao tiep td tin, linh hoat trong cac gidi mdn Tieng Viet bing hinh thdc day hpc td
chpn la : 2 tiet/tuan x 35 tuan = 70 tiet.

moi truong hoat ddng cua Ida tudi.
Ddi vdi HS Idp 4, Idp 5, neu trddng hpc cd
- Cd nhdng kien thdc co ban ve tieng Viet va
thu
xep
ddpc quy thdi gian thi thdi lupng nay cd
nhdng hieu biet ve xa hpi, td nhien, con ngudi,
ve van hda, van hpc cua Viet Nam va nude the cao hdn, dao dpng khoang tu70 tiet den 100
tiet.
ngoai.
d. Phuong phap va hinh thdc td chUc day
- Co tinh yeu tieng Viet, hUng thu hpc tieng
Viet de md rpng hieu biet va trau ddi kT nang giao hpc can dupe quan triet theo dinh hudng sau :
- Thiet ke cac npi dung hpc tap phu hdp vdi
tiep de budc dau hinh thanh nhan each con
ngudi Viet Nam xa hpi chu nghTa nang dpng, td kinh nghiem, sd thich, dieu kien cua ca nhan HS:
trong cac gid hpc td chpn, HS dddc khuyen
lap, cd sd trddng, cd kha nang td hpc.
b. Muc tieu ndi tren can dupe cu the hda khich hpc tap bang each td chon tai lieu dpc, tu
thanh nhdng npi dung day hpc mon tieng Viet d chpn de tai cho bai viet; tu trao ddi vdi nhau ve
ba Idp cudi cap (Idp 3, Idp 4, Idp 5) theo nhdng npi dung bai dpc, bai viet; tu sda chua, dieu
chinh bai viet hoac y kien cua minh khi ndi ve
nguyen tic sau:
- Npi dung day hpc tu chpn co cau true nhdng dieu da nghe va dpc dupe...
- To chUc day hpc bing cac phuong phap
thdng nhat vdi phan npi dung chuong trinh
chuan mdn Tieng Viet d cac Idp 3, 4, 5 theo day hpc mdi: HS hpc trong cac hoat dpng ca
hudng md rpng va khic sau. Sd thdng nhat dupe nhan, hoat dpng nhdm nhd, cd mpt khoang rong
the hien cu the: Cac mach npi dung cua chddng de hoat dpng sang tao theo kha nang cua minh,
trinh gdm kien thdc tieng Viet va van hpc, cac kT td dd tao ra nhdng bai noi, bai viet, y kien phan

hdi bai dpc, bai nghe mpt each dpc lap, sang
nang dpc, viet, nghe, ndi.
tao,
chda ddng niem say me hdng thu cua tdng
- Nhdng kT nang dpc, viet, nghe, ndi tieng
em.
Hpc
trong cau lac bp, trong cac cupc thi, cac
Viet ddpc tang cddng mpt each cd trong tarn.
tro
chdi
cung
la nhdng hinh thdc tot de day hpc
Mpt so kT nang trong tarn lai ddpc md rpng, nang
tu
chpn
mon
Tieng
Viet.
cao theo hddng sau hdn nhim giup HS cd kha
e.
Tai
lieu
va
thiet bi day hpc can dupe
nang sd dung tieng Viet mpt each td tin va linh
chuan
bi
theo
hudng

sau :
hoat trong nhdng hoan canh md rpng.
Tai
lieu
can
ddpc
bien soan thdng nhat ve
- Nhdng kien thdc ve ngon ngd ndi chung va
mat
cau
true
(theo
muc
tieu.
noi dung va cac chu
tieng Viet ndi rieng chi ddpc bd sung vdi so
de
hpc
tap,
hddng
dan
phddng
phap day hpc),
Iddng han che nham phuc vu cho viec tang
da
dang
ve
npi
dung
tdng

bai
hpc
gida cac dia
cddng cac kT nang ndi tren.
phddng
nhim
lam
cho
viec
hpc
td
chpn
phu hpp
Dddi day la cac chu de hpc tap Idn (chung
vdi
kinh
nghiem
va
dac
diem
vung
mien
cua HS.
cho ca 3 Idp):
Khuyen
khich
soan
nhieu
dang
tai

lieu:
tai
lieu in,
- Phat then hieu biet ve tieng Viet va van
bang
dia
ghi
tieng,
ghi
hinh,
phan
mem
day
hpc;
hoc,...
- Dpc rpng;
- Can td chdc thd vien nhd (hoac tu sach
- Viet sang tao;
dung chung) cho HS cd nguon tai lieu de dpc va
- Phat then nghe va ndi;
tham khao. Nen cd may vi tinh, ti vi, dau video
- Thdc hanh giao tiep tieng Viet qua hoat
de HS va soan van ban bing may vi tinh, xem
dpng theo chu diem.
cac chddng trinh truyen hinh tren dTa ghi hinh...
0 moi chu de npi dung hpc tap, se phat then
g. Viec danh gia ket qua hpc tap can ddpc
tang dan ve dp khd, dung Iddng qua tdng Idp,
thdc hien theo hddng sau :
ddng thdi npi dung cac chu de cd lien thong d

- Muc dich danh gia trong day hpc td chpn
mdc cao sao cho viec hpc chu de nay tao dieu
la khuyen khich HS tiep tuc hoc co hdng thu,
kien cho HS hpc tot nhdng chu de khac.
cung cap thong tin phan hdi cho GV de dieu
c. Ke hoach day hpc can ddpc xac dinh linh
chinh viec day cua GV, dieu chinh tai lieu day
hoat tren mot khung co ban nhd sau :
(Xem tiep trang 51)
Thdi Idpng tdi thieu cho bdi dddng HS kha
KHGD so 55, thdng 4 - 2010

25


.
thi sinh cung cap them ket qua cua mpt ki thi
chuan hoa dupe td chdc nhieu lan trong nam de
tao dieu kien cho thi sinh theo hpc bat cd khi nao
du dieu kien.
Do dieu kien dau vao kha md nen viec quan
li ddi vdi ddi tdpng nay can rat chat che thong
qua viec kiem tra thddng xuyen trong qua trinh
hpc theo nguyen tac md rpng dau vao, that chat
dau ra. Dong thdi, do tien dp hpc tap cua cac
sinh vien se rat da dang, nen mpt cd che quan li
linh hoat la het sdc can thiet. O day, mpt lan nda
cd the thay mpt he thdng tin chi hoan chinh, van
hanh tot, vdi cac cd che lien thong dddc dam
bao, la mpt dieu kien rat can cho sd thanh cdng

cua ngddi hpc trong chddng trinh dao tao.
Ket luan
Vai tro quan trong cCia trddng dai hpc trong
nen kinh te tri thdc toan cau hien nay khdng con
gi de ban cai. Nhdng de trddng dai hpc thdc sd la
mpt dpng Idc phat then xa hpi thi mpi chinh sach
cd lien quan den qua trinh giao due deu can ddpc
can nhac can than, trong dd tuyen sinh la khau
quan trong dau tien. Va hai nguyen tac quan
trong nhat trong viec xay ddng cac chinh sach
cua mpt nganh cd lien quan den tat ca mpi ngddi
- nganh giao due la phai xem xet quyen Ipi cua tat
ca cac ben cd lien quan, va thdc hien trao quyen
day du khi cd dieu kien. Cac de xuat ddpc dda ra
trong bai viet nay, dda tren kinh nghiem thdc tien
BOI DlTONG H S . . .
(Tiep theo trang 25)
hpc... Viec danh gia can tranh tao them sd cang
thing cho HS trong hpc tap.
- Npi dung danh gia: chu yeu tap trung vao
viec khac sau, md rpng nhung kTnang, kien thdc.
- Cach thdc danh gia: kiem tra viet va van
dap d nhdng npi dung md rpng hoac hpc sau
mpt sd kien thdc va kT nang; quan sat hoat dpng
hpc cua HS trong cac cupc thi, tro chdi, hoat
dpng hpc tieng Viet trong cac hoat dpng theo
chu diem... de dda ra nhan xet.
Hoat dpng bdi dddng HS kha gidi mdn Tieng
Viet theo hddng day hpc td chpn da ddpc thd
nghiem trong cac nam hpc 2006-2007 va 20082009 d mpt so trddng tieu hpc tai huyen Thanh

Tri, quan Hai Ba Trdng, Ha Npi, mpt so Idp tieu
KHGD so 55. thdng 4-2010

Khoa hoc Gido due

cua cac nddc tren the gidi, da cd gang ton trong
cac nguyen tac ndi tren, va hi vong cd the chi ra
dddc mpt sd djnh hddng phu hpp de tiep tuc nang
cao chat Idpng va hieu qua cua giao due dai hpc
Viet Nam trong nhdng nam sap tdi.
TAl Ll£U THAM KHAO

1. Bp Giao due va Dao tao (2007). Tai lieu Hoi thao - Ta
huan ve thi nam 2008 (luu hanh npi bp). Ha Npi, Cue
Khao thi va Danh gia chat lupng dao tao.
2. Cabrera, A. R, and K. R. Burkum (2001) College
Admission Criteria in the United States: An Overview
Paper presented at Balance del sistema de acceso a la
universidad (selectividad y modelos alternativos).
Catedra UNESCO de Gestidn y Politica Universitaria.
Madrid, Spain.
3. Helms, R. M. (2008) University Admission Worldwide.
Working Paper Series 15. Washington DC, World
Bank.
4. Oregon State Board of Higher Education (2007).
Undergraduate Admission Policy for 2008-2009
Academic Year.
SUMMARY

This article describes the group of most often used

policies in admission into universities worldwide, analyz
objectives of these factors and based upon that to propose
a new admission mechanism for higher education from
2010 in Vietnam
hpc thupc Trddng phd thong cd sd Thdc nghiem
cua Bp Giao due va Dao tao va da cd nhdng ket
qua dddc danh gia tot.
TAl LIEU THAM KHAO

1. PGS.TS Nguyen Thj Hanh (chu nhiem), Day hoc tuc
mon Tieng Viet b tieu hoc nham dap dng yeu cau day
hoc phan hda, de tai khoa hpc cap Vien 2007, Vien
Khoa hoc Giao due Viet Nam.
2. Nguyen Thj Hanh, Thuc trang va nhu cau day hoc tu
chon mdn Tieng Viet b tieu hoc, Tap chi Giao due so
163, 5/2007.
3. Luyen tap nang cao Tieng Viet 3 theo hubng day hoc tu
chon (2 tap), Nha xuat ban Giao due Viet Nam, 2008.
SUMMARY
The author addresses the need of tutoring for good
and excellent students in Vietnamese language towards
elective; scientific basis and forms for the tutoring.
51