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<b>Unit 1: ELECTRONIC DEVICES </b>

<b>What are Electronic Circuits? </b>

An electronic circuit is made up of individual electronic components, such as
resistors, transistors, capacitors, inductors and diodes which has different roles in an
electronic circuit. An electronic circuit can be divided into an analog circuit, a digital
circuit or a mixed-signal circuit.

Ammeter AND GATE Capacitor Diode Type-light

Amplifier Antenna Circuit Breaker Diode-Schottky

Exclusive OR Battery Diode Earth Ground

Integrated Circuit Rectifier Diode Type 2 Transistor NPN

Transistor PNP Relay Resistors Voltmeter

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<b>Symbol </b> <b>Component name </b> <b>Meaning </b>

<b>Wire Symbols </b>

Electrical Wire Conductor of electrical current

Connected Wires Connected crossing

Not connected Wires Wires are not connected

<b>Switch Symbols and Relay Symbols </b>

SPST Toggle Switch Disconnects current when open

SPDT Toggle Switch Selects between two connections

Pushbutton Switch (N.O) Momentary switch - normally open

Pushbutton Switch (N.C) Momentary switch - normally closed

DIP Switch DIP switch is used for onboard
configuration

SPST Relay Relay open / close connection by an
electromagnet

SPDT Relay

Jumper Close connection by jumper insertion on
pins.

Solder Bridge Solder to close connection

<b>Ground Symbols </b>

Earth Ground Used for zero potential reference and
electrical shock protection.

Chassis Ground Connected to the chassis of the circuit

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<b>Resistor Symbols </b>

Resistor (IEEE) Resistor reduces the current flow.

Resistor (IEC)

Potentiometer (IEEE) Adjustable resistor - has 3 terminals.

Potentiometer (IEC)

Variable Resistor /
Rheostat(IEEE)

Adjustable resistor - has 2 terminals.

Variable Resistor / Rheostat
(IEC)

<b>Capacitor Symbols </b>

Capacitor Capacitor is used to store electric charge.
It acts as short circuit with AC and open
circuit with DC.

Capacitor

Polarized Capacitor Electrolytic capacitor

Polarized Capacitor Electrolytic capacitor

Variable Capacitor Adjustable capacitance

<b>Inductor / Coil Symbols </b>

Inductor Coil / solenoid that generates magnetic
field

Iron Core Inductor Includes iron

Variable Inductor

<b>Power Supply Symbols </b>

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Current Source Generates constant current.

AC Voltage Source AC voltage source

Generator Electrical voltage is generated by
mechanical rotation of the generator

Battery Cell Generates constant voltage

Battery Generates constant voltage

Controlled Voltage Source Generates voltage as a function of voltage
or current of other circuit element.

Controlled Current Source Generates current as a function of voltage
or current of other circuit element.

<b>Meter Symbols </b>

Voltmeter Measures voltage. Has very high
resistance. Connected in parallel.

Ammeter Measures electric current. Has near zero
resistance. Connected serially.

Ohmmeter Measures resistance

Wattmeter Measures electric power

<b>Lamp / Light Bulb Symbols </b>

Lamp / light bulb Generates light when current flows
through

Lamp / light bulb

Lamp / light bulb

<b>Diode / LED Symbols </b>

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Zener Diode Allows current flow in one direction, but
also can flow in the reverse direction
when above breakdown voltage
Schottky Diode Schottky diode is a diode with low

voltage drop

Varactor / Varicap Diode Variable capacitance diode

Tunnel Diode

Light Emitting Diode (LED) LED emits light when current flows
through

Photodiode Photodiode allows current flow when
exposed to light

<b>Transistor Symbols </b>

NPN Bipolar Transistor Allows current flow when high potential
at base (middle)

PNP Bipolar Transistor Allows current flow when low potential at
base (middle)

Darlington Transistor Made from 2 bipolar transistors. Has total
gain of the product of each gain.

JFET-N Transistor N-channel field effect transistor

JFET-P Transistor P-channel field effect transistor

NMOS Transistor N-channel MOSFET transistor

PMOS Transistor P-channel MOSFET transistor

<b>Misc. Symbols </b>

Motor Electric motor

Transformer Change AC voltage from high to low or
low to high.

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Buzzer Produce buzzing sound

Fuse The fuse disconnects when current above
threshold. Used to protect circuit from
high currents.

Fuse

Bus Contains several wires. Usually for data /
address.

Bus

Bus

Optocoupler / Opto-isolator Optocoupler isolates onnection to other
board

Loudspeaker Converts electrical signal to sound waves

Microphone Converts sound waves to electrical signal

Operational Amplifier Amplify input signal

Schmitt Trigger Operates with hysteresis to reduce noise.

Analog-to-digital
converter(ADC)

Converts analog signal to digital numbers

Digital-to-Analog converter
(DAC)

Converts digital numbers to analog signal

Crystal Oscillator Used to generate precise frequency clock
signal

<b>Antenna Symbols </b>

Antenna / aerial Transmits & receives radio waves

Antenna / aerial

Dipole Antenna Two wires simple antenna

<b>Logic Gates Symbols </b>

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AND Gate Outputs 1 when both inputs are 1.

NAND Gate Outputs 0 when both inputs are 1. (NOT +
AND)

OR Gate Outputs 1 when any input is 1.

NOR Gate Outputs 0 when any input is 1. (NOT +
OR)

XOR Gate Outputs 1 when inputs are different.
(Exclusive OR)

D Flip-Flop Stores one bit of data

Multiplexer / Mux 2 to 1 Connects the output to selected input
line.

Multiplexer / Mux 4 to 1

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<b>Unit 2: ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT </b>

Heat pump Lightning arrester Magnetic starter

Circuit breaker Electrical system Sockets and switch

Microwave oven Oxygen generator controller Overload protector

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Dispenser Amplifier Automatic vacuum pump

Fuse Electric cable Electric pipeline

Relay Ceiling roses Arlam bell

Synchronous machine Surge arrester Lightning arrrester

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Magnetic contactor Voltage regulator Universal electricmeter

Power capacitor PLC programmer Underground cable

Cable ladder Cable tray Force sensor

Frequency converter Bolt, nut and washes Hand drill

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Screwdriver Hydraulic pump Magnetic brake clutch

Gear box Gear motor Synchronous generator

Busbar Central control box Ceramic insulator

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Electric fan Electric iron Electric cooker

Pressure cooker Light bulb Flourescent tube

Resistor Rheostat Varistor

Oil- immersed transformer Dry- type transformer Current transformer

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<b>Unit 3: TEST AND REPAIR INSTRUMENT </b>

<b>Some electronic equipment used to test and repair </b>
<b>Digital voltmeter checking a prototype </b>

The following items are used for basic
measurement of voltages, currents, and components
in the circuit under test.

 Voltmeter (Measures voltage)

 Ohmmeter (Measures resistance)

 Ammeter, e.g. Galvanometer or Milliameter
(Measures current)

 Multimeter e.g., VOM
(Volt-Ohm-Milliameter) or DMM (Digital Multimeter)
(Measures all of the above)

The following are used for stimulus of the circuit under test:

 Power supplies

 Signal generator

 Digital pattern generator

 Pulse generator

The following analyze the response of the circuit under test:

 Oscilloscope (Displays voltage as it changes over time)

 Frequency counter (Measures frequency)
And connecting it all together:

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<b>Unit 4: SAFETY IN INDUSTRIAL ELECTRICAL APPLICATION </b>

<b>1. The cause and effect of accident in electric field </b>
<b> Electric shock </b>

<b> Electrical burns </b>

<b> Thermal burns </b>

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<i>Hearing protective </i>
<i>devices, such as ear </i>
<i>muffs and ear plugs </i>

<i>Respirators </i> <i>Eye and face protection, such as </i>

<i>goggles </i>

<i>Safety helmets and sun </i>
<i>hats </i>

<i>Safety boots </i>

<i>Gloves </i>

<i>High visibility vest </i>

<i>Life jackets </i>

<b>3. The methods of advoiding accidents </b>

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A variety of possible solutions may be implemented to
reduce or eliminate the risk of injury associated with
electrical work. Examples of solutions include the use
of insulation, guarding, grounding, electrical
protective devices, and safe work practices.

<i>→ Lockout devices are </i>
<i>available in various shapes </i>
<i>and sizes that allow for the </i>
<i>lockout of standard control </i>
<i>devices. </i>

<i>→ Lockout/tagout kits comply </i>
<i>with OSHA lockout/tagout </i>
<i>standards. </i>

<i>→ Clothing should fit snugly </i>
<i>to avoid danger of becoming </i>

<i>entangled </i> <i>in </i> <i>moving </i>

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