FOCUS ON - phrasal verbs and should and ought to

13. This rug is wet; let's take it outside to ________ ________ in the sun.
14. The new restrictions on cigarette advertising are ________ ________ reducing the level of teenage
smoking.
15. They ________ ________ of prison by tunneling under the prison wall.
16. We don't have enough plates for the party, so I called Maria and asked her to ________ some
________.
21. FOCUS ON: phrasal verbs and
should
and
ought to

Should and ought to have two important meanings in English. One is familiar to most students, but the
other is not.
A good idea: should and ought to
Should and ought to can be used to say that doing something is a good idea because it will
benefit the person you are speaking about:
You
should zip up your coat.
You
ought to zip up your coat.
or because the person you are speaking about is expected, though not required, to do
something:
You
should bring in the groceries for your mother.
You
ought to bring in the groceries for your mother.
Although should and ought are modal auxiliary verbs, ought
must be used with to. In other
words, ought does not equal should, ought to equals should. Never say should to.
Very probable: should and ought to
Both should and ought to are used to say that something is very probable, very likely, or 90

percent sure to happen — that if everything is normal, as expected, or as planned, a
condition will very probably exist or something will very probably happen:
The rebel territory
should settle down once winter comes.
The rebel territory
ought to settle down once winter comes.
In the examples above, either should or ought to can be used — they have the same
meaning — however, only should is used in questions:
158
Should Tom zip up his jacket?
Ought Tom to zip up his jacket?
and only should not or shouldn't is used in negative sentences:
Tom
should not zip up his jacket.
Tom ought not to zip up his jacket.
Should not (or shouldn't) is used to say that something is not probable.
It means that something is very improbable, very unlikely, or 90
percent sure not to happen — that if everything is normal, as
expected, or as planned, a condition will very probably not exist or
something will very probably not happen:
I set the thermostat at sixty-five degrees, and I'm sure it won't get below seventy
tonight, so the heat
shouldn't go on.
Infinitive

present tense -ing form past tense past participle

look around

look around & looks around looking around looked around looked around

1. look around p.v. When you turn your head to see what is behind you or around you, you look
around.
I heard a sound, and I looked around to see who it was. Sally looked
around the room and didn't recognize anyone.
2. look around p.v. When you look around or look around a place, you go to various parts of the
place in order to see what it is like or what is there.
You should look around before you decide whether you want to buy the house.
Linda looked around the bookstore but didn't find anything interesting.
look over
look over & looks over looking over looked over looked over
1. look... over p.v. [usually separated] When you look something over, you look at it or
read it carefully and thoroughly.
He ought to look the car over before he buys it.
Here's the first chapter of my new book; look it over and tell me what you think.
pick on
pick on & picks on picking on picked on picked on
1. pick on p.v. When you pick on people, you continually tease and criticize them.
Susie, you shouldn't pick on your little brother.
The teacher never criticizes anyone else — she picks only on me.
159

Infinitive

present tense -ing form past tense past participle

settle down

settle down & settles down settling down settled down settled down

1. settle ... down p.v. When you settle down, you become less active, nervous, or upset.
When you settle other people down, you do something to make them less active, nervous,
or upset. Calm down is similar to settle down.
Why are you so nervous about the test? Just settle down; you'll do just fine.
Can't you settle the children down? All that noise is driving me crazy.
2. settle... down p.v. When a confused or violent situation becomes less confused or violent,
it settles down. When you settle a confused or violent situation down, you make it less
confused or violent and more calm. Calm down is similar to settle down.
Rioting and arson continued for three days before the area settled down.
The head of the union spoke to the angry strikers to try to settle them down.
3. settle down p.v. When people settle down, they start to live a less active life and perhaps
get married, buy a house, and start a family.
Mike led a pretty wild life when he was in his early twenties, but he got married when he was 29 and settled
down.
My son is forty-one. I wish he'd settle down and raise a family.
step on
step on & steps on stepping on stepped on stepped on
1. step on p.v. When you step on something, you place your foot on it.
If the carpenter steps on a nail, she'll have to go to the hospital for a tetanus shot.
Sam stepped on a cockroach.
2. step on p.v. [informal] When you say "Step on it" to someone who is driving a car, you
are telling the driver to drive faster.
Hank needed to get to the airport in fifteen minutes, so he told the taxi driver to step on it.
Step on it! We have to be at work in ten minutes.
take out on
take out on & takes out on taking out on took out on taken out on
1. take... out on p.v. When you take something out on people, you unfairly criticize or
punish them because you are angry about something that has occurred or about something
that someone else has done.
If you're mad at your boss, you shouldn't take it out on your wife.

Hey! It's not my fault you got a speeding ticket. Why are you taking it out on me?
160
Infinitive


present tense -ing form past tense past participle

think ahead

think ahead S thinks ahead thinking ahead thought ahead thought ahead

1. think ahead p.v. When you think ahead, you plan fora future situation or activity so that you
will not have a problem.
When we're out camping, there won't be any stores around if you forget something, so think ahead.
We thought ahead before we drove through the desert; we took forty liters of water.
zip up
zip up & zips up zipping up zipped up zipped up
1. zip... up p.v. When you zip up a coat or other item of clothing, you close it with a zipper.
It's freezing outside — zip your coat up.
I can't zip my dress up. Can you?
zipped up part.adj. After you zip up a coat or other item of clothing, it is zipped up.
Look at Timmy out there in the snow without his coat zipped up.
Before you go to the airport, make sure your suitcases are zipped up.
EXERCISE 21 a — Complete the sentences with phrasal verbs from this section. Be
sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense.
1. It's not your brother's fault you failed the math test. You shouldn't ________ it ________ ________
him.
2. Timmy left some of his toys on the floor. Be careful not to _______ _______ them.
3. There's a guy in my class who's really mean and makes jokes about me. I told the teacher that he's
always ________ ________ me.

4. Someone called my name, and I ________ ________ to see who it was.
5. Jane is already thirty-four, but she's not interested in ______ _____ and having children.
6. I've ______ ______ your resume, and I think you're the right person for this job.
7. Timmy and Susie were running around the house like crazy, so I played their favorite videotape to try
to ________ them ________.
8. You should ________ your backpack ________; otherwise all your books are going to fall out.
161
9. The two countries have a history of border clashes, but things have ________ ________ in the
last few years.
10. I've never been in your house before; I'd like to ________ ________ and see how you've
decorated it.
11. You don't want to arrive in Tokyo and realize you forgot something important back in Vancouver,
so ________ ________.
12. We're late —________________ it!
EXERCISE 21 b — Write answers to the questions using phrasal verbs from this
section. Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense.
1. Dan ought to look at the car very carefully before he decides whether to buy it. What should Dan
do?
2. You went to a big bookstore and walked around so that you could see what books they have.
What did you do in the bookstore?
3. Our neighbors were arguing all evening, but they stopped arguing and got quieter at around 1:00
A
.
M
.

What did our neighbors do around 1:00
A
.
M

.?
4. It's freezing outside, so you ought to close the zipper on your jacket. What should you do to your
jacket?
5. In Question 4, how would you describe the jacket after it is closed?
6. At the meeting, the boss asked Betty some difficult questions, and Betty wasn't ready with the
answers. What didn't Betty do?
7. Frank unfairly criticizes his son. What does Frank do to his son?
8. Mark had a bad day at work, and when he came home he yelled at his wife. What did Mark do to
his wife?
9. When Mike was dancing with Heather, he put his foot on her foot. What did Mike do to
Heather's foot?
162
EXERCISE 21 c, Review — Rewrite the underlined words in the sentences using
these phrasal verbs from previous sections and should or ought to. Remember that
ought to is not usually used in negative sentences.
break through, 18 cool off, 19 hold up, 7

burn out, 8 fall off, 10 pull through, 2

come over, 17 get off, 18 warm up, 19

come through, 15 get through, 16 wind up, 14

come up, 12 go for, 16



Example: If they go to that restaurant, they will
very probably expect to pay $200.
If they go to that restaurant, they should figure on paying $200.

or
If they go to that restaurant, they ought to figure on paying $200.
1. Business in this restaurant
will very probably decrease in January.
2. They are very probably finishing the investigation.
3. These cheap shoes will very probably not stay in good condition more than three months.
4. Jim flies from Florida to Boston every year in April, and it's April now. Jim
will very probably travel to
Boston soon.
5. It almost always gets cooler in October, and it's October 1st today, so it
will very probably get cooler
soon.
6. Paul's disease is not serious, so he
will very probably be well again.
7. Francisco almost never works past 5:00, and it's 4:50 now. He will very probably stop working in a few
minutes.
8. Lydia likes skiing a lot, so if you suggest that we go skiing next weekend, she
will very probably like
the idea.
9. The enemy soldiers have been trying to smash a hole in the wall of the fort for two hours, and they
will
very probably smash a hole in the wall soon.
163
10. Sally said she would come to my house at 5:30 and it's 5:40 now. She will very probably come to
my house soon.
11. This work normally takes four hours to finish, so if you start at 9:00 you
will very probably finish around 1:00.
12. The train almost always passes through town at 3:25, and it's 3:20 now, so the train
will very
probably pass through town in five minutes.

13. I put a lot of wood on the fire, so it very probably will not stop burning before morning.
14. The car heater is on maximum, so it
will very probably get warm soon.
EXERCISE 21 d, Review — Complete the sentences with these phrasal verbs from
previous sections. Be sure the phrasal verbs are in the correct tense. To check
their meanings, review the section number given after each one.
bring back, 19 go around, 20 hand over, 19 pull over, 19

end up, 20 go back, 19 hang around,20 ring up, 8

fall apart, 17 go off, 20 lie around, 20 start out, 20

get back at, 17 go on, 20 line up, 18 stay up, 20

1. After Mark's father died, Tom ________ ________ the office collecting money to buy some flowers
for the funeral.
2. Who said you could use my camera? ________ it ________ right now!
3. The smoke alarm in our kitchen ________ ________ every time I fry chicken.
4. We've been driving for five hours straight. Let's ________ ________ and rest for a few minutes.
5. Our travel agent is trying to ________ ________ a hot air balloon to take us to the top of Mt.
Everest.
6. Last night I ________ ________ late watching Casablanca on TV.
7. My old bicycle is in very bad condition. I ought to buy a new one before it completely
8. I'm mad at Sarah for telling my husband what happened at the office party. I'll ________
________ ________ her someday.
164
9. I ________ ________ thinking it wouldn't cost more than $300 to fix my car, but I've already spent
more than $700.
10. Jimmy didn't used to get in trouble until he started to _______ ________ with Jake.
11. If you don't quit smoking and lose some weight, you're going to ________ ________ dying before

you're fifty.
12. Visiting my old high school last week______________a lot of great memories.
13. Are you going to do anything today or just ________ ________ watching TV?
14. I'm sorry I interrupted your story. Please ________ ________.
15. The cashier ________ ________ my stuff and said, "That comes to $47.21."
16. Alfonso left his credit card at the restaurant, so he had to ______ ______ to get it.
22. FOCUS ON: the particle up and the adverbs
right and all
The particle up is used in many phrasal verbs, and one of its uses is to say that something has
been done thoroughly or completely:
The building burned. (The building was damaged but not destroyed.)
The building burned
UP
.

(The building was completely destroyed.)
Right, discussed in Section 19, is often used in phrasal verbs with up to indicate
that the action of the verb not only happened thoroughly and completely but also
quickly:
They ate it up. (They ate all the food.)

They ate it right up. (They ate all the food, and they ate it quickly.)

Remember that right can be used in this way only after an object that is separating the verb
and particle:
They ate the pizza right up.

They ate right up the pizza.
Even though up indicates that the action of the verb is thorough and complete, all is
sometimes used for further emphasis with participle adjectives derived from phrasal

verbs with up:
My taxes are all paid up.

The drain is all plugged up.


165