Data analytics concepts, techniques, and applications by mohiuddin ahmed

Data Analytics



Data Analytics

Concepts, Techniques, and ­Applications

Edited by

Mohiuddin Ahmed and Al-Sakib Khan Pathan


CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Ahmed, Mohiuddin (Computer scientist), editor. | Pathan, Al-Sakib
Khan, editor.
Title: Data analytics : concepts, techniques and applications / edited by
Mohiuddin Ahmed, Al-Sakib Khan Pathan.
Other titles: Data analytics (CRC Press)
Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2018. |
Includes bilbliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018021424 | ISBN 9781138500815 (hb : acid-free paper) |
ISBN 9780429446177 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Quantitative research. | Big data.
Classification: LCC QA76.9.Q36 D38 2018 | DDC 005.7—dc23
LC record available at />Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

and the CRC Press Web site at



Dedicated to
My Loving Parents

—Mohiuddin Ahmed
My two little daughters: Rumaysa and Rufaida
—Al-Sakib Khan Pathan



Contents
Acknowledgments...............................................................................................ix
Preface.................................................................................................................xi
List of Contributors........................................................................................... xv

Section I  DATA ANALYTICS CONCEPTS
1 An Introduction to Machine Learning....................................................3
MARK A. NORRIE

2 Regression for Data Analytics...............................................................33
M. SAIFUL BARI

3 Big Data-Appropriate Clustering via Stochastic Approximation

and Gaussian Mixture Models..............................................................55
HIEN D. NGUYEN AND ANDREW THOMAS JONES

4 Information Retrieval Methods for Big Data Analytics on Text...........73
ABHAY KUMAR BHADANI AND ANKUR NARANG

5 Big Graph Analytics..............................................................................97
AHSANUR RAHMAN AND TAMANNA MOTAHAR

Section II  DATA ANALYTICS TECHNIQUES

6 Transition from Relational Database to Big Data and Analytics........131
SANTOSHI KUMARI AND C. NARENDRA BABU

7 Big Graph Analytics: Techniques, Tools, Challenges,

and Applications..................................................................................171
DHANANJAY KUMAR SINGH, PIJUSH KANTI DUTTA PRAMANIK,
AND PRASENJIT CHOUDHURY

8 Application of Game Theory for Big Data Analytics...........................199
MOHAMMAD MUHTADY MUHAISIN AND TASEEF RAHMAN

vii


viii  ◾ Contents

9 Project Management for Effective Data Analytics..............................219
MUNIR AHMAD SAEED AND MOHIUDDIN AHMED

10 Blockchain in the Era of Industry 4.0.................................................235
MD. MEHEDI HASSAN ONIK AND MOHIUDDIN AHMED

11 Dark Data for Analytics......................................................................275
ABID HASAN

Section III  DATA ANALYTICS APPLICATIONS
12 Big Data: Prospects and Applications in the Technical and

Vocational Education and Training Sector.........................................297

MUTWALIBI NAMBOBI, MD. SHAHADAT HOSSAIN KHAN,
AND ADAM A. ALLI

13 Sports Analytics: Visualizing Basketball Records in

Graphical Form��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 317
MUYE JIANG, GERRY CHAN, AND ROBERT BIDDLE

14 Analysis of Traffic Offenses in Transportation: Application

of Big Data Analysis........................................................................... 343
CHARITHA SUBHASHI JAYASEKARA, MALKA N. HALGAMUGE,
ASMA NOOR, AND ATHER SAEED

15 Intrusion Detection for Big Data........................................................375
BIOZID BOSTAMI AND MOHIUDDIN AHMED

16 Health Care Security Analytics...........................................................403
MOHIUDDIN AHMED AND
ABU SALEH SHAH MOHAMMAD BARKAT ULLAH

Index�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������417


Acknowledgments
I am grateful to the Almighty Allah for blessing me with the opportunity to work
on this book. It is my first time as a book editor and I express my sincere gratitude
to Al-Sakib Khan Pathan for guiding me throughout the process. The book e­ diting
journey enhanced my patience, communication, and tenacity. I am thankful to
all the contributors, critics, and the publishing team. Last but not least, my very

best wishes for my family members whose support and encouragement contributed
significantly to the completion of this book.
Mohiuddin Ahmed
Centre for Cyber Security and Games
Canberra Institute of Technology, Australia

ix



Preface
Introduction
Big data is a term for datasets that are so large or complex that traditional data
processing applications are inadequate for them. The significance of big data has
been recognized very recently and there are various opinions on its ­definition.
In layman’s terms, big data reflects the datasets that cannot be perceived, acquired,
managed, and processed by the traditional information technology (IT) and
software/­hardware tools in an efficient manner. Communities such as s­ cientific
and technological enterprises, research scholars, data analysts, and technical
­practitioners have different definitions of big data. Due to a large amount of data
­arriving at a fast speed, a new set of efficient data analysis techniques are required.
In ­addition to this, the term data science has gained a lot of attention from both the
academic research community and the industry. Therefore, data analytics becomes
an ­essential component for any organization. For instance, if we consider health
care, financial trading, Internet of Things (IoT) smart cities, or cyber-physical systems, one can find the role of data analytics. However, with these diverse application domains, new research challenges are also arising. In this context, this book on
data analytics will provide a broader picture of the concepts, techniques, applications, and open research directions in this area. In addition, the book is expected to
serve as a single source of reference for acquiring knowledge on the emerging trends
and a­ pplications of data analytics.

Objective of the Book

This book is about compiling the latest trends and issues of emerging technologies, concepts, and applications that are based on data analytics. It is written
for graduate students in the universities, researchers, academics, and industry
practitioners working in the area of data science, machine learning, and other
related issues.

xi


xii  ◾ Preface

About the Target Audience and Content
The target audience of this book is comprised of students, researchers, and
­professionals working in the area of data analytics and is not focused on any s­ pecific
application. This book includes chapters covering the fundamental ­concepts, relevant techniques, and interesting applications of data analysis. The chapters are
categorized into three groups with a total of 16 chapters. These chapters have been
contributed by authors from seven different countries across the globe.
SECTION I: Data Analytics Concepts
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Machine Learning
Chapter 2: Regression for Data Analytics
Chapter 3: Big Data-Appropriate Clustering via Stochastic Approximation
and Gaussian Mixture Models
Chapter 4: Information Retrieval Methods for Big Data Analytics on Text
Chapter 5: Big Graph Analytics
SECTION II: Data Analytics Techniques
Chapter 6: Transition from Relational Database to Big Data and Analytics
Chapter 7: Big Graph Analytics: Techniques, Tools, Challenges, and Applications
Chapter 8: Application of Game Theory for Big Data Analytics
Chapter 9: Project Management for Effective Data Analytics
Chapter 10: Blockchain in the Era of Industry 4.0
Chapter 11: Dark Data for Analytics

SECTION III: Data Analytics Applications
Chapter 12: Big Data: Prospects and Applications in the Technical and
Vocational Education and Training Sector
Chapter 13: Sports Analytics: Visualizing Basketball Records in Graphical
Form
Chapter 14: A nalysis of Traffic Offenses in Transportation: Application of
Big Data Analysis
Chapter 15: Intrusion Detection for Big Data
Chapter 16: Health Care Security Analytics
Section I contains six chapters that cover the fundamental concepts of data
­analytics. These chapters reflect the important knowledge areas, such as machine
learning, regression, clustering, information retrieval, and graph analysis. Section II
has six chapters that cover the major techniques of data analytics, such as t­ ransition
from regular database to big data, big graph analysis tools and techniques, and
game theoretical approaches for big data analysis. The rest of the chapters in this
­section cover topics that lead to newer research domains, i.e., project management,


Preface  ◾  xiii

Industry 4.0, and dark data. These topics are considered as the emerging trends in
data analytics. Section III is dedicated to the applications of data analytics in different domains, such as education, traffic offenses, sports data visualization and, last
but not the least, two interesting chapters on cybersecurity for big data analytics
with specific focus on the health care sector.
Mohiuddin Ahmed and Al-Sakib Khan Pathan



List of Contributors
Mohiuddin Ahmed 

obtained his PhD from UNSW
Australia and is currently working as a lecturer in the
Canberra Institute of Technology at the Centre for Cyber
Security and Games. His research interests include big data
mining, machine learning, and network security. He is
working to develop efficient and accurate anomaly detection
techniques for network traffic analysis to handle the emerging big data problems. He has made practical and theoretical
contributions toward data summarization in network traffic
analysis. His research also has high impact on critical infrastructure protection (SCADA systems, smart grid), information security against
DoS attacks, and complicated health data (heart disease, nutrition) analysis. He
has published a number of journals and conference papers in reputed venues of
computer science. Dr. Ahmed holds a bachelor of science degree in computer science and information technology with high distinction from Islamic University of
Technology, OIC.
Adam A. Alli received his PhD in computer science and
engineering from the Islamic University of Technology,
Dhaka, Bangladesh. He completed his MSc in computer science (2008) from the University of Mysore, India, and his
BSc in computer science (2002) from the Islamic University
in Uganda. He also received a Postgraduate Diploma in
Management and Teaching at Higher Education (2015) from
the Islamic University in Uganda and a Graduate Diploma
in ICT Leadership and Knowledge Society (2013) from the
Dublin City University through the GeSCI program. He was
Dean, Faculty of Science at the Islamic University in Uganda from 2011 to 2016.
He is a lecturer of computer science and engineering at both Islamic University in
Uganda and Uganda Technical College in Bushenyi.

xv


xvi  ◾  List of Contributors

C. Narendra Babu graduated with a BE in computer science engineering (CSE) from Adichunchanagiri Institute
of Technology, Chikmagalur, in 2000. He received his
MSc in MTech (CSE) from M. S. Ramaiah Institute of
Technology, Bangalore, in 2004. He received a PhD
degree from JNT University, Anantapur. He is an associate professor in the department of CSE at M. S. Ramaiah
University of Applied Sciences, Bangalore. His research
interests include time series data analysis and mining
and soft computing. He has published four papers in reputed international
journals and in two international conferences, and has also received the best
author award from IEEE-ICAESM International Conference in 2012 held at
Nagapattinam. He has been a member of IEEE since 2009. His email address is

M. Saiful Bari likes to solve mathematical problems and
build intelligent systems. He completed his bachelor of science from the Islamic University of Technology (IUT) in
2016. His undergraduate life at IUT was spent participating
in different programming contests and in coaching university students for competitive programming. After his graduation, he started his job as a lecturer at Southeast University,
Bangladesh. He is currently (March 2018) working as a
research assistant at Nanyang Technological University
under the supervision of Dr. Shafiq Joty. His research objective involves developing models by deep learning that have the notion of humanity.
Currently, he is working on deep learning-based adversary models. He wants to
explore the application of deep learning in an unsupervised manner. In the future,
he wants to explore the possibility of combining reinforcement learning and deep
learning for a more robust intelligent system.
Abu Saleh Shah Mohammad Barkat Ullah is working as
senior lecturer in the Canberra Institute of Technology with
the department of ICT and library studies. He obtained his
PhD from UNSW, Australia, with significant contribution
in the areas of computational intelligence, genetic computing, and optimization. He is currently the principal investigator of a health care cyber security research project. He
has published in reputed venues of computer science and is

actively involved in both academia and industry. He holds
a bachelor of science degree in computer science with outstanding results and has achieved a Gold Medal for such


List of Contributors  ◾  xvii

performance. He is also one of the pioneers in introducing false data injection
attacks in the health care domain.
Abhay Kumar Bhadani holds his PhD (decision and
data sciences in telecom) from the Indian Institute of
Technology, Delhi, India. He has more than 6 years of
experience in industry and research in the government as
well as the IT sector. Currently, he is associated with Yatra
Labs, Gurgaon, as the senior tech lead—data sciences. He
has more than ten publications in top international computer science and decision sciences conferences and journals. In his spare time, he conducts different meetings,
loves to teach, and also mentors different technology startups. His interests are in Natural Language Processing,
Machine Learning, Decision Sciences, Recommender Systems, Linux, Open
Source, and working for social causes. He can also be contacted at his personal
email:
is Professor of Human–Computer
Robert Biddle 
Interaction at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada,
where he is appointed both at the School of Computer
Science and the Institute of Cognitive Science. His qualifications are in Mathematics, Computer Science, and
Education, and he has worked at universities and with the
government and industry partners in Canada and New
Zealand. His recent research is primarily on human factors in cybersecurity
and software design, especially in creating and evaluating innovative designs for
computer security software. In particular, his research projects have addressed
novel forms of authentication, user understanding of security, security operation

centers, and tools for c­ ollaborative security analysis. He has led research themes
for cross-Canada research networks on human-oriented computer security, for
software engineering for surface applications, and for privacy and security in
new media environments.
Biozid Bostami 
finished his Bachelor of Science in
Computer Science and Information Technology with High
Distinction from the Islamic University of Technology,
OIC. He is working in the area of Big Data Mining,
Machine Learning, and Network Security in collaboration.
He is working to develop efficient and accurate Anomaly
Detection techniques for network traffic analysis to handle
the emerging Big Data problems.


xviii  ◾  List of Contributors

Gerry Chan is a PhD student in the School of Information
Technology at Carleton University located in Ottawa, Canada.
He has a background in human–computer interaction and
psychology. His research interests include visual analytics,
computer-aided exercise, and player pairings in digital games.
Recently, he has been working on the research involving the
use of wearable technologies, gamification principles, and
matchmaking methods for encouraging a more active lifestyle.
Chan is particularly interested in the social and motivational
aspects of the gaming experience. He believes that games are valuable learning tools
and offer ways for building stronger social relationships with others.
Prasenjit Choudhury is an assistant professor in the department of computer science and engineering at the National
Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India. He has completed

his PhD in computer science and engineering from the same
institute. He has published more than 40 research papers in
international journals and conferences. His research interests
include wireless network, data analytics, complex networks,
and recommendation systems.
Malka N. Halgamuge is a researcher in the department of electrical and electronic
engineering at the University of Melbourne, Australia. She has also obtained her
PhD from the same department in 2007. She is also the adjunct senior lecturer
(casual) at the Charles Sturt University, Melbourne. She is passionate about research
and teaching university students (life sciences, big data/data science, natural disaster, wireless communication). She has published more than 80 peer-reviewed technical articles attracting over 780 Google Scholar Citations with h-index = 14 and
her Research Gate RG Score is 31.69. She is currently supervising two PhD students at the University of Melbourne—three PhD students completed their theses
in 2013 and 2015 under her supervision. She successfully sought seven short-term
research fellowships at premier universities across the world.
Abid Hasan is a final year student in the Institute of Business
Administration, Dhaka University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. He is
studying bachelor of business administration there. He completed his secondary and higher secondary education from
Jhenidah Cadet College. His research interests include dark data,
health sector data, business analytics, and survey research. As a
business student, he is studying data analytics with practical business value. He has published a journal in the 1st International
Conference on Business and Management (ICBM 2017) in
BRACU.


List of Contributors  ◾  xix

Charitha Subhashi Jayasekara graduated in 2017 from Charles Sturt University,
with a master’s degree in information technology specializing in networking.
Also, in 2014, she obtained her bachelor’s degree in software engineering from the
Informatics Institute of Technology, Sri Lanka, collaborated with the University
of Westminster, London. She is currently working as a project-based developer at

Spatial Partners Pvt. Ltd, Melbourne, Australia. Her work is focused on maps and
spatial data analysis and geographic information system. She is passionate about
data science and big data analysis. Also, she has published one book chapter reviewing security and privacy challenges of big data.
Muye Jiang is a master of computer science student at the
University of Ottawa, Canada, supervised by Dr. Jochen Lang
and Dr. Robert Laganiere. His major research field is computer vision, specifically in improving object tracking techniques’ speed and accuracy. Currently, he is using traditional
methods for object tracking, such as correlation filter, but he
is also learning some new popular methods, such as Machine
Learning with Convolutional Neural Network.
Andrew Thomas Jones received a bachelor of engineering (mechatronics) degree
with honors in 2010, a bachelor of arts in mathematics with first-class honors in 2011,
and a PhD in statistics in 2017, all from the University of Queensland, St. Lucia,
Australia. His main areas of research interest include the efficient implementation
of statistical algorithms in the context of big data, image clustering and analysis,
statistical models for differential gene expression, and population genetics modeling.
He is also an accomplished programmer in a number of languages including C++, R,
Python, and Fortran, and is the author of a number of R packages. Since late 2016, he
has been working as a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Queensland.
completed his PhD at
Md. Shahadat Hossain Khan 
the University of Sydney, Australia. He has been working
as an assistant professor of the department of Technical
and Vocational Education, at the Islamic University of
Technology, Bangladesh, since 2006. He was awarded the
Australian Leadership Award Scholarship (Australia) and
Skill-Road Scholarship (Seoul University, South Korea) based
on his outstanding academic results, teaching, and research
expertise. His research area mainly includes ICT-enhanced
teaching and learning, professional development with a particular focus on scholarship in teaching (student-centered
teaching, ICT integration), Technical and Vocational Education and Training

(TVET) pedagogy, technology integration in TVET sectors, and Technological
Pedagogical Content Knowledge in national and international contexts.


xx  ◾  List of Contributors

Santoshi Kumari graduated with a BE in computer science engineering (CSE) from Rural Engineering College,
Bhalki, India, in 2009. She received her MTech degree
in software engineering from AMC Engineering College,
Bangalore, in 2011. She is an assistant professor in
the department of CSE, M. S. Ramaiah University of
Applied Sciences, Bangalore. She is currently pursuing
her PhD degree from the department of computer science. Her research interests are in the areas of big data
and data stream analytics, with an emphasis on data mining, statistical analysis/
modeling, machine learning, and social media analytics. Her email address is

Tamanna Motahar is a lecturer at the electrical and computer engineering department of North South University. She completed her master’s degree in electrical engineering from the University of Alberta, Canada. She graduated summa
cum laude with a BSc in computer engineering from the American International
University, Bangladesh. Her high-school graduation is from Mymensingh Girls’
Cadet College, Bangladesh. Her interdisciplinary research works are based on optical electromagnetics and nano optics. Her current research areas include Internet
of Things, human–computer interaction, and big data. She is taking Junior Design
classes for computer science engineering students in the North South University
and is also mentoring several groups for their technical projects. Her email address
is
Mohammad Muhtady Muhaisin attained his bachelor of science
degree from the Islamic University of Technology, Bangladesh,
in 2016. He has coauthored two research publications on signal
processing. His undergraduate thesis was on the application of
game theory in devising a custody transfer mechanism in wireless
sensor networks. His research interest includes ­game-theoretic

approach in modeling energy transaction in smart grids and
microgrids.
Nambobi Mutwalibi is a research member at the department
of technical and vocational education, Islamic University of
Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh. He specialized in computer science and engineering. He has published and presented
papers on big data and learning analytics, skill development,
MOOCs, and online learning tools.


List of Contributors  ◾  xxi

Ankur Narang holds a PhD in computer science engineering
(CSE) from the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, India.
He has more than 23 years of experience in senior technology
leadership positions across MNCs including IBM Research
India and Sun Research Labs & Sun Microsystems (Oracle),
Menlo Park, California, USA. He leads the Data Science
& AI Practice at Yatra Online Pvt. Ltd, Gurgaon, India, as
senior vice president for Technology & Decision Sciences.
He has more than 40 publications in top international computer science conferences and journals, along with 15 approved US patents, with five filed patents
pending approval. His research interests include artificial general intelligence,
machine learning, optimization, approximation and randomized algorithms,
distributed and high-performance computing, data mining, and computational
biology and computational geosciences. He is a senior member of IEEE and a
member of ACM (including the Eminent Speaker Program), has held multiple
Industrial Track and Workshop Chair positions, and has spoken in multiple
conferences. He completed both BTech and PhD in CSE from IIT, Delhi, India,
and MS from Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California, USA.
Hien D. Nguyen holds a bachelor of economics degree and a bachelor of science
(statistics; first-class honors) degree, both granted by the University of Queensland.

He obtained his PhD in image analysis and statistics from the University of
Queensland in 2015. Also, in 2015, Dr. Nguyen was the recipient of the prestigious A. K. Head Travelling Scholarship from the Australian Academy of Science,
which he utilized to build collaborations with the SIMEXP group at the Centre
de recherche de l’Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montreal, Canada. In 2017,
Dr. Nguyen was appointed lecturer at La Trobe University, Australia, and was the
recipient of an Australian Research Council (ARC) DECRA Fellowship. In the
same year, he also spent time as a visiting scholar at the Lab of Mathematics, Nicolas
Oresme, Universite de Caen Normandie, France. Starting from 2018, Dr. Nguyen
will commence work on his ARC Discovery Project, entitled “Classification methods for providing personalized and class decisions.” Dr. Nguyen’s work revolves
around the interplay between artificial intelligence, machine learning, and statistics. To date, he has published more than 30 research articles and software
packages.
Asma Noor graduated in 2017 from Charles Sturt University with a master’s degree
in information technology, specializing in networking and system analysis. In 2011,
she obtained her master’s degree in international relations from the University of
Balochistan, Pakistan. In 2007, she obtained a bachelor’s degree in business administration from Iqra University, Pakistan, specializing in marketing. Her hobbies include
reading and writing. Her interests in the field of information technology include cloud
computing, information security, Internet of Things, and big data analytics.


xxii  ◾  List of Contributors

Mark A. Norrie has over 35 years of experience in research,
statistics, administration, and computing. He specializes in
consulting, statistical programming, data management, and
training. He has spent (as have other experienced data scientists) half his life on data munging and preparation, but it has
all been worth it. Clients he has worked with are numerous,
including the Shanghai Stock Exchange, Citibank, and the
Australian Taxation Office. His current work includes prediction of workplace accidents, natural language processing
for client sentiment analysis, and building a decision support
system to classify injuries using semantic methods for icare, the social insurer for

the State of New South Wales.
Md. Mehedi Hassan Onik is a master’s degree student
and is working as a research assistant in the Computer and
Communication Lab at Inje University, South Korea. His
research focuses particularly on blockchain technology,
multipath transmission (MPTCP), and energy-efficient
communication. He also worked as a software engineer in
Bangladesh. He holds a bachelor of science degree in computer science and engineering from the Islamic University of
Technology, OIC.
Pijush Kanti Dutta Pramanik is a PhD research scholar
in the department of computer science and engineering at
the National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India. He
has acquired a range of professional qualifications in the
core and allied fields of information technology, namely,
MIT, MCA, MBA (information technology), MTech
(computer science engineering), and MPhil (computer science). He is actively engaged in research in the domains
of the Internet of Things, grid computing, fog computing,
crowd computing, and recommendation systems, and has
published a number of research articles and book chapters in these areas.
Ahsanur Rahman is an assistant professor of the electrical and computer engineering department at the North South University. He completed his PhD
in computer science from Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA. Before that he has
worked as a lecturer in the computer science and engineering department at
the American International University Bangladesh. He obtained his bachelor’s
degree in computer science and engineering from Bangladesh University of
Engineering and Technology. His research interest lies in the areas of computational systems biology, graph algorithms, hypergraphs, and big data. He is


List of Contributors  ◾  xxiii

mentoring several groups of NSU for their research projects. His email address

is
Taseef Rahman completed his BSc in electrical and
electronics engineering from the Islamic University of
Technology, Bangladesh, in 2016. He is currently working at a sister concern of Axway Inc. as a cross platform
support engineer. His research interests include big data
analytics, human–computer interaction, and mobile
computing.
Ather Saeed is the course coordinator for CSU (networking programs) at the Study Centre Melbourne, Australia.
Currently, he is pursuing his PhD (thesis titled “Fault-Tolerance in the Healthcare
Wireless Sensor Networks”). He has a master’s degree in information technology and
a graduate diploma (information technology) from the University of Queensland,
Australia, along with a master’s degree in computer science (Canadian Institute of
Graduate Studies). He has been involved in the tertiary education since 1999 (prior
to joining CSU, he was the course coordinator at the Federation University for IT
Program) and has published several research papers in journals and international
conferences (held in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany).
Munir Ahmad Saeed is currently enrolled in the professional
doctorate of project management at the University of New
South Wales, Australia. His research is focused on investigating project benefits realization practices. He is working
as lecturer at the College of Business, Canberra Institute
of Technology, Canberra, Australia. Saeed has worked as a
journalist in Pakistan for 10 years and has abiding interest
in politics and current affairs. He holds a bachelor of arts,
bachelor of business, master of English literature, and master of project management (with distinction) degrees from
Pakistani and Australian universities.
received his MTech degree in
Dhananjay Kumar Singh 
computer science and engineering from the department of
computer science and engineering, National Institute of
Technology, Silchar, India, in 2016. He is currently pursuing

his PhD degree in computer science and engineering at the
National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India. His primary research interests include complex networks, social networking, graph mining, and recommendation systems.