Chiến lược dịch tiếng địa phương được dương tường áp dụng đốI vớI lờI thoạI của nhân vật joseph trong tiểu thuyết đồI gió hú emily bronte

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI
UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGES AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
FACULTY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION

GRADUATION PAPER

DUONG TUONG’S DIALECT TRANSLATION
STRATEGIES OF JOSEPH’S SPEECH IN
WUTHERING HEIGHTS BY EMILY BRONTE

Supervisor: Ngô Hà Thu, MSC
Student: Nguyễn Hà My
Class: QH2011.F1.E20

HANOI, 2015


ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA HÀ NỘI
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ
KHOA SƯ PHẠM TIẾNG ANH

KHÓA LUẬN TỐT NGHIỆP

CHIẾN LƯỢC DỊCH TIẾNG ĐỊA PHƯƠNG ĐƯỢC
DƯƠNG TƯỜNG ÁP DỤNG ĐỐI VỚI LỜI THOẠI
CỦA NHÂN VẬT JOSEPH TRONG TIỂU THUYẾT
ĐỒI GIÓ HÚ (EMILY BRONTE)

Giáo viên hướng dẫn: Ngô Hà Thu, MSC
Sinh viên: Nguyễn Hà My
Lớp: QH2011.F1.E20

HÀ NỘI, 2015


ACCEPTANCE

I hereby state that I: NGUYEN HA MY, QH2011.F1.E20, being a candidate for the
degree of Bachelor of Arts (TEFL) accept the requirements of the College relating to the
retention and use of Bachelor’s Graduation Paper deposited in the library.
In terms of these conditions, I agree that the origin of my paper deposited in the library
should be accessible for the purposes of study and research, in accordance with the
normal conditions established by the librarian for the care, loan or reproduction of the
paper.

Signature

Date

i


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

On the completion of this thesis, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to
my supervisor, Ngo Ha Thu, MSC for her critical comments, helpful suggestions as well
as her supportive encouragement from the beginning stage of working out the research
proposal to the final stage of writing up the thesis. Without her valuable guidance, this
thesis would be far from completed.
I take this opportunity to extent my special thanks to all lecturers of Faculty of
English Language and Teacher Education at University of Languages and International

Studies, for their useful lectures during my translation course.
Finally, I would also like to thank to my family and my classmates for their great
support and encouragement during the time I was conducting this thesis.

Hanoi, May, 2015

ii


ABSTRACT

English Literature Translation always draws attention from students of English as a
second language and from translators who are major in Linguistics. And dialect
translation has been also noticed more attention from translators in recent time. In this
research, the translation of dialect in the novel Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte will
be studied based on Duong Tuong translation’s version. The purposes of this research is
figuring out the applied strategies and the most dominant one to render dialect words
spoken by Joseph in the novel.
116 dialect words in 32 speeches were chosen as the cases of this study. These words
were categorized into three groups: Lexical dialect, Phonological dialect and Grammar
dialect. After that, the researcher investigated how Duong Tuong translated dialect in this
novel and figured out three strategies: Lexicalization, Partial and Relativization. Given
the analysis of data, the calculation was made to draw out the most preferable translation
strategy which is Lexicalization. For further studies, the related topics are open to many
other researchers in the combination of the strategies and the expansion of the scope of
this study.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACCEPTANCE………………………………………………………………………...

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................

ii

ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................................

iv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………

vi

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...............................................................................

1

1.1. Rationale..................................................................................................................

1

1.2. Significance of the research.....................................................................................

3

1.3. Research objectives.................................................................................................

4

1.4. Scope of the study…………………………………………………………………

4

1.5. Organization of the study………………………………………………………….

5

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................

6

2.1. Translation...............................................................................................................

6

2.1.1. Definition ....................................................................................................

6

2.1.2. Literary translation........................................................................................

7

2.2. (Non) Standard English...........................................................................................

8

2.2.1. Definition.......................................................................................................

8

2.2.2. Dialect...........................................................................................................

9

2.2.2.1. Definition…………………………………………………………….

9

2.2.2.2. Classification of dialect……………………………………………….

10

2.2.2.3. Use of dialect for literary purpose……………………………………

12

2.2.2.4. Dialect translation……………………………………………………

12

2.3. Wuthering Heights………………………………………………………………..

16

2.3.1.

Emily Bronte…………………………………………………………….

16

2.3.2.

Wuthering Heights……………………………………………………….

17

iv


2.3.3.

Joseph’s speech…………………………………………………………..

17

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY........................................................

20

3.1. Design of study…………………………………………………………………….

20

3.2. Research method…………………………………………………………………..

21

3.3. Sample selection method…………………………………………………………..

21

3.4. Procedure of data collection……………………………………………………….

22

3.5. Procedure of data analysis………………………………………………………....

23

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION.........................................................

25

4.1. Application of translation strategies in general…………………………………....

25

4.1.1. Lexicalization………………………………………………………………..

27

4.1.2. Partial………………………………………………………………………...

30

4.1.3. Relativization………………………………………………………………..

31

4.2. Application of translation strategies in particular types of dialect………………...

33

4.2.1. Phonological dialect…………………………………………………………

33

4.2.2. Lexical dialect……………………………………………………………….

34

4.2.3. Grammar dialect……………………………………………………………..

35

4.3. Application………………………………………………………………………… 38
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION.....................................................................................

41

5.1.

Summary of findings............................................................................................

41

5.2.

Limitations of the study........................................................................................ 41

5.3.

Recommendations for further research................................................................

42

REFERENCES............................................................................................................... 43
APPENDIXES................................................................................................................ 46

v


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ST

Source Text

TT

Target Text

vi


CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the research topic and the reasons for choosing it. Besides, the
aim, objectives and the scope of the study are also provided in this chapter.
1.1.

Rationale

In the modern world, with the rapid development of translation industry, quality and
quantity of translation products are also enlarged. Many translators try themselves on
diverse aspects to improve their skills, particularly in literary translation. Not only with
the mission of conveying the meaning, the message of the whole work, but translators
also pay more attention on creating the atmosphere like the original literary work, hence
they spend more time on choosing good word expressions in certain contexts. And
dialect, one of the nonstandard English language, is also highly paid attention to in
English literary translation.
Previously, many researchers worked on dialect in Victorian novels like TS Hakala
(2010), Mortad-Serir Ilhem (2013). In these studies, they focused on analyzing
characteristics of dialect in some famous novels in Victorian literature together with their
contradiction in using dialect in literary writings. Translating dialect, however, was not
mentioned in these studies.
In the last century, Birgitta Englund Dimitrova (1997) and Ivana Tomešová (1998)
conducted research which more or less took notice of dialect and its translation. In these
works, on one hand they had a close look in dialect analysis in a literature work, then
1

discussed some problems in translating dialect as a part of fiction work and judged the
translation version on dialect based on a particular case which was translated into other
languages; but on the other hand, they did not pay attention to strategies to translate or at
least transfer them naturally.
On dialect translation from other languages into Vietnamese, there is also little research
available, assumingly because it is not easy to find a foreign literary work with
significant use of dialects. Among such few novels, Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte,
also the researcher’s favorite novel, makes a good case study for the phenomenon of
translation. Dialect of character Joseph in the famous work in Victorian Literature has
become an attentive topic for Irene Wiltshire (2005) to conduct her research. In this
research, the author mentions Joseph’s dialect can be considered the outstanding feature
in this novel because i) all of his speech in the whole work truly reflects the typical
language in Yorkshire, England; and ii) in comparison to other characters, Joseph’s usage
of dialect is at the highest level, becoming one of his personal attributes. In addition,
Wiltshire also focused on analyzing Joseph’s dialects and Charlotte’s emendation on the
way Emily used dialects in this novel. Therefore, the current study would be worthwhile
to fill the gap in previous researches which is the way translator used to convey dialect
naturally from English to Vietnamese.
Wuthering Heights is actually translated by some Vietnamese translators including Manh
Chuong (published in 2012 by Literature Publishing House) and Duong Tuong
(published in 1985 by Literature Publishing House and in 2013 by Nha Nam Publishing

2


Company). However, from the researcher’s primary observation, while Manh Chuong
translated Joseph’s dialect into ordinary Vietnamese language, Duong Tuong in both of
his two translations (published in 1986 by Literature Publisher and in 2013 by Nha Nam
Publisher) did show his attention to Joseph’s dialect by making changes in phonological
aspect of Joseph’s conversations. However, given the complexity of dialect as one form

of language which includes three linguistic patterns (phonological, lexical, grammatical)
(Wakelin 1977,p.1) and its importance as an aesthetic characteristic, the researcher
wonders if phonological adaption is the only strategy that works for English-Vietnamese
translation of dialect in the novel. All of above reasons motivate the researcher to conduct
a study in: “Duong Tuong (2013)’s dialect translation strategies of Joseph’s speech in
Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte”.
1.2.

Significance of the research

The research expects to bring advantages for translators in transferring dialect generally
from English into Vietnamese, especially in literary text and attribute useful references in
dialect translation store.
Firstly, this paper will be beneficial for translators in literary texts by having suggestions
on strategies to translate dialect. Moreover, their knowledge in translating non-standard
language in general can also be improved; their perspective in this aspect be clearer so
that they can be inspired to discover new ways of translating other types of language.
Their awareness of learning and discovering the target language will be enhanced to
fulfill their translation products.

3


Secondly, the researcher hopes to partly contribute to the base of dialect translation and
create the preliminary document for this aspect by findings and suggestions for further
studies or other investigators.
1.3.

Objectives

As stated in the tittle, the research firstly is expected to explore the strategies applied to
translate dialect used in Joseph’s speech and the most dominant strategy. Moreover, the
researcher hopes that these strategies which are found out can be applied or viewed as a
reference to translate dialect in literary works.
In order to achieve this purpose, the study revolves around the following questions:
1. What translation strategies are used by Duong Tuong (2014) to translate
dialect in Joseph’s speech in Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte?
2. Which is the most dominant strategy applied by Duong Tuong based on
categories suggested by Wakelin (1977)?
1.4. Scope of the study
Due to limitedness of time, experience also knowledge, and as stated in the tittle “Duong
Tuong’s dialect translation strategies of Joseph’s speech in Wuthering Heights by Emily
Bronte”, this paper only covers one character with the most outstanding dialect “Joseph”.
This character uses dialect in all the conversation with other characters while others
sometimes mention dialect in their speeches.

4


As stated above, the researcher only chooses one translation version to explore and
analyze that is the translation version of Duong Tuong published by Nha Nam Publisher
in 2013 under the Vietnamese name “Đồi Gió Hú”.
1.5. Organization of the study
The paper is divided into 5 chapters as below:
Chapter 1: Introduction
This chapter provides readers an overview of the study including the reason for choosing
the topic, significance, objectives, scope, and its organization.
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Theoretical background in the light of which the research matters is discussed in this
chapter.

Chapter 3: Methodology
The chapter describes the strategies applied to investigate the research matters.
Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion
This chapter presents analyses and discusses the results that the researcher found out
from the collected data. It also gives answer to the two research questions.
Chapter 5: Conclusion
The chapter summarizes the overall study and suggests some forms of further studies on
the field.

5


CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
This second chapter presents the literature review of the study or the background
knowledge of translation, translation in literary, strategies applied to translate dialect in
Wuthering Heights. To begin with, definition of translation and its role in literary will be
shown. The second focus of this chapter is on dialect, types of dialect, the importance of
dialect translation and the strategies Duong Tuong used to translate dialect of character
Joseph.
2.1. Translation
2.1.1. Definition
Newmark (1995) defined translation as “rendering the meaning of a text into another
language in the way that the author intended the text”. Another definition given by
Thomas G Mansella (2005) is that “translation is the rendering of written communication
across barriers created by different languages and cultures.”
Obviously, these two concepts mention “rendering” which can be understood as interpret
from original language (source language) into another language (target language). It can
be seen that in Newmark’s definition, he focuses on the meaning or the nature of
language when it is translated. Thomas, in the second explanation, states “culture”
together with “language” as barriers of translation. In a nutshell, it can be stated that

translation is transferring both language and the “soul” of text from one language into
another language.

6


Gentzler (1993) says that “a translation should have the same or similar impact and effect
on TL readers as the original on SL readers”. Therefore, the role of translators is very
crucial. They have to create the link between countries and countries, cultures and
cultures. Translators not only transfer the language but also transfer the writer’s
perspective and emotion, and make it natural in target language.
In conclusion, in the scope of this paper, translation can be understood as the process of
conveying the accurate meaning and the intended effects of writers from source language
to targeted language.
2.1.2. Literary Translation
Literary works are always seen as an effective tool to express emotion and feeling of
human, to show culture of each country, to describe the life in society. Hence, it is
influenced by culture and society. That is reason why in literary texts, all images or
words, sentences in the literary text imply characteristics in culture, society or institution
of that time. According to Lefevere (1988), literature is one of the systems which
constitutes the system of discourses (which also contain disciplines like physics or law)
usually referred to as a civilization, or a society; literature, as described, brings a control
role in society, though it is influenced by culture and community, it reflects perspective
of human under that era.
The more important role of literature is, the more significant its translation should be, as
well as translator, as Schleiermacher (2004, p.49) stated “either the translator leaves the
author in peace as much as possible and moves the readers towards him; or he leaves the

7

reader in peace as much as possible and moves the writer toward him” which proves the
position of the translator in literary translation, they only choose either to be faithful to
the origin but not natural in translation or vice versa. This requires translator finding
equivalents not just for language, grammar but also style, connotations and denotations as
well cultural concepts. And the “barriers” as the concept of Thomas is much clearer in
this type of translation.
The question in the way of translating literary works is raised: “Can a faithful translation
be beautiful?” and it has two lines of answer. Some theorists like Nabokov (1955) believe
that "The clumsiest of literal translation is a thousand times more useful than prettiest of
paraphrase" (p.291) or the loyalty of translation to the original one. While others like
Fitzgerald (1878) admires freedom in translation. At this time, translators have to
complete their mission, keep balance between accuracy and aesthetics of the novel or
poetry. While there are translators like Yevgeny are compromising between the two
extremes when saying “Translation is like a woman. If it is beautiful, it is not faithful. If
it is faithful, it is most certainly not beautiful”.
2.2. (Non) Standard English
2.2.1. Definition
According to David Crystal (1995) currently, Standard English which covers grammar,
vocabulary and orthography is used mostly in the countryside or minority regions.
Although it is describes as a variety or dialect, it is different from accent because accent
relates to phonetic features.

8


As can be seen from this above definition, dialect is a variety of Standard English which
differs from this region to another region. Standard language is described as an “ultimate
point of reference” (Berezowski 1997, p.37) for the purpose of dialect analysis and
dialect translation .

Language always changes through generations and societies, and the appearance of
dialect, variety of language in literary works gradually increases, also in their translation.
Therefore, the purpose of the translator is indicating nonstandard speech by pointing
opposition of standard language or standard form of language. However, “the only thing
that a translator may accomplish in respect of translating the dialect is to mark the
difference between a nonstandard speaker and a speaker of a standard form” (Levý 1996,
p. 126). One challenge in translation process is finding equivalents for variety of
language, so they have to consider whether maintain variable forms in source language or
totally transfer into target language.
2.2.2. Dialect
2.2.2.1. Definition
The notion of dialect has been given by many theorists:
Crystal (1989) says that “dialect is also a variety of language that differs in
pronunciation, as well as in vocabulary and grammar.”
Mona Baker (1992) somewhat suggests another definition, in which she considers this
variety of language is spoken in a group of people or within a specific community.

9


A dialect, as Haugen states, is then any of the related norms grouped under the general
name language, historically the result of either divergence or convergence (Haugen,
1966).
Though the above definitions of dialect are expressed in distinctive ways, they all
mention “variety” in their definition. The word “variety”, for Newmark (1988), is of vital
importance, as it suggests that dialect is a self-contained unit of language, not a deviation
from its standard form. In other words, dialect is created independently and it also brings
itself characteristics as other forms of language. The same content is shared by Haugen
(1966, p.923) when he concludes that every dialect is a language, but not every language
is a dialect. In spite of being different from other types of standard language, dialect is a

part of language and it shows the specialty of each language in the world.
Speech in the research can be understood as the language used when speaking (Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 8th, 2010). And Joseph’s speech in the novel includes all
of his spoken language or sentences that he used to communicate to other people.
2.2.2.2. Classification of dialect
Dialect, as a non-standard English, can be divided into many types depend on it’s
features. Wakelin, in his book in 1977 name English Dialect. The Introduction part
pointed out kinds of dialect with different classification.
Firstly, based on geographical and social feature, Wakelin divided dialect into four kinds:

10


+ Regional Dialect which accounts for the largest number of dialect. This type relates to
particular geographical areas and people living in there.
+ Class Dialect originated from social and economic causes. However, according to
Wakelin, class dialect and regional dialect are somehow alike because the regional
dialect’s origin is often explained to contain social feature.
+ Occupational Dialect mostly comes from lexical feature and is heavily influenced by
occupation. Even though the occupational dialects have varied vocabulary, the readers in
target language may be not familiar with them as the readers in source language because
source language readers have had the knowledge about that. Therefore, the translator
should be aware of it and find the closet equivalence in the target language to bring the
highest understanding for target readers.
+ Urban Dialect is found out in cities whose populations are representatives of diverse
social classes.
In term of the linguistic elements in one form of a language (phonological, grammatical
and lexical), Wakelin divided dialect into three kinds:
+ Phonological dialect is the dialect with difference in phonological feature of that word
(add or omit letters in that word)

+ Grammatical dialect is the dialect with wrong grammar.
+ Lexical dialect is the dialect with the same meaning as standard language but different
appearance.
11


In a nutshell, the English dialects in present can be seen as the continuation of the dialect
areas which established themselves in the Old English period and the change in words
creation. Hence, in each area, different kinds of dialect exist and bring unfamiliar features
of language elements.
2.2.2.3. Use of dialect for literary purpose
Newmark (1997) gives three purposes of using dialect which are (i) to show a slang use
of language; (ii) to stress social class contrasts and (iii) to indicate local cultural
features. More specifically, dialect shows the cultural and regional features, differs
between high class and lower class, and mostly close to everyday language of each
region. These three above purposes are equivalent in literary literature, especially in the
19th century when dialect is commonly used by all classes but the upper class. Therefore,
the appearance of dialect in novels or poetry this time is not strange, including Bronte’s
Wuthering Heights.
Dialect is used by the writer to make the characters close to real life, to show the social
status and partly attribute to their language store in which there are a lot of expressions
beside normal alphabet. From that time, dialect or other forms of language are always
taken advantage by writers, subsequently translators in their works.
2.2.2.4. Dialect translation
On dialect analysis, a question is raised: is it possible to transfer from local language into
another language? The most outstanding feature of a dialect is accent which is shown by
bad grammar or faulty spelling. However, it is hard to figure out specific ways to
12

translate dialect. Imitation of the sound feature may be happened but it might impact the
quality of translation because it basically does not exist in the target, so the translation
will become unnatural and artificial. Hence, the question in the way to translate dialect
seems to be unanswerable, in other words no rules can be set to criticize dialect
translation of each translator. Their understanding of language will decide the way they
transfer dialect.
In terms of strategies applied by translator in this novel’s translated version, Leszek
Berezowski found out strategies in his research (cited in Slakova (2013, p.28)), which
include:
+ Lexicalization, which renders some qualities of the dialect present in the original but
expresses it to a lesser degree. It is prominent on the lexical level, and omits any
phonological, morphological or syntactic elements. Lexicalization consists of four kinds
of: rural (borrows vocabulary from regional dialects, p.54), colloquial (indicates social
status of speakers, p.56), diminutive (used mainly with very young or elderly characters,
p.58), and artificial lexicalization (involves neologisms, and classifies members of fictive
future social groups, p.59).
+ Partial translation, during which parts of the target text remain untranslated. These are
usually very short, generally well-known or easily understandable phrases, sometimes
even rendered in a third language.
+ Transliteration, which means replacement of phonological and graphological features
of lexical units.

13


+ Speech defect is an approach affecting all four levels (phonology, morphology, lexis,
and syntax), since it causes distortion of grammar and orthography, and also brings nonstandard lexical items.
+ Relativization means reduction of source text forms into terms of address and
honorifics; the translation then contains foreignizing expressions.
+ Creation of an artificial variety made up by the translator is also possible, but also

rather risky in terms of losing some meanings and associations readers might make via a
natural variety of the target language.
+ Colloquialization takes advantage of lexical and syntactic features present in everyday,
colloquial variety of the target text.
+ Rusticalization works again with all four types of dialect markers; it utilizes ―a full
non-standard target language regional “variety”.
These eight above strategies are explained clearly and cover mostly features of dialect
and the way to transfer it. Even though dialect in this novel is transferred from American
English into Czech language, the researcher takes it as the framework for the analysis of
translation strategies applied by Duong Tuong. From the researcher’s initial observation,
most of his dialect translations focus on word level rather than on grammar or other
aspects. Therefore, the researcher decided to omit four strategies: Transliteration,
Speech Defect, Creation and Rusticalization for the reason is that Vietnamese translator
Duong Tuong in his translation, pays attention on changing lexical feature of words or
sentence but grammar or orthography feature.

14


In addition, Duong Tuong does not replace or create any word, he just uses SinoVietnamese (“nhẹm xỉ quan, Tòa Đe hình”) including footnote or explanation below to
avoid misunderstanding for readers. One more thing, colloquial lexicalization and
colloquialization seem to overlap: both focus on everyday language to show the social
status of characters. Hence, colloquialization can be included in the lexicalization.
Hence, the researcher will take these three strategies as the basis to explore the way
Duong Tuong translate dialect: Lexicalization, Partial Translation and Relativization.
+ Lexicalization
E.g.:
ST: He warn't deead when I left, naught o' t' soart!' (Wuthering Heights (WH), p.136)
Without dialect: He wasn't dead when I left, nothing of the sort!'
TT: Khi tui đi khỏi thì cậu đâu đã chết, chưa một ni neo lào. (Đồi Gió Hú (ĐGH), p.227)

+ Partial Translation
E.g.:
ST: Bud yah're a nowt (WH, p.10)
Without dialect: But you're a nobody
TT: Dưng mà người nà đồ vơ tích sự (ĐGH, p.25)

+ Relativization
E.g.:
ST: […]'at 's soa up o' going tuh t' grand 'sizes. (WH, p.75)
Without dialect: […]that is so set on going to the Grand Assizes [courts]
TT: dứt định cậu í rồi đến ra tịa Đe hình mất (ĐGH, p.155)
15


2.3. Wuthering Heights
2.3.1. Emily Bronte
Emily Bronte was born on 30 July 1818 in Thornton, near Bradford in Yorkshire, to
Maria Branwell and Patrick Bronte. She was the younger sister of Charlotte Bronte and
the fifth of sixth children. When she was three years old, her mother passed away and her
older sisters Maria, Elizabeth and Charlotte was sent to the Clergy Daughter’s School at
Cowan Bridge, Emily entered a school for brief period. In 1824, her family move to
Haworth, West Riding of Yorkshire, and she stayed her all life here where her literary
gifts grown.
Wuthering Heights, Emily’s only novel, was first published in December 1847 under the
pseudonym Ellis Bell with 250 copies printed. Because of strong reaction due in part to
the book’s intense examination of the human spirit which was different from ones from
Pre-Victorian works about upper class’s manners, this novel did achieve the immediate
success. A year after this novel was published, on December 19, 1848, Emily Bronte
passed away of tuberculosis.
2.3.2. Wuthering Heights

The masterpiece of Victorian literature Wuthering Heights tells a story about the paradox
love between Catherine Earnshaw – a high-spirited girl and Heathcliff – an orphaned boy
who was rescued and brought up by Catherine’s father. Through two narrators are Nelly

16


Dean – house keeper of Earnshaw’s family and Mr. Lookwood, settings of the whole
story are closely expressed with long peace moors in Yorkshire, England.
Charlotte Bronte, in the preface for the 1850 edition, wrote that “Wuthering Heights was
hewn in a wild workshop with simple tools, out of homely materials”. The reason for that
is hash reactions from critics and readers who saw it as a depressing, insane, even cruel.
Before Wuthering Heights was published, Charlotte, Emily and Anne Bronte had
published a range of poetry under the penname Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell. Hence,
some believes that Wuthering Heights was written by the same author of Jane Eyre that
was Charlotte Bronte, others supposed that her brother Branwell wrote this novel because
such a fervent fiction cannot be produced by a secluded clergyman's daughter. Even
though Wuthering Heights’s value was not reached immediately, it is now recognized an
extremely talent and virtuosity, particularly in Emily Bronte brilliant language capacity
and considered to be one of greatest works of all time.
2.3.3. Joseph’s speech
One of the special features in this novel is Bronte’s using dialect for her characters.
Therefore, most of characters in this novel more or less use dialect in usual conversation,
but most remarking is the servant Joseph when he uses dialect all of the time. As
described above, Joseph is the loyal house keeper of Earnshaw family, together with
Nelly Dean, witnessed story in Wuthering Heights from generations to generations. Nelly
Dean, the story teller states Joseph as “the wearisomest, self-righteous Pharisee that ever
ransacked a Bible to rake the promises to himself and fling the curses on his neighbours”
17