Tìm hiểu một số thói hư tật xấu của người Việt qua tục ngữ

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<b>TIM HIEU MOT SO THOI HI/ TAT XAU </b>

<b>COA NGl/bl VIET QUA TUC NOOf </b>

<i>Nguyin Van Thdng ' </i>
<i>Dgi hoc Qude gia Ha Ndi </i>

<i>Trong Ijcb sir dung nude va g\\i nude eiia ngudi Viet Nam, nhihig i </i>
phim chat cao dep nhat da timg dupe phat Id, trd thanh truyen thd'ng. a
ihanh vdn lie'ng quy bau cua ca dan toe. Dd la tinh than doc iSp lu i
cudng, long yeu nude thie't tha, ti'nh thong minh, cin cii, nhan 4i, «
ihuong ngudi nhu th^ thuong than. Trai qua bao bien tbien cua lich sir, |
nhirng phim chat nay v5n dupe phat buy, gin giir. Tuy vay, trong cudc
<i>song hang ngay, khdng the khdng cd nhimg dieu ""chicdng tai gai mat'' </i>
<i>dang dien ra xung quanh. Dd ciing la nhimg mang tdi ehie'm mdt ti \t </i>
nhat dinh trong van hpc nghe thuat ndi chung, trong tuc ngir ndi rieng.
d bai vie't nay, chiing tdi mudn tim hie'u mdt sd thdi hu tat xa'u cua
ngudi Viet qua tuc ngur.

Khdng phai den bay gid, vdi tu duy ddi mdi theo dudng Id'i ciia "
Dang, ngudi Viet Nam ta mdi dam "nhin thing*vao su that" d^ "noi r5 *
sir that". Da tir lau, nhieu nha van boa, van nghe, nha nghien cihi
phong tuc Viet Nam da timg di sau nghien cuu mot each khoa hoc. '
ngoai de cao pham chat tot dep cua con ngudi, ho con vach rd nhOng '
nhupc diem tarn If tfnh each ton tai tir lau. Nha van Thach Lam cho i
rang, ngudi Viet ndng n6i, hdi hpt. Phan Ke Bfnb, tac gia cua cu6a
<i>Viet Nam phong tuc lai len tieng che bai mdt bp phan dan chiing tii </i>
hen tri doan. budn quin ban quanh, thich keo be keo canh. Tan Di
<i>Vlam phat ngdn: "^Ddn hai Idm triiu ai ngudi Idn, nude bdn nghin ndm </i>

<i>vdn tie conT. Nha phe binh van hpc Vuong Trf Nhan khdng ne Uinh </i>
cho rang, ihdi xau Ion nhat cua ngudi Viet la ra't sp ndi ve thdi xa'u cua

<i>mmh. Cac y kien ndi tren cd ve cue doan va ""va dua cd ndm" nhung </i>
cung dang de chiing ta suy nghl.

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Trong giao ti^p hang ngay, ngudi Viet Nam nhu dupe Idn len
tren cai n^n van boa truyen thdng tdt dep ciia dan toe. minh. Tuc ngiJ
Viet da phan anh cudc sdng ciia nhan dan vdi tfnh da dang, nhieu
chi^u ciia nd. Nbihig cau tuc ngO Viet phan anh mat tfeb cue, mat ban
chS^t tdt dep cua nhan dan Viet Nam chiem mdt sd lupng kha Idn.
^fhi^u net dep truyen thdng cua nhan dan da dupe bun due va giiJ gin
qua nbi^u the' he va trd thanh di san van boa tir ngan ddi nay. Tuy vay,
khdng phai con ngudi liic nao ciing hoan bao, cudc sdng liic nao eung
<i>to^ bfch va nhSft thanh b^t bien: ""Nhdn vd thdp todn" Xa hdi nao ma </i>
<i>ching cd ngudi tdt, ke xSfu: ""Nude cd khi trong khi due, ngudi cd ke </i>
<i>tuc ke thanh", Trong van hpc dan gian Viet Nam, dac biet la trong </i>
truyen cudi cua ngudi Viet cd khdng ft nbihig tac phim ndi ve thdi xa'u
cua mdt bd phan nhan dan. Truyen cudi da gieu ept thdi tham an
<i>(truyen Thdy dd lie'm mat), tat gan dd (truyen Tam dgi gdn), tfnh khoac </i>
<i>lie (truyen Thi ndi khodc. Con ran vudng), thdi gia ddi (truyen Dgu </i>
<i>phu), tfnh dam dang (truyen Na mo boong), v.v... </i>

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Thanh ngir tieng Viet da song hanh ciing truyen cudi, ca dao, vt
len bu'c tranh vdi nhieu gam mau tdi, rung len nhi?ng ndt nbac bu6a
<i>cua hien thuc cudc sdng. Do day, nhihig hanh vi khdng dep nhu ""An </i>
<i>xd md niiu\ ""An khoai cd vd\ ""An bde ddi dicng\ ""An canh cdcaiT i </i>
v.v... van con. Cd ngudi bao, dd chi la nhihig thdi quen ca nhan, kh6ng
phuong hai den ai. Cd nhirng thdi quen tudng nhu v6 bai nhung lai giy
khd chiu cho nhihig ngudi xung quanh. Cd nbutig quy tic so ding cOa
phep cu xir cd van boa ma bat cir ai cung cd the' biet rat rd, le ra, mpi
ngudi phai tu giac lam ma khdng edn ai nhic, tu ta ai cung biet. N6i
each khac, each cu xir cd van boa ciing nhu cu xir thie'u van hoa th^

bien trudc bet trong nhung dieu nhd nhat.

Ngudi Viet khdng chi neu hoac mieu ta cai xa'u ciia con nguM j
qua tuc ngu* ma quan trong hon, ho da danh mdt vi tri ddng ke' trong
tuc ngix de' nhic nhd nhimg gi chua tdt trong mot bd phan cu dan. Qi
xa'u trong xa hoi iuon rinh rap, mudn keo con ngudi ra khdi ngdi den
cua cai tbien. Cai xa'u xua't hien trong mpi khfa canh cua ddi sdng, trtn
nhimg pham vi va muc dp khac nhau. Tuc ngii' cudi che nhihig ngudi
<i>coi mieng an lam trong: ""An vi thu, ngu vi tiin", ""DT thuc vi tiin", ""Co </i>
<i>mii'ng con lum cd tieng'; nhic nhd bpn pham an tuc udng: ""An khdn$ . </i>
<i>biet trd ddu diia", ""An thi cd md thi khdng", ""An cho cd Idng, an hotif^^ </i>
<i>cd hot"; dau xdt trudc thdi dimg dung, thd o, fch ki: ""Ai cd mdt mm^ </i>
<i>ngiciri dy\ ""Be ai nay chdng", ""Dia bam chdn ai ngudi ay gd\ "'Cha </i>
<i>cluing khdng ai khdc", ""Chdy nhd hang xdm binh chdn nhu vgi', ""Din </i>
<i>nhd ai nhd dy rgng", ""Than trdu trdu lo, than do bd lieu", ""Hodi phan </i>
<i>dem bo ritgng ngudi", ""Ai cd than ngudi dy lo, ai cd bd ngudi dy giiT; , </i>
buon phien trudc thai dp cue doan, yeu-ghet theo cam tfnh, cdn nhiiu
<i>dinh kien: ""Yiu ai yiu cd dudng di, ghet ai ghet cd tdng ty hg hdng"", </i>
<i>""Yiu nin tdt, ghet nen xdu"; xdt xa trude thdi ""Ghen dn tuc d' v.v... </i>

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<i>Xd tieng han cd mieng", "Tdt danh han Idnh do" va thuc dung: ""An </i>
<i>lay chdc mac lay ben"; nhibig ke Ipi dung: ""An bat dn xen, xe mam </i>
<i>cdn hdng miit tay", ""Bdn thit cho ke ngdm ggo" va eo hdi ""Mugn gid </i>
<i>bemdng"; nhutig ngudi a dua: "Theo ddm dn tdn" va vd on bac nghla: </i>
<i>""Vong dn bdi ngliia", ""An chdo dd bat", ""An cd bo ld\ ""An trdu quin </i>
<i>vdi, ldm tdi quin chiia"; va bdi bac: ""Cha bo con, day td bo thdy".., </i>
cung dupe tuc ngii' dilm danh.

Trong cac quan he gia dinh Viet Nam truyen thdng, dd day mdi
quan he giu'a me chdng vdi con dau, giiJa em ehdng vdi chi dau, giira

dl ghe vdi eon rieng cua chong, giu'a bd dupng vdi con rieng cua vp...
kh6ng phai liic nao cung nong a'm va dupe gin ket mot each chat che.
Trong tuc ngii' Viet, Idi tu duy cu vdi nhihig dinh kien cdn la rao can
<i>ngan each cac mdi quan he dd. Nhimg cau: ""Mdy ddi bdnh diic cd </i>
<i>xucmg, mdy ddi di ghe cd tliuang con chong", ""Con chong tin khinh </i>
<i>con minh thi yen", ""Di ghe con riing chong", ""Di ghe mdy ngucn biet </i>
<i>thicang con chong, con chong mdy ngudi bii't kinh di ghe"" ndi ve mau </i>
<i>thuin giu'a di ghe vdi con chong; ""Ddi thi dn ngd dn khoai, dicng a vdi </i>
<i>dicgng diic tai Idng gieng" de cap de'n nhiJng bat hoa giua con vp vdi </i>
<i>bd' dupng; ""Me chong ndng ddu", ""That thd cung the Idi trdu, yiu </i>
<i>nhau cung the ndng ddu me chong", ""Ran mudng thdng chin nhin cho </i>
<i>me chong dn", ""Ddi thi dn kliedn sung, trong thdy me chong thi nudt </i>
<i>chdng trdi", ""Ddu vd nhd me gid ra ngd" phan anh su xung khic giiJa </i>
<i>me chong vdi con dau; ""Gidc bin Ngd khdng bang bd cd ben chong", </i>
<i>""Chi ddu ldm ddu ra day, em chong dn bay ndi sau limg" ve su xung </i>
d6t chi dau vdi em chdng. Doi khi sdng gid ndi len trong quan he giira
<i>gia dinh ehdng va ngudi con dau: ""Bd chong Id Idng con plncgng, me </i>
<i>chSng Id tuang mdi td, ndng ddu mdi ve Id bo nghe chid", ""Con ddu thi </i>
<i>dgi, con gdi thi khdng" va ngupc lai: ""Bd chong Id long Ian hgch, me </i>
<i>chong Id ddch Ian nang, ndng ddu mdi ve Id bd hodng hgu". Bat hoa </i>
<i>CO khi lai nay sinh giira cac chj em dau vdi nhau: ""Chi em ddu cdi ddu </i>
<i>lite lac", ""Chi em ddu Idm rdu bat xdo", ""Chi em ddu ndu ddu trdu </i>
<i>limg ndi", ""Chi em ddu nhu bdu nUdc Id", ""Chi em ddu ndi trdu thanh </i>
<i>bd", v.v... </i>

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con ngudi. Thdi thi dii ca, ching thi€?u mdt khia canh, mdt ddi tuodg
nao ciia ddi sdng.

<i>Khi bi nhiem nhihrig thdi hu, tat x^u iy, con ngudi se quin quanh </i>
<i>vdi nbihig toan tinh ca nhan hep hdi. Cd thdi xiu luc dSu chi la nhitag </i>

<i>hien tupng ca biet, le te nhung cd liic thanh nguy co, thanh ph6 bife. </i>
Thdi xlfu ngim va Idn din thanh nhihig can benh trim kha, khd chJh, '
<i>tham chf cdn pham vao trpng tdi: ""Bdi bio ra bg", ""Nem dd gidu taf, ' </i>
<i>""Chgc gay bdnh xe", ""Gap Ida bo tay ngicdi"... Tuc ngu cung khdng </i>
ngai ngin dua nhihig ddi tupng dd ra trudc vanh mdng ngua.

<i>Nbihig thdi xa'u dd ching nhihig \hm nhat nhoa ve dep thanh lich </i>
cua nbi^u ngudi ma cdn lam bang hoai nhihig gia tri dao dure Uuyfa '
thdng ciia xa hdi. Nhihig bi^u hien ciia cdeb cu xur thie'u van hod da
<i>gay nen nhihig a'n tupng khd chiu: ".4/ ua dua khU bdu gid" vi bj </i>
nhihig ngudi tdt bung nhic nhd, phan bac, n^u khdng, thai dd dd rit
nhanh chdng trd thanh ngang ngupc, khdng coi ai ra gi.

Ngudi ta ciing cd luc cd nhihig khuye't di^m hoac mic phai sai
lim chet ngudi. Thdi ki nao ma ching xu5ft bien nbihig phim cbSft t6t
dep canh nhimg thdi hu tat xSfu. Dd mdi la cudc sdng. Cudc s6ng
khdng xudi chi6u ma ludn cd cac mat ddi lap d^ phat tri^n va di Idn.
Cii tdt va cai xa'u vin dan xen, cai bay va cai dd vin song hanh tdn tai.
Cai dung cai sai xung ddt nhau nhung lam bat len nhihig phim chit
<i>cua cai dung. Ddi khi, nhimg hanh vi khdng dep, nhihig thdi quen xiu ; </i>
in hien khdng rd rang trong nhutig con ngudi dupe gpi la tdt. Ngutt
tdt ciing cd nhimg khiem khuyet Uong tfnh each, trong umg xi. Nguoc
lai, ngudi thdng thudng dupe coi la xSfu cung cd nbihig im di^m ma
<i>chiing ta cd the' khai thae, hpc tap. Bdi vay, ciing rix khd khi chia con </i>
ngudi thanh bai loai tdt va x^u mdt each rach rdi.

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<b>i</b> <b>" </b>

<i><b>i! flgB&l Ivtmg tbien: "/STAow Phat tdm xd", ""Mieng nam md bung bS </b></i>

<i><b>dao gdm". </b></i>

<i>i Tuc ngiJ Viet ndi v6 nhihig cai dd, cai nhupc diem ciia con ngudi, </i>
S- cfia xa bdi nhim "canh tinh" con ngudi, xay dung mdt ddi sdng van
i hoi dep de trong mdi con ngudi, trong xa hdi va hudng con ngudi tdi
' nhutig di^u chan, tbien, mi. Tuc ngir ndi ve cai chua tdt nghiem khic
; ma khdng "dao to biia Idn". Tuc ngiJ giiip eon ngudi nhan ra cai dung
li vi cai sai. le bay va dieu dd, cai tdt va cai xau... de' tu hoan tbien minh.

Cai tdt phai dupe nhan len, cai khdng dep phai bi loai bd.

I Nhihig hanh dong cao quy phai xua't phat tir thdi thuc ndi tam,
: khdng cin ai ki^m soat hoac nhic nhd ngudi ta van tu giac lam. Ndi
<i>: each khac, nhutig chuin muc cua phep cu xit cd van hoa bit ngudn tir </i>

nhu ciu ben trong ciia con ngudi.

Con ngudi thuc su cd van hoa la eon ngudi khdng cdn nhimg thdi
hu, tat xa'u, cd dupe kha nang vd tan de' tu the hien, d^ bde Id mpi nang
luc. xay dung nhihig net dep van boa la can thiet cho timg con ngudi
va cho toan xa hoi. Song vice tu bd mot thdi quen, lam thay ddi mot
ne'p nghl vdn da hin sau trong cudc sdng ciia eon ngudi d^ xay dung
mdt hanh vi van boa, mdt thdi quen tdt, mot ne'p nghl tich cue qua la
khdng de.

Khi giai thfch mdi quan he khdng may tdt dep giiJa me chong
-nang dau va cac mdi quan he gia dinh khdng ciing huyet thdng khac
<i>qua nhihig cau tuc ngiJ Viet, cd ngudi cho ring do quan niem ""khdc </i>
<i>mau tanh Idng" hoac do dinh kien kbit khe cua ngudi ddi. </i>

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giii me de ciia minh (tiJc me chdng ciia cd) ma sinh ra oan trach chong
khdng danh Upn tinh yeu thuong cho vp. Chung tdi cho ring, nguydn
nhan CO ban cung chi la vi ban tfnh ghen ti ma ra. Chfnh dieu ghentj
dd lam cho ngudi con trai (ngudi chdng) trd nen khd xii Uong quanhd
<i>giira mot ben la me va mot ben la vp: ""Bin tinh bin hii'u bin ndo nan^ </i>
<i>hanT\ Nhimg ngudi con, ngudi chong tdt ludn danh trpn ven niim </i>
kfnh yeu cho cha me va su yeu thuong cho vp con. Hp khdng bao gi&
tu dat cau hdi "me hay vcr?" bdi vi ca me lin vp deu cd vi tri rifing
trong trai tim hp.

Ngay nay, "dan t r f da dupe nang cao, ngudi Viet Nam c6 each
nhin nhan ai hon nen da gdp phin lam thay ddi dinh kie'n kbit khe cua
ngudi ddi ve cac mdi quan he me chdng- nang dau, chi dau - em
chdng... Do vay, nhimg xung ddt gay git trong cac quan be dd kh6ng
cdn mang tfnh phd bien niJa.

Ngudi ta If giai nguyen nhan ciia nhihig thdi hu tat xa'u ciia ngufti
<i>Viet la do ngheo ddi hoac ciing quin ma ra: ""Ddi dn viing, timg lam </i>
<i>Hill", ""Ban ciing sinh dao tac". Cung cd the' vi ddi com, rach ao ma c6 </i>
<i>ngudi phai lam nghe hanh kha't: ""An mdy Id ai, dn mdy Id ta„ddi cm </i>
<i>rach do hod ra dn mdy". Cung cd ngudi cho ring ""Nhdn cU vi bat </i>
<i>thiin" • khdng cdng an vice lam cung de sinh hu ddn. Ddi khi cung c6 </i>
the' do tfnh hep hdi, tam If thua kem din dit ma ra. Luc dd, Idng til
trpng ciia ngudi minh nhu ngpn lira da tit, khdng cdn bimg len, nhu
hdt gidng bi im khdng cdn nurt len dupe. Nhfhig thdi >^u dd, liic diu
cdn ft, ve sau cu' nay nd, dua chen them nhieu rdi thanh quen, thanh
nep sdng. Ndi each khac, nhimg thdi hu tat x^iu cung cd co bde Id, phat
trie'n va tham chf trd thanh nguy co cao trong cudc sdng.

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<i>^ N^n kinh t€ xa hdi va ddi sdng nhan dan Viet Nam ngay nay da </i>

<i>I c6 nhihig chuyin bi^n. Da sd ngudi dan nay khdng cdn lo "an no mac </i>
, im" nfia ma dang vuon tdi muc tieu "an ngon mac dep" nhung nhihig
<i>I tat xiu ndi tren va nhilu can benh tr§m kha khac dau phai la da bet, </i>

. tham chi miic dd cdn tinh vi va nang ne hon. Phai chang, do anh hudng
:. vi tac ddng ciia Idi sdng ngoai lai, Idi sdng chi biet hudng thu thdi
<i>kinh ii thi tnrdng da tha boa mdt bd phan ngudi Viet? Cd th^ ndi, tren </i>
m6t sd Imh vuc, miic dd cao hon cua nhihig thdi hu tat x^u la nhung
tieu cue va su xud'ng cSfp ciia dao diic xa hdi, cua phim chat eon ngudi.
Nhung cii If chii ye'u ciia nbihig tieu cue neu tren trudc bet van la do
: hau qua ciia n6n san xuSft nhd, manh miin; do tap quan lac bau va ca

nhihig dinh ki€fn c6 hu.

Trong khi ndi d^n nhihig bi^u hien tieu cue, tuc ngir Viet hiu nhu
thien v^ ca ngpi cai td't va khing dinh Idi sdng tfeb cue, Idi sdng trpng
<i>tinh, mdt hiiu hien ban sic van hoa cua dan tdc. </i>

Cudc ddi la cai thii vd cung nghiem tuc nhung trong nd cung
chiia diy nhihig cai tim phao, nhihig su Id lang. Cai gi cung rd rang va
dcm gian thi khdng cdn la cudc sdng niJa. Cudc sdng xua kia khdng cd
. nhi^u tbiJ cam dd nhu bay gid ma thdi xiu vin cd da't nay sinh bdi con
ngudi mudn ddi vin chua thoat khdi nhihig lo toan com ao. Nhung neu
cii nhin vao nhihig cai Id lang thi budn lim. Ddi khi ngudi ta phai quen
no di, tim kiem, chit Ipc nhihig gi tdt dep nhat de' ma la'y dd lam
guong bdi cudc ddi vin cdn r^t nhieu ngudi tdt va nhieu dieu dang ndi.

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TAI L E U THAM K H A O

<i>1. Chu Xuan Dien - Luong Van Dang - Phuong Tri (1993), Tuc ngQ </i>

<i>Viet Nam (in lin tbii 2), NXB Khoa hpc xa hdi, H. </i>

<i>2. Vu Dung - Vu Thuy Anh - Vu Quang Hao (1997) Tut dien thanh </i>
<i>ngd vd tuc ngQ Viet Nam (in lin thii 3), NXB Van hod, H., 784 U. </i>
<i>3. Nguyen Xuan Kfnh ((Thu bien, 2002), Kho tdng tuc ngd ngudi </i>

<i>Viet (2 tap). NXB Van bda Thdng tin, 3246 U. </i>

<i>4. Nguyen Luc - Luong Van Dang (1978), Thanh ngd tii'ng Vift, </i>
NXB Khoa hpc xa hdi, H, 360 U.

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