Giải pháp nâng cao chất lượng nguồn nhân lực trong doanh nghiệp vùa và nhỏ

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<b>TAP CHi CONG THtfUNG </b>

GIAI PHAP NANG CAO

CHAT LlJdNG NGUON NHAN Ll/C

TRONG DOANH NGHIEP Vl/A VA NHO

• N G U Y I N NGpC MINH

TOM TAT:

D^ ed thi tdn tai va phdt trien trong hpi nhdp kinh te quoc id", khi md cdc hang rao bao hd,
cd Ihul^ quan vd phi thue quan, eung nhrf cac chinh sach ffu ddi dang din bi loai bd, cdc doanh
nghidp vffa vd nhd (DNVVN) Vidt Nam phai khdng ngffng dau trf, tang vdn, trang bi cdng nghd
mdi va ndng cao chd't Irfdng Iao ddng de ndng cao hidu qua sdn xud'l vd lang ndng Irfc canh tranh,
Thdng qua bai vid't, tdc gid d l xuat cdc gidi phap ndng cao chd't Irfdng lao dpng cho DNVVN,
ti-ong dd ddi hdi srf nd Irfe eua ban thdn ede ehu DNVVN, va cIn srf h6 ff-p eua Nhd nrfdc trong
viee phdt Iriln ngudn nhdn Irfc.

Ttf khda: Doanh nghiep vffa vd nhd, nguon nhan Iffc, qudn ly nhdn Irfe.

I. Thffc trang nguon nhSn Iffc trong doanh
nghidp vuTa va nhd

DNVVN Viet Named td'c do phdt trid'n nhanh
chdng kd' tff khi Lual Doanh nghiep nam 2000
ban hanh, vdi sff ddn gian hda v l thu lue dang ky
thdnh lap doanh nghiep vd Luat Doanh nghiep
chung nam 2005 eho mpi loai hinh doanh nghiep
(DN). Tinh dd'n ngdy 1/1/2017, ea nrfdc ed
518.000 DN Ihrfc le' dang tdn lai, tdng 176.000
DN vd gd'p 1,5 lan so vdi ndm 2012; trong dd cd

505.000 DN thrfc le' hoal ddng. Khd'i DN cung thu
hut 14 tridu lao ddng, tdng 28,5% so vdi nam
2012; trong dd 14 tridu lao ddng thudc ede DN
thrfc le'hoal ddng. Thdi ky 2012-2017, binh qudn
hdng nam sd' Irfdng DN lang 8,7%, Iao ddng tang
hdn 5%. Sd' lieu td'ng diiu tra kinh le' nam 2017
cung cho thd'y, DN Idn chie'm 1,9% long sd' DN,

giam 2,3% so vdi nam 2012, trong khi dd, DN vfia
tang 23,6%, DN nhd tang 21,2% vd DN sidu nho
lang 65,5%, chie'm 74% long sd' DN. Xet theo quy
md Iao ddng, lai thdi diem ngdy 1/1/2017 ca nffdc
ed hdn 10 nghin DN Idn (tang 29% so vdi nam
2012), nhrfng quy md DN nhd lang 21,2% va
doanh nghidp sidu nhd lang ldi 65,5% va ehil^m
74% td'ng sd DN.

DNVVN vffa ddng gdp quan trpng vdo GDP
vd td'c dp tang trrfdng kinh Id' vd Id ngudn chinh
eung cd'p vide lam eho hdn 1,5 tridu lao ddng mdi
gia nhdp thi trrfdng mdi nam, gdp phan giff vffng
<i>in dinh ehinh tri-xd hpi cua dd't nffdc. DNVVN </i>
eung ddng gdp dd'n 27% td'ng dau trf xa hdi vii
gdp phan lam chuyd'n dich ed cd'u kinh te, xda doi
giam ngheo. DNVVN Viet Nam nhin chung la
nhd be v l qui md, yd'u the ve ndng Irfc vd'n va

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<b>QUAN IR!-QUANLV </b>

cdng nghd. Dac did'm nay dd lam cho cae

DNVVN kha nang canh tranh kem, gap nhieu
khd khan trong qud tnnh boat ddng, md rdng kinh
doanh, eung nhff ddo tao phat trien nguon nhan
Irfc. Thu nhdp binh qudn ddu ngrfdi eua DNVVN
thd'p hdn khu vrfc doanh nghiep nhd nrfdc, doanh
nghiep cd von dau trf nffdc ngodi vahp dffdc
hffdng Idi ich thd'p hdn so vdi quy dinh cua Nha
nrfdc. Chinh vi vay, DNVVN khd thu hut dffdc lao
ddng gidi vd linh trang ludn chuye'n lao dpng
trong DNVVN eao.

Tnnh dp hpc vd'n cua chu doanh nghidp, can
bd quan Iy DNVVN thd'p hdn nhieu so vdi irinh
dd hpe van cua ddi Irfdng nay d cde khu vrfe kinh
te khae va ehrfa dap ffng drfde ydu cau kinh doanh
trong qua tnnh hdi nhdp kinh id'. Ndng Irfe cdn
yd'u ciia dpi ngu nay Id mpt trong nhffng nguyen
nhdn ddn de'n viec chdm dd'i mdi edng nghe,
thid'u chid'n Iffdc va kd'hoach kinh doanh cho DN,
cdn nhieu bd't cap tiong quan tri DN vd ke'l qua Id
hidu qua kinh doanh thd'p. Trinh dd hpe vd'n eua
ngffdi Iao ddng trong DNVVN cung tha'p hdn trinh
dp hpc vd'n eua ngrfdi lao dpng trong cac loai hinh
doanh nghiep khdc, do ddc thd cdng nghd eua
DNVVN. Thrfc trang ndy ddi hoi cdng tdc nang
cao cha't Irfdng NNL trong DNVVN cIn lim hinh
thffc ddo lao, phat trien NNL phii hdp vdi dieu
kidn, kha ndng cua DNNVV de' ndng cao nang
Iffe eho ehu doanh nghidp vd can bd quan Iy, cung
nhrf cho dpi ngu nhdn vien.

Mat khae, hdi nhap kinh td' lao ra nhieu ed hdi
ve ndng cao ehd't Irfdng NNL cho DNVVN nhrf
lao dieu kien de DNVVN tid'p thu cdng nghe,
nang cao nang Irfe cua dpi ngu edn bp, nhdn vien,
ndng cao ky ndng quan Iy. Hdi nhap kinh td' eung
tao ra thdeh Ihffc ve nang cao ehd't Irfdng NNL
eho DNVVN Id cdn bd lanh dao, quan Iy cua hp
thie'u kinh nghidm, kie'n thffc kinh doanh, quan Iy,
srf am hie'u ve van hoa eae nffde iham gia xud't
khau cdn ban che, trinh dp ngoai ngff chrfa ddp
ffng dffdc yeu eau hdi nhdp. Hdn nffa, hdi nhdp
kinh te' Iam DNVVN dffng trffdc nguy ed bi mat
cdng nhdn lay nghi eao, lao ddng chdl xdm gidi
do srfc hut cua tiln Iffdng, phuc Idi va cd hpi phdt

irien cd nhdn lot hdn iff cac DN Hen doanh, DN
nrfdc ngoai.

Phdn tich thrfc trang eac hinh thffc ddo tao
nguon nhdn Irfc irong DNVVN eho thd'y hinh thffc
dao tao kem cap trong cdng viec rd'l phii hdp vdi
DNVVN. Hinh thffc ddo lao qua kem cap eho
nhdn vien mdi, nhdn vien chrfa ed kinh nghiem,
hrfdng dan cho cdn bp quan ly, gidm sdt rd'l phd'
bid'n. Nhffng ngrfdi thffc hidn kem cap la can bp
qudn Iy ciia cdng ly hoac cdng nhdn cd kinh
nghiem, tuy nhidn nhffng ngrfdi kem cap ndy
thrfdng chffa dffdc trang bi kie'n thffc, ky ndng ve
phrfdng phdp kem cap, giang day.

Phdn tich thrfc trang cdc hmh thffc nang cao
chd't Iffdng NNL trong DNVVN eho thd'y sff dung
eac hinh thffc saudI phdt trie'n can bd, nhan vidn:
<i>- Phdt trien nhdn viin qua thUc hiin hinh thdc </i>
<i>ddnh gid nhdn vien. Vide danh gia mdi ehi drfng </i>
lai d tra Iffdng cdn tffdng dd'i binh qudn. Cdng tae
ddnh gid kd't qua thffc hidn cdng viec cua nhan
vidn edn mang linh hinh thffc, cam nhan va kd'l
qua ddnh gia chffa chinh xdc.

<i>- Phdt trien nhdn vien qua giao cdng viec. </i>
Thdng qua vide drfpc Ihrfe hidn nhffng nhidm vu
khd khdn ihdch thffc hdn, ngffdi lao ddng se
irrfdng thdnh vd due riil dffdc nhilu kinh nghidm.
Day la hinh thffc dao tao va phdt irid'n khd phd'
bie'n trong DNVVN.

<i>- Phdt trien nhdn vien qua hudng ddn. Hinh </i>
thffc ndy ddi hdi ngffdi cd kinh nghidm sdn sang
chia se, hrfdng ddn nhan vidn thrfc hidn edng
viec. Cdc DNVVN sff dung hinh thffc nay ra't phu
hdp vi td'n it kinh phi. Tuy nhidn, mpt thffc Id' la
ngrfdi drfde giao nhidm vu hrfdng ddn Ihrfdng qud
ban, chrfa qua ddo lao ve ky ndng hrfdng ddn, vd
cd tdm ly ngai ndi nhffng dilm yd'u cua nhan vidn
trong qua trinh hffdng ddn nen nhieu khi kd'l qua
hffdng ddn khdng dffdc nhff mong ddi.

Phan tich thffc trang boat ddng quan Iy ddo tao

vd nang cao chd't Irfdng NNL trong DNVVN
eho tha'y:

<i>- Cdng tdc ddnh gid nhu cdu ddo tgo, phdt </i>
<i>trien: Phan ldn cdc edng ty khdng thrfc hidn danh </i>
gid nhu cau ddo lao mpl each chinh thffc vd khdng

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<b>TAP CHi CONG THIfdNG </b>

CO phffdng phdp ddnh gid bdi ban: Chffa Ihrfc hidn
phan tich Id' chffc trong cdc doanh nghidp, phan
tich cdng viec chffa chuyen nghidp, phdn tich ca
nhan cdn hinh thffc. Vide thao ludn vd di de'n
thd'ng nha'l vl nhu eau dao lao cd nhan vdi ngffdi
lao ddng cua cdng ly cdn chffa pho bid'n.

<i>- Lap ki'hogch ddo tgo, phdt trien: Phan Idn </i>
cdc edng ly khdng thrfc hidn hoal ddng nay, tham
<i>ehi ed nhffng cdng ty dd td nhdn Id cd danh gid </i>
nhu cau ddo tao nhrfng eung khdng Idp kd'hoach
dao tao vd khdng ed quy ddo lao.

<i>- To chdc thue hien ddo tgo: Theo so' hdu khao </i>
sat thi cd den 2/3 sd' cdng ly trd ldi khdng Id' chffc
thffc hien ddo lao. Nhilu cdng ly bid't ngffdi lao
ddng eua hp ed nhu cau ddo lao nhffng khdng to
chffc dao lao vi khdng ed kinh phi ddo tao, khong
ed thdi gian di hpc do cdng ly khdng the' bd' iri
thdi gian hpe trong gid Iam viec, khdng ed ngrfdi
ehuydn trach v l boat ddng ndng cao ehd't Irfdng

NNL. Khi thrfc hien ddo tao thi vide phd'i hdp vdi
cde Id' ehrfe bdn ngoai trong thie't kd' ndi dung,
chrfdng Irinh ddo lao cdn ban che. Hdn nffa, vide
thie't kd'vd phdt irid'n tai lieu Iff ddo tao eung cdn
nhilu bdt cap.

<i>- Ddnh gid hieu qud ddo tgo: Chi cd 1/3 ngrfdi </i>
phdng vd'n tra ldi rang ngrfdi lao ddng ed ndng
cao nang Irfc sau dao tao. Nguyen nhan chinh eua
hieu qua ddo lao thd'p la do thid'u ngudn Irfc can
thie't de' dp dung, ndng Irfc eua ngrfdi di hpe edn
han ehe', kie'n thffc ky nang edn chung ehung,
thid'u Ihffe tien.

Phan Idn DN khdng thrfc hidn danh gid hidu
qua boat ddng dao lao vd phat trien. Hp khdng
bie'l cdch ddnh gid hidu qua ddo lao mdt cdeh bdi
ban. Cdc DN chu ye'u ddnh gid hieu qua ddo tao
d mffc dd 1 (phan ffng), 2 (sff hpe hdi) va hieu
thuan luy chi la kiem tra cud'i khda hpe, phie'u
ddnh gid eua hpc vien. Phan ldn cdc DN chffa
thffc hidn ddnh gia hieu qua dao tao d mffe 3: ffng
dung tffc sff dp dung kd'l qua da hpc vdo thffc te'
va mffc 4: kd't qua vl mat dau trf vao ddo tao.

Phdn tich thffc irang boat dpng phat trie'n nghe
nghiep trong DN cho tha'y phan Idn cae DN chrfa
cd ke' hoach phdt trien nghe nghiep cho nhdn

vidn. Chu DN khdng bid't, hieu sai hoac khdng

nhan tha'y e^n thie't phai cd kd' hoach phdt iriln
nghi nghidp. Cac cdng ty can hodn thidn hcJn
boat ddng thrfc hidn hdi thao hoac cd' vd'n nghi
nghiep cho nhdn vien, thie't lap cdc mue tieu
<i>nghi nghidp, cd ke' hoach bi nhidm edn bd. Ve </i>
phIn trdch nhiem ea nhan ngffdi lao ddng Ihi ho
ehrfa bie'l each dat muc lieu nghe nghidp, ehrfa
bie'l each danh gid die'm manh, diem ye'u ciia
minh dd' dffa ra ke' hoach phat iriln nghi nghidp
eho ban ihdn.

Phan ldn cae edng ty chrfa cd ehinh sdeh bang
ban ban hd trd dao lao. 63% ede cdng ly khdng c6
chie'n Irfdc phat Irid'n ngudn nhdn Irfc. Nguydn
nhan eae cdng ly khdng cd chien Iffde/ke hoach
phdt irien ngudn nhan Iffc chu ye'u la do cdng ly
khdng ed kinh phi dd' xay drfng va thrfc hidn va do
ehu doanh nghiep chffa nhdn thffc rd lam quan
trpng va ban cha't eua chid'n Iffdc nang cao chat
Iffpng NNL.

PhIn ldn cdc DN chffa cd cd sd thdng lin quan
Iy NNL day du va cap nhat mpt edng cu quan trpng
ho ti-d hdat ddng PTNNL. CJ 84% doanh nghidp,
vai trd va trdch nhidm ve phdt trien ngudn nhan
Irfe thudc ve gidm dd'c doanh nghiep, chi cd 23,4 %
doanh nghidp thi vai trd ndy thupc ve trrfdng phong
nhdn srf. Chi ed 15,5% cdn bd phu trach phdt Iriln
ngudn nhdn Irfc trf nhdn la drfdc dao tao bdi ban
<i>ve phdt trien ngudn nhan Iffc, phIn Idn (61,5%) td </i>

Idi rang kie'n thffc hp cd dffdc la do trf Iam va rdt
kinh nghidm qua thrfc td'.

II. Giai phap ndng cao chS't lifting nguon
nhdn )i/c trong doanh nghidp vuTa va nho

<i>1. Xdy ddng chinh sdch, chii'n Iddc </i>
DN e^n cd chinh sdch ve ddo tao va ndng cao
<i>chd't Iffdng NNL. Vide cd chinh sach nay se \iii </i>
hien rd sff quan tam effa Idnh dao doanh nghidp
ve cdng tdc nay, nd la can cff de' bd phan chuyen
trdch NNL, cdc bd phan Hdn quan va ngffdi Iao
dpng thrfc hidn boat ddng nang eao cha't Irfdng
NNL trong DN. Chinh sach can neu ro muc tieu
cua ehinh sach, pham vi dp dung, cdc hoal ddng
ve dao tao vd phat iriln NNL se drfde thrfc hidn,
edc ydu cau qui dinh vd tidu chu£n d l Iffa chon

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<b>QUAN TRj-QUAN LY </b>

ngrfdi tham gia, quyen Idi vd nghia vu cua eac
ben lien quan: ngrfdi Iao ddng, chu doanh nghidp/
phdng/ bd phan quan Iy NNL.

<i><b>2. Xdy ddng van hda doanh nghifp khuye'n </b></i>

<i><b>khich hgc tap ndng cao trinh dg NNL </b></i>
<i>Bi xdy dffng dffdc vdn hda DN khuyd'n khieh </i>
hpc lap ndng cao trinh dp NNL, ban thdn ehu ede
DN phai Id td'm gffdng sang v l tinh than ham hpc

hdi, cau thi, phong each quan ly khuyd'n khieh
hpc tap vd phdt trien cua chu DN sd tac ddng
manh nha'l de'n van hda ndy. Mat khae, chu eae
DN cin dffa ra dffdc tam nhin vd tff duy chid'n
Iffdc phdt trien DN, can Idm eho td'i ea mpi thdnh
vidn trong Id'chffc Iff cdn bd quanly, ngffdi gidm
sdt, nhdn vien, edng nhdn hilu va cam kd'l thrfc
hidn lot mue lidu ehid'n Irfdc eua id' chffc. Diiu
ndy se tdc ddng dd'n van hda hdp tde trong cdng
vide vd dieu do se giffp DN phat trien. Do ddc
thu nhd ndn DNVVN dd xdy dffng drfde vdn hda
DN md mpi ngrfdi quan tdm dd'n nhau, cd sd tdn
trpng ldn nhau. Mpt khi drfdc tdn trpng, drfdc
quan tdm, ngffdi lao dpng se cd ddng Iffc trong
ren luyen, hpc tap vd phdt huy td'i da kha ndng
ciia minh, san sdng vffdt qua thff Ihdch, trd ngai,
gdp phan vdo viec thffc hien thdnh cdng cae
chien Iffdc eua DN.

<i>3. Thong tin qudn ly NNL </i>

Mdi DN dff nhd eung nen cd thdng tin nhdn
<i>sff, qudn Iy NNL dffdc lffu trff Aiy du, thffdng </i>

xuydn cap nhdl vd de ddng liep can. Cdng vide
liAi trff h i sd nhdn sff nay can ihffc hien mdt cdch
khoa hpc va ndn kd't hdp vdi vide Irfu trff thdng lin
nay tren may vi tinh. Dd'i vdi DN ed qui md Iao
ddng tff 200 ngffdi trd len nen cd phan mim quan
Iy NNL de vide quan Iy nhdn Iffc dffdc nhanh

chdng, dd ddng hdn. Thdng tin quan ly NNL edn
bao gdm khdng ehi nhffng bieu mdu quan trpng
cho qudn ly nhdn srf cua cdng ty nhrf ban md ta
edng vide, ly lieh, kd't qua danh gia thrfc hien
cdng vide, hay danh gia nhu cau ddo tao md cdn
ed cae bdo cdo cIn thid't eho quan ly vd phdt trien
NNL nhrf tdng kd't tinh hinh ddo lao nhdn vien,
bd' tri nhan vidn, bd' nhidm, Irfdng vd nang sud't
lao ddng, bao cdo eho Sd Lao ddng, Thrfdng binh
va Xa hdi.

Vide lurf trff td't thdng tin quan Iy NNL giup
chu DN de dang tie'p can Ihdng tin v l NNL cua
minh de ra eac quye'l dinh quan ly kip thdi; nd
cdn giup cdn bd NNL drfa ra eae bdo cdo ve quan
ly NNL ddp ffng nhu c^u ei5a lanh dao vd ben
ngodi. Mdi ngrfdi Iao ddng can eung cd'p bdn Iy
lieh edp nhat eua minh vd danh sdch nhffng khda
dao tao, phat trien md minh dffdc tham gia eho
can bp chuydn trdch ve NNL; Trrfdng mdi phdng
ban/bp phdn can cap nhdt ban md ta edng vide
cua nhan vien minh vd kd't qud ddnh gid nhdn
vien eho ngffdi ehuyen trach ve NNL hodc
<b>phdng/ban phu trdch ve NNL • </b>

<b>TAI LIEU THAM KHAO: </b>

<i>/. Nguyen Ngpc Huyen - "Ve hogt dgng Uom tgo doanh nghiip d Viet Nam hiin nay", Tgp chi Kinh te vd Phdt </i>
<i>triin. </i>

<i>2. Pham Thi Nggc My - "Ndng cao ndng lUc ddo lao nhdn lUc de ddp dng nhu cdu ciia xd hdi d nUdc ta hien nay", </i>
<i>Tgp chi Phdt Irien kinh te. </i>

<i>3. Nguyen Hdu Lam - "Mo hinh ndng luc trong gido due, ddo tgo. vd phdt trien nguon nhdn luc". Tgp chi Phdt </i>
<i>trien kinh te. </i>

<i>4. Vd Trpng Ldm - Ndng cao sdc cgnh tranh cda cdc doanh nghiep trong tie'n trinh hgi nhdp kinh ti'qudc te. Nhd </i>
<i>Xudt bdn Chinh trj qudc gia. </i>

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<b>TAP CHi CONG THtfdNG </b>

<b>Ngay nhSn hai: 11/1/2019 </b>

<b>Ngay phan hidn danh gia va su'a chO'a: 21/1/2019 </b>
<b>Ngay cha'p nh§n dang bai: 1/2/2019 </b>

<i>Thong tin tdc gid: </i>

<b>ThS. NGUYEN NGOC MINH </b>

<b>Khoa Kinh te' cd soT - Trrftfng Dai hpc Kinh td' Ky thuat Cdng nghiep </b>

SOLUTIONS FOR IMPROVING QUALITY

OF HUMAN RESOURCES IN SMALL

AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES

<b>• MA. NGUYEN NGOC MINH </b>
Faculty of Fundamental Economics
University of Economic and Technicai Industries

<b>ABSTRACT: </b>

In order to survive and develop during the intemational economic integration process in the
context of the removal of both tariffs and non-tariffs protective barriers as well as the gradual
eUmination of preferential policies, Vietnam's small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
must constantly invest, increase capital, equip new technologies and improve labor quahty lo
improve their production efficiency and their competitiveness. This article is lo propose some
solutions lo improve the quality of the labour force for SMEs. Hi order to implement these
solutions, il is necessary for SMEs to take efforts themselves and for the State to support SMEs
in training human resources.

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