Một số bài luyện phát âm với các kết hợp âm trúc trắc (TONGUE TWISTERS) cho sinh viên nước ngoài

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<b>MOT S6 BAI LUY|N PHAT AM vdi vdi cAc KET HOP </b>

<b>AM TRUC</b>

<b> T R A C</b>

<b> (TONGUE TWISTERS) </b>

<b>CHO SINH VIEN Nl/dC NGOAI </b>

<i>Vu Thi Thu Hudng </i>
<i>Khoa Tieng Viit vd Vdn hod Viet Nam cho ngudi nudc ngodi </i>

<i>Trudng DHKHXH&NV, DHQG Hd Ndi </i>

<b>VAI N^T V^ K^T HOP A M TRtiC T R A C </b>
<b>ONGUE TWISTERS) </b>

Trong bit cii ngdn ngiJ nao cung diu cd nhihig cum tiJ, doan ngu"
y nhihig ciu ndi rit khd dl ndi nhanh va chinh xac nhu:

- N6i ddng niu dc, ndi dit niu ech.
- Con luon nd lu6n qua ludn.

Nhihig ai da timg hpe ngoai ngiJ dIu ft nhieu cd biet den nhihig
II noi rit Uiic trac" kilu nhu tran. Trong tieng Anh cd mdt cau rit

<i>i biln la: "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers" (Peter </i>

)er da nhat mdt ddng hat tiau ngam giim). Hay cau: "The sixth sick
;ikh's sixth sheep's sick" (Con ciai tbiir sau cua vi tu trudng dm ylii
rsau bi dm). Nhiing each ndi nhu the' trong tieng Anh gpi la tongue
isters, Uong tia'ng Nga gpi la "ckoporobopku" (skorogovorki- nhihig
I noi nhanh).

<i>Vay, tongue twister la gi? Tir diln Oxford student's dictionary of </i>

<i>glish dinb nghla vl tongue twister nhu sau: 'Tongue twi: </i>

<i>ase or a sentence with many similar sounds that is diffici </i>
<i>rectii when you are speaking quyckli *' (tongue twister la </i>

lay mdt cau cd nhilu am thanh gid'ng nhau ma rit khd dl
<i>ban ndi nhanh". Theo i\s diln bach khoa Wikipedia thi: </i>

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<i>articulate properli. Tongue tnister can reli on similar but distinct </i>
<i><b>phonemes (e.g.. s [s] and sh ///, unfamiliar constructs in loan-wordi </b></i>
<i><b>or other features." (Tongue twister la mdt cum tir cd Uong bit k) m^ </b></i>
<i>ngdn ngij nao dupe tao thanh dl khd ndi ra diing. Tongue twister cd </i>
<i>thi dua uan su tuong ddng nhung khac biat vl im vi. vi du nhu $ [%] </i>
<i>and sh [J] Uong tilng Anh. dua uan nhihig ciu Uuc li^ khac biat UOQ| </i>
nhihig til vay mupn bay nhihig dac dilm khac).

That ra, d day ngudi vi^t cung phan van khdng bilt diing m^l liH
<i>tiang Viat nao cho that cbfnh xac. Niu dich sat nghla thi tongu€ </i>
<i>t>%'ister la "udn ludi hay van ludi" tuc la nhihig tir ma khi ndi ta phai </i>
udn ludi bay van vco ludi thi mdi phat am dupe. Sau dd nd cdn mJ
rdng ra la kit hop ciia cua diap am hay diap vin. Nghla la, cd bai hay
ba cbudi kit hpp am thanh, sau dd lai cung diing chudi kit bpp am
thanh dd nhung tham mdt sd thay d6i vl vi tri bay vin diau. V( du nhu
mdt cau cung rit phd bian trong tilng Anh ma ai hoc cung pbai hoc
phat am cau nay la *'Shc sells sea shells on the sea shore. The shells
that she sells arc sea shells. I am sure." (Cd iy ban vd sd ban bd bila
Tdi dam bao la vd sd ma cd iy ban chic chic la vd sd biln). Cd 16
<i>trong bai nay ngudi viat sc diing la " nhimg cau khd phat am nhanh </i>
hay "nhimg cau ndi tnic trie true irac".

Trong tiang Viat cung cd rit nhilu nhumg cau *Uruc t r k " kit:
am tnic uac. Ngoai nhihig vi du d tran, cdn cd nhung cau kbic nhu:

<i>- Ong but chua Biti cdm hua dudi chugt.^ </i>
<i>- Chi nhdt rau rSi ludc, em nhdt rau iudc rSi. </i>
<i>- Con cd mdi beo de gdc queo cho meo ddi dn. </i>
<i>- Mai mdi mua micin mudi mudi cd miii trong mua. </i>
<i>• Lua nip la lua nip long </i>

<i>Lua tin lop lap long ndng Idng long. </i>
<i>Uia n/p Id liia nip non </i>

<i>Lua ten Urp lap lam Ign no ne. </i>

<i>- Ludc hot vit Idn, ludc Idn hdt vit lac. dn Idn hdt vit lac, ludc </i>
<i>h^t vit Idn loi l^n hdt vit Igc.^ </i>

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vilt nay khdng di siu vao viae nghian cihi hay sim tim cae
Iii6i nhu tran ma chi xin dua ra mdt sd dang bai tap luyan phat am
lOng nhdm tir gidng nhau khd phat am dupe thia't lap theo dang
10 tir tran. Va viae tao nhihig cau ndi vui tir nhfing nhdm tir dd

bai luyan phit am cho sinh vian la vin dl ma tdi mudn chia se
-bii vilt nay.

(DOCHOND^TAI

Lf do ehpn dl tai nay dl viet bao cao la trong qua trinb day phat
;ho sinh vian, khi dua ra nhung dang bai tap phat am vdi nhihig am
iphin vin hay thanh diau gin gid'ng nhau, kilu nhu:

a."Baygidiabaygid."
b."-Miy gid anh dl'n?

- Bay gid anh da'n hay bay gid anh da'n."
c. "Bu6i uva an budi chua."

sinh vian thi sau khi hilu va luyan dpc nhung cau tran thi sinh
ludn ludn ndi la "O, khd qua!" nhimg bp lai cam thiy rit thu vi va
b6i ring nhihig each ndi nay gid'ng nhu tongue twisters trong tieng
^ Tir dd, tdi bat diu dl y hon den vice tao ra nhihig nhdm tir cd

am gin gid'ng nhau va tao ra nhihig cau cd nghla vdi nhijng nhdm
dl cae sinh vian tap phat am. Ban diu chi la tao ra mot sd nhdm
phat am gin gidng nhau nhimg nghla hoan toan khac nhau nhu:

<i>\fndt- mdt mat- mdt mdt; dao phu- ddu phu- ddo phd; mudn </i>
<i>mua-h mugn- mudn miia'*; "cd dien roi- cd diin roi'' v.v... Sau dd la </i>

<i>icau ndi CO y nghla, ddi khi gay cudi kilu nhu: "Mai mdi mua mudi </i>

<i>h mudi cd mdi trong mUa " hay "Ngudi nudc ngodi nghi ngudi Hd </i>
<i>\rdt nho nhdn ". Ddi khi edng viec tao ra nhihig nhdm tir nhu tren </i>

^ sinh vian tao ra vi khi giao vien ndi ra mdt tir thi sinh vian lai
ltu6ng da'n mdt hay bai tir khac cd phat am gin gidng nhu the va
[cm phan van khdng biat tir ma giao vian ndi mang nghla nao. Rit
pi biln tbi nay sinh khi sinh vian tia'p nhan am thanh cua giao vian.
ta giao vian ndi "mua rdi" sinh vian cd thi lian tudng ra "mua roi,
*miia rdl" hay "mua r d " v.v... Sau dd cae em viet ra va dl nghi

vian cho mdt loat cae tir cd phat am gin gidng nhu the va nghla
253

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cua Chung dl phan biat. TbI la ddi khi vd tmh cae sinh vian lai ghip
giio vian tao dupe mdt nhdm tir cd phat am gin gidng nhau mdi. Khi'
nang lian tudng nay (mdt phin cung do nhim lin) d sinh vian cikQ|'
kha pbong phii va ddi khi nd cdn manh bon giao vian vi giio vian U'
ngudi ban ngir la ndi theo thdi quen va vdi giao vian thi nhihig gi mlnh'
ndi ludn ludn la diing. la cbfnh xac, cdn khi tir dupe dua din ngudi bgc'
tbi am thanh dd cd thi dupe tilp nhan cbfnh xac 1(X)% hoac c6 thi c6;

biln thi 1, biln thi 2 v.v... ;
Trong cae gid day phat am. ngoai nhihig bai hpe phat am cubin^

trong cic gido u'mh tiang Viat co sd. giao vian cd tbI dua nhihig clu
ndi rit tnic trac vl vin diau va rit khd phit im nhu tran dl gidi thiau*
cho sinh vian luyan phat am lam cho gid hpe tham pbong phu. sinh'
ddng va mdt dilu quan trpng nQa la qua nhiing cau ndi dd, sinh vian si
bilu tham dupe mdt net dac sac trong ngdn ngir tilng Viat ma hp dang
<i>bpc. Mat khac, giio vian cung cd thi van dung nhihig cich ndi d6 di </i>
tao ra nhihig bai luyan phat am vdi nhi^g tir phat am khd hoac c6 Am
gin gidng nhau nham giup sinh vian nhan dang tir vi pbdt am m^t
cicb cbuin xac ma lai khdng lam cho sinh vian cam thiy chin hay
mat mdi vi hpe phdt im. dac biat la cho sinh vian d trinb dd cao hun
khi ho cd thi hilu dupe cau ndi mpt each dl dang hon.

3.<i> M O T S6 B A I L U Y $ N PHAT AM TONGUE TWISTER \6l </i>
M O T S 6 PHU AM DAU PHAT AM K H 6 TRONG TI^NG VI$T

Theo kinh nghiam ban than, qua qua trinb day tiling Viat cho
sinh vian nudc ngoai. tdi thiy phan Idn cae sinh vian thudng gap kh6
<i>khan vdi cic phu am dau nhu: ng/ngh, nh. d. vh phan biat cic nh6m </i>
<i>phu am dau nhu: d-t. t-th. b-v. Phu am gi vi x tuy khdng pbai la mdi </i>
phu am khd phat am nhung lai rit bay bi nhim lin. Tuy nhian, tuj
theo sinh vian ciia timg nhdm ngdn ngir thi hp lai gap pbai nhihig khi
khan khac nhau khi hoc phat am cae phu am diu Uong tilng Viet
Trong bai nay. ngudi viat khdng hi vpng cd thi dua ra hit dupe cic
dang tir tongue twisters va cic bai tap cd thi van dung ma chi xin dua
ra mdt sd dang ma ngudi vi^i da sir dung Uong qua Uinh giang day vi
rit mong nhin dupe su ddng gdp y kia'n tir cic thiy cd giio.

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<b>Tongue twister vdi phu ^m "d" </b>

<i>C6 Ic phu am niy la phu im khd nhit ddi vdi cae sinh vian Tning </i>

c. Phin Idn cae sinh vian diu phat im thanh [t] hoac [1]. Vdi
Ig giao vian bift tia'ng Trung Qudc thi cd thi giai tbfeb cho sinh

<b>phan biat dupe bang each diing tir chuyen mdn giai thich phuong </b>

ciu am dl hon. Nhung vdi nhung ngudi tiling Trung Qudc cdn
chi thi day qua that la mdt vin dl nan giai. d day, each giai tbfeb
pc hay xat, bat hoi hay khdng bat hoi hihi thanh hay vd thanh la

<i>\ khdng cd tac dung. Diing binh ve vi trf ciu am cung chi cd tie </i>

<i>; vdi smb vian da tifng hpe qua mdt ngoai ngxi va da hinh dung ra </i>
cicb phat im qua hinh ve vl vi vi trf ciu im (rit tiee sd nay lai
Ig nhilu vi nhilu cae sinh vian bpc tieng Viet d Khoa diu chua

qua mdt ngoai ngiJ nao hoac na'u cd bpc tia'ng Anh thi tia'ng Anh
hp cung chi d trinb dd hem tiling Viat mdt ft). Qua rit nhilu lin
D tip pbai diing tay, cho sinh vian nhin mdm, dimg binh ve ciu am
it va, ngudi vi^t cung tim ra dupe mdt each kha hiau qua la khdng

; hinh ve ciu im nhu trong sich, ma chi ve mot ham rang va phin

<i>i chi rd cho sinh vian ch6 nao la diu ludi - Ipi chd nao la diu </i>

-rang.

' Khi di vio luyan tap, sau khi luyan phin phat am co ban trong
giio khoa, chi riang vdi cau hoi "Anh di diu?", rdi "Anh dang di
diy?", rdi "Anh DiJe dang di dau diy?" da la mdt ket bpp am khd
;ue twister) rit khd ddi vdi sinh vian Trung Qudc rdi. Thinh
Dg dl luyan tap, ngudi viet thudng dua mdt sd ciu cho cae em
<i>D phan biat d-t dang nhu: </i>

- Diic tiic Die vi Die lam Diic tiic.
- Tit Tay ddng nhung Tet ta ddng hon.

• Tan dang danh dan ghi ta thi Tam den dua Tan di tim hoi.

<b>I </b>

Sau niy khi sinh vian da nim tia'ng Viat kha vihig, tdi da dung
cau rit tnic trie true trac trong tieng Viet cho cae em luyen la

<i>n ddng ddt den di ddu ddy? Ddt den di ddi dd den ddy. Di din </i>
<i>iinh ddnh dd den, dd ddi dugc dd den'\ Vdi rit nhieu sinh vien </i>

g Qudc, kl ca nhung sinh vien da ndi tieng Viet kha tdt thi ciu
Wn cdn la mdt "tham boa". Dl phat am dupe ehuin cau nay thi hp

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<i>pbai mit rit nhilu thdi gian vi a Uong ciu nay sinh vian khdng d </i>
pbai luyan phat am am phu am J ma cdn pbai phan biat nhihig tuo
<i>phit am gin gidng nhau nhu ddt den. dd den, dd den va phin khd ph </i>
<i>am nhit uong ciu nay la "... ddnh ddden, ddddi dugc dd den ". </i>
3.2. Ket hpp am true t r i e thudc cic nu6c k h i c nhau (t
twister) voi t-th

Vdi phin Idn cae sinh vian, diu gap pbai khd khan Idn dl phi
biat bai phu am diu nay. Ngay ca sau khi bp da cd thdi gian khi di
bpc tiang Viat thi vSn khdng tranh khdi nhim lin. Hiu hit cic si
vian gap khd khan trong phan biat bai phu am diu niy khi nghe, v] kl
ndi chiing ta cd thi phan biet cho cae sinh vian bang cicb diing m
vdi td giiy dl tbI bian dac dilm bat hoi hay khdng bat hoi nhung kh
nghe hoac khi via'i cbfnh ta thi thi sinh vian chi nghe, khdng cd phuoi^
<i>tian hd ixq nao ca. Cbfnh vi vay, vdi bai phu am diu niy thi tdi din </i>
<i>nhilu thdi gian bon dl luyan nghe cho cae sinh vian. Vdi bai phu i </i>
nay. tdi thudng soan nhihig nhdm tir cd phin kit hpp im gin gil
nhau sau dd diing the giiy (flash cards), dl luyan cho sinh vian. V(d
nhu:

N h o m I

<i>VSx </i>
tOi
thdi
thdi

Nhdm 2
thu
thu
thi^

tfr

<b>tjlr </b>

Nhdm 3
tim
tim
tham
tim
tham
tham

Bude 1: giao vian lam cae the giiy (flash cards) nho bing b l a ^
via'i mdi tir ra mot tim the. Mdi nhdm tir phat im dimg mdt mJu bu
khac nhau dl de phan biet va mdi gid hpe phat am chi nan luyan m^

nhdm tir. '
Bude

luyan doc.

giao vian viet nhdm tir lan bang va cho sinh vian

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I Budt 3: giio vian dpc mdt tir va sinh vian pbai gio dupe dung

B the c6 tir mi giao vian da dpc. cii th^ lin lupt luyan bet cae tir. Sau

<i>\ ffio vian cd thi d6i vai, sinh vian dpc, giao vien ehpn the. Neu la </i>

l^ddng sinh vian thi giao vian cd tbI thay vai cho nhilu sinh vian.
Sau khi luyan cae tir riang le cho sinh vian, giao vian cd thi dua
: ciu luyan phat im nhu:

- Nha tdi tdi nhimg khdng tdi.
<i>- Nha iii tdi va rit thdi, </i>

- Tham thi tbim

- Thu tho t h ^ lang thang khap phd.

- TiJ tbfeb tim tap thoi tbfeb cho ehu chd nho.

- Tim thing tir til tim tam tia'ng din tdi vin thiy thdi.

<i><b>Tongue twister v6\ b-v </b></i>

<i>Soan bai tap phat im vdi bai phu im diu b-v cd Ipi khi day nhdm </i>
<i>ih vian la ngudi Trung Qudc, Han Qudc va Nhit. Vi phu am b trong </i>
: ngdn ngiJ tran phat im nhe hon trong tieng Viet. Cdn phu am v thi
<i>ng cS ba ngdn ngG tran deu khdng cd, Vdi phu am b giao vien cd </i>
<i>! diing cau ndi kha phd bia'n trong tie'ng Viet la: "Bd Ba beo, ban </i>

<i>nh bio, bin bd bien, bi bom bi ban " hay "Ba bgn bdn bdn ban ban ". </i>
<i>i hai cau nay giao vian cd tbI ka't hpp vira luyen am diu vira luyen </i>

In vin cho sinh vian. Cdn vdi phu im v giao vien cd thi diing mot
^u ndi vui vdi tir "vp" nhu:

- An chudi pbai bd vd chuf khdng pbai bd vp.
- Em quan vd hay quan vp?

- Anh iy cudi vp ehii khdng cudi vp/ cudi vp.
- Din dng mi bd vp thi that vd vin.

<i>Vdi cau "Ba bgn bdn bdn bdn bdn ", tdi thudng md rdng dl ket </i>
<i>vdi b-v nhu: </i>

<b>- Van va ba ban ban bdn ban bin. </b>

<b>- Van va ba ban vl nha ban bdn ban bin. </b>

- Van va ba ban vira vl nha ban bdn ban b£n va vui ve vao quan ba.

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<b>lywpff </b>

<b>3.4. Tongue twister vdi d/gi-s-x </b>

Sd di ngudi vi^t x^p ba cic phu am nay vao mdt bii lu^
Am vi day cung li mdt Idi kha phd biln vdi nhdm sinh vian ndi tifng
<i>Anh, dac biet la phu am x. Vdi phu am gi tbi thudng sinh vian chi </i>
nhim trong thdi gian diu, sau dd thi hp cd thi ndi dung dupe nhung
<i><b>vdi phu am x cd nhihig sinh vian sau mdt thdi gian rit liu vin bi nhim </b></i>
thanh [z] nhu each phat im Uong tilng Anh. Trir phi khi sinh v i a a ^
cd ah tupng trong d^u va hp da hilu nghla tir dd rdi thi hp sc phit Am
diing. Nhung khi nhin sach dpc va gap nhihig tir mdi bit diu b ^ g chQ

<i>X thi cae sinh vian vin phat am thanh [zl rit nhilu.Trong tilng Anh c6 </i>
rit nhilu kit hpp im true trac (tongue twister) rit phd biln vdi (s) - [/].
[z], nhung Uong tia'ng Viat thi khdng cd nhilu. Liic diu, sau khi luydu
phin phat am co ban trong giao uinb, ngudi viat thudng dimg nhi
cau don gian dl luyan cho cae em nhu:

- Di ra xa.
- An xdi rdi.
- Giay thp xay.
- Ngay xira ngay xua

Sau dd din din khi day thi tdi mdi tim ra dupe mdt nhdm tir mi"
sinh vian ciing hay nh^m la "ci sdng", "ca sdng" vi "ci siu". Vdl'J
<b>nhdm tir nay. ngudi viet da tao ra mdt loat cae ciu ndi khd cd thl« </b>

luyan cho sinh vian la: ,1
<i>- Sau ca siu sdng dudi sdng nay. \ </i>

<i>• Sau ca siu gia sdng dudi sdng sau nay. \\ </i>
<i>- Sau ca siu gia xiu xi sdng dudi sdng sau nay. < </i>

<i>- Sinh vien xoi sau ca siu gia xiu xi sdng dudi sdng siu nay. ^ </i>
<i>Nhung cau tran that su la da -gay khd khan" cho sinh vian. C6^ </i>

sinh vian sau khi phat am xong da ndi "Em het hoi rdi". ^
Trong qua trinh day, cae bien thi (variants) cu din din xuil hian

vi dupe md rdng tham. Cudi ciing ngudi day tao tham duoc mdt
lam smh v.cn pbai bat eudi va thiy rit hung thii dl nhd ciu nJy. Bi^
iha eudi eung ma ngudi viet cd thi tao ra cho din bay gid la:

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<b>r </b>

- Sdu sinh vian xoi sau ca siu gia xiu xf sdng dudi sdng siu nay.
<i>lu ci siu that xiu sd. </i>

<i>k</i>

<i>rtn day mdi chi la mdt sd suy nghi ban diu va chia xe kinh </i>

I cua tdi trong viae day phat am tiling Viat cho sinh vien nudc
IDii bang cicb diing cae kft hpp tir khd phat am. Trong ti^ng Viet
D rit nhilu nbOng kl^t hpp phu am va phin vin tuong ddng vl phat
I nhung lai rit khac biat vl nghla ma giao vian cd thi van dung

Ig viae day phat am cho sinh vian mdt each cd hiau qua.

TAILI$UTHAMKHAO

<i>frian Doff (1995), Teach English- Trainer's book, Cambrigde </i>
teacher training and Development, Cambridge University Press.
<i>Nguyin Viat Huong (2004), Thuc hdnh tiihg Viet, NXB DH </i>
Qudc gia Ha Ndi.

<i>Oxford University press (2001), Oxford Student's Dictionary of </i>

<i>English. </i>

<i>Nguyin van Phuc (2006), Ngi^ dm tiihg Viet thuc hdnh, NXB </i>
DH Qudc gia Ha Ndi

<i>Nguyin Anh Qua' (1996), Tiihg Viet cho ngudi nudc ngodi, NXB </i>
Giio due.

<i>Vu Van Thi (1996), Tiihg Viet casd, NXB Khoa hpe Xa hoi. </i>
<i>Doin Thian Tbuit (2003). NgUdm tiihg VieX NXB DH Qudc gia </i>

Ha Ndi.

<i>Vian Ngdn ngiJ hoc (2000), Tddien tiihg Viet, NXB Da Nang va </i>
Tmng tam Tir diln bpc.

Vian Viat Nam bpc va Khoa hpe phat triln, DH Qudc gia Ha Ndi

<i>\), Tiihg Viet - Trinh dd A, NXB The gidi. </i>

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