tranh sinh hoc 7 sinh học 7 đỗ phương thảo thư viện tư liệu giáo dục

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Lecture 5

Stress

• Definition

• Types of stress

• Nature of stress

• Placement of stress within words

• Simple words

• Derived words

• Compound words

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Definition

• Stress is an extra force exerted on a particular syllable
or a particular word in spoken language. The stressed
syllable or word is said with greater energy, and stands
out in a word, phrase or sentence. Examples:

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Types of stress

1. Word stress: is an extra force put on a particular
syllable of the word. It is usually fixed. For example:

invite entertain

2. Sentence stress: is an extra force put on a particular
word in a sentence. Sentence stress is not fixed. It

depends on the speaker’s feelings and attitudes and
the message that he wants to get across to the

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The nature of stress

• We can study stress from the point of view of production
and perception.

1. From the production point of view, the production of

stress is generally believed to depend on the speaker’s
using more muscular energy than for unstressed

syllables.

2. From the perception point of view: all stressed syllables
have one characteristic in common, and that is

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Levels of stress

1. Primary stress (tonic/nuclear): is the strongest type of
stress. It is marked by a small vertical line high up just
before the syllable it relates to.

2. Secondary stress (non-tonic): it is weaker than

primary stress, but stronger than unstressed syllables. It
is usually found in words of four or five syllables. It is

represented in transcription with a low mark. For
examples:

photographic economical
anthropology nationality

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Placement of stress within words

• In order to decide on the stress placement, it is

necessary to make use of some or all of the following
information.

a. Whether the word is morphologically simple or
complex.

(whether the word is a simple, derived or compound
word).

a. The grammatical category to which the word belongs.
b. The number of syllables in the word.

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Simple word stress

1. Two syllable words

a. Verbs

b. Adjectives
c. Nouns

d. Adverbs and prepositions
2. Three syllable words

a. Verbs
b. Nouns

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Two-syllable verbs

a. If the second syllable of the verb contains a long

vowel or a diphthong or it ends with more than

one consonant, that second syllable is stressed.

E.g.

provide

protest

contain

agree

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b. If the second syllable contains a short vowel and

ends with one or no consonant, the first syllable is

stressed. Examples:

enter

worry

travel

open

• More examples:

menace, settle, marry, differ,

equal, answer.

c. The final syllable is also unstressed if it contains

/

@U

/. Examples:

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Two-syllable Adjectives

• Two syllable adjectives are stressed according to

the same rules as verbs. Examples:

correct

major

polite

complete

heavy

happy

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Two-syllable Nouns

a. If the second syllable contains a short vowel, the

stress will be on the first syllable. Otherwise, it will

be on the second syllable.

money

reason

office

larynx

estate

balloon

autumn

affair

delight

pocket

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Notes

• Other two-syllable words such as adverbs and

prepositions seem to behave like verbs and

adjectives. Examples:

beyond

never

seldom

behind

again

very

before

after

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Three-syllable verbs

a. If the last syllable contains a short vowel and ends
with not more than one consonant, the last syllable
will be unstressed, and stress will be placed on the
second syllable.

encounter determine

abandon remember

b. If the final syllable contains a long vowel or a

diphthong, or ends with more than one consonant,
the final syllable will be stressed.

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Three-syllable Nouns

a. If the final syllalbe contains a short vowel or /@U/, it is
unstressed. If the second syllable contains a long

vowel or a diphthong, or it ends with more than one
consonant, the second syllable will be stressed.

potato disaster

cathedral advantage

b. If the final syllable contains a short vowel and the

second syllable contains a short vowel and ends with
not more than one consonant, both the final and

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quantity cinema

enemy alphabet

animal company

antonym character

c. If the final syllalbe contains a long vowel or a

diphthong or it ends with more than one consonant,
the stress will usually be placed on the first syllable.

paradise exercise

architect marigold

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Three-syllable Adjectives

• Three-syllable adjectives seem to need the same

rules as Nouns to produce stress pattern such as:

opportune

insolent

possible

derelict

important

absolute

enormous

similar

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Complex word stress

• Derived words

• Stress on the affix

• No change in stress placement

• The stress remains on the stem but is shifted to

a different syllable.

• Compound words

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Stress in derived words

• The affixes will have one of three possible effects on
the word stress.

1. The affix itself receives primary stress.

circle semi-circle

employ employee

person personality

Portugal Portugese

cigar cigarette

picture picturesque

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2. The word is stressed as if the affix were not there.

comfort comfortable

marry marriage

refuse refusal

wide widen

wonder wonderful

amaze amazing

red reddish

power powerless

punish punishment

poison poisonous

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3. The stress remains on the stem, not the affix, but

is shifted to a different syllable.

advantage

advantageous

proverb

proverbial

climate

climatic

injure

injurious

tranquil

tranquility

photograph

photographer

economy

economical

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Compound words

a. If the first word/part of the compound is in a broad
sense adjectival, the stress goes on the second
element with a secondary stress on the first.

loudspeaker
full moon

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b. If, however, the first element is, in a broad sense, a
noun, the stress goes on the first element.

car ferry
tea cup
suitcase
bottle feed
boatpeople
farm house
airplane

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Word class pairs

• In English, there are pairs of two syllable words with
identical spelling which differ from each other in stress
placement, apparently according to word class. The
rule is as follows: The stress will be placed on the
second syllable if the word is a Verb, but on the first
syllable of the Noun or Adjective.

abstract abstract

conduct conduct

contrast contrast

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escort escort

export export

import import

insult insult

object object

perfect perfect

permit permit

present present

produce produce

rebel rebel

record record

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Strong and weak forms

• There are certain well-known English words that can be
pronounced in two different ways which are called strong
form and weak form.

I like that

I hope that you are fine

• It is possible to use only strong forms in speaking, and
some foreigners do this. Usually, they can still be

understood by other speakers of English, so why is it
important to learn how weak forms are used?

a. Most native speakers of English find an ‘all-strong-form’

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• More importantly, speakers who are not familiar with the
use of weak forms are likely to have difficulty

understanding speakers who do use weak forms. Since
practically all native speakers of English use them,

learners of the language need to learn about these weak
forms to help them understand what they hear.

• Almost all the words which have both a strong and weak
form belong to a category that may be called grammatical
words such as auxiliary verbs, prepositions,

conjunctions... It is important to remember that there are
certain contexts in which only the strong form is

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• The strong form is used in the following cases:
a. When the word occurs at the end of a sentence.

What are you looking at?
I am looking at my pictures.
Where are you from?

I am from Vietnam

b. When a weak form word is being contrasted with
another word.

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• A similar case is what we might call a co-ordinated
use of prepositions.

I travel to and from London a lot.
A work of and about literature.

c. When a weak form word is given stress for the
purpose of emphasis.

You must marry me
I have to go

You must choose us or them.

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tranh sinh hoc 7 sinh học 7 đỗ phương thảo thư viện tư liệu giáo dục

<b>Lecture 5</b>

<b>Stress</b>

<b>Definition</b>

<b>Types of stress</b>

<b>The nature of stress</b>

<b>Levels of stress</b>

<b>Placement of stress within words</b>

<b>Simple word stress</b>

<b>Two-syllable verbs</b>

a. If the second syllable of the verb contains a long

vowel or a diphthong or it ends with more than

one consonant, that second syllable is stressed.

E.g.

<i>provide</i>

<i>protest</i>

<i>contain</i>

<i>agree</i>

b. If the second syllable contains a short vowel and

ends with one or no consonant, the first syllable is

stressed. Examples:

<i>enter</i>

<i>worry</i>

<i>travel</i>

<i>open</i>

•

More examples:

<i>menace, settle, marry, differ, </i>

<i>equal, answer.</i>

c. The final syllable is also unstressed if it contains

/

@U

/. Examples:

<b>Two-syllable Adjectives</b>

• Two syllable adjectives are stressed according to

the same rules as verbs. Examples:

<i>correct</i>

<i>major</i>

<i>polite</i>

<i>complete</i>

<i>heavy</i>

<i>happy</i>

<b>Two-syllable Nouns</b>

a. If the second syllable contains a short vowel, the

stress will be on the first syllable. Otherwise, it will

be on the second syllable.

<i>money</i>

<i>reason</i>

<i>office</i>

<i>larynx</i>

<i>estate</i>

<i>balloon</i>

<i>autumn</i>

<i>affair</i>

<i>delight</i>

<i>pocket</i>

<b>Notes</b>

• Other two-syllable words such as adverbs and

prepositions seem to behave like verbs and

adjectives. Examples:

<i>beyond</i>

<i>never</i>

<i>seldom</i>

<i>behind</i>

<i>again</i>

<i>very</i>

<i>before</i>

<i>after</i>

<b>Three-syllable verbs</b>

<b>Three-syllable Nouns</b>

<b>Three-syllable Adjectives</b>

• Three-syllable adjectives seem to need the same

rules as Nouns to produce stress pattern such as:

<i>opportune</i>

<i>insolent</i>

<i>possible</i>

<i>derelict</i>

<i>important</i>

<i>absolute</i>

<i>enormous</i>