Hệ thống chính trị Nigeria.

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<i><b>Dinh Thi Ha* </b></i>

<b>1. Co* sd kinh te, van hda, xa hoi </b>

Cong boa Lien bang Nigeria nam ben bd
bien phia tay chau Phi. Phia bac giap song
Niger, phia tay giap Benin, phia dong giap
Cameroon, phia dong bac giap Chad. Phia nam
Nigeria la Vjnh Ghine - mot bp phan cua Dai
Tay Duong. Thu do la Abuja, thanh pho Idn
nhat la Lagos. Ngon ngir chinh thue cua
Nigeria la tieng Anh, ben canh do con co tieng
Hausa, Yoruba vd Ibo. Van hoa cua Nigeria bj
chia re bdi sac tpc va ton giao, dac biet la Hoi
giao va Co doc giao.

Nigeria la mot quoc gia co ddn so dong nhat
chau Phi vdi khoang 135 trieu ngudi (chiem
ban 1/5 ddn s6 chau Phi, dimg thu 9 tren the
gidi). Lardi thd Nigeria rong
923,768 km^ (dimg thu 32 tren thi gidi).

Trudc nam 1914, Nigeria Id mot quoc gia
ldn vdi khoang ban 250 sdc tpc, song thanh bp
lac, xung dot va cat cu tren khap lanh tho
Nigeria. Co thi udc tinh mot nua dan so
<i>Nigeria sdng d mien bac, khoang V* a vung </i>

<b>* Thae sT, Vi?n Chinh tri hpc, </b>

<b>Hpc vi?n Chfnh trj H^nh Chfnh Qudc gia H6 Chf Minh </b>

<i>dong nam va VA a vung ta> nam. Trong do noi </i>
Ien ba nhom sac tpc ldn nhat - Hausa, Yoruba
va Igbo - CO anh hudng dac biet tdi ehinh tri.
Trong Ijch su, ba sac tpc ldn nay luon tranh
gianh nhau de thong tri Nigeria nhung chua
mot sac tpc nao gianh duge sir thong tri tuyet
doi. Vi vay, chia re sac tpc da trd thanh eo hiru
d Nigeria.

Ngudi Hausa - Fulani (trong the ky XIX
nhimg ngudi Hausa chju su thong trj cua
ngudi Fulani) chu yeu song d mien bae, ehiem
khoang 2/3 long dan so d mien bac. Phan ldn ho
d nong thon va sinh song bang nong nghiep.

Ngudi Igbo (con goi la Ibo) song d vung
dong nam, chiem khoang 2/3 dan so d phia
dong. Khu vuc nay chu yeu phat trien nong
nghiep phuc vu thj trudng (trong ep, Ida gao va
khoai).

Ngudi Yoruba tap trung d phia lay nam
Nigeria, chilm 2/3 dan so d phia tay, gom ea
khu vuc thanh thj cua Lagos, thu do va trung
tam do thi ldn. Vdi truyen thong sinh ton bang
nghi nong, tu thdi ky thupe dia nhimg ngudi
Yoruba d nong thon da bat dau phat trien cac
san pham tu ca cao va cp de xuat khau. Cac

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<b>Dinh Thi Ha </b> He thong chinh trj Nigeha

sac tpc con lai chi chiem 1/3 dan so d moi
vimg va chiem khoang 1/3 long dan so.

Tu nam 1914, thirc dan Anh da dem quan
den chiem dong Nigeria. Do khong du sue
chong dd, Nigeria phai dau hang va trd thanh
thuoc dja cua Anh cho den nam 1960. Thirc
ddn Anh da su dung chinh sach cai trj gian tiep
bang each dua cac tu trudng bp lac trd thanh
ngudi dung dau vung dat vdi chuc thong doc.
Ben canh do, thirc dan Anh con su dung each
doi xu bdt binh dang vdi cac tu trudng, khich
dong sir ganh ghet giii-a cac tu trudng bang
chinh sach doi xu, uu dai khac nhau. Dieu nay
da gay ra mau thuan thudng xuyen giiira cac
sac tpc.

Cung vdi thuang mai va hanh chinh, ngudi
Anh da dua giao due va cac nha truyen giao
vao Nigeria. Khi Nigeria dpc lap, hai vimg d
mien nam da dau tu rat nhieu cho viec md
rong he thong giao due, dac biet d bac tieu
hpc. Giao due tieu hpc dugc mien phi va pho
cap trong ca nudc. Su bung no cua dau lira
nhiimg nam 1970 da kich thich mot Ian song 6
at md rong cac trudng trung hpc ca sd. He
thong cac trudng dai hpc cung phat trien, tir
mot trudng nam 1948 dan len den 41 trudng

nam 2000.

Nigeria la nudc co trd lugng dau mo ldn
nhat chdu Phi va la thanh vien cua To chuc cac
nudc xuat khdu dau mo (OPEC). Nhd xuat
khau ddu mo, kinh te Nigeria da bat ddu phat
trien trong nhiimg nam gan day nhumg van phai
doi mat vdi nhieu thach thue to Idn. Mae du la
nudc san xuat dau mo ldn nhat chau Phi va
dimg thu 6 the gidi, nhumg cupc song cua phdn
ldn cu ddn d vung chdu tho song Niger noi
rieng va Nigeria noi chung con gap nhieu kho
khan, thdm chi horn nua dan so Nigeria song
trong ngheo doi.

Ngudi Ardi hy vgng rang vdi tru lugng dau
mo va cac kim loai quy dung thu hai tren the
gidi cung vdi nen dan chu kieu Anh, Nigeria
se trd thanh cudng quoc so mgt chdu Phi va
sdm gia nhap vao the gidi phat trien. Tuy
nhien din nam 1960, ngudi Anh da khong dat
dugc ket qua nhu mong muon vi sir bat on
dinh chinh tri Idn vdi ban 300 cupc noi day
cua cac sac tpc.

Sau nam 1960. ngudi Anh da trao tra dpc
lap cho Nigeria vdi mot di san la sir chia re sac
tpc sau sac cung vdi nen kinh te que quat. Sau
45 nam thurc hanh dan chu, ngudi dan khong
CO mot chut kinh nghiem gi ve ddn chu hay

khai niem ve van boa chinh trj. Ngudi dan
khong CO quan diem ca nhan ve nha nudc va
quyen luc noi chung. Hp luon co thai dp thu
dich vdi nha nudc, song lai trung thanh vdi bp
lac, sac toe cua minh.

<b>2. Cau true cua he thong chinh trj </b>

<i><b>a. Lap phdp </b></i>

The che chinh trj Nigeria mo phong ca mo
hinh cua Anh va My ma nong cot la che dp
nghj vien. Cung nhu cac thuoc dja cua Anh,
Nigeria di den dpc lap vdi che dp nghj vien
dua tren mo hinh Westminster cua mau quoc.
Ban dau Nigeria cung di theo mdu hinh cua
Khoi thjnh vugng chung, co mot vien loan
quyen tren danh nghia do quoc vuong bo
nhiem. Nam 1963, cau tnic chinh thue dugc
lira chpn la cong hoa. mpi quyen luc cua tong
thong hau nhu la danh nghia, thu tudng mdi la
ngudi CO thirc quyen.

Quoc hpi cua Nigeria la quoc hpi luang
vien dugc thdnh lap theo muc 4 cua Hiln phap
Nigeria. Co quan nay theo mo hinh Quoc hpi
lien bang cua My. dugc cho la bao dam sir dai
dien cua cac bang khong ke quy mo cua no
trong Thugng vien va dai dien theo ti le ddn so

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trong Ha vien. Thugng vien co 109 thanh vien
dugc bau theo nhiem ky 4 nam, moi khu vuc
cu tri dugc 3 ghl (36 khu vuc cu tri) va mot
ghe d khu vuc thu do lien bang, Abuja. Ha
vien CO 360 thanh vien dugc bdu theo nhiem
ky 4 nam theo ti le dan so cua eae bang. Cae
dai bieu cua Quoc hgi deu do nhan dan true
tiep bau ra. Sau do, Quoc hpi se thong nhdt
chpn ra Tong thong va thanh lap Npi cac.

Quoc hpi CO chuc nang giam sat va uy
quyen cho cac Uy ban xem xet cac du luat va
tu each cua cac quan chuc chinh phu. Bat cu
du thao luat nao dugc thong qua thanh luat deu
phai dugc Ha vien va Thugng vien nhat tri, va
phai nhan dugc su chap thuan cua tong thong.
Neu tong thong tri hoan hay phu quyet du thao
luat thi Quoc hpi phai thong qua luat do vdi sir
tan thanh cua 2/3 thanh vien d ca bai vien, bac
bo quyen phu quyet va khong can long thong
chap thuan. Thugng vien co quyen thong qua
viec bo nhiem cac nha ngoai giao cap cao cua
tong thong, cac thanh vien eua npi eae lien
bang, bo nhiem ca quan tu phap lien bang va
eae uy ban lien bang dpc lap. Thugng vien la
nai duy nhat co quyen buoc toi cac tham phan
va cac quan chuc hanh phap cao cdp khac.

<i>b. Hanh phdp </i>

Quyln hanh phap do Chinh phu thue hien,
Tong thdng do nhan dan bdu ra, la ngudi dimg
ddu nha nudc, dung ddu chinh phu va dimg dau
Hpi ddng Hanh phap lien bang (npi cac).
Nigieria co long thong luan phien de ba vimg
Idn (bde, dong va lay) cung kiem soat dat nudc.

Nam 1979, Hiln phap cua nln cong hoa eua
Nigeria dugc thilt k l theo mo hinh eua My
trao quyln lire tuyet ddi cho long thdng. Tong
thdng dugc bdu mot each dpc lap, eo quyen
phan ddi Qudc hpi hai vien d cap lien bang,
cac thdng d6c va ca quan lap phap cung eo
quyen rdiu vay d cap bang.

Nigeria c6 eau true chinh trj lien bang giong
nhu My. co sir phan chia quyen luc rdt ro. Nha
nude bao gom nha nude lien bang \ a eae bang
dugc phan chia theo dia ly. sac toe. 0 mot dat
nudc rong Idn va phuc tap nhu Nigeria, nhieu
quyet djnh chinh tri anh huang den cupc song
cua ngudi dan duge dua ra khong phai d cap
quoc gia. Che dp lien bang dugc hinh thanh
vao nam 1954 la ca sd cho Nigeria tien den
dpc lap. Hien phap 1960 quy dinh che dp lien
bang, phan chia trach nhiem giiira chinh qu\ en
lien bang va ba khu vuc. Che dp lien bang
duge duy tri trong ba hien phap (1963. 1979
va 1989). Nam 1995 hien phap nay duge dep
tuc phat trien va la can cu de dua Nigeria quay

lai che dp dan su nam 1999.

Tinh den nam 1998, trong tong so 38 nam
dpc lap, Nigeria nam dudi su kiem soat eua
cac chinh quyen quan sir mat 29 nam. Vdi viec
no ra eupe npi chien nam 1967. dat nudc nay
bi chia thanh 12 bang, tang len 19 bang vao
nam 1976, 30 bang vao nam 1991 va 36 bang
vao nam 1996 (cong vdi Lanh tho thu do lien
bang). Moi bang lai duge ehia thanh eae khu
vue chinh quyen dia phuang. Tong epng co
774 chinh quyen dja phuang. Bang Kano c6
nhieu ehinh quyen dia phuang nhat la 44,
bang CO it nhat la Bayelsa vai 9 ehinh quyen
dja phuang. Lanh tho thu do lien bang eo 6
ehinh quyen dja phuang. Khu vuc chinh
quyen dja phuang thay the eae quan trudc day
la dom \'i hanh ehinh cap thu ba (tinh theo
chieu doe tu tren xuong) dudi thdi ehinh
quyen Anh.

<i>c. Tuphdp </i>

Nigeria gianh duge doe lap vdi mot he
thong luat phap lau ddi phat trien theo truyen
thong cua Anh. Nigeria eo bon he thong luat ro
rang la Luat eua Anh eo tir thdi thupe dia Anh,
Luat tuc (c6 nguon goe tir cac chuan muc \ a

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<b>Dinh Thi Ha </b> He thong chinh tri Nigeha

thoi quen truyen thong cua bdn dja), Luat hien
phap (phat trien sau khi dpc lap) va Luat
Sharia (dugc dimg d noi chu yeu co ngudi
Hausa va ngudi theo dao Hoi d mien Bac).

Cac toa an lien bang va bang theo truyen
thong dugc tap hgp thardi mgt he thong duy
nhat gom cac toa xet xu va toa phuc thdm. Vi
vay, Hien phap ma theo do che dp Obasanjo
bat dau nam quyen tir nam 1999 quy djnh Toa
an Toi cao, Toa phuc thdm va cac Toa an cdp
cao cua lien bang va bang co tham quyen xir
so thdm va phuc tham. Cac nha chuc trach cua
bang theo truyen thong cung co anh hudng rat
ldn ve tu phap, vi cac bang dugc phep thanh
lap cac toa an theo luat tuc va Sharia (luat theo
kinh Coran cua Hoi giao), ca ve so tham va
phuc tham. Mudi bang d mien Bac van duy tri
cac toa an Sharia, mot diem gdy bat dong giiira
cac nha chuc trach theo dao Hoi va nhiimg
ngudi coi sir thira nhan chinh thue nhu vay la
yeu to gdy chia re.

He thong toa an cua Nigeria gom cac toa an
cap lien bang va bang. Cac toa an lien bang c6
Toa an Toi cao Nigeria, Toa phuc thdm, Toa
an cap cao cua lien bang, Toa an cap cao cua
lanh tho thu do lien bang - Abuja, Toa phuc
thdm Sharia cua lanh tho thu do lien bang

-Abuja, Toa phuc tham theo luat tuc cua lanh
tho thu do lien bang - Abuja. C) cap bang, co
Toa an cap cao cua bang, Toa phuc tham
Sharia cua bang, Toa phuc thdm theo luat tue
cua bang. Ben canh do con co cac toa an ve
bau cu.

Chanh an, cdc thdm phan cua Toa an toi cao
Nigeria va Chanh an Toa phuc tham dupe
Tdng thdng b6 nhiem theo sir gidi thieu cua
Hpi ddng tu phap quoc gia va phai dugc
Thugng vien chap thuan. Cac tham phan Toa
phuc thdm do T6ng thong bo nhiem theo sir
gidi thieu cua Hpi dong tu phap quoc gia.

Toa an Toi cao cd quyen xet xu sa tham va
phuc thdm, co trach nhiem va thdm quyen duy
nhdt xem xet cac khang cao tu Toa phuc thdm,
CO quyen phuc tham doi vdi tat ca cac toa an
lien bang cdp dudi vd cac toa an cao nhdt cua
bang. Cac quyet dinh cua Toa an Toi cao co
hieu lire vdi tat ca cac toa an cdp dudi.

Toa phuc thdm co thdm quyen xet xu va
quylt djnh bdt cu vdn de gi lien quan den
nhiem ky hoac sir lira chpn chanh an, pho
chanh an. Toa phuc thdm co quyen xet xu va
quylt djnh cac khang cao cua Toa an cap cao
lien bang, Toa an cap cao cua lanh tho thu do
lien bang - Abuja. Toa an cap cao cua bang,

Toa phuc tham Sharia cua lanh tho thu do
lien bang - Abuja, Toa phuc tham Sharia cua
bang. Toa phuc tham theo luat tuc cua bang
va cac quyet djnh cua toa an quan sir hoac
cac toa an khac theo quy djnh trong dao luat
cua Quoc hpi.

Chanh an va cac tham phan cua Toa an cap
cao lien bang va Toa an cap cao cua lanh tho
thu do lien bang - Abuja dugc Tong thong bo
rdiiem theo sir gidi thieu cua Hpi dong tu phap
quoc gia. Viec bo nhiem Chanh an phai dugc
Thugng vien chap thuan.

Toa an cap cao lien bang c6 quyen xet xu
nhiimg van de lien quan den thu nhap, thue va
le phi cua Chinh phu lien bang, cac cong ty,
cac to chuc kinh doanh hay ca nhan; xet xu
cac toi phan quoc, toi nghiem trpng hoac cac
vi pham tuomg tir.

Toa an cap cao cua lanh tho thu do lien
bang CO tham quyen xet xu va quyet djnh cdc
thu tuc to tung dan sir lien quan den quyen,
teach nhiem, nghia vu, Igi ich hgp phap hoac
xet xu va quyet djnh cac thu tuc t6 tung hinh sir
lien quan den hinh phat, truat quyen, trimg phat
hay nghia vu khac khi mgt ngudi pham toi.

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Chanh an va cac tham phan cua Toa phuc

tham Sharia cua lanh tho thu do lien bang
-Abuja va Toa phuc tham theo luat tuc cua lanh
tho thu do lien bang - Abuja do Tong thong
bo nhiem vdi sir gidi thieu cua Hpi dong tu
phap quoc gia. Viec bo nhiem Chanh an phai
dugc Thugng vien chap thuan. Chanh an va
tham phan cua Toa phuc thdm Sharia phai c6
chung chi ve luat Hoi giao cua mot to chuc
dugc Hpi dong tu phap quoc gia cong nhan.
Chanh an va tham phan Toa phuc tham theo
luat tuc phai co kien thue va kinh nghiem thue
tien ve luat tuc.

Ngoai cac tham quyen theo quy djnh cua
Dao luat cua Quoc hpi, toa phuc tham Sharia
CO quyen phuc tham va giam sat cac thu tuc to
tung dan sir lien quan den cac van de cua luat
Hoi giao. Toa phuc tham theo luat tuc co them
thdm quyln phuc tham va giam sat cac thu tuc
t6 tung dan sir lien quan den cac van de cua
luat tuc.

Chanh an va thdm phan cac Toa an cap cao
cua bang do Thdng doc bang bo nhiem theo sir
gidi thieu cua Hpi ddng tu phap qudc gia, viec
bo nhiem Chanh an phai dugc Ha vien bang
chdp thuan. Toa an cap cao cua bang co tham
quyln xet xu va quylt djnh cac thu tuc to tung
dan sir lien quan din quyen, trach nhiem.
nghla vu, lgi ich hgp phap hoac xet xu va

quylt djnh cac thu tuc t6 tung hinh sir lien
quan din hinh phat, trudt quyln, trimg phat
hay nghia vu khac khi mot ngudi pham toi.

Bdt cu bang nao cung co the yeu cau thanh
lap Toa phuc thdm Sharia va Toa phuc thdm
theo luat tuc cua bang. Chanh an va cac tham
phan Toa phuc thdm Sharia cua bang va Toa
phuc thdm theo luat tuc cua bang do Thong
doc bang b6 nhiem theo sir gidi thieu cua Hpi
ddng tu phap quoc gia, co sir chap thuan cua
Ha vi?n bang ddi vdi chanh an. Chanh an va

tham phan Toa phuc tham Sharia cua bang
phai CO chung chi ve luat Hoi giao cua mot to
chuc dugc Hpi dong tu phap quoc gia cong
nhan. Chanh an va tham phan Toa phuc tham
theo luat tuc cua bang phai co du kien thue \ a
kinh nghiem thirc tien ve luat tuc.

Toa phuc tham Sharia cua bang thue hien
them tham quyen phuc tham va giam sat cac
thu tuc to tung lien quan den eae van de ve luat
Hoi giao.

Toa phuc tham theo luat tue cua bang co
quyen xet xu phuc tham va giam sat cae thu tuc
t6 tung lien quan den cac van de ve luat tue.

Ben canh cae toa an tren, cap lien bang co

thi thanh lap mot hoac nhieu han niia toa an
vl bau cu, dugc gpi la cae toa an ve bau eu cua
Qudc hpi. Cac toa an nay co quyen xet xu va
quylt djnh cac kien nghj, yeu cau lien quan
din bat eu ngudi nao da duge bau la thanh
vien cua Quoc hpi. den nhiem ky boat dong
theo Hiln phap. din ghl trong trong Thugng
vien hay Ha vien va lien quan den van de hay
kiln nghj da dua ra trudc toa an \ e bau eu.

Moi bang eung co the thanh lap mot hay
nhilu ban toa an vl bau eu dugc gpi la eae toa
an vl bdu cu Thong doc va cae Vien lap phap.
Cae toa an nay co quyen xet xu va quyet djnh
cac yeu cau lien quan den bat cu ngudi nao
dugc bdu vao chuc Thong doe hay pho thong
doc, hay thanh vien cua Vien lap phap.

<i>d. Cdc ddng chinh tri va cdc nhom Iffi ich </i>

<i>* Ddng chinh tri </i>

Dang ddu tien ddu tien eua Nigeria do
Herbert Macaulay thanh lap de canh tranh vdi
cac cupc bdu cu Hpi ddng lap phap Nigeria d
Lagos nam 1923. Sau do, mot vai phong trao
nhu vay ddu tranh gianh quyen lire d cap dja
phuang dudi thdi thuoc dja xuat hien. Hpi

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<b>Dinh Thi Ha </b> He thdng chinh trj Nigeha

dong quoc gia Nigeria va Cameroon (NCNC)
vdi 49,3% dang vien la ngudi Ibo, ung bp dai
dien nhieu born trong chinh quyln thuoc dja
Nigeria. Tuy nhien, khi ngudi Anh dua ra hiln
phap dan chu ban va cung phan quyln ban vao
nam 1951, NCNC da tan ra theo dudng I6i sdc
tpc.

Dang doi lap- Nhom hanh dong (AG), ra
ddi dudi su lanh dao cua mot luat su tre ngudi
Yoruba la Obafemi Awolowo, vdi ca sd to
chuc ban dau nam trong Egbe Omo Oduduwa,
mot to chuc van hoa cua Yoruba. 68,2% dang
vien la ngudi Yoruba. Ca hai dang NCNC va
AG ung hp boat dong theo hudng da van hoa,
tren ca sd van de, lien khu vue. Tuy nhien,
Dang Nhom hanh dong da bj chia re dac biet
theo dudng loi tu do (toan khu vuc, day nhanh
viec tien tdi dpc lap) va bao thu (dua tren ea
sd sac tpc, phat trien).

Tu nam 1966 den 1979, tudng Ironsi Ien
nam quyen da xoa bo tat ca cac dang va phan
Idn cac to chuc chinh trj. Dat nudc ton tai ma
khong CO mot dang chinh thue nao tir nam

1966 eho den khi chuan bj quay trd ve che dp
dan sir nam 1979. Nam 1978, Hien phap mdi
duge ban hanh, bai bo lenh cam boat dong

chinh trj. Cac dang lai trd thanh hgp phap va
chung phat trien nhu com Iu vdi khoang 150
dang dugc thanh lap. Tuy nhien, trong cac cupc
bau cu nam 1979 chi c6 5 dang tham gia tranh
cu. Dai dien cua Dang quoc gia Nigeria (NPN)
da triing cir tong thong va ca 5 dang deu c6 dai
dien trong Quoc hpi. ciing tir thdi diem nay bat
dau nen cong hoa thu hai cua Nigeria.

Thang 10 nam 1989, chinh phu da thanh lap
hai dang "ca sd" la Hpi nghj cong boa quoc
gia (NRC) hoi nghieng ve canh hiim va dang
Dan chu xa hpi (SDP) hai nghieng ve canh ta.
Sau do. bau cu dang phai da dugc thue hien d
cdp chinh quyen dja phucmg. Dang SDP da

gianh quyen kiem soat da so cac hgi dong dja
phuang.

Nam 1993 che dp Abacha Ien nam quyen.
boat dong dang phai lai bj cam. Den nam 1998
che dp Abacha cho phep thanh lap mot so
dang mdi de canh tranh trong bau cu. dan den
viec chuyen giao quyen luc da hua vao thang 5
nam 1999.

<i>* Cdc nhdm lai ich </i>

Cae nhom igi ich co to chuc dong mot vai
tro rat quan trpng trong nen chinh trj quoc gia,

dac biet dudi cac che dp quan sir khi ma cae
hinh thue tham gia chinh trj true tiep bj cam.

Cac hiep hpi nghe nghiep la cac nhom Igi
ich CO to chuc nhat nhu Hiep hpi quan ba
Nigieria (NBA), Hiep hpi Y te Nigeria
(NMA), Hpi ky su Nigeria. Hpi kinh te
Nigeria. Hiep hpi khoa hpc chinh trj Nigeria
va Hpi nha bao Nigeria. Cac hiep hpi chu yeu
quan tam den eae van de lien quan den lgi ich
nghe nghiep cua hpi vien. Tuy nhien, trong khi
theo duoi cac moi quan tam nghe nghiep thi
eae to chuc nay cung co nhiimg banh dong
chinh trj quan trpng. Chinh quyen quan dpi
theo djnh ky lai giai tan cac nhom nay bang
viec bat nhiimg ngudi lanh dao. Hau het cac
hiep hpi deu to chuc hpi nghj hang nam de
thao luan quan diem ve cac van de quoc gia.
Dae diem noi bat nhat cua cac hiep hpi nghe
nghiep la cac thanh vien chu yeu thuoc tang
Idp tinh hoa va song d do thj cua hp va theo
duoi cac Igi ich ma khong dung bao luc.

Nghiep doan trung uomg d Nigeria la Hpi
nghj Lao dong Nigeria (NLC), dugc thanh lap
nam 1975 nhu la nghiep doan bao trg va dugc
thira nhan theo Sdc lenh s6 44 nam 1976 vdi tu
each la dai dien duy nhat cua tat ca cac nghiep
doan trong nudc. NLC co ban chdp hanh \a
thu ky quoc gia, giong nhu cac hpi d6ng bang

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d tat ca cac bang vdi born 100 nghiep doan ea
sd. Mae du hau bet cac van dl lao dong duge
chuyen qua NLC. song cac nghiep doan ca sd
deu CO cac boat dong rieng nhu cac eupe bai
cong va dong cua nha may. Nam 1986, NLC
da to chuc mot cupc bai cong loan quoc cua
cong nhan doi chinh phu duy tri trg gia cho
cac san pham ddu khi, doi tang luang, cai thien
cac dieu kien phuc Igi.

Cae hiep hpi va to chuc ton giao eo vai tro
rat dac biet trong ehinh tri d Nigeria. Cae
nhom Igi ich dua tren co sd ton giao co cac
hinh thue nhu cac to chuc chinh thue (nha thd,
trudng hpc theo kinh Co-ran), vai tro lanh dao
nhu giam muc, muc su va cae mallam (giao
vien va nhiimg ngudi c6 hpe thue theo Hoi
giao) va cac to chuc giao phai tinh nguyen.
Hieu qua boat dong cua cac to chuc ton giao
trong viec dua ra kien nghj vdi chinh phu da bj
giam sut bdi xung dot giira cac nhom lgi leh.

ma xay ra thudng xuyen nhat la xung dot giiira
cac nhom theo dao Co doe \a dao Hoi. Nhimu
xung dot nay da dat ehinh phu \ ao vai tro eua
ngudi boa giai.

Cae trudng dai hpe la mot khu \ uc hien dai
CO truyen thong boat dong ehinh trj. Cae cupc

bai cong eua nhan vien (dugc to ehue thong
qua Hpi nhan vien eua eae trudng dai hpe) \ a
sinh vien (Hpi sinh vien quoc gia Nigeria)
phan doi su thong trj eua quan dpi da trg thanh
pho bien.

Lien minh dan ehii quoc gia (NADECO).
Chiln dich doi dan chu (CD) \ a eae nha boat
dong dan ehu dae biet anh hudng den gidi tri
thue va sinh vien. U\ ban lien ket hanh dong
(JACON) duge thanh lap vao nhiimg nam cuoi
eua ehe dp Abacha. Cae nhom nay deu Idn
tieng chi trich each thue qua> tra lai ehe dp
dan su eua Tudng Abubakar.

Tai lieu tham khao

<i>K.. Daltoin R. 2003. Comparative Politics today. </i>
1. Almond G.A., Bingham Powel. G.. Strom

<i>A word View, New York </i>

2. 064557.stm

3.

4.

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