The Complete Guide to the TOEFL IBT part 11

lichens with mosses, but that mosses are green
while lichens appear in many colors. Choice B
incorrectly says that many people are familiar with
mosses but not with lichens. Choice C incorrectly
states that green lichens are a type of moss. Choice
D incorrectly says that the two types of plants are
difficult to distinguish.
5. C Paragraph 3 says that acids from lichens can be
used as dyes (A). Some lichens can be used as
antibiotics (B). Oils from lichens are used in per-
fumes (D). There is no mention that lichens are
used as human food (C), so this is the best answer.
6. A The word tangled means twisted or tied in knots.
7. D Paragraph 5 tells us that symbiosis is a relationship
in which “the two types of organisms live together
to the benefit of both.” In choice A, the mistletoe
benefits, but the oak tree does not. In choice B, the
remoras benefit, but there is no evidence that the
sharks do. In choice C, the tiger benefits, but the
grass is not affected. In choice D, both the proto-
zoa and the termites benefit because both receive
nourishment, so this is the best answer.
8. D Paragraph 5 explains that the fungi “protects the
tender algae from direct sunlight . . .” Therefore,
direct sunlight must be damaging to the algae.
9. B The reference is to one organism. The sentence
means that for hundreds of years people thought
that this double organism was a single organism.
10. C The best answer is C because the author says that
“. . . if they are classified as separate species, these
fungal species that cannot live alone seem rather

strange.” There is no information in the passage to
support choice A. Choice B is incorrect; the algae
make the food for the fungi. Choice D is also
incorrect; paragraph 6 says that the fungi “can be
placed in known families of fungi but are unlike
any species that live independently.”
11. B The word splendid means “excellent, very good.”
12. The new sentence should be inserted at the fourth black
square in the passage:
Lichens are a partnership of two or more types of
plants, a fungus and a type of algae. ■ If you look
at the lichen body through a magnifying glass, you
will see that it is made up of a tangled mass of fun-
gal strands called hyphae. ■ In the upper layer of
these hyphae grow colonies of another type of
plant. ■ These are most commonly green algae
but are sometimes blue-green algae. ■ A few
enterprising lichens contain both.
The word both refers to green algae and blue-green algae.
You may have thought that both refers to “a fungus and a
type of algae” in the first sentence, but all algae consist of
a fungus and an algae, not just “a few enterprising
lichens.”
13. Fungi: A, D, E; Algae: B, F
Choice A is a characteristic of fungi. Paragraph 5 says
“The fungus inserts threads . . . to anchor the plant in
place.” Choice B is a characteristic of algae. Paragraph 6
says “The algal components . . . are recognizable as
species that grow alone.” Neither fungus nor algae pro-
duces carbon dioxide, so choice C should not be listed.

Choice D should be listed as a characteristic of fungi
because paragraph 5 says that “The fungus provides
moisture and minerals for the plant.” Choice E is also a
characteristic of fungi. Paragraph 6 says that “The fungal
components . . . cannot live apart from their partners.”
Choice F is characteristic of algae. Paragraph 5 says that
“The algae contain chlorophyll and synthesize sugar from
carbon dioxide and sunlight.”
The Rosetta Stone
Answer Explanation
14. D Paragraph 1 tells us that “The priests of the king
wrote a short history of the king’s family, described
his accomplishments, and explained his future
plans. Choice C, “To present information about the
current ruler of Egypt, Ptolemy V,” best summa-
rizes this idea.
15. C The word incursions means “invasions, attacks,
raids.”
16. A The passage states, “This message was written on
stone tablets in demotic Egyptian for the common
people, in Egyptian hieroglyphs for the priests, and
in Greek for the ruling class. Thus, it was written in
two languages but in three scripts.” The three
scripts must have been the demotic alphabet, the
hieroglyphic alphabet, and the Greek alphabet.
Since Greek is obviously one of the languages, this
means that demotic Egyptian and the form of
Egyptian used by the priest must have been basi-
cally the same language written in different scripts.
17. B There are two common uses of quotation marks in

a passage. One is to report the exact words that
someone spoke or wrote. The other is to indicate
that, although something is called an X, it is not
really an X (The child’s “house” was made of blan-
kets draped over chairs.) The author uses quota-
tions in the second way. The French were not
really on an extended (long) vacation in Egypt.
They were trapped there because the British had
destroyed their fleet (ships) and they couldn’t get
back to France.
18. C The passage says that “French military engineers
strengthened existing defensive positions. In the
port town of Rosetta (now known as El-Rashid),
the French were rebuilding an old fort when
Captain Pierre-François Bouchard discovered an
irregularly shaped slab made of dark granite.”
Since Bouchard was rebuilding a fort (a strong mil-
itary position), he was most probably a military
engineer.
19. D According to the passage, people are often mis-
taken about the type of stone that the Rosetta
Stone is made of. The passage says the stone is an
“irregularly shaped slab made of dark granite
(often misidentified as basalt) with three types of
writings on it.” (Granite and basalt are types of
stone.)
20. A Bands are lines or rows.
21. A The author writes, “some scholars even believed
that hieroglyphs were not really an alphabet at all
but were merely decorations.” If the hieroglyphs

were only decorations, then they could never be
translated.
22. B In paragraph 5, the author lists the three assump-
tions made by Champollion in order to translate
the hieroglyphs. The second assumption was that
“Hieroglyphics served not only as symbols of
words and ideas (ideograms) but also as symbols
of spoken sounds.” Therefore, choice A is one of
assumptions that Champollion used to make the
translation. Champollion’s third assumption was
that “Certain hieroglyphs enclosed in ovals were
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phonetic transcriptions of pharaohs’ names.”
Choice C, therefore, is one of Champollion’s
assumptions. Champollion’s first assumption was
that “The Coptic Egyptian language, still spoken by
a small group of Egyptians, was the final stage of
the ancient Egyptian language. Champollion could
consult with experts on Coptic Egyptian to learn
about Ptolemaic Egyptian.” Choice D is one of
Champollion’s assumptions. Only Choice B—that
the three messages did not have exactly the same
message—was not given in the paragraph. (In fact,
he must have assumed that the three messages did
have exactly the same meaning.)
23. D The phrase the rest refers to the rest of the hiero-
glyphs on the Rosetta Stone.
24. C The main point of paragraph 6 is that Egypt wants
the British Museum to return the Rosetta Stone to

the land where it came from. The author empha-
sizes this point by quoting an expert in this field,
the archaeologist and government official Zahi
Hawass.
25. The new sentence should be inserted at the second black
square in the passage:
It was through the Rosetta Stone that scholars
learned how to read Egyptian hieroglyphs. The
hieroglyphic alphabet, one of the earliest writing
systems ever developed, had been used by the
Egyptians for 3,500 years. ■ Hieroglyphic script is
mostly pictorial, images of natural and man-
made objects. However, it is far more complex
than simple picture writing and contains thou-
sands of symbols. ■ After Egypt was conquered by
the Romans, Latin became the dominant language
and by the fourth century
A
.
D
., no one could
understand the symbols. ■ Before the Rosetta
Stone was discovered, some scholars even believed
that hieroglyphs were not really an alphabet but
were merely decorations.
The words However and it in the second marked sentence
are the keys to the correct placement of the missing sen-
tence. The second sentence says, “However, while it is pic-
torial, it is more complex than simple picture writing.”
The word it in the second sentence connects to the

phrase hieroglyphic script in the missing sentence. The
missing sentence says that hieroglyphics is mainly picto-
rial, using images of natural and man-made things as
symbols. The next sentence says that, while the hiero-
glyphic script is pictorial, it is more complex than simple
picture writing. This sentence is in partial contrast with
the missing sentence and therefore the word However
connects these two sentences.
26. B, E, There is no information in the passage about the
F British Museum’s response to Egypt’s request for
the return of the Rosetta Stone, so choice A is not a
good answer. Choice B summarizes the points
made in paragraphs 4 and 5 and is one of the main
points of the passage. Choice C is not true.
According to paragraph 2, the Rosetta Stone was
made of dark granite, a type of stone. Choice D is a
detail provided in paragraph 2, but it is not a main
idea of the passage and does not belong in the
summary. Choice E is a summary of paragraphs 2
and 3 and is a main point in the passage. Choice F
summarizes paragraph 6 and belongs in this sum-
mary outline.
Transient Lunar Phenomena
Answer Explanation
27. D Choice D is best because this passage mainly
involves a description of a phenomenon (TLP) and
possible explanations of it.
28. C The word fleeting means “short-lived, quickly pass-
ing, transient.”
29. A The phrase this mechanism refers to the fact that

light hitting a reflective surface such as the surface
of a satellite or a car’s windshield, can cause a flash
(a brief, intense display of light).
30. A The author mentions Gervase because he saw a
TLP many years before the era of artificial satel-
lites. This weakens the theory of Raste and Maley
because they believe that TLP are actually caused
by the reflection of light from satellites.
31. B The author says, “Grant claimed in an interview
that he had seen flocks of red and white birds,
herds of ‘diminutive bison,’ and strange beavers
that walked on their hind legs. Not only that, but
he claimed even to have seen people with bat-like
wings who had built towers and pyramids beneath
the domes.” The use of the phrase not only that
and the word even (which is often used to give a
surprising or extreme example) tells us that the
author finds the people with bat-like wings and
their buildings the most unbelievable of Grant’s
strange sightings. (Although, in truth, they are all
pretty unbelievable.)
32. A Choice A gives the essential information in the
original sentence. Choice B mentions the fact that
both trained and amateur scientists watched the
moon from 1968 to 1972. This information is not
part of the original sentence. (The word trained in
the original sentence means “aimed at.”) Choice C
says that more TLP actually occurred from 1968 to
1972; the original sentence simply says that more
TLP were seen during that period because more

people were looking at the moon then. Choice D is
correct as far as it goes, but does not include an
essential idea from the original sentence (that
more TLP were observed from 1968 to 1972 than in
any other period).
33. C This choice is best because the author says
“Though many sightings were dubious, some were
highly plausible because they were made by inde-
pendent observers at different locations.”
34. B Bonnie Buratti used “photographs of the moon
taken by the U.S. lunar mapping satellite
Clementine and indeed, these images confirmed
the presence of a reddish cloud obscuring part of
the crater.”
35. D The word stray means “undirected, uncontrolled,
on the loose.” (Stray dogs are dogs without a mas-
ter that wander around on their own.)
36. C According to the passage, thermal cracking occurs
as a result of a sudden change in temperature. (“A
rock heats up in the intense sunlight. Suddenly,
when the sun sets, the temperature drops, and the
stone cracks.”) The only example of this among the
four choices is C. (The cool glass is suddenly
warmed up by hot water.)
37. D The paragraph tells us that “The rocks might also
be shattered by ‘moonquakes,’ seismic activity on
the Moon (choice A) or by meteors (choice C).
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Thermal cracking (choice B) is also given as a pos-
sible reason why lunar rocks crack. There is no
mention that gas pressure can cause rocks to
crack. (However, the pressure of gases trapped
beneath the surface of the Moon may be the cause
of the “billowing clouds” sometimes seen on the
moon.)
38. The new sentence should be inserted at the first black
square in the passage:
And what about the billowing clouds? ■ Many
observers once thought that they were caused by
lunar volcanoes, but today the moon is believed
to have been geologically inactive for billions of
years. The most commonly held belief today is
that they are caused by pockets of gas trapped
beneath the lunar surface. ■ The clouds may be
caused by the rapid escape of these gases, which
kicks up clouds of dust. ■ The pockets of gas may
be freed by moonquakes or the pockets may be
punctured by meteors. ■
The first sentence in the paragraph asks what causes the
billowing clouds. The rest of the paragraph discusses
today’s theory. Logically, the best place to put the missing
sentence—which discusses what people in the past
thought was the cause of the clouds—is between the
introductory question and the rest of the paragraph.
39. Theories that explain why TLP do not exist: B, E;
theories that explain why TLP do exist: C, D, F
Choice A is not mentioned in the passage at all. Choice B
is mentioned in paragraph 1 as a theory of Raste and

Maley to explain why TLP do not exist. Choice C is given
in paragraph 4 as a theory of Zito to explain why TLP do
exist. Choice D is given in paragraph 4 as a possible rea-
son why TLP do exist. Choice E is given in paragraph 1 as
an explanation of why TLP do not exist. Choice F is men-
tioned in paragraph 2 as a theory (although a very
unlikely theory)—of why TLP do exist.
Listening
Answer Explanation
1. C Janet tells Allen, “I’m running for re-election for
the seat on the Student Council that belongs to the
School of Business. But you can’t vote for me,
because you’re in the School of Engineering.”
2. C Students vote for a representative from their own
school, for president, and for vice-president (a
total of three).
3. A, D It’s clear that Janet is currently a member of the
Student Council because she says that she is run-
ning “for re-election.” She also says “I’m thinking
that next year, I’ll try to get elected president.”
4. A Janet says, “. . . the most important thing is—the
Council gets to decide how to spend your money.
Fifteen dollars from each student’s fees goes into
the Student Council’s general fund.”
5. B The idiom don’t push your luck means “you’ve
been lucky so far—don’t try to get anything else.”
In other words, Allen means, “You’re lucky to get
me to agree to vote tomorrow—don’t try to get me
to go to the debate tonight too.”
6. D Alison asks Tony to be part of a “focus group.” A

focus group helps companies determine whether
to market a product or not, or which version of a
product to market. This would therefore most
likely be a topic in a marketing class.
7. A Alison tells Tony, “ . . . when you come in the class-
room tomorrow, Professor Marquez will give you a
little card that tells you your vital information:
your age, your occupation, how much education
you have, that sort of thing . . . and that’s the role
you play when you’re pretending to be in this
focus group.”
8. C According to Alison, an experiential focus group
helps decide which of several versions of a product
to market. In Hollywood, focus groups help film
companies decide which version of a movie to
release, so Hollywood focus groups must be expe-
riential focus groups.
9. D According to Alison, “Professor Marquez says that
. . . that the chemistry, the, uh, interaction between
the moderator and the focus group is key in mak-
ing sure a focus group goes well.” Professor
Marquez will probably concentrate on this interac-
tion during the classroom activity.
10. B Tony says that he is free the following day but does
not definitely agree to be part of the activity until
he learns that the flavor of ice cream that he will
be testing the next day will be mint chocolate chip.
Then he enthusiastically says, “That settles it . . .
I’m in” meaning that now he is definitely willing to
take part. He must enjoy this flavor of ice cream.

11. C The lecturer says, “After a while, Stowe and her
husband moved back to New England, to
Brunswick, Maine. He encouraged her to write a
book that showed the evils of slavery. So, Stowe
wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin . . .”
12. C, A, Uncle Tom’s Cabin was first published as a
D, B newspaper serial (in other words, a small part was
published every day) in the National Era news-
paper in 1851. The next year, in 1852, it was pub-
lished as a book and became very popular.
According to the lecture, plays based on the books
(“Tom Shows”) appeared “soon after the book was
published.” The movie came much later, in 1927.
13. B Charles Dickens is given as an example of a great
writer of that age who also wrote about some char-
acters in a sentimental way. The professor gives
the character of Little Nell in the book The Old
Curiosity Shop as an example.
14. B, D According to the professor, this scene was part of
George Aiken’s play but did not appear in the
book. It was also a part of the 1927 movie, which
may be why “this scene sticks in people’s minds”
(is remembered).
15. Yes No
It is not strong enough in its
criticism of slavery. ✓
It treats its characters too
sentimentally. ✓
It is not based on the author’s
firsthand experiences. ✓

It is difficult for modern readers
to understand. ✓
It is far too long and repetitive. ✓
The first choice should be checked Yes. The pro-
fessor says, “ . . . some Northern Abolitionists
thought that it didn’t go far enough, that it painted
too soft a picture of slavery.” The second choice
should also be checked Yes. According to the pro-
fessor, “Another criticism is that Stowe’s treatment
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of her characters is overly sentimental, overly
emotional.” The third choice should be checked
Yes as well. According to the professor, “that’s one
of the criticisms that Southerners directed at her—
that she had no firsthand knowledge of slavery, of
life in the South, because she’d never spent time
there.” The fourth and the fifth choices should be
checked No. The professor does not mention these
criticisms in her lecture.
16. D The professor advises the students to read Uncle
Tom’s Cabin “cover to cover”—in other words, to
read every page. (She is talking about reading the
novel, not their textbook, choice B, which contains
only short selections from the novel.
17. D, B, According to the professor, all glaciers start with
C, A ordinary snow. When ordinary snow melts and
refreezes several times, it becomes névé, a com-
pressed form of snow. If névé lasts for a year, it
becomes even more compressed and forms a com-

pact form of ice called firn. Firn, buried under
more and more snow and ice, finally becomes
glacial ice.
18. C, D According to the lecture, continental glaciers are
today found only in Greenland and Antarctica.
19. B, C A glacier may follow a V-shaped creek path down a
mountainside, but the rocks that it picks up on the
way “round out the bottom of the valley, and the
V-shaped stream bed becomes U-shaped.”
Therefore, choice A is not correct and choice C is
correct. Also, according to the lecture, “because
they are rigid, glaciers don’t take sharp corners
very well, so their downhill paths are generally
gonna be a series of gentle curves.” Therefore,
choice B is correct and choice D is not.
20. A Choice D, continental glacier, is not correct. The
lecturer tells us that a continental glacier is much
larger than a valley glacier. Valley glaciers flow
together to form piedmont glaciers, so piedmont
glaciers must be bigger than valley glaciers.
However, tributary glaciers flow into valley gla-
ciers, and therefore, must be the smallest type of
glacier.
21. Valley Continental
Glaciers Glaciers
Today cover about 10% of
the world’s land surface. ✓
Flow together to form
piedmont glaciers. ✓
As they recede, seem to

flow uphill. ✓
About 11,000 years ago,
covered 30% of the
world’s land surface. ✓
As they grow, seem to flow
outwards in all directions. ✓
Choice A is a characteristic of continental glaciers.
The professor says that the two continental gla-
ciers in existence today, in Greenland and
Antarctica, cover 10% of the earth’s land surface.
Valley glaciers flow together to form piedmont gla-
ciers, so choice B is a characteristic of valley gla-
ciers. So is choice C; the professor says that “When
they recede, valley glaciers seem to be moving
uphill . . . What’s really happening is that they are
melting faster than they are adding new materi-
als.” Choice D is a characteristic of continental gla-
ciers. During the last Ice Age, around 11,000 years
ago, continental glaciers covered much of the
northern hemisphere and about 30% of the land
surface of the earth. Choice D is also a characteris-
tic of continental glaciers. The professor says “a
continental glacier moves out in all directions
from the glacier’s central point.”
22. A The danger mentioned by the professor is that
global warming may cause glaciers to melt and
that this will cause the level of oceans to rise.
23. C This passage mainly deals with the four stages of
the business cycle.
24. B The professor says that these terms are the ones

most commonly used these days, implying that, in
the past, other terms were more common.
25. Yes No
They vary in length from cycle
to cycle. ✓
They are measured from the peak
of economic activity to the trough,
the lowest point of economic
activity. ✓
They vary in intensity from cycle
to cycle. ✓
They have involved deeper
recessions in recent years because
of globalization. ✓
They are sometimes called
fluctuations because they are
irregular. ✓
The first choice should be checked Yes. The pro-
fessor says “no business cycle is exactly the same.
They vary in length, for example.” The second
choice is not a valid choice. Cycles are measured
from peak to peak, according to the professor, not
from peak to trough. Check No. Choice C, however,
should be checked Yes because, when a student
asks the professor about this, he says, “You’re right,
they do vary in intensity.” You should check No for
the fourth choice. Some economists in the 1990’s
thought that globalization prevented downturns in
business in the U.S.—which turned out to be
false—but there is no indication in the lecture that

globalization makes recessions worse. The last
choice is also mentioned in the lecture. The pro-
fessor says, “In fact, they are so irregular in length
that some economists prefer to talk about business
fluctuations rather than a business cycle.” Check
the last choice Yes.
26. A, B One depression occurred in the 1870’s and one,
the Great Depression, occurred during the 1930’s.
27. D According to the professor, “What they usually do
is, the government . . . the Central Bank, really . . .
manipulates the money supply.”
28. A The professor says, “Today, though, it’s no longer
considered a valid theory. Still, you have to admit,
it’s an interesting one.”
29. A The professor says that most people think of sci-
ence fiction as a contemporary type of film but in
fact, some of the earliest films were science fiction
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films. She gives as an example George Méliès’s film
A Voyage to the Moon.
30. D According to the lecture, the 1926 film Metropolis
“. . . was set a hundred years in the future, in the
year 2026.”
31. C The professor says that the movie Them! was
about giant ants that had been affected by radia-
tion from nuclear weapon tests. She says that there
were many other movies about “big bugs” (insects)
that had been radiated.

32. A, C The professor tells the class that her favorite
movie, Forbidden Planet, is “based on William
Shakespeare’s play The Tempest. It also makes use
of ideas from the theories of the famous psycholo-
gist Sigmund Freud.”
33. B What the professor finds interesting about ET is
that, unlike most movies about visitors from space,
this one features a friendly, smart, likeable alien.
34. B The professor says, “Then, uh, unfortunately, we
just have time for a few quick scenes from my
favorite, Forbidden Planet. ” She is sorry that they
won’t have time to watch more of the movie
Forbidden Planet.
Speaking
Independent Speaking Tasks
Answers for these two tasks will vary.
Integrated Speaking Tasks
Answers for these tasks will vary, but should include the
following:
3. The woman thinks this is a great program. The man agrees
that it is a good program for her, but says that it doesn’t
help him. That’s because it affects only first-year students,
and he is a second-year student. The woman mentions
that he can buy a low-cost laptop computer through this
program, but he says that he already bought one last year.
He does agree that laptop computers are important for
students.
4. The reading discusses the general concept of utopian
communities. According to the reading, some people in
the nineteenth century believed they could reform society

by creating cooperative communities. The reading gives
the general characteristics of a utopian community:
(1) They were isolated from the surrounding communities.
(2) They had experimental societies. (3) They usually
lasted only a short time.
The speaker looks at one specific example of a utopian
community, Brook Farm. Brook Farm was the most
famous of utopian communities. It fit the general charac-
teristics of a utopian community. For one thing, it was iso-
lated geographically. Although the location today is in
suburban Boston, at the time it was founded it was in the
countryside. It had an unusual economic structure. People
who lived there traded 300 days of work a year for their
room and board. Also, there was equality of the sexes,
which was unusual at that time. Brook Farm, like most
utopian communities, lasted only a short time. It closed
after six years as a result of financial problems, disease,
and a fire.
5. Nancy’s problem is that she has noisy neighbors and can-
not study or sleep at home. (They are musicians and they
practice their music at home.) She has spoken to her
neighbors several times but they continue to make noise.
The man suggests that she contact the police, but Nancy
says she doesn’t really like that idea. Besides, they are not
the only neighbors in her building who are noisy. The man
then suggests that she move, perhaps to his building,
which is quieter.
Test-takers who think the first solution is best might
point out that these noisy neighbors should be taught a
lesson, that they might not be so noisy in the future if

Nancy called the police. They might also say that, since
Nancy is not the one who is causing the problem, she is
not the one who should have to move.
Test-takers who support the second idea might point
out that this might be a good option because she does not
want to get her neighbors in trouble with the police.
Because her building is noisy in general, she might be bet-
ter off moving to a quieter location such as the man’s
building, where she could study and sleep.
6. Before 1953, hurricanes did not have names. After that, the
storms were given female names. Beginning in 1979, male
and female names began to alternate. No names begin
with the letters Q, U, X, Y, and Z, so there are only twenty-
one names in each list. There are six lists of names that are
used over and over. However, when a storm is very bad, its
name is retired and another name is added to the list for
that year. If there are ever more than twenty-one named
storms in one year, then hurricanes are named after Greek
letters.
Writing
Integrated Writing Task
Responses for this task will vary, but should include the
following:
The main point of the article is that eco-tourism is a posi-
tive form of development. On the other hand, the speaker
says that, like all forms of development, eco-tourism has
good points and bad points.
The article says that eco-tourism blocks the development
of other types of development, such as logging and manufac-
turing. The speaker agrees that eco-tourist development may

be better than other types of development, including the
development of facilities for ordinary tourists. However, she
says that there is development, especially road-building, in
sensitive areas.
The article says that an area that is visited by eco-tourists
is a resource and that both the government and the local
population will be interested in preserving it. The speaker
points out that just because an area is protected does not
mean that it is not exploited, and that roads make exploita-
tion easier.
In the article, the author explains that eco-tourism pro-
vides jobs and better conditions for the locals. The speaker
says that yes, jobs are provided, but they are generally very
poor jobs, and sometimes people from outside the area take
the better jobs. Also, there is the problem of “cultural pollu-
tion.” Isolated people are brought too quickly into the world
of western technology.
In summary, the article emphasizes only the positive side
of eco-tourism, saying that everyone benefits, but the speaker
points out that eco-tourism also has its negative aspects.
Independent Writing Task
Responses will vary.
140 Practice Test 2
TOEFL_ASAK_001-140.qxp 4/21/06 1:16 PM Page 140