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c) ORDERED
INQUIRIED
DIRECT COMMAND S + ASKED + O + (not) + To infinitive
TOLD
REQUESTED
WH-QUESTION - S + Asked + O + Question Word + S + V
- Could you tell me + Question Word + S + V
- We’d like to know
- I want to know
YES / NO QUESTION - S + ASKED + O + IF / WHETHER + S + V
- Do you know
- Could you tell me + If / Whether + S + V
- We’d like to know
- S wants to know
- last week / year / month … - the previous week / year / month …
- next week / year / month … - the following week / year / month …
- a year / month … ago - the previous year / month … / a year /… before
- this / these - that / those
- here - there
- today / tonight - that day / that night
- yesterday - the day before / the day earlier
- the day before yesterday - two days before
- tomorrow - the next day / the following day
- the day after tomorrow - in two days’ time
26. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
NOTES:
* Changes in tenses
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
- Simple Present - Simple Past
- Present Continuous - Past Continuous
- Simple Past - Past Perfect

- Present Perfect - Past Perfect
- Past Continuous - Past Perfect Continuous
- Simple Future - Future in the Past (Would + Verb)
- Future Perfect (will have + P.P) - Perfect Conditional (would have + P.P)
- Present Conditional (would + verb) - Perfect Conditional (would have + P.P)
S + V + O (someone) + V / To inf. S + HAVE / GET + O (something) + P.P
34. ACTIVE SENTENCE PASSIVE SENTENCE
- Present simple : IS /ARE + P.P - Present Continuous: IS /ARE + BEING + P.P
- Past Simple: WAS / WERE + P.P - Past Continuous: WAS /WERE + BEING + P.P
- Present Perfect: HAS/HAVE BEEN + P.P - Future Simple: WILL + BE + P.P
* CAN / COULD / MUST / SHOULD / COULD ……
* BE GOING TO + BE + P.P
* HAVE TO
. SUBJECT + VERB + ADJECTIVE + NOUN CLAUSE
. SUBJECT + VERB + NOUN CLAUSE
. NOUN CLAUSE + VERB + COMPLEMENT
CLAUSE + though, although, even though + CLAUSE
CLAUSE + so that , in order that + CLAUSE
CLAUSE + so + Adjective (Adverb) + that / Such + noun + that + CLAUSE
CLAUSE + so + Adjective (Adverb) + that / Such + noun + that + CLAUSE
CLAUSE + as … as, -er … than, more … than + Clause
CLAUSE + as though, as if, as + Clause]
CLAUSE + where, wherever + CLAUSE
CLAUSE
+ when, until, while, before, after, as soon as, just as, since, whenever + CLAUSE
1. Subject + Verb
2. Subject + Verb + Compliment
3. Subject + Verb + Object
4. Auxiliary + Subject + Verb?
5. Question words + Auxiliary + Subject + Verb?

6. Auxiliary + Subject + Verb + Question word + Subject + Verb?
38. PRESENT PAST SUBJUNCTIVE
SENTENCE PAST WISH + PAST PERFECT
In Situation FUTURE WOULD + V
37. IF …… NOT UNLESS
PAST
36. PRESENT Situation PRESENT Unreal Condition
SENTENCE in Situation PAST Unreal
Condition
NOTES:
* PRESENT UNREAL CONDITION ( CONDITIONAL SENTENCE Type2)
IF + PAST SUBJUNCTIVE, …………. WOULD / SHOULD + VERB
* PAST UNREAL CONDITIONAL ( CONDITIONAL SENTENCE Type3)
IF + PAST PERFECT, …… WOULD / SHOULD / COULD + HAVE + P.P
. S + V + O (someone) + V / To inf. S + HAVE / GET + O (something) + P.P
. ACTIVE SENTENCE PASSIVE SENTENCE
- Present simple : IS /ARE + P.P - Present Continuous: IS /ARE + BEING + P.P
- Past Simple: WAS / WERE + P.P - Past Continuous: WAS /WERE + BEING + P.P
- Present Perfect: HAS/HAVE BEEN + P.P - Future Simple: WILL + BE + P.P
31. Though
Although + CLAUSE Despite + NOUN PHRASE / GERUND
Even though In spite of
.
33. COMPOUND SENTENCE EITHER …… OR ……
NEITHER …… NOR ……
. BECAUSE + CLAUSE BECAUSE OF + NOUN PHRASE / GERUND
DUE TO + NOUN PHRASE / GERUND
. S + V + Time It Takes + (someone) + time + To infinitive
. S + Verb + NO + Noun S + HARDLY + Verb + ANY + Noun
S + ADVERB + VERB ADVERB + VERB + S

ORDERED
INQUIRIED
DIRECT COMMAND S + ASKED + O + (not) + To infinitive
TOLD
REQUESTED
b) WH-QUESTION - S + Asked + O + Question Word + S + V
- Do you know
- Could you tell me + Question Word + S + V
- We’d like to know
- I want to know
) YES / NO QUESTION - S + ASKED + O + IF / WHETHER + S + V
- Do you know
- Could you tell me + If / Whether + S + V
- We’d like to know
- S wants to know
. Simple Past with OFTEN, ALWAYS, ONCE USED TO + Verb
S + Verb Negative + Unti. Let’s + Verb
Why don’t we + Verb It was not until … + That + Clause
. S + Remember + To do something S + Don’t Forget + To do
. Imperative Verb S + Should (not) + Verb
. S + Be + Ing-Adjective - S + Be + Ed-Adjective
S + Verb - S + Be + Ed-Adjective
. S + V + O S + Be + Ed-Adjective

S + V + O S + Be + Ing-Adjective
. S + Like something S + Be Fond of + Something
. S + Be + not necessary / pointless S + Don’t + Need to
S + Don’t + Have to
There is no need to
S + Needn’t

Adj + enough + (for) + To infinitive So + Adj + that
Such + (A / An + Adj + N ) + That

Such + (A / An + Adj + Noun ) + That Too + Adj + For… + To infinitive
So + Adj + That Adj + enough + for …. + To infinitive
So + Adj + That + Clause Such + A (An) + Singular Noun + That + Clause
Adv + Uncountable Noun
S + V + Too + Adv + To infinitive S + V + So + Adv + That + Clause
S + V + So + Adv + That + Clause S + V + Adv + Enough + To infinitive
5 . S + Be + Adj What + a + Adj + Noun !
How + Adj + S + Be !

S + Verb + Adv How + Adv + S + Verb !
S + Be + (A / An) + Noun