Ace the toefl essay part 18

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Ace the TOEFL Essay (TWE)
The big, fat, ugly bear ate the lunch basket.
The big, fat, ugly bear = the complete subject
Bear = the simple subject
We basically have two phrases together in the subject’s position: an
adjective phrase and a noun phrase. The adjective phrase is underlined,
and the noun phrase is bolded. However, the complete noun phrase is the
same as the complete subject, because all of the adjectives are pointing to
the noun as their leader. They describe
the bear. Although we could pos-
sibly stretch the availability of some constructions in certain positions syn-
tactically, at times, some of these are not widely used. As a result, many
possible constructions will be omitted, or, if a certain phrase acts in a sub-
ordinate position to the complete phrase in which it is included, the con-
struction most typically used in the same manner will be demonstrated.
There are many included in these diagrams. We will point out the gram-
matical peculiarities in addition to other features, which should be taken
into account.
Noun Phrase as Complement: Subject Complement
Noun Phrase Realized by a Noun
My friend is the bak
er.
Det. SC/N
He is my friend
.
Poss. pro. SC/N
Noun Phrase Realized by a Verbal
They are the beaten.
Det. SC/V3
The subservient are whipped

.
SC/V3
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Syntax and Grammar
Noun Phrase Realized by an Adjective
He is the first.
Det. SC/adj
They are the last
.
Det. SC/adj
Noun Phrase Realized by an Adverb
The synonym is atrociously.
SC/Adv
The adverb is stunningly
.
SC/Adv.
Noun Phrases Realized by Prepositions
This is at the bottom.
Det. SC/ Prep (N)
Noun Phrases as Complement of Direct Object (DOc)
Noun Phrase Realized by Noun
They appointed him the chief.
Det. DOc/N
He named him the leader
.
Det. DOc/N
Noun Phrase Realized by Verbal
They killed the worst, the bludgeoned.
Det. DOc/V3

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Ace the TOEFL Essay (TWE)
They expelled the men, the disgraced.
Det. DOc/V3
Noun Phrase Realized by an Adjective
He thought her beautiful.
DOc/adj
He considered it awful
.
DOc/adj
He called him ugly
.
DOc/adj
Noun Phrase Realized by Adverb
He termed the approach as cautiously.
Det/adv DOc/adv
(It was the term/definition he gave to describe the approach.)
He redescribed it as surprisingly.
Adv DOc/Adv
Noun Phrase Realized by Preposition
He defined his life as being at the ver
y top.
Det/Adv; pres. part.
Prep + det + adj/adv + prep/n = DOc
This construction seems complicated, but it is very common,
especially in speech. However, we can view the entire com-
plement as an adjectival, one that acts as an adjective when
it is not realized by an adjective, much like the verbal, a
form of a verb that functions as an adjective.

THE
:
RE
N
OTE
:
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Syntax and Grammar
Noun Phrases as Complement of Indirect Object (IOc)
Noun Phrase Realized by Noun
He gave her, the girl, his coat.
Det loc/N
He handed it to her, his friend
.
Poss pro. IOc/N
Noun Phrase Realized by Verbal
I gave respect to her, the dethroned.
Det IOc/V3
We gave honor to the men, the fallen.
Det IOc/V3
Noun Phrase Realized by Adjective
We give respect to the marines, the bold.
Det IOc/Adj
We give a high place to ourselves, the free.
Det IOc/Adj
Noun Phrase Realized by Adverb
We looked at the DOc realized by an adverb phrase, but this is highly
uncommon as an IOc. Usually this construction requires a headword
formed from a different part of speech.

Noun Phrase Realized by Preposition
He gave his time for/to the underprivileged.
Prep + det + N = IOc (Not common = under [prep] + adj = N
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Ace the TOEFL Essay (TWE)
Up until this point, we have examined how noun phrases can be real-
ized by (1) noun, (2) verbal, (3) adjectival, (4) adverbial, and (5) preposi-
tional phrases. Also, we have seen how they function syntactically as (a)
subjects, (b) IOs, (c) DOs, and (d) complements that rename a, b, and c
in a sentence. Instead of taking this same approach with verb phrases, I
will set forth some of the ways in which the verb phrase may function.
Here, verbal is usually v3.
Noun Phrase Realized by a Verbal
Subject
The best written (paper) will receive the prize.
Adv +
V3
S
Best is part of the compound subject (two words that form
one; therefore, it is hyphenated , which is very common when
a word does not function as its normal part of speech syntac-
tically). Here, the noun that acts as the headword in this
phrase is omitted; this omission is termed
ellipsis. The omit-
ted word is shown in parentheses. Without the word
paper,
the underlined word becomes the subject of the sentence.
The well-refined have a presence about them.
Adv Adj/Verbal

Adjective
The acclaimed man won the admiration of many.
Adj/Verbal
She is a censur
ed woman.
Adj/V3
THE
:
RE
N
OTE
:
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