Cư dân vùng Thuận - Hoá đầu thế kỉ XV qua văn bản "Thuỷ Thiên"

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Tgp chi Ddn lgc hoc sd5 - 2009 49

r

m

Y KIEN

A

Cir DAN VUNG THUAN - HOA

DAU THE KY XV QUA VAN BAN

"THUY THIEN"

N G U Y E N H O U THONG

LEOINH HUNG

1. Dat van de

Trong nghien ciru lich sir viing dat
Trung va Nam Trung Bo - dia ban ciia nude
Cham Pa xua kia, c6 mot van de hien con c6
nhii-ng kien giai khae nhau. Do la: nguon gdc 
cua khoi cu ddn sinh song d viing ctdl mien 
Tning Viet Nam tnidc khi ngudi Viet den 
sinh song.

Trong bai viet gan day, chiing toi cho
rang: cac vuong quoc c6 d Ddng Nam A anh
hudng sau dam van hoa An thong qua con

dudng giao thuang tmc tiep, da tiep nhan
dong van minh nay theo each rieng ciia minh.
Trong cac tieu quoc lam nen hinh anh Cham
Pa. CO cau triic xa hoi theo mot mo hinh dang
thap nhon, trong do, ranh gidi quyen luc ciia
tang lop Brahman, Ksatrya vdi Vaisya, Sudra
la rat ro. Trong cau triic nay, nen tang dan cu
ciia dai bo phan binh dan la ndng dan va thg
thu cong; con giao sT, quy toe va thuong nhan
chi la mot bp phan nho, nhung Iai chi phdi
Idn den nen kinh te va quyen luc chinh tri
(Nguyen Hu'u Thong, 2008).

Trong bdi canh cac tieu quoc sdng canh
nhau vdi mdi lien ket phi he thong, khi gap ap
lire quan sir cua nha nude Dai Viet (dai dien
cho mot md hinh td chirc phong kien thong
nhat trang uong tap quyen) thi phan dinli cua
mo hinh thap nhgn ay - bd phan quyen luc chi

phoi den su song con ciia cac tieu quoc
(Mandala) trong xir sd Cham Pa - Iai khong
phai la nhii-ng doi tugng gan ket vdi ruong dat
nhu nhimg ngudi nong dan mang truyen
thong nong nghiep, ma doi vdi ho, su song
con d day chu yeu la thj trudng va nguon
hang hoa'. Cho nen, khi gap moi de doa den
sir ton vong cua hoat dong thuang mai thi
phan dinh ciia thap nhon (bo phan Brahman
va Ksatrya) trong cau tnic vira neu se di

chuyen (tach ra va troi di) de kiem tim mot
thi trudng on dinh khae. Bo phan nong dan
gan ket vdi ruong dat tiep tuc d Iai tren viing
dat cii, chinh la tang Idp Vaisya va Sudra.
Dieu nay c6 the nhan ra tir sire song ben virng
ciia nil than Poh Nagar - Thien Y A Na - Ba
me xir sd - ngirdi da day cho dan trong liia,
det vai..., ma trong mot each hieu nao do, ba
chinh la nir than nong nghiep, truong ton cho
den tan bay gid d cac lang ciia eu dan Trung
bo Viet Nam, trong liic cac di tich An Do
giao chinh thong (den thap) nai day, nhiing
mon qua ta on than linh eua tang lap
Brahman va Ksati-ya sau nhung thanh cong
trong hoat dong thuong nghiep, Iai bi bo
hoang phe ciing vdi sir ra di cua ho.

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50 Nguyin Huu Thdng - Le Dinh Hiing

Chfnh vi the, khi nghien ciru su bien
dong dan cu trong bdi eanh ngudi Viet tiep
can vdi vimg dat phfa nam Hoanh son (deo
Ngang), chiing toi thudng hinh dung chu yeu
d do la su cong cu vdi ngudi ban dja - tien
tni - hon la su thay the mot Idp ngudi nay
bang mot lap ngudi khae (Nguyen Huu
Thong. 2002. 2003, 2005, 2006).

Lap luan tren, cang dupe ciing c6 them
khi chimg toi tiep can vdi mot van ban Han

Nom CO lien quan den moi quan he giira
ngudi Viet vdi ngudi ban dia tiln tni
-dupe viet vao dau the ky XV. Day la mot
trong nhirng van ban duge xem la sd-m nhit
cua viing Thuan Hoa, chi sau mot thi ky,
tfnh tir thdi diem viing 6k 6 - Ly thuge 
quyen quan ly eua nha nude Dai Viet.

2. Nguon glc va thue trang van ban
"Thuy thien"

Van ban "Thuy thien" {Nhii-ng ngudi 
ddu lien di cir) do Biii Tranh - t l ho Biii d 
lang Cau Nhi, huyen Hai Lang, tinh Quang
Tri (tinh den nay dupe 21 ddi, tren 500 nam)
dupe dong hp sao Iai vao cac thdi diim khae
nhau. Theo truyen thong, tpc tmdng la ngudi
CO trach nhiem giu' cac van ban lien quan
den dong hp. Trong nhung nam chiln tranh
chong My, dong hp da chia eac ban sao
"Thiiy thien" cho mot s i thanh vien ck giir 
nham tranh mat mat.

Van ban "Thuy thien" chiing toi gidi
thieu dudi day la ban do Bat phSm Biii Hu'u
Hoan (ten cu: Ta) - chau ddi thir 18 sao ngay
mong 7 thang Chap nam Tan Mao nien hieu
Thanh Thai ( 0 6 - 0 1 - 1892) - tir day gpi la
ban Thanh Thai.

Tap "Thuy Thien" ban Thanh Thai c6
kich thude 28 x 17 cm; duge vilt bjng Han
tir, loi chu Hanh Khai, tren giSy do mjn; eo

15 td (29 trang viet); hai trang bia mau vang
cam, trang bia cudi cd de: " ^ W ?/R" (Biii
Hun Phai). Mdi trang viet cd 8 hang, moi
hang tmng binh ed tir 20 den 24 ehu'. Net chii
van cdn rd. Do bj chay d phan giira nen d mli
hang deu bi mat tir 1 den 3 chii. Mac dii c6
mot so sai sot, nham lan do qua nhilu ISn sao
chep, song ve ca ban, cac thdng tin trong van
ban la dang tin cay.

Ddi vdi nhung chiJ da mat hoac khong
ro net, chiing tdi diing ban sao nam 1956 (do
eu Biii Hoanh tni tai xa Hai Tan, huyen Hai
Lang, tinh Quang Tri luu giu-) lam tai lieu
tham ehieu. Ben canh dd, tren ca sd phan
tieh: van canh, ngu canh, cu phap, ngon
til'..., ciing vdi viec ddi sanh ndi dung van
ban vdi cae ngudn tu lieu thir cap khae dl
phan tieh bien giai nham khae phue nhiing
sai sot qua nhieu lan sao chep^.

Van ban 6uac the hien dudi dang hii 
ky, van phong gian dj. Cac chuyen kl lien
quan true tiep den nhiing ngu-di dSu tien djnh
cu d xir 6 chau, lap nen xa Cau Lam, vdi
nhirng thong tin eo ban itliu: hp ten, ban quan,

ngudn gdc gia dinli, nghi nghiep... B I cue
cua van ban duge vilt thanh cac tilu muc theo
timg nhan vat. Sau ph^n Ldi tira^ la nhung

- Trong bai nghien ciru nay, tac gia tai phin chinh van
da duge hieu dinh va phien am, djeh nghTa d8 lam dan
lieu. Tuy nhien, do khuon kh6 bai vilt, bien tap da bo
nhung phan phien am dai, chi dl cac doan phien am
ngan, phan chir Han va phSn dich tilng Viet.

0 phan nay tac gia da neu ro ly do vilt ban
"Thuy thien":

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!H

Tap chi Ddn tdc ligc so 5 - 2009

chuyen ke va ldi binh ve nhung ngudi dau
tien di cu, cd danh tich trong dan ma tac gia

da ehieu mp, dupe trinh bay theo thir tu sau:

1. Du (Toi. tire Biii Tranh)

2. Nguyen Kinh

3. Pham Nhuyen

4. Hoang Tat Dac

5. Hoang Kha

6. Nguyen Thao

7. Pham Than

8. Le That

9. Tran Hoanh

10. Le Thanh

11. Dao Thirc

12. DdBinh

13. Truang Hau

14. Phan Co

15. Dang Khiem

16. D l Phiing

17. Dang Lugng

18. Phan Thfeh.

fx i:^ e ^ f? ilk '77^ ii * i:# e. i^R ft

n'i m ^

te if f; m m A iS s fr ft s« « ^ ;H: fffi se t^.

(^ ttt T- U. SX #1 7t S 11 it h h te' 4^" R'l f t %

t i^ & ith -iS a- m ,1ft „'?; m m m -zm^

A

^

f- m Iii- <f; ii m A p in n n - 4< n .ife ^

^ $1 S 2 . " (Biii Tranh, I 891, ti; I a).

- Tranh, inol ngiiy hoi hgp uong riroii khoan ddi

huong lao. hirang dich nha Iai chuyen ndm .xua, nhdn 
citng \vi nhung nguai han ddu di cu ihugc nhdp noi 
rdng: "Chiing la, nay ai ai deu yen on cho a, danh 
tich Cling dd dinh (Trong dan ehieu mo eo han hai 
muai ngirai. quan tren dd cdp gidy ehung nhdn: Biii 
Tranh: Biii Trir: Biii Chi'ce: .^/giiyen Kinh: De Phiing: 
Hoang Tdi Ddc; Hoang Kha [benh chet]: Nguyen 
Thao [nhap noi khde ehieu mo]: Pham Quan: Pligm 
Than [nhdp nai khde ehieu mo]: Trdn Ninh [xin nai 
khde ehieu mo]: Trdn An: Le Thanh: Le That [henh 
chel]: Ddo Thire: Do Binh: Truang Hau: Phan Ca: 
Phan Thich [henh chet]: Dgng Khiem, Dang Luong 
[xin noi khde ehieu mo]). Xd hieu xde hip Id Cdu Ldm 
(nhdn di liin elign ddi. vi nhu ngua ndng hay cao xem 
ma hg xuong ddy). Dinh vu dd Idm xong (log Quy 
huang Dinh). Te lu, huong dm kinh edn thi hdnh. Dia 
phan Hep gidp giai hgn ciing dd xde dinh id rdng. 
Con nhirng nguai ban ddu di cu c6 len Irong ho lich.

ngudn gdc ciia loi vdi cdc vi, ai ai eung nen Ihiigl Igi 
ldi se ghi chep ddy dd de eon chdu dai sau nguai 
nnion khao eirii Idv do Idm ehiidn. Khong Idm vdy thi 
nhirng ngudi den a ddy sau ciing duac gpi Id nhirng 
ngudi han ddu di cir. rdi hdm hd hdn tdn ai md hien 
bach dieu nay cho duac.

Lite do moi ngiroi deu cho nhu vay Id rdt hay. 
Tdi ben iheo dung Idi ke viet ihdnh mot bdn. binh 
ludn sap xep yen dn xong. Toi lien cdt nd di).

3. Mot so noi dung lien quan den cu 
dan viing Thuan Hoa dau the ky XV qua 
van ban "Thiiy Thien"

3.1. Bdn ve thoi dieiu Bid Tranh deu 
dinh cu tgi O chdu vd viet bdn"Thiiy thien "

Tat ca cac ban sao khong c6 mot dong
de cap den nien dai cua van ban goe; cung
nhu thdi diem nhung ngudi Viet d dat Bac
theo Biii Tranh vao O chau dinh cu. Su dung
van ban lam dan lieu trong bai nghien cim
nay, chiing tdi thay trade het c6 hai van de
can duge lam ro:

Mot Id, ngudi Viet d ngoai Bac vao 6 
Chau theo phuang thirc nao'?

Viet Nam sir luac chep: "Lai bat nhirng

dan khong c6 ciia ma khong c6 rapng d cac
bp khae dem vg con vao de khai khan dat
nliung chau ay, bdi vi khi vua Chiem
nhudng dat Chiem Dong, Co Luy , ngudi
Chiem deu bo dat ma di ea" (Tran Trpng
Kim, 1999, tr. 193)-\

Van ban Thiiy Thien ciia Biii Tranh

vilt "^mm^n m ^ J-W m ^ A ^

A t)t It m 5^ ^t 3: fl^ fiK ti s (t ^ #

i% 9- ^ '^ H " (Biii Tranh, 1891, td 4a) 
{Den liic, ulidn trieu dinh bdn hgc: Ddt O

"Luy" - chiing toi dinh chinh.

^ Su kien nay con duge Dai Viet sir ky- tocin ihu (tap II) 
trang 204 ghi: "Quy Miii, [1403], (Han Tliucmg Khai 
Dai nam thir 1, Minh Thai Tong Vmh Lac nam thir 1).
Miia xuan, thang 2, Han Tliuoiig dem nhirng nguai
khong CO ruong ma c6 cua dai den Thang Hoa".

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52 Nguyin Huu Thdng - Le Dinh Hung

chdu ngirdi Chiem dd ho di. tdt ca ddn cua 
ta khong c6 gia cu dien san, ehieu nig duac 
nhieu ngudi den do canh phd tu hgp lap 
lang sau thanh so se khdi trung. Tdi khoi

irng ngay nhirng ldi do, thuang thuyet ciing 
vdi moi ngudi. Ifng ing duoc tdt cd han hai 
muai ngirdi, mgi viec sap dgt dd yen dn).

Hai Id, thdi diim ngudi Viet ma dai 
dien la Biii Tranh ciing dong hp chuyen eu
vao day - cung la thdi diem ra ddi cua ban
"Thuy thien". Dii tac gia khong de cap mot
each true tiep, nhung ed mot so chi tiet dang
dupe luu y: Le Thai To da ban cho Bui
Tranh hieu "Cim D I " ' ' . RO rang, chi tiet nay
da gian tiep khang dinh Biii Tranh phai viet
van ban "Thuy thien" sau thdi diem Le Lpi
len ngoi nam Mau Than - 1428'.

Mot chi tiet khae ciing can dupe quan
tam, trong phan viet ve Nguyen Kinh, tac gia
CO ghi ro ngay thang nam mat eiia Nguyen
Kinh (nam At Mao, 1435)^. Dong thdi, dong
ket thue cho tieu muc nay cdn cd mot chi tiet
khae, dii rat nho, nhung khdng the bo qua.

'' Doan trich dan nay, chiing toi se trinh bay a phan
tiep theo.

. Hai chu "Tliai To" duge diing trong van ban phai
xuat hien sau thoi diem Le Lgi bang ha (ngay 22 thang
8 nam Quy Sun) den ngay 22 thang 11 nam Quy Siru
(1433) mdi dua ve tang a Vinh Lang tai Lam San, vi
day la "mieu hieu" cua Le Lgi. Cluing toi cho rang,

day la hai chir duge sua vao nhung lan sao chep.

Vao, Irong ngdy mdng S thdng J1 ndm thir VIII nien 
hieu Thiidn Thien (1435), ngoai Irong vd bdo vdi mdn 
dd rdng: "Ta lu nay ve sau khdng con ihdy lgi cdc 
hoc Iro. ciing khong con Ihdy Igi va vd cdc con. Neu 
lu ihodi Iran cue khanh mua mot cai hdm bdng gd de 
quan lie thi, giira san lap bdn de vgng tg Hoang Di. 
sau do bdo ro vdi quan tren, chgn nai cao rdo nliin ve 
huang Nam md chon cat, khdng lien de Ida nai cdng 
sd... Ndi xong, budi sdng hd to iSi chef (dich nghia

tir [Bill Tranh, 1891, to 7b]). 6 doan trich tren c6 mot
chi tiet can hieu dinh, nam Thuan Thien thir VIII
khong ton tai tren thue tl, ma nien hieu nay chi din
nam thir VI. Dung ra phai vilt nam Thieu Binh thir II,
CO le tac gia a xa kinh thanh Thang Long nen khong
cap nhat dirge thong tin nay.

do la viit tiep da het su tich ciia tudng 
cong'. Tir nhiing thdng tin vira duge de cap, 
giup chiing ta nhan ra rang, Biii Tranh da
viet va tu bd tap "Thuy thien" vao khoang tir
nam 1428 din nam 1436'". Day cung la thdi
diim ngudi Viet chuyen cu vao.

3.2. Cong cu vdi ngudi bdn dia: mot 
hien tugng dac trung tren con dudng di ve 
phuong Nam eua ngudi Viet qua vdn ban

"Thuy thien"

Trong tac pham Xir Ddng Trong - Lich 
sir kinh ti - Xd hdi Viet Nam the ky 17 vd 18, 
Li Tana da cd nhan xet lien quan true tiep
din vkn de hoi nhap van hoa giira ngudi Viet 
vdi ngudi ban dja (Li Tana...) . Tuy khae
biet vl thdi diem, nhung nhan djnh cua tac
gia con dung eho cac the ky trade, nhat la
doi vdi -viing 6 chau, nai tiep xiie sdm giiia
ngudi Viet "Cham" (cu dan viing Ulik/0
-Ly), dupe danh dau bang mot su kien lich sit
vao dau the ky/ XIV .

Khai niem ngudi Cham vdi ndi ham la
mot ethnic, ndi ngon ngir Malayo - Polynesia,

' "^H S VA fir m <d Z ^ i i " (Biii Tranh. 1891, to 
8a); (Tuc thu dT ehung tudng cong chi su tich).

Tuy nhien, viec viet Iai cac sir kien da xay ra c6 the
sau do nhieu nam, nhung theo ehung toi, kha nang
nay kliong cao lam. Bdi trude klii vao O chau, Biii
Tranh da gan 50 tuoi thi cho den nam Binh Thin

-1436, ong cung tren hoac dudi 80 tuoi roi.

"Tien xuong phia Nam, ngudi Viet d Dang Trong
da tiep xiic chat che vdi cac dan tgc dia phuang thuoc
cae nen van hoa khae biet. Dimg dau trong so cac dan

tgc nay la ngudi Cham. Cac di dan ngudi Viet da tiep
nhan va thich nghi vdi nhieu yeu td ciia nen van hoa
Cham trong mot qua trinh dai vay mugn cd chgn loc
cai mdi va loai bo cai cu kliong con phii hgp noi viing
dat mdi" (Li Tana, 1999, tr. 192).

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Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd5 - 2009 53

bao gdm bp phan Cham Hroi d phfa nam
Binh Dinh va Phu Yen, nhom Cham d Phan
Rang va d An Giang, Chau Doc. Nude
Chiem Thanh xuat hien trong cae van ban eua
Trung Quoc nham chi viing dat tir phia Nam
deo Ngang den giap Nam Bd ciia Viet Nam
ngay nay, ton tai trong khoang thdi gian tir
nam 886 den nam 1471. Chinh vi vay, Chiem 
nhdn la mot ten gpi bieu thi cac cong dong 
song trong dia virc dupe gpi la Chiem Thanh,
trong do c6 ea cu dan Malayo - Polynesia,
Mon - Kha me, Viet - Mudng..., hay noi mot
each khae, tir "Chiem nhdn" dupe sir dung 
klia pho bien trong cac van ban c6, ehi nen
hieu day la mot tir phiem xung de chi bp phan
cu dan song tren dat Chiem Thanh (khae vdi
tpc ngudi Cham, noi ngu' he Malayo
-Polynesia dang cu tru d thi xa Phan Rang va
viing Chau Doc, An Giang hien nay). Cho
nen, khong ngac nhien khi van ban "Thuy
thien" sii' dung eiing luc each gpi Chiem 
nhdn. Bong Nga tni sd ', chu hg Igc de chi

cac cong ddng cu dan ban dia sinli cu tren
viing dat nay .

Tir nhirng thong tin neu tren, chimg toi
nghi rang, noi dung eiia tap "Thiiy thien" khi
de cap den Chiem nhdn. Bong Nga trii sd, 
chu bg lgc. deu nham chi nhiing cong dong 
tpc ngirdi song xen cu vdi ngudi Viet. Hp c6

• Chiing toi cho rang, Nguyen Van Chinh den thdng

, nai a ciia Bdng Nga, tii'c ngi d cua ngudi Chiem. Cd

the viing dat O chau da bi Che Bong Nga lay Iai dudi
thdi ciia ong klii Cham Pa trd nen hiing manh va tan
cdng trd Iai Dai Viet. Do vay, tac gia mdi diing Iai
cum tir nay de chi cong ddng ngirdi Chiem cdn a Iai
tren vimg dat nay. Thirc ra Bdng Nga (CheBonguar/
Po Binasor) da bi giet vao nam Canh Ngg - 1390, khi
dem quan tan edng Thang Long lan thir tu.

Trong van ban chu Han cii the nhu sau:

- " i A " [Chiem nhan]: (td 4b, sd lan xuat hien 4);
(td 9a, so lan xuat hien 2).

- " i $ Jk" [Bdng Nga]: (td 5a, sd lan xuat hien 1). 
- "tih PP i&" [ehu bg lac]: (td 5b, sd lan xuat hien 3); 
(id 6b, sd lan xiiiit hien 1).

the la hau due ciia than dan trong lanh dia
Indrapura ma chii yeu van la khoi ngon ngii
Mon - Kho me va Viet - Muong, bao gom
eac tpc ngudi nhu: Ta - 6i, Ca - tu, Bru - Van
Kieu, Chut... va ke ca ngu-oi Viet cd mat d
day trong nhii-ng cuoc di dan tir rat s6m'^\
Trong cac nhom cu dan nay, phai noi den
nhii-ng nhom nho ngudi thuoc tang Idp tren,
CO the bao gom nhung giao si, thuang nhan
An - Cham. Hp da di tni ve phuang Nam khi
ngudi Viet tiep quan viing dat nay'''.

Cac ten ggi khiic de chi cdng ddng nay trong ciic
van ban cua Trung Quoc la: Lam Ap (192 - 758);
Hoan Vuong (758 - 886); Chiem Thanh (886 - 1471);
va sau dd la Cham Pa (Nguyen Hiru Thdng, 2003).

Cac nhdm tdc ngirdi ndi ngdn ngir Viet - Mudng
nhu Sach, May, Rue, Arem, Ma Lieng, Ngudn,
Thd... vdn da cu tni tii lau ddi tren d cac tieu qude
cue Bac dia phan Cham Pa. Hg la nhung than dan ban
dia trude khi ngudi Viet chinh thiic cd mat trong
dong Nam tien.

Trong qua trinh giao luu van hda. ngudi Viet da
cd nhiing cuoc di dan vdi quy md nho den viing dat
nay. Ngay tii' thdi ky Biic thude, mot sd dan Lac Viet
dii di dan ve phuang Nam nham tranh su dd hg bat
dac di cua cac trieu dai phong kien phuang Bac. Cd
the, vdi sd krgiig nho nen hg de bi ddng hda trong

cdng ddng cu dan ban dia. Nhiing cuoc di dan sau
nay, keo dai qua cac trieu Ly - Tran - Hd - Le, khong
han de giai quyet van de nhan man cua ngudi Viet a 
ddng bang chau thd sdng Hdng, song Ma ma la van
menh sdng con ciia dan tdc trude the luc Idn manh
xam lan tir phuang Bac.

Qua trinh di dan cua nguiri Viet hay cuge Nam
tien "khdng phdi le loi hay ed Irirdc cuge Nam lien

loan the ede ddn lgc A chdu lu Irong hie dia di 
xudng mien Nam". Hien tugng dd, mot tat yeu cua

lich sir, khdng chi xay ra a Viet Nam ma tren khu 
vuc ban dao Ddng Duong, nai gap gd ciia hai nen
van hda Trung Hoa va An Do. De cd mot cai nhin
toan canh ve van de nay, xin xem them nhirng phan
tich Nguyen Dang Thue (1961).

" Dau vet ciia ngudi Malayo - Polynesia tir dai dat
Nam tinh Binh Dinh trd ra hoan toan md nhat tham chi
klid nhan dien cung la dieu dang de ehung ta quan tam
klii ban ve van de nay. Trong "Thuy thien" cd viet: " f i
Wl ill t^ A LL i " (Bill Tranh, 1891, td 4a) ( 6 chau
dia Chiem nhan dT khu': Dal 0 chdu ngudi Chiem dd

ra di). Chung tdi cho rang, nliimg ngirdi bd viing dat

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Nguyen Huu Thdng - Le Dinh Hiing

Buoi dau tilp xuc giii'a ngudi Viet vdi
cu dan tien tni, theo logic binh thudng, klii
CO cuoc dung dau giua ke "manh" va ngudi
""yeu" trong nhung eupe chien tranh thdi
phong kien, hien tugng dien the hoac chiu su
thing tri eiia ke chien thang la dieu pho bien
va de nhin thay. Nhung trong trudng hgp
nay, su c6 mat cua ngudi Viet d chau O va
chau Ly dien ra trong boi canh hoa binh. Sau
cuoc chong chpi khoc liet trade ke thii
Nguyen - Mong, nude Dai Viet da khang
dinh dupe sire manh eua minh, va cu dan d
nhung tieu quoc noi day cung nhan ra su can
thiet trong viec lien ket, lien minh. Sir kien
nliugng dat O - Ly vdi danh nghTa la si'nh le,
thue ra chi mang tinh chat chfnh tri - ngoai
giao. khong the khae duge trong boi canh
duang thdi. Tang lap bi va cham quyen lpi
va khdng the tuong sinh chfnh la bp phan
Brahman va Ksatrya. Tat nhien, dai bd phan
cu dan nong nghiep eon Iai van tiep tuc cu
trii va muu sinh tren vimg dat eu. Chinh vi
vay, khi ngudi Viet den day canh pha, lap
lang hp da phai tuang nhupng va binh dang
thuong thuyet vdi ngudi tien tni chir khong 
phai vdi tu each la ke chien thang dl tu cho
minh quyen tudc doat, doe chiem rapng dat:

-m Rtj 0 4i m if i t [^ A ^ ^^ m

f± ^ 7 fti js sy te w s " m- (Biii

Tranh, 1891, td 4b); (Duyen tiln nhat, ty du
y xu Chiem nhan thuo'ng thuylt eu trii dinh
lieu, CO de dao v6 huu ky tir - Do ngdv 
trude, toi da thuang thuyet vdi ngudi Chiem 
d xu do, cho nen khi den noi khong c6 tranh 
cai ve dieu nay).

Qua trinh xen eu, cong eu giira edng
dong ngudi Viet vdi ngudi ban dia dan din

cac cuoc giao luu, giiip dd lan nhau tao nen
sir than thien:

[& A :iffi W ffi iit ^ # ^ i i : ! ?f fl/j 1

ii ; . ^ UA ± IS 14^ ^ ^ * ?f 5^ H T
bS Jtf iffi M. ± 'B ± -B ^ /j^ i t 15 * fi

uzmwn

nil h IS gfl" (Biii Tranh,

1891, td 4b-5a) - {Ngudi Chiem thudng 
xuyen qua lgi, tdi lay long thanh de khoan 
ddi. Mdi khi ngudi Chiem gap bien eo gi toi 
ciing hii tdi giiip do. Liic ay, ngirdi Chiem 
lay nhieu tho cam de tdng tdi, toi khong sir 
dung, lau ngdy thdnh gdnh, mang trinh len 
quan tren. Quan tren thay mat giiip tdi trinh 
len Thdi Td. Nhdn su viec ndy. Thdi To ban 
cho tdi hieu Cam De).

Hay, khi Nguyen Van Chi'nh - Uy
Lao Sti - qua ddi, eac bd lac san duge son
cam son thii ciing thudng dem dang eiing,
that chat mdi quan he hieu hao gi&a cac
cong ddng 19

Mae dii sau han mot thi ky 'viing dSt 6
chau duge chuyen giao eho Dai Viet, nhung
so vdi ngudi tien tru ngudi Viet vln con la
thilu sd: "itt I t tS A ^ iiil ^ K 'P" (Biii 
Tranh, 1891, td 9a); (Thii xii Chiem nhan da
nhi binh dan thieu - Xu ndy ngudi Chiem 
nhieu md binh ddn it). Do vay, nhirng nguoi 
Viet thien di de bi ngudi ban dia ding hoa.
Dieu nay, duge Nguyin Trai ghi nhan: "Dan
viing nay nhiem tuc cii eua ngudi Chiem,
tinh hung ban, quen khd sd. Trilu trude
dimg hp de ngira ngudi Chiem" (Nguyen
Trai, 1976, tr. 235). Nhung, cho din nam
1555, dau an van hoa eua ngudi Chiem ehi

' Theo chiing tdi chu nay la " S " (ky).

" "§# i% •» m'i^ \ij ^ ih" m m ^ i. # - [Bai

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Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd5 - 2009 55

dupe ghi nhan khong may ro net qua O chdu 
can luc: "BAH ± m <^ S§ * Bf- ;^ ^ ; t

[5 '^•" (Ngudi La Giang ndi tilng Chiem,
Gai Thuy Ban mac ao'" Chiem) (Duong Van
An, 1997, tr. 228, 46).

Nhiing bieu hien de nhan thay, dd la
ngudi Viet thien di da c6 ket vdi nhau eanh
pha rupng dat, lap lang dinli eu"'. Dieu nay,
khong ehi don thuan de bao ve quyen sd hiru
ve rupng dat ma con bao ve van hoa trayen
thong eua minh trude cae cong dong ban dia.
Mot cu lieu quan trgng eho dieu ehung tdi
vira neu, duge the hien phan nao qua doan
hoi thoai giira Pham Quan va Trudng Hien:

"itb m <^ A ^ m "f- bi p^ ^&^

T 7- ?,f. - ^ + g i i Uk m a ip i>;/?

g- ¥ bi ^ rft] t^- A ^^ H T ,^^ 'J^h V> K

f tA iijc a t : ® t s J* ig 1^ M m si<

^A"- ^ It 5 " (Bill Tranh, 1891, td 9a) - Xu 
ndy ngirdi Chiem nhieu md Binh nhdn [ehi 
ngudi Viet gdc tii- dat Bac (ND chii)] it, 
sg-sinh hg con chdu mot Te mudi Sd rdi nhiem 
bien phong tuc ciia ngudi Man. Nhu cho dng 
d Binh nhdn nhieu md ngudi Chiem it, cuoi 
Cling sau ndy cung nhiem theo tap quan rdi 
thdnh phong tuc ciia ta. Xin thuoc 'Nhdn 
Ly", tiep den de muu dd cho con chdu sau 
ndy. Ong c6 the thu ngp duoc khdngl).

'"ti 1*1 "ft", theo ehung tdi nsn dich: mac quan

Chiem, chir kliong phai la "mac ao Chiem".

Till liiiu het eac lang Viet o Mien Trung, vai trd ciia
nhung ngudi khai canh, khai khdn ludn duge de cao 
va lid thanh mot dau an riit sau dam trong phong tuc,
tin ngudng.

Dd la viec xac nhan mdc gidi (dia phan tiep giap
cung dT han tiet), sau dd khdi trung de quan tren chap

ehieu. Xem Iai phan ldi tua cua tap "Thuy thien",

ehung tdi da trich dan d chii thich (14).

Ti-ude de nghi eiia Pham Quan, Trudng
Hien Iai noi:

"•& W W i i ft ¥ iill M'ikilT-m

R Itt 'A m ^mm S # ^" (BUI Tranh, 
1891, td 9a); (Nhir ngdn hun ly, nga nliT
thuan yen. Bi thu bat vien, chi thir phan biet,
kha vi tham tu gia da - Anh ndi cd ly, rdt 
thuan tai tdi. Ddy do khdng xa, chi chiing do 
dii phdn biet duoc, cd the ndi, anh Id ngudi 
suy nghT sau vdy).

Qua mot sd dan lieu tren, c6 the hinh

dung khdng gian eu tni thdi bay gid d mien
Tmng eon hep, dan sd van cdn thua thdt va
chii yeu van la nhung edng ddng dan eu ban
dia sdng kha tach biet thanh cac bd lgc. Hien 
tupng cong cu cua ngudi Viet vdi ngu'di ban
dia dan den cac eupe hon nhan tat yeu xay ra.
Trai qua vai the he, ranh gidi phan biet Viet
-Chiem md nhat dan'". Sach Dgi Viet sir ky 
todn thu ghi Iai Chieu ngay 9 thang 8 nien 
hieu Canh Thong thir hai (Ky Miii, 1499):
"Ke tir nay, tren tir than virang, dudi den dan
ehiing deu khong dupe lay dan ba eon gai
Chiem Thanh lam vg, de cho phong Uic dupe
thuan hau" (Dai Viet sti ky toan thu, 1998,
tr. 17). Ro rang, day la mot hien tugng kha
pho bien, cho nen ehiiih quyen trang uang
mdi CO sir chan chinh bang ehieu ehi.

Dien trinh nay xay ra khdng ngoai nhting trudng
hgp sau:

(1) Nam Cham - Nti Viet;
(2) Nam Viet - Nir Cham;
(3) Nam Cham - Nu' Cham;

Trong trudng hgp (1), dan con eiia hg phai chgn
hoac hg me la hg Viet (Ddi vdi xa hdi mau he, trong
y thirc cua dan dng Cham, day Iii dieu rat binh
thudng) hay mot sd hg khae do ngudi Viet quy dinh,
trong qua trinh khai dinh bd va dien bd.

Trgng trudng hgp (2), dan con ciia hg dl nhien
lay hg Viet eiia cha theg phgng tue de cd the tdn tai
trong cdng ddng lang Viet.

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56 Nguyen Hint Thdng - Le Dinh Hiing

Citng sinh cu tren mot viing dat, y thiic
hop nhat cong dong tat yeu nay sinh, tat ca
mpi ngudi trd thanh than dan cua Dai Viet
trade su xam lan eiia ke thii tir phuang Bac.
Mot nhan vat duge "Thuy thien" ghi nhan
dam trach nliiem vu nay, do la Uy Lao sii
Nguyen Van Chinh:

" - 0 tl 1^ a IS i i |j^ fi m s IX

^ g # ^ la 1> ^ it # .^ H ^ ta #

^ f? A A m m m * ' ' i^ m ^ :a i^

-L>

ôã ii II- W K ^ 'C.- ;fe s 4 g § ,s m

m A a SL & ft m m sj"

E R

- # #

M -': m J. J. f^ m m M m ^ i^ m a

II fsj s ifs ii fit - T- 77. w i^ -? ^ n

mmmka w ffl ftMm n ^ u mm

•m Ji ft m ?ii ^ ^ m

WK^-^

t^ m 'i>

S ka it Hi nkait^WlKmAmi

iis. z

\n-m ^Ki^nzm

W (Biii Tranh, 1891, td 5a-5b) - Mot ngdy, 
tudng cong den thdng Bong Nga tru sd"^', 
nhdn do bar to:

- Trieu dinh giao cho tdi ciing vdi dng 
hdn hgc. Giao cho tdi ba ngdy bay mot tiec 
de cho mgi ngirdi duoc no say. din lite do 
nidi noi ro mgi dieu vdi hg. Cot Id nen ddng 
tam ddng luc de lain mgnh oai quan Idm Idn 
the nude. Ngdy sau ai citng duoc han 
thuong. Cac khanh da cu tam vi nude thi tgi 
trieu dinh chiu nhin md nhin ngudi Minh 
phien loan den cdc khanh sao?

;'Ban 1956 chep: "BU ',!".

'••' Chiing tdi cho rang, Nguyen Van Chinh din thang
nai g ciia Bdng Nga. tuc ngi a cua ngudi Chiem.

Cd the viing d^t 6 chau da duge Chi Bdng Nga
lay Iai dudi thdi cua dng khi ChamPa tra nen hiin"
manh va tan cdng trg Iai Dai Viet. Thirc ra Bdng Nga
(CheBonguar/ Po Binasor) da bi gilt vao nam 1390
khi dem quan tan cdng Thang Long lan thir tu.

Bdn bgc vdi nhau ndm ngdy ldm mot 
tiec, tiec den ha hdm ai ai deu hieu thdu v do.

- Cdc bd lgc quan sd bao nhieu?

- Sa bd thdng ke hon hai nghin ndm 
trdm, cung nd khi gidi tinh nhiie.

Neu nhu cd qude thu gui den ciing 
nhau tap hgp chdng cu giir Nam Giao eiia 
chiing ta. Khdng may md chet, chet cung 
tham danh.

Tudng cdng ndi:

- Nhu vdy. Y theo nhu vcjy. That Id 
may mdn cho Ciru triing'^. Mdt ldi cim duge 
viec, trdi md ra de giiip cho long thdnh ciia 
ta chdng?.

Qua nguon tu lieu thanh van Uen c6
the nhan thay, vao the ky XV, d vimg 6k 
nay, qua trinh Viet hoa dien ra rat manh me
lam xoa md ranh gidi phan biet giiia ngudi
Viet vdi ngudi Chiem. Phai thira nhan rSng
ngudi Viet bi anh hudng, tilp nhan van hoa
ciia ngudi ban dia la dilu khdng thi tranh
khoi, nhirng ddi vdi nhung ngudi di cu, ho
van cd y thirc bao ve van hoa truyin thing
eiia minh, de sau dd Viet hoa trd Iai vdi
ngudi ban dia, khi hg khdng cdn la cae cong
dong thieu sd. Hien tugng Viet hda nhanh

chdng da cho thay anh huong eua An Dp
giao ddi vdi tap cap Vaisya va Sudra (nong
dan - thg thu cong - ndng nd), ke bam dSt a
Iai tren vimg dat sinh sdng cu la khong Idn.
Hinduisme, chu yeu dd la eo sd tam linh cua
tang Idp Brahman, Ksatrya (quy tdc, tang lu,
vii sT) nam hoat ddng thuang nghiep va ciing
la doi tugng nhanh chong rdi khdi viing dSt
nay khong luyin tile, khi thi trudng d day da
trd nen bat dn.

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Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc sd5 - 2009 57

Su gap gd trong ddi song van hoa
nong nghiep giira dai bd phan cu dan tien tni
vdi ngudi Viet tren viing dat mdi, da tao nen
sir song ehung hda binh nhanh chdng vdi
moi tuong hgp khdng the khae duge trong
qua trinh giao luu: tir cong cu dan den cong
cam (tuong trp trong eupe sdng, eiing thd ba
Me lua Poh Nagar/Thien Y A Na) va tir cong
menh (ehung sue chong quan xam luge nha
Minh vdi tu each la than dan ciia mot quoc
gia) dan den su chan hoa thanh mot khoi
dong nhat.

4. Ket luan

Trd Iai viec su dung van ban "Thuy
Thien" lam dan lieu eho bai nghien ciru nay,

dii chiing toi da diing tir nguy thu de ehi 
dinh, nhung xet tong the ve noi dung, thi
tinh "tam sao that ban" van khong anh
hudng den mot so su kien. Bdi, nhiing su
thay doi do ehi la cac Ian cap nhat ve nhan
danh, dia danh, dai tir nhan xung, cac chir ky
hiiy, va sap xep the thir ciia cac dong hp.
Dieu nay khdng gay anh hudng den noi dung
duge khao sat. Cii the, moi quan he giua eac
cong dong sinh song tren viing dat nay, nhat
la miii quan he giua ngudi Viet vdi ngudi
tien trii, khong c6 ly do de ngudi ddi sau
thay doi qua moi lan sao chep, bdi dieu nay
vugt ra ngoai phong tue tu tdn the thir cua
cac dong hp trong mot ngoi lang cu the.
Chinh vi vay, ehung toi tai xac nhan, dan
lieu tir ban "Thiiy thien" trong bai nghien
cim nay la eo ca sd' .

Bii'c tranh cu dan viing Thuan Hoa
vao the ky XV da luu Iai nhii'ng dau an eho
den thdi hien dai. Dau an eiia ngirdi tien trii

"' Toan bd van ban da duoc chimg tdi khao di, hieu
dinh, phien am Han - Viet va dich ra Viet viin.

d viing dong bang het sire md nhat, cac
cong dong duge gpi la "Chiem nhan", hoa
tan trong cong ddng ngudi Viet bdi nhiing
ly do da neu d tren. Va, bp phan khae

khong nam trong trudng hgp nay, ehinh la
eac nhdm cong ddng tdc ngudi mien nui
phia Tay Quang Binh - Quang Tri - Thira
Thien hien nay.

Tai rat nhieu lang Viet d mien Trung
dii van con nhirng dau tich van hoa Cham Pa
ve mat vat the, nhung ngudi dan d eac lang
do eung khong eon bao luu trayen thong van
hoa Cham Pa trong ddi song tinh than eua
minh. Ngay ca hp Che d lang Van The (nay
thuoc xa Thuy Thanh, huyen Huong Thiiy,
tinh Thiia Thien - Hue), mot dong hp c6 goe
tieh la ngudi nude Chiem Thanh, nhung Iai
hoan toan nhap vao ddi song van hoa ciia
ngudi Viet.

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Nguyin Huu Thong - Le Dinh Hiing

- (1): Cac uuyen kl phan anh moi quan
he mat thilt eo tinh each huylt thing eua cae
dan tpc thilu sd vdi ngudi Viet (Kinh) d
dong bang' .

- (2): Tap hgp nhiing trayen ke luu lai
dau an, ky vat va ky niem eua mot thdi xa
xua cu tni tren miln go doi va dong bang
ven bien eua hp" .

- (3): Cac trayen kl thi hien moi quan
he xuoi ngugc, miln thap - mien cao, ve
kmh tl, van hoa, hon nhan, gia dinh^ .

^* Truyin thuylt va ngudn gdc phat sinh dan tdc
xoay quanh Chuyen trdi bau. Nhiing lap luan dang 
luu y trong he thing chuyen ke nay la ngudn gdc

phat sinh dan tdc (dac bi?t v l sir ra ddi ciia ngudi

Yoan, tire ngudi Viet a ddng bang). Ngay xua, mgi
ngudi ciing n^m ehung trong mdt qua bau, sau dd,
Yang Argbang (thSn Trdi) nung do mdt thdi da, chui
thuuL' qua bdu chg mgi ngudi budc ra. Cac anh Ta - di.
Pa - cd, Bru - Van Kilu, Ca - tu ra trude, minh dinh
diy khdi than nen da den, tdc quan cdn ngudi Yoan
(Viet) ra sau ciing nen da sang, tdc thang hem. Diem
kit cua cau chuyen duoc nhan manh d ehd. hg la anh
em rudt thjt va sau dd chia nhau dat dai de sinh sdng
nhu bay gid.

"" Nhilu ciiu chuyen ke vdi nhirng ket cau khae nhau 
xoay quanh true chu de: Cd it nhdt mot Idn ngirai ddn

tdc ihieu sd da di tru xudng ddng lout tir ddng bdng len 
niiin nui bdi mdt tai hoa khiing khiep. Thud xa xua, hg

sdng em dim tren nhirng dai dat ddng bang, san vat
phong phii, cay trai, lua, ngd khdng phai cham hm

nhieu ma van ed an. Ngay ngay tieng cdng, tieng
ehieng va nhimg ehe rugu rgn rang, nd nirc. Mdt hdm
tir phia mat trdi mgc xuat hien mdt dan ong ddc bay
mil mit tien ve phia hg, giet hai khdng biet bao nhieu
ngudi ma ke. Trude tinh canh ay, hg chay ve phia niat
trdi lan nhd nui rirng che ehd de sinh tdn den hdm na).
^" Nhirng dang truyen thuyet nham ly giai qud trinh

sinh Idn vd phdi trien cua cdc cgng ddng ddn lgc a 
ddv: '"Da lau lam rdi, khi Yang ndi gian lam mot tran

lut loir tieu diet mudn loai, mat dat chi cdn lai mdt cd
gai va con cho sdng sdt tren mot chiec trdng Idn.
Trude hoan canh ay, khong edn each nao khae la hg
phai lay nhau de tai lap gidng ndi". Diem dang km y
a day la mdi tinh giira ngudi va thii ay sinh ra hai
ngudi con. mot trai va mdt gai. Ngudi tim ve xudi.
ngudi o lai \di non cao. hg quyet tim ddng loai de lay
nhirng klidng cdn ai. Rdi hg lai gap nhau. Qua viec
trao ddi cai an,-cai mac chia nhau niem vui. noi
budn... va ca mien dat hoang vang khdng cdn ai, cudi

Ca ba he thing tren, cai cdt ldi lich sir
duge phan tich d day la cd chang mdt chuli
eac mdi quan he da timg ed trong Ijch sii
giiia cae cdng ddng cu dan tren vimg dong
bang Tri - Thien vdi cac dan tgc phia Tay?
Hp da timg sdng d ddng bang, xen cu vdi
ngudi Viet va ngudi Chiem .

Trong ddi sing van hoa cua ngudi Viet
eu tni d vimg ddng bang, hp van eon luu giir
nhiing dau an cua Idp eu dan tien tni. Mot
hien tugng kha phd biln la viec bien cae den
thap Cham trd thanh am milu Viet de thd
phung Ba Dang/Duang phu nlian, hay nhiing
noi ed d^u tfch van hoa Cham, dia diem do
duge gpi la Cdn Dang, Cdn Duong (Le Dinh
Himg, 2008). Ddi vdi nhieu di vat cua ngudi
tiln tni cdn luu lai, duge ngudi Viet them
sau eac danh tir do nhung tir bo nghTa nhu
Mgi, Hdi, Loi de ehi thi ehiing.

Dau an eua ngudi tien tni con dupe luu
lai trong cae le Tg thd ky an (eiing dat) a 
viing Tn - Thien. Hp duge ngirdi Viet xung
la: Chua Ldi (Lli), Chua Lae, Cham, Cha,
Mpi, Rg, Man, Di, Chiia Ngung, Man nuong
than nir... trong van cung. Va, d mdi le cung
nliu vay deu cd mot chiec giii nhd lam bang
be ehuoi, ma dan gian van thudng gpi cai Xa
Let''^, de dat vao dd mot it mam, ca kho hoac

cung hg phai lam cai viec de truyen gidng ndi. Mdi
quan he ay vira la huyet thdng, vira la bang hiru, vira
la su giao luu giiia hai mien van hoa, vita la cudc hdn
phdi hanh phiic trong bi dat.

"" Dan ong dge bay den tir phia mat trdi mgc cd phai 
la luu anh cua nhirng tran thuy chien phia sdng bien

eua nhieu cuge chien tranh chdng chat trong lich sir:
Dai Viet - Cham Pa. Minh - Viet, Trinh - Nguyen,
Tnnh - Tay Scm, Nguyen - Tay Sgn... nen nhirng
ngudi tien tni da timg sdng o' ddng bang da trdi dat ve
phia Tay'?

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Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd5 - 2009 59

thay vao dd la tdm/ca nirdng), rau lang
lupe... Cling cho "ma Mpi", sau do no duge
dua ra ngoai ngo treo len mot than cay, khi
Cling xong.

Co phai vi moi quan he ay ma mot so
uha dan tpc - ngon ngir hoe da bat dau ly giai
mot so dia danh tudng chimg nhu v6 nghTa
nhu: Sam, Sinh, Sia, Nong, Tradi... Day la
mot su triing hpp ngau nhien hay su ke thiia
ten gpi cii, khi ngudi Viet den tiep nhan dai
dat nay? Co chang mdt so ten gpi cu cua
ngudi Ta - 6i, Pa - ed, Bru - Van Kieu duge
luu giir nhu: Shia (ca) -^ Sia; H Tradi (ga) 
—» Truoi... de chi dae diem ve san vat mot
viing dat?

Cho nen viec trinh bay nhirng thong tin
trong van ban "Thuy thien" cung khong
ngoai muc dich giiip hinh dung mot phan
buc tranh dae thii eiia cu dan viing Thuan
Hoa sau mot the ky, tir ngay Huyen Tran

Cong Chiia vdi "nude non ngan dam ra di".

Tai lieu tham khao

1. Duong Van An (1997), O chdu can 
luc, ban dich, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi. Ha Ngi.

2. Dgi Viet su ky todn thu (1998), tap 
III, ban dich, Nxb Khoa hoe xa hoi. Ha Noi.

3. Le Dinh Hiing (2008), "Mot vai
van de tii- mieu Quang Te d lang Phudc
Tich", trong: Thong tin Khoa hgc, Phan 
vien Van hoa - Nghe thuat Viet Nam tai
Hul. So 3, tr. 45-58.

4. Tran Trpng Kim (1999), Viet Nam 
sir luge, Nxb Van hoa thong tin, Ha Noi.

5. Li Tana (1999), Xu Ddng Trong 
-Lich su kinh te - xd hot Viet Nam the hi' 17 
vd 18, ban dich, Nxb Tre, Tp. Ho Chi Mmh.

6. Nguyen Dang Thue (1961), Vdn hda 
Viet Nam vdi Ddng Nam A, Van hoa A chau 
xuat ban, Sai Gon.

7. Nguyen Hiru Thdng (2002), "Viing
dat bac mien Trang: Nhiing cam nhan budc
dau", trong: Thdng tin Khoa hgc, Phan vien

nghien ciru Van hoa - Nghe thuat tai Hue, So
thang 9, tr. 5-12.

8. Nguyin Hun Thong (2003), "Ve
trieu dai Indrapura tren dai dat mien Trang",
trong: Thdng tin Khoa hge, Phan vien nghien 
cii'u Van hoa - Nghe thuat tai Hue, So 9.

9. Nguyen Hiru Thong (2005, 2006),
"Duyen hai mien Trang - Trudng San - Tay
Nguyen mot chinh the trong da dang", trong:
Thdng tin Khoa hgc, Phan vien nghien ciru 
Van hoa - Thong tin tai Hue, So thang
9/2005, tr. 5-12 & Sl thang 3/2006, tr, 7-22.

10. Nguyen Hiru Thong (2008), "Tir
mo hinh mandala (Circles of Kings) nghT ve
cau triic xa hoi wrong quoc Champa", trong:
Thdng tin Khoa hoe, Phan vien Van hoa 
-Nghe thuat Viet Nam tai Hue, So thang
3/2008, tr. 7-22.

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