Một số vấn đềvề tục hát sli, lượn của người Nùng ở Cao Bằng

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<b>Mot so van de ve tuc hat sii, lUdn </b>

<b>cua ngirdi Nung cf Cao Bang </b>

HA THI THUY*

<i>^lli trong tieng Nflng va trong Nora </i>
<i>^s_7 Nflng cd nghia la hat thd {thi/thd). </i>
<i>Thiic te chd thay, sii cua ngUdi Nflng </i>
chinh la nhflng khue hat thd, mpt loai dan
ca raa khi hat hay dfldc xUdng b i n g gipng
rat cao de nhieu ngUdi cung nghe. Theo
each hieu cua ngUdi Nflng cflng nhu
nhflng ghi chep treng cac sach Ndra
<i>Nflng, sii, dupc ngUdi Nflng hieu nhU sau: </i>

<i>Chfl sii, tflc chfl thilthd (dpc theo am </i>
<i>Nung la sii) nghia la khue ca bang van </i>
van gdm nhieu cau ngan, cd van, cd am
<i>dieu theo nhflng quy tac nha't dinh; SU la </i>
nhflng khue hat cua ngfldi trfldng thanh,
tre em chfla the hieu ndi, ngfldi gia thi
khdng tham gia nfla. Ngudi Nflng d Cad
<i>Bing chi hat sii d thdi thanh xuan. Tuy </i>
<i>vay, nhflng trung tudi van cd the sii </i>
nhflng tranh cac khue giao duyen, va chi
hat nhflng khue hoan hi, ca ngdi cdng dflc,
pham chat cao quy cua con ngfldi: mflng
hdi ngd, mflng khach, mflng nha radi, ehflc
thp, nhan tinh the thai, each tfnh ngay
gid, ndng ljch,...

Dieu tra d Cao B i n g cho thay, trong
cpng ddng ngudi Nflng d day, radi nhdra
Nflng d cac dja phfldng khac nhau, cd
<i>nhflng each gpi khac nhau ddl vdi hat sii. </i>

<i>Nhdm Nflng Giang gpi la tdi sii {tdi thi), </i>
nang cao cau thd; nhdm Nflng Ldi gpi la
<i>ndy sii (mai thd), tflc ngam nga thfldng </i>
<i>thfle thd; ngfldi Nflng La Hdi gpi la top sii, </i>
cd nghia ddl dap thd,...

<i>'* Nguon gdc vd qud trinh phdt trien tuc </i>
<i>hdt sii </i>

NgUdi Nflng d Cao Bing dflng thuat
<i>ngfl sii de chi rapt bp phan trong kho tang </i>
dan ca truyen thd'ng cua hp. Thuat ngfl
nay dflpc dung kha phd bien trong ta't ca
cac nhdra Nung d Cao Bang, va ca d Lang
Sdn, Tuyen Quang, Thai Nguyen,... Trong
<i>cac cupc sii, chinh thfle, theo le ldi cd </i>
<i>truyen deu phai cd hat lUdn, trong cac cudc </i>
<i>hat lUdn ldn cung deu phai cd ca hat sii. </i>

Xfla kia, ngudi Nflng d Cao Bing cflng
nhfl nhieu tpc ngfldi ft ngfldi khac, hp sd'ng
trong nhflng hoan canh rat khd khan. Tuy
vay, hp khdng bao gid, khdng luc nao chiu
de cho tara hdn rainh can cdi. Dd la radi
trfldng tdn tai cHa cac the leai dan ca,

<i>trong dd c6 hat sii. Ca hat de ddng vien cd </i>
vu l i n nhau, ca hat cho bdt khd dau, bdt
nhpe nhan va dac biet la de cac thanh vien
trong cpng ddng g i n bd vdi nhau them
<i>chat che hdn. Tie'ng SU vang vpng tren cac </i>
canh ddng, tren nfldng,... va vang vpng

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62 <i>Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 4/2010 </i>

trong khi cay cay, di rflng, di hai rau, lay
<i>cui,... SU cdn theo hp ca nhflng lflc di chdi, </i>
di tham hdi nhau, khi vad ban, khi len
<i>san,... SU thudng hay gap vao cac budi tdi, </i>
<i>budi dem, nen ngUdi Nflng gpi dd la dem </i>
<i>lUdn. Dem lUdn la cac dem hat cd td chfle, </i>
cd chuan bj va rat ddng ngudi tham gia,
vdi cac nghi thfle rieng ciia ngfldi Nflng.
Ngeai cac budi hat ban dem nhu treen,
ngUdi Nflng d Cad Bing cdn thfldng hat
<i>SU vdi nhau khi dang lam rudng, lam </i>
nUdng hdac dang di dudng, thudng la tren
<i>dudng di chd hay d chd ve. Dd la SU d </i>
<i>ngdai trdi. SU d ngdai trdi thi khdng phai </i>
td chUe ciu ky, kheng thee nghi thfle
truyen thd'ng bat bupc, dd la viec hat tfl
nhien, tii phat va rat tU do.

Sd'ng d cac thung lflng bj sdng sudi
ngan each, giao thfldng kera phat trien,
nen trdng cdng ddng ngfldi Nflng d Cad

Bing da xuat hien nhieu phUdng ngfl
khac nhau. Cd khi treng mpt vflng khdng
rpng lam cflng cd rapt vai each ndi khac
<i>nhau. Vi le dd dan ca ndi chung va sii, </i>
<i>lUdn ciia ngUdi Nflng d Cao Bang cflng cd </i>
nhflng net khac biet d radi vflng khac
<i>nhau.d Cao Bang cd lUdn phii, lUdn tgi, </i>
<i>lUifn Niing An, sii La Hoi, sii Nung Giang. </i>
<i>SU cd hai each hat: hat ddn va hat ddi. d </i>
<i>Cao Bang loai hat ddn cd sii La Hoi, lUdn </i>
<i>Cgi, lUdn then, lUdn slUdng, lUdn tgi. </i>
Khdng ke nhflng trfldng hpp kee ban vao
<i>hat cflng cho vui, nhfl lUcfn then vd'n hat </i>
ddn, cd khi gap ban hai ngfldi cflng hat.
Nhflng dieu hat ddi truyen thd'ng, h i cat
<i>tieng tac lUdn heac tdi sii ludn phai cd ddi, </i>
gipng cao, gipng tha'p nang dd nhau. Cd
giai dieu dn djnh, cung each hat thanh
<i>nen nep tfl lau phai ke de'n LUdn Nggn, </i>

<i>LUcfn Phu (tflc Ifldn Hd Liu), SU giang, </i>
<i>Heu phUdn (tflc lUdn ngfldi Nung An). </i>

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<i>Hd Thi Thiiy - Mdt sd'vd'n de ve tuc hdt sii, luan ciia ngitdi Niing a Cao Bdng </i> 63

trang phuc, an ndi tUdng tU, hd trp rainh.

Trdng truyen thd'ng, di xa thudng cd
<i>ban di cflng, gap trai gai ban la bdt lUdn </i>
lara quen, vi the hat dei hinh thanh. Hat

ddi tad viec ket ban lam quen de dang va
thuan lpi. Gia du cd hai cd gai qua ban,
trai ban radi Ifldn, hai cd khiera td'n tfl chdi
ring lupn khong thdng thao. Trai ban cd
the nhd rapt cd gai trong ban kem lUdn,
mdi diu nhan di gipng cao, may khue sau
di gipng t r i m , rdi trao ban cho khach. Da
<i>vao sii, khach va chu phai hat thau dem, </i>
<i>phai lupn tdi sang. SU nhu vay, 'viec lam </i>
quen dien ra nhanh chdng. Nhieu doi
thuan gipng nhau, de trd thanh than
<i>thiet, di den ke't tong. Tong la hinh thfle </i>
nhan ban ddng canh, coi nhau nhfl anh
chj em rupt trong nha.

<i>* Moi trudng hdt sii. lUdn </i>

<i>Trong xa hpi truyen thdng, SU thudng </i>
dupc hat vao dip hpi he, tet nha't, va vao
<i>budi tdi, ban dera. Vao cac dem sii, tieng </i>
hat vang vpng tren eac nga dudng cua rapi
phien chp, day i p nhflng can nha raflng
nha radi, radi dem khuya khach vao ban,
tung bflng trong nhflng ngay hpi xuan.
Tha thie't am ndng mflng raua gat tre
khip rapi canh ddng, tren nfldng va
nhflng nhip lao dpng, vao nhflng dem
<i>trang thang tam, nha't la dem r i m . SU d </i>
san khau ngoai trdi cd ban chi co hinh
thfle ddl dap gifla hai ngfldi, khi trai gai

mdi gap nhau 6 chd, d ngay hpi, d dpc
dudng, cd the tflng td'p tflng doan nam nfl
ddl dap vdi nhau, nhflng dd chi la luc diu.
Dd la giai doan thara dd, Udra thif... de di
de'n tflng "ddi ngfldi". Chi trong rapt thdi
gian khdng lau hp se chon dUdc rapt ngUdi

<i>cflng trd chuyen, tam tinh b i n g SU. </i>

<i>Tuc hat SU d san khau nha san thi </i>
phflc tap hdn. Cd hinh thfle ddl dap gifla
ddi ngudi, cd hinh thUc ddl dap tap the, cd
hinh thfle ndi tiep ca. Trong ta't ca cac
<i>hinh thfle dien xUdng ciia SU cd hinh thfle </i>
<i>dien xfldng ciia SU Ha Leu, cdn gpi la </i>
<i>Lupn Ha Leu. SU Ha Leu cd hinh thUc hda </i>
am gifla nara va nfl hoac nhieu nam nhieu
<i>nfl cflng hda am, cflng ddl dap. SU Ha Leu </i>
cdn cd mpt hinh thfle dac biet nfla la khi
<i>tie'n hanh SU hai ben deu bit tai. Ngfldi </i>
<i>dang SU tfl bit tai rainh de tU nghe cai am </i>
<i>hudng dac biet, tieng SU cua chfnh minh </i>
vang trong tam hdn rainh gay nen rapt
cira giac thfch thu dac biet. Khi dd nam
<i>nfl hat sii da den mac bit tai dd cflng la </i>
dau hieu cua tinh yeu doi Ifla da dfldc
danh thfle, dflpc b i t diu, dd thfldng la rad
dau cho cudc sd'ng hanh phflc ciia nhieu
cap vp chdng ngudi Nflng sau nay.

<i>* Cdc the logi SU chinh </i>

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64 <i>Nghien citu Ddng Nam A 4/2010 </i>

Ngfldi Ngan sd'ng tap trung d mpt sd'
ban thupc ba huyen Tra Linh, Quang
<i>Uyen, Quing Hea. SU Ngan thfldng cd </i>
<i>bd'n cau nhu LUdn Nung An. Mdi cau nam </i>
tieng, gied v i n cudl cau trUdc va bat ky
tieng nad d cau tiep, song thUdng vao
tie'ng thfl ba. Thinh thoang lai gap khflc
cd sau cau, kieu bien tau; hoac gii lai cd
cau md diu chi ba tieng. Khi ben nam hat
theo the nao thi ben nfl se dap theo the dd.
<i>Da p h i n sii la hat giao duyen, song trong </i>
<i>sii Ngan cdn de cap den nhieu chu de: phd </i>
<i>bien kien thfle thdi tiet, ndng ljch: sii ri, </i>
<i>sii cUdn; chuyen lam nha, raflng nha mdi: </i>
<i>sii ldn md; chfle len lao: sii pdu slau; flng </i>
<i>xH, xa giao: SU chao...; Loai tflc canh, du </i>
<i>by: SU thang gieng, t h a n g ba, chdi </i>
<i>thuyen; Luyen ve, chien tran: SU quyen, </i>
Ifldn slac;... Xfla kia, mdi khi xuan den,
thanh nien cac ban ngfldi Ngan td chfle
<i>hpi Co Mu de lUdn ba bd'n ngay dera, theo </i>
the giao luu chan kieng gifla ba huyen
Hda An, Quang Uyen, Tra Linh...

<i>- SU Ngan chU yeu la ldi ca cua ben </i>
nam, nfl dfla vao ldi ca cua ben nam ma

<i>flng tac. SU Ngan hat ddi gipng cao, gipng </i>
tha'p. gipng cao linh xUdng, den trUdc tfl
cudl mdi cau diu, dera doan hu tfl: d hd, d
hd, gipng tha'p tie'p vad xdan xuyt nang dd
nhau. Ben nara hat het ben cau, ben nfl
kheng phai ndi vin, diia theo thfl ben
nam, liia ldi dap lai.

<i>Nam: Mac man rap {Qua man chdt); </i>
<i>Day hap bd day hai (Cd Udng chdng co </i>
<i>chin); Liic me bflc slam lai {Con gdi vdn da </i>
<i>tdm); Cii ham lap bo tao (Sdm gd nhanh </i>
<i>biet dang); </i>

<i>Nfl: Mac raan rap {Qua man chdt); So </i>

<i>ham lap sjp sll {DcJi chin qua thdng bdy); </i>
<i>Sloong hdi bo lieng 11 {Bgn em khong lanh </i>
<i>ldi); So ham sli sip pi {Difi gd qua bon </i>
<i>mUdi);... </i>

<i>Md dau dem sli lUdn thudng cd khue </i>
hat mad d i u ciia nam gidi. Hai ben ban
bac, sap dat de cd rapt hai thanh nfl ben
chil ket ban vdi be ben nfl khach. Khi hat
dao d i u dflpc mpt vai khflc ca, hai thanh
nfl ben chu se chu dpng hat dap lai, rdi
kheo leo dfln day, ldi keo de ben ban vao
cudc. Tfly hoan cinh, thdi gian, dja diem
khi hat dao dau hp thfldng xif dung nhflng

khflc hat tfldng ddl quen thupc vdi ta't ca
rapi ngfldi.

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<i>Hd Thi Thiiy - Mdt sd van de ve tin- hdt sli, luan ciia ngifdi Nimg a Cao Bdng </i> 65

<i>khflc tie'p theo, cfl t h e Iflpn t h a u dem. Sli </i>

<i>phii flng tac tai chd, t h u d n g mdi ldi Ung </i>

tac chi gdm h a i cau, mdi cau bay tfl, cau
tren cd tfl k e t thfle v i n b a n g , cau dudi cd
tU ket thfle v i n t r a c . Tfl cudl cau t r e n gieo
v i n xud'ng tfl thfl n a m cau dudi. NgUdi h a t
sau c i n lang n g h e b e n b a n h a t de lay v i n
cudl cua hp, l a m cd sd gied v i n cho khflc
hat flng tac ben m i n h .

<i>Sli phu flng tac p h i i hpp canh, hpp </i>

tinh, chi xUdng ldi m a k h d n g ke h o a n c a n h
xua't xfl. Dac diem de n h a n tha'y cua ldi

<i>Sli phu la ndi hdt cgnh, hdt khay bupc ddl </i>

<i>tac khdng t h e k h d n g tflc thi dap lai. Sli </i>

<i>phii cd hai t h e . T h e t h d n g t h u d n g hai cau, </i>

<i>raudi bd'n tieng va t h e lUdn ldn, lUdn tgc, </i>
cd lay di lay lai, t h u d n g bd'n cau, cau mdt

nam tfl, cau h a i ba tfl, cau ba ba tfl, cau
bdn bay tfl. Tfly t r i n h dp ngfldi h a t xif ly,
<i>khi ke't xudi tai, ngpt gipng la dupc. Sli </i>

<i>phii t h u d n g dupe dien xUdng theo hai </i>

<i>each: lUdn pdi va lUdn khinh. LUdn pdi </i>
thudng h a t xudi, dUa t h e o bai b a n cd s i n ,
ben t u n g ben hUng, cd t h e gap nhflng cau
mUpt ma, t i n h tfl, nhUng k h d n g gdc canh.

<i>LUcyn khinh la ldi h a t t r a n h l u a n , d u a tai </i>

sif dung ngdn tfl, va t h u d n g de lai nhflng
cau h a t k h d n g t h e q u e n dupe trong dan
<i>gian: ... Ky bUdn cdn viec rdy riec nd; </i>

<i>Thdng ri ndy cong kia ndo rUdng (Mdy </i>
<i>thdng qua ban viec nUdng viec dong; Dip </i>
<i>ndy mdi thong dong doi chut..). Hoac: </i>
<i>...Rup nd cdn sloong bUdng sung bdn; </i>
<i>Diep cdn rdu te an rd ddy? (Gap nhau doi </i>
<i>ben cung trao ddi; ThUdng nhau ta dinh </i>
<i>dogt sao day?);... Sloong pi ndy dodc va te </i>
<i>phong; Mi hdu ldn long tdm dai chdu </i>

<i>(Hai ndm nay hoa nd rg nhiiu; Ddng de </i>
<i>rung xudng ddt hodi phi.);... </i>

<i>- Sli Giang vd Sli La Hoi cua bai nhdm </i>

Nflng G i a n g va Nflng La Hdi d k h u vUc
dpc bien gidi V i e t - T r u n g (huyen T r u n g
K h a n h , T r a Linh, H a Q u i n g , Phuc Hda).
Nhflng khflc h a t ddng que dupc ngUdi
<i>N u n g k h u viie nay gpi la sli, va hp khdng </i>
<i>gpi la lUdn. Cd le vi cac cau h a t diia t h e e </i>
d a n g thd cd, bd'n cau ba van, tuy khdng
chat che lam. Mdt sd' n h a nghien eUu am
nhae cho r a n g h a t ddi, cd gipng cao, gipng
<i>tha'p la dac diem ciia sli Niing. Seng Sli </i>

<i>Giang va sli La Hdi cd ldi ea gan nhU </i>

<i>gid'ng n h a u , nhUng sli Giang h a t ddi. La </i>

<i>Hdi lai chi h a t ddn, each thiic gieo v i n </i>

<i>cflng cd khac n h a u ddi chut. SU Giang: </i>
bd'n cau ba van; tfl cudl cau mdt, cau hai,
cau bd'n cflng v i n bang; tfl cudl cau ba v i n
trac va gieo vao tfl thfl tU cau cudl: ...

<i>Biodc li, biodc man cdp biodc moi; Xudn </i>
<i>md phong phao khdp nd doi; Mat meng </i>
<i>tim va bin nhdc nhgy; Thao den biing ndy </i>
<i>lg bdng tdi (Hoa md, hoa man vdi hoa le; </i>
<i>Khdp doi nd trdng ddn xudn ve; Ong bUdm </i>
<i>tdng ddn bay chdp chdi; Cdnh dau khde </i>
<i>vdi Ddo Nguyen kia.)... </i>

<i>- Heo phUn (Sli Niing An) cua nhdm </i>

Nflng An d Cao Bang xUa kia sd'ng ven
song Hflu Giang thudc h u y e n Long An
(Trung Qud'c), di cfl s a n g Cao Bang tfl t h e
<i>ky XVI, thdi n h a Mac. Heo phUn heac ggi </i>

<i>lUdn cua Nflng An la the leai d a n h cho h a t </i>

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66 <i>Nghien cifu Ddng Nam A 4/2010 </i>

<b>Mot vai nhan xet ban dau </b>

<i>Sli, lUdn la cac the loai dan ca rat phd </i>
bien, dpc dao va vd cflng quy gia cua ngfldi
Nflng d Cao Bing ndi chung va d Viet Nam
ndi chung. Khdng ai la ngudi Nflng ma lai
<i>khdng biet sli, lUdn va lai khdng yeu, </i>
<i>khdng thich sli, lUcfn. Day la cac lan dieu </i>
dan ca cd truyen, cd ndi dung ca tfl phong
phu, bao ham mpi khfa canh ciia cude
<i>sd'ng. Xem xet cac khflc sli, lUdn cd the </i>
thay npi dung ciia chflng chfla diing mpi
phong each giae tiep ljch thiep, nep sd'ng
nhfln nhudng, than thien, thich ket ban,
thich lam quen; phUdng cham sd'ng vi mpi
ngudi, Sd'ng hudng thien;... va trdng dd cdn
chUa dUng ca kho tang tri thfle dan gian
ciia ngudi Nflng ve vu tru quan, nhan sinh

quan rat quy gia ddl vdi hau the ngay nay
va mai sau;...Cung each dien xUdng cua
<i>sli, lUdn Nflng tUdng del ddn gian, khdng </i>
ciu ky,... nen de hpc, de lam thee. Vi the
ma it thay ngUdi Nflng nad lai khdng biet
<i>sli, biet lUcyn. Ngeai cac hdat dpng giad </i>
<i>tiep truyen theng khac, sli, lUcfn la mei </i>
trUdng giad tiep dac biet hflu hieu trong
cung cd' khdi doan ket tpc ngfldi, thfle day
phat trien xa hdi d vflng ngUdi Nflng.
<i>Khdng nhflng the, sli, lUdn cdn ham chfla </i>
cac gia trj van hpc, nghe thuat dang chan
trpng va cin phai nghien cflu ky Ifldng.

Cflng vdi cdng cupc phat trien kinh te,
xa hdi cua thdi ky cdng nghiep hda, hien
dai hda dat nflde, dan ca Nflng cung cd
nhflng thay ddi nha't djnh ca ve npi dung
va hinh thfle dien xUdng. Hien nay, p h i n
<i>ldn cac bai sli, lUdn ma xUa kia dUdc ghi </i>
chep bing chfl ndm Nflng deu da dupc ghi
lai bing chfl Que'c ngfl. Cac lan dieu cflng

da cd p h i n phdng phu hdn xfla. Tuy vay,
<i>nhflng net rat rieng ciia sli, lUcJn Nflng </i>
v i n dfldc gin gifl kha nguyen ven. Tuy
thich hat nhae mdi, nhUng thanh nien
ngudi Nflng van khdng quen kho tang dan
ca dd so ma cha dng hp de lai cho hau the.

De gin gifl va khai thac cac gia trj ciia
<i>sli, lUdn, ngoai cac giai phap kinh te - xa </i>
hpi, nang cao tri thfle va hieu bie't cho
ngUdi Nflng ve khd tang van hda cua hp,...
da va dang dfldc thiic hien can d i u tU xay
diing, phat trien cac md hinh lang van
hda, du ljch van hda d vflng ngUdi Nflng
tai Cad Bang. Dd chfnh la mdi trfldng tdn
<i>tai va phat trien Uu viet nha't cua hat sli, </i>
<i>lUdn treng bdi canh hien nay./. </i>

<b>TAI LIEU THAM KHAO </b>

<i>1. Tran Binh, Tap qudn mUu sinh ciia cdc ddn </i>
<i>tgc thieu so' d Dong Bdc Viet Nam, NXB </i>
Phifdng Dong, TP. Hd Chi Minh, 2005.
<i>2. Nong Minh Chau, Vi Quo'c Bao, Ddn ca </i>

<i>ddm cUdi Tdy-Niing, NXB Viet Bic, Thai </i>
Nguyen, 1962.

<i>3. Vi Hdng, Sli ddn ca trd tinh Niing, NXB </i>
Van boa. Ha Npi, 1979.

<i>4. Hoang Nam, Vdn hoa cdc ddn tgc viing </i>
<i>dong bdc Viet Nam, TrUdng dai hpc Van </i>
Hda Ha Npi, 2004.

<i>5. Hoang Thj Quynh Nha, Sli hdt doi eda </i>
<i>ngudi Niing Cao Bdng, NXB Van boa </i>

-Thong tin. Ha Npi, 2003.

<i>6. Vi Hdng Nhan, Vdn hoa cdc tgc ngUdi tU mot </i>
<i>goc nhin, NXB Van bda dan tpc. Ha Npi, 2004. </i>
<i>7. Uy ban nhan dan tinh Cao Bing, Dia chi Cao </i>
<i>Bdng, NXB Chfnh trj qudc gia. Ha Npi, 2000. </i>
<i>8. Vien dan tpc hpc, Cdc ddn tgc it ngUbi d </i>

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