Financial accounting tools for business decision making 9 KIeso ppt ch04

Financial Accounting
Ninth Edition
Kimmel Weygandt Kieso

Chapter 4

Accrual Accounting Concepts
Prepared by

Coby Harmon
University of California, Santa Barbara
Westmont College


Chapter Outline
Learning Objectives
LO 1

Explain the accrual basis of accounting and the reasons for adjusting entries.

LO 2

Prepare adjusting entries for deferrals.

LO 3

Prepare adjusting entries for accruals.

LO 4

Prepare an adjusted trial balance and closing entries.

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2


Learning Objective 1
Explain the Accrual Basis of
Accounting and the Reasons for
Adjusting Entries

LO 1

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3


Periodicity Assumption
Accountants divide the economic life of a business into artificial time periods generally a month, quarter,
or year.

.....
Jan.

•

Apr.

Prepared by most large companies

Dec.

HELPFUL HINT
An accounting time period
that is one year long is

Reporting periods can be

•

LO 1

Mar.

Quarterly and annual financial statements

•
•

Feb.

called a fiscal year.

Calendar year from January 1 to December 31

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Accrual-Basis and Periodicity
What is the periodicity assumption?

a.

Companies should recognize revenue in the accounting period in which services are
performed.

LO 1

b.

Companies should match expenses with revenues.

c.

The economic life of a business can be divided into artificial time periods.

d.

The fiscal year should correspond with the calendar year.

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Accrual-Basis and Revenue Recognition
Revenue Recognition Principle

Revenue Recognition

Recognize revenue in the

Satisfied

accounting period in which the performance obligation is

performance

satisfied.

obligation

Customer

Cash

requests

received

service
Revenue should be recognized in the accounting
period in which the service is performed.

LO 1

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Revenue Recognition
Step 1: Identify the contract

A contract is an agreement between two parties that creates enforceable rights or

with customers.

obligations. Sierra has a contract with the Lewis family to provide guide services.

Step 2: Identify the separate

Sierra has only one performance obligation—to provide guide services. If Sierra also agreed

performance obligations in

to sell the customer camping equipment, a separate performance obligation is recorded for

the contract.

this promise.

The transaction price is the amount of consideration that a company expects to receive
Step 3: Determine the transaction price.

from a customer in exchange for transferring a good or service. The transaction price for
Sierra is $1,500.

Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the separate
performance obligations.

Sierra has only one performance obligation—to provide guide services to the Lewis family.

Step 5: Recognize revenue when each performance

Sierra recognizes revenue of $1,500 for providing guide services to the Lewis family when it

obligation is satisfied.

satisfies its performance obligation—the completion of the guide trip.

LO 1

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Accrual-Basis and Expense Recognition
Expense Recognition Principle
Companies recognize expenses in the period in which they make

Expense Recognition

efforts (consume assets or incur liabilities) to generate revenue.

Matching
Revenues

Delivery

“Let the expenses follow the
revenues.”

Advertising

Utilities

Expenses

LO 1

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Revenue and Expense Recognition
GAAP Relationships

Periodicity Assumption
Economic life of business can be divided into artificial time
periods.

Revenue Recognition

Expense Recognition

Principle

Principle

Recognize revenue in the
Recognize expenses with revenues in the period when the

accounting period in which the

company makes efforts to generate those revenues.

performance obligation is satisfied.

Revenue and Expense Recognition
In accordance with generally
accepted accounting principles
(GAAP).
LO 1

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Accrual-Basis of Accounting
Which of the following statements about the accrual basis of accounting is false?

a.

Events that change a company’s financial statements are recorded in the periods in which the

events occur.

b.

Revenue is recognized in the period in which services are performed.

c.

This basis is in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

d.

Revenue is recorded only when cash is received, and expense is recorded only when cash is
paid.

LO 1

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Accrual versus Cash Basis Accounting (1 of 2)
Accrual-Basis Accounting

•

Transactions recorded in the periods in which the events occur

•

Companies recognize revenues when they perform services rather than when they receive
cash

LO 1

•

Expenses are recognized when incurred rather than when paid

•

In accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)

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Accrual- versus Cash Basis Accounting (2 of 2)
Cash-Basis Accounting

•

Revenues recognized when cash is received

•

Expenses recognized when cash is paid

•

Cash-basis accounting is not in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles
(GAAP)

LO 1

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Comparing Accrual- versus Cash Basis
2021

Activity

2022

Purchased paint, painted
building, paid employees

Accrual
basis

Revenue

$80,000

Revenue

$0

Expense

50,000

Expense

0

Net income

Cash
basis

LO 1

Received payment for work done in 2021

$30,000

Net Income

$0

Revenue

$0

Revenue

$80,000

Expense

50,000

Expense

0

Net loss

$(50,000)

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Net income

$80,000

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Need for Adjusting Entries

LO 1

•

To ensure that the revenue recognition and expense recognition principles are followed

•

Necessary because the trial balance may not contain up-to-date and complete data

•

Required every time a company prepares financial statements

•

Will include one income statement account and one balance sheet account

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The Need for Adjusting Entries
Adjusting entries are made to ensure that

a.

expenses are recognized in the period in which they are incurred.

b.

revenues are recorded in the period in which services are performed.

c.

balance sheet and income statement accounts have correct balances at the end of an
accounting period.

d.

LO 1

All the responses above are correct.

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Categories of Adjusting Entries
Deferrals

Accruals

1.

1.

Prepaid Expenses. Expenses paid in cash before
they are used or consumed.

Accrued Revenues. Revenues for services

performed but not yet received in cash or
recorded.

2. Unearned Revenues.

2.

Cash received before services are performed.

LO 1

Accrued Expenses. Expenses incurred but not yet
paid in cash or recorded.

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Trial Balance
Sierra Corporation
Trial Balance
October 31, 2022
Debit
Subsequent examples are

Cash

based on this trial balance

Supplies

from Chapter 3.

Credit

$15,200
2,500

Prepaid Insurance

600

Equipment

5,000

Notes Payable

$ 5,000

Accounts Payable

2,500

Unearned Service Revenue

1,200

Common Stock

10,000

Retained Earnings

0

Dividends

500

Service Revenue

10,000

Salaries and Wages Expense
LO 1

Rent Expense

4,000
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900

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DO IT! 1 Timing Concepts
Below is a list of timing concepts in the left column, with

a description of the concept in the right column. There
are more descriptions provided than concepts. Match
the description to the concept

(a)

Monthly and quarterly time periods.

(b)

Efforts (expenses) should be matched with results (revenues).

(c)

Accountants divide the economic life of a business into artificial time
periods.

(d)

Companies record revenues when they receive cash and record
expenses when they pay out cash.

1. ___ fAccrual-basis accounting.
2. ___e

3. ___
4. ___

LO 1

c
b

(e)

An accounting time period that starts on January 1 and ends on
December 31.

Calendar year.

Periodicity assumption.

(f)

Companies record transactions in the period in which the events
occur.

Expense recognition principle.

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Learning Objective 2
Prepare Adjusting Entries for Deferrals

LO 2

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Adjusting Entries for Deferrals
Deferrals are costs or revenues that are recognized at a date later than the point when cash was
originally exchanged
Types of deferrals:

•
•

Prepaid expenses
Unearned revenues

Analyze

Adjusted Trial
Balance

LO 2

Journalize

Trial Balance

Post

Financial Statements

Closing Entries

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Journalize and Post
AJEs

Post-Closing Trial Balance

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Prepaid Expenses
Payments of expenses that are recorded as an asset to show the service or benefit the company will
receive in the future.

Cash Payment

BEFORE

Expense Recorded

Prepayments often occur in regard to

LO 2

•

insurance

•

rent

•

supplies

•

equipment

•

advertising

•

buildings

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Prepaid Expenses

•

Expire either with the passage of time or through use

•

Adjusting entry

.

Increase (debit) to an expense account and

.

Decrease (credit) to an asset account

Asset

LO 2

Expense

Unadjusted

Credit

Debit

Balance

Adjusting Entry (-)

Adjusting Entry (+)

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Supplies
Illustration: Sierra Corporation purchased supplies costing $2,500 on October 5. Sierra recorded the
payment by increasing (debiting) the asset Supplies. This account shows a balance of $2,500 in the
October 31 trial balance. An inventory count at the close of business on October 31 reveals that $1,000 of
supplies are still on hand.

Oct. 31 Supplies Expense
 
 

LO 2

Supplies
(To record supplies used)

 

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1,500

 

 

1,500
 

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Adjustment for Supplies
Basic

The expense Supplies Expense is increased $1,500; the asset Supplies is decreased $1,500.

Analysis

Equation
Analysis
(1)
Debit-Credit

Assets

=

Liabilities

+

Stockholders’ Equity

Supplies

=

Supplies Expense

-$1,500

=

-$1,500

Debits increase expenses: debit Supplies Expense $1,500.

Analysis

Credits decrease assets: credit Supplies $1,500.

Oct. 31

Supplies Expense

Journal

1,500

Supplies

Entry

1,500

(To record supplies used)
Supplies

Supplies Expense

Posting
to

Oct. 5

2,500

Oct. 31

Adj. 1,500

Oct. 31

Adj. 1,500

Oct. 31

Bal. 1,500

Ledger
Oct. 31
LO 2

Bal. 1,000

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Insurance
Illustration: On October 4, Sierra Corporation paid $600 for a one-year fire insurance policy. Coverage
began on October 1. Sierra recorded the payment by increasing (debiting) Prepaid Insurance. This
account shows a balance of $600 in the October 31 trial balance. Insurance of $50 ($600 ÷ 12) expires
each month.

Oct. 31 Insurance Expense
 
 

LO 2

Prepaid Insurance
(To record expired insurance)

 

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50

 

 

50
 

25