The translation strategies of footwear industrial terminology between english and vietnames

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI
UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGE AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES
----------

NGUYỄN THANH HIỀN

THE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF FOOTWEAR INDUSTRIAL
TERMINOLOGY BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE
(Nghiên cứu chiến lược dịch Anh-Việt các thuật ngữ trong tài liệu chuyên
ngành công nghiệp giày dép)

M.A MINOR THESIS PROGRAMME I

Field: English Linguistics
Code: 8220201.01

HA NOI-2019


VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HA NOI
UNIVERSITY OF LANGUAGE AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES
FACULTY OF POST-GRADUATE STUDIES
----------

NGUYỄN THANH HIỀN

THE TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF FOOTWEAR INDUSTRIAL
TERMINOLOGY BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE
(Nghiên cứu chiến lược dịch Anh-Việt các thuật ngữ trong tài liệu chuyên
ngành công nghiệp giày dép)

M.A MINOR THESIS PROGRAMME I

Field: English Linguistics
Code: 8220201.01
Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Lê Hùng Tiến

HA NOI-2019


CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
I, the undersigned, hereby certify my authority of the study project report entitled
“The translation strategies of footwear industrial terminology between English and
Vietnamese” submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master in English Linguistics. Except where the reference is indicated, no other
person‟s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the text of the thesis.
Ha noi, 2019
Nguyen Thanh Hien

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This thesis could not have been completed without the support, assistance
and encouragement of a number of people.
First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Assoc.
Prof. Dr. Lê Hùng Tiến, my supervisor, who has patiently and constantly supported
me through the stages of the study, and whose stimulating ideas, expertise, and
suggestions have inspired me greatly through my growth as an academic researcher.
Secondly, a special word of thanks goes to all my teachers in the Department

of Post Graduate Studies, University of Languages and International Studies,VNU,
without whose useful and fundamental knowledge of English as well as research
methods it would never have been possible for me have this thesis accomplished.
Last but not least, I am greatly indebted to my family for the sacrifice they
have devoted to the fulfillment of this academic work.

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ABSTRACT
This thesis titled “The translation strategies of footwear industrial
terminology between English and Vietnamese” investigates the strategies
commonly used for dealing with the translation of FW terminology between English
and Vietnamese. The main theoretical background of the study includes the
concepts of the methods and procedures of translation; as well as the features of
Footwear terminology.
Firstly, many FW terms are collected from authentic materials and classified
according to structural patterns. Then, the research paper focuses on working out
strategies, procedures that can be best applied to the translation of terms at wordlevel and above-word-level. Lastly, the conclusion clarifies the research question
and some suggestions for further study are given.
Hopefully, the research may make a contribution to translation of footwear
terms and share a little bit experience in translation.

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1. SL

Source language

2. TL

Target language

3. FW

Footwear

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LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Page
Table 4.1: The descriptive equivalent procedure used in one word term translation

28

Table 4.2: The descriptive equivalent procedure used in above one word term translation

35

Table 4.3: The omission procedure used in above one word term translation

37

Figure 1. Translation as a continuum by Larson

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Figure 2: The translation strategies used in Footwear terminology

26

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................. i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ ii
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................ iv
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ....................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................1
1.1. Rationale ..........................................................................................................1
1.2. Scope of the study ............................................................................................2
1.3. Aims of the study .............................................................................................2
1.4. Methodology ....................................................................................................2
1.5. Organization of the thesis.................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2 ..........................................................................................................4
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND& LITERATURE REVIEW ....................4
2.1. Definition of translation ...................................................................................4
2.2. Translation methods and strategies ..................................................................5
2.2.1. Translation methods ......................................................................................5
2.2.2. Translation strategies ....................................................................................8
2.2.3. Translation of Neologisms ..........................................................................11
2.2.3.1. Definition of Neologisms .........................................................................11
2.2.3.2. Types of Neologisms and the translation .................................................11

2.3. Terminology ...................................................................................................13
2.3.1. Definition of terminology ...........................................................................13
2.3.2. Classification of Footwear terminology ......................................................13
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY.....................................................................22
3.1. Reasons to choose the dictionary ...................................................................22
3.2. Methodology ..................................................................................................22

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3.2.1. Research question........................................................................................23
3.2.2. Procedure of data collection ........................................................................23
3.2.3. Procedure of data analysis ...........................................................................24
CHAPTER 4: FINDING AND DISCUSSION .................................................25
4.1. The translation of one-word terms from English into Vietnamese ................25
4.1.1 Translation by using old words with new sense ..........................................26
4.1.2. Translation by transference .........................................................................26
4.1.3. Translation by naturalization ......................................................................27
4.1.4. The translation of terms with the use of descriptive equivalent procedure 28
4.1.5. Translation by paraphrase using a related word..........................................28
4.1.6. Literal translation ........................................................................................29
4.2. The translation of above-word level terms from English into Vietnamese ...30
4.2.1. Translation by shift and transpositions .......................................................30
4.2.1.1. Translation with the change word order from SL to TL ..........................31
4.2.1.2. Translation by a rank- shift ......................................................................33
4.2.2. Translation by description procedure ..........................................................35
4.2.3. Translation by omission ..............................................................................36
4.3. Appropriate strategies and procedures applied in translating Footwear
terminology from English into Vietnamese ..........................................................37
4.4. Some suggestions for the Footwear terminology translation strategies.........38

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION...........................................................................40
5.1. Summary of findings ......................................................................................40
5.2. The Implications of the Study ........................................................................41
5.2.1. For the translation of FW terminology between English and Vietnamese .41
5.2.2. For EFL Teaching and Learning .................................................................42
5.3. Suggestions for Further Study........................................................................43
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................44
APPENDICES ....................................................................................................... I
Appendix 1: Old words with new sense .................................................................. I

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Appendix 2: Noun1+ Noun 2 ................................................................................. II
Appendix 3: Adjective+ Noun ............................................................................. IV
Appendix 4: V-ed+ Noun ....................................................................................... V
Appendix 5: Noun/Adjective+ Noun+Noun ...................................................... VI
Noun/Adjective+ V-ing+Noun ............................................................................ VI
Appendix 6: V-ing+ Noun .................................................................................. VII
Appendix 7: Using descriptive equivalent procedure ......................................... IX
Appendix 8: Transference terms .......................................................................... XI
Appendix 9: Translation by paraphrase using a related word ............................ XIII
Appendix 10: Translation by omission ............................................................. XIV

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the research topic and the reasons for choosing it.
Besides, the aim, objectives and the scope of the study are also provided in this
chapter.
1.1. Rationale
It is undeniable that English is the most widely used language in every area
in modern life. English is considered as an important tool in communication in
general and in specialized documents in specific. These days, thanks to foreign
investment capital, Vietnam owns a newly developed industry branch called
footwear production. The FW industry has thousands of big companies around the
world, and Vietnam is becoming a big footwear exporter to Europe after only Italy
and China. It has gained a significant revenue in national economy in recent years.
Along with the development of other products around the world, the share of
experiences and technology of footwear industry among countries plays an
important role. Thus, translation of materials in this field between English and
Vietnamese attracts more attention for linguistic researchers.
However, translation in this field is always a challenging task. The obvious
difficulty is the problem of differences in English FW terms and Vietnamese ones.
In other words, there are some existential differences between these two language
systems of terminology. This creates a challenge for many translators due to their
lack of knowledge about footwear. Therefore, Vietnamese translators only translate
some popular footwear terms for workers or for those who work in this field.
I conduct this research with two main purposes. First, it helps translators gain
more knowledge of translation theory to understand the original meaning and
choose the most appropriate strategies for translation thoroughly. Second, more
importantly, the aim of the research is also to find out the ways of translation
footwear terms which prove to be precise and flexible to make the translation
between two languages English and Vietnam become standard footwear terms.

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Additionally, I decide to make this study and give some suggestions to improve the
quality of translation of materials in the field of footwear.
1.2. Scope of the study
There are a number of English and Vietnamese footwear terms in many
materials, such as: Internet, books and footwear documents. This study focuses on
the classification of typical English terms and Vietnamese equivalents in English –
Vietnamese Dictionary of Leather and Footwear published in 2012 by Leather and
Shoe Research Institute. Simultaneously, it also finds out some translation strategies
to deal with problems in translating English-Vietnamese footwear terms.
1.3. Aims of the study
This study is carried out with the following aims:
+To find out translation strategies used in translation of footwear terms to answer
the research question: “What strategies are commonly used to translate FW
terminologies from English in to Vietnamese?”
+ To provide some suggestions for translating FW terminology to achieve an exact
translation based on the results of the study.
1.4. Methodology
1.4.1. Research question
To achieve the aims within the scope, the study is to make clear main
research question:
What strategies are commonly used to translate FW terminologies from English in
to Vietnamese?
1.4.2. Methods
The study will present a theoretical background of translation and
terminology. Next, it will collect typical English and Vietnamese FW terms from
Dictionary and analyze their structural features. In the process, the study will
classify and compare English FW terms with Vietnamese. After that, the study will
define common strategies applied in the English-Vietnamese FW term translation.

Some general research methods such as qualitative, quantitative will be applied

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to carry out the thesis. Besides, contrastive analysis, and description which are
usually used to study linguistics will be used. The data for this study is collected
through the procedure of critical analyzing, based on Newmark‟s methods and
translation of Neologisms.
1.5. Organization of the thesis
The paper is divided into 5 chapters as below:
Chapter 1: Introduction
This chapter provides readers an overview of the study including the reason for
choosing the topic, scope, aims, and its organization.
Chapter 2: Theoretical Background &Literature Review
Theoretical background in the light of which the research matters is discussed in
this chapter.
Chapter 3: Methodology
This chapter mentions the reasons to choose the dictionary and provides the main
methodology and procedure of data collection.
Chapter 4: Findings and Discussion
This chapter presents analyses and discusses the results that the researcher found
out from the collected data. It also gives answer to the research questions.
Chapter 5: Conclusion
The chapter summarizes the overall study and suggests some forms of further
studies on the field.

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CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND & LITERATURE REVIEW
The chapter will provide theories on terminology and translation considered
a basis for studying the English -Vietnamese translation of footwear terms.
2.1. Definition of translation
Translation is an important activity in the modern world. It attracts not only
linguistics, professional translators but also many people in many special fields. All
of the definitions below have been discussed and presented by many professors
from different perspectives and in chronological will help to comprehend exactly
about the development and popularity of the concept “translation”. According to
Catford (1965, p.20) given a very simple definition that “translation is the
replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent
textual material in another language (target language). With the same idea,
Hartmann and Stock (1972, p.713) state that “translation is the placement of
representation of a text in one language by a representation of another equivalent
text in a second language”. These concepts only focus on the textual materials or
original sources.
However, some philologists have a deep understanding about translation
beside the textual replacement. Meanings, semantic or syntactic are continuously
remarked in the view of translation theories. Translation is the expression in another
language (or TL) of what has been expressed in another (SL), preserving semantic
and stylistic equivalences. (Dubois 1973, cited in Bell, 1991). Nina and Taber
(1974, p.12) suggested that “translation consists in reproducing in the receptor
language the closet natural equivalent of the source language message, first in
terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”.
In 1982, Wilss gave the detailed concept, it could combine all elements above.
Translation is a procedure which leads from written SL text to an optimalequivalent TL
text, and which requires the syntactic, semantic, and stylistic and text pragmatic

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comprehension by the original text. More broadly, translation is a communicative
process which takes place within a social context (Hatim and Mason, 1990).
2.2. Translation methods and strategies
2.2.1. Translation methods
Basing on the dynamic equivalence theory of Nida, Newmark proposed 8
translation methods which can be illustrated in the form of a flattened V diagram as
follows:
SL

TL

Word-for-word translation

Adaptation

Literal translation

Free translation

Faithful translation

Idiomatic translation

Semantic translation

Communicative translation
(Newmark, 1988, p. 45)

Newmark briefly explained these methods follow:
Word-for-word translation
The translation is directly produced from the source text, at word level. The
word order is preserved, no context is considered when using this method.
Literal translation
It is called loan translation or borrowing translation. The SL grammatical
constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are
translated singly, out of context.
Faithful translation
It attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within
the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. Some cultural words are translates
directly by copying from the source text to the target text. Thus, it preserves the
grammatical abnormality and causes the difficulties for reader in TL.

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Semantic translation
This method takes more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text than
does faithful translation, compromising on „meaning‟ where appropriate so that
assonance, word-lay or repetition jars in the finished version.
Adaptation
In adaptation, the themes, characters, plots are preserved, and the SL culture
is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten. This translation method is
often used in poem, stories or plays translations.
Free translation
It is when the translator gets out of the limitations of the SL in terms of
forms and expressions to produce a new translation. This method is often used for
songs translation.
Idiomatic translation

It reproduces the „message‟ of the original but tends to distort nuances of
meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms where these do not exist in the
original. This method is highly effective for the translation of idiom.
Communicative translation
It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original so that the
readership finds it easier to understand. Communicative translation is often used for
translating a difficult document.
(Newmark, 1988, p. 45-47)
Among these 8 methods of translation, communicative and semantic
translations are the two major methods, and they are more frequently used for two
main aims of translation, namely accuracy and economy.
Apart from these methods, when concluding the chapter on translation
methods in A Textbook of Translation, Newmark goes on to clarify five more
translation methods:
Service translation: is translation from one‟s language of habitual use into another
language.

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Plain prose translation: this is translation of poems and poetic drama. Usually
stanzas become paragraphs, prose punctuation is introduced, original metaphors and
SL culture retained, and no sound-effects are reproduced.
Information translation: This conveys all the information in a non-literary text,
sometimes rearranged in a more logical form, sometimes partially summarized, and
not in the form of a paraphrase.
Cognitive translation: This reproduces the information in a SL text converting the
SL grammar to its normal TL transpositions, normally reducing any figurative to
literal language.
Academic translation: This reduces an original SL text to an „elegant‟ idiomatic

educated TL version which follows a literary register. It irons out the expressiveness
of a writer with modish colloquialisms.
(Newmark, 1988)
In addition, according to Larson (1984) translation is classified into two main
types, namely form-based and meaning-based translation. Form-based translation
attempts to follow the form of Source Language and is known as literal translation,
while meaning-based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of
the SL text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Such translation is called
idiomatic translation.
Larson (1984) stated that idiomatic translations use the natural forms of the
receptor language both in the grammatical constructions and in the choices of
lexical items. A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation. It
sounds like it was written originally in the receptor language. Therefore, a good
translator will try to translate idiomatically. In practice, however, it is hard to
consistently translate idiomatically or literally. These translations are often a
mixture of literal and idiomatic forms of language. Translation then falls on a
continuum from very literal, to literal, to modified literal, to near idiomatic, to
idiomatic, and may fall, even more on the unduly free as displayed below.

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Figure 1. Translation as a continuum by Larson (1984, p.17)
2.2.2. Translation strategies
Krings (1986, p.18) defined translation strategy as "translator's potentially
conscious plans for solving concrete translation problems in the framework of a
concrete translation task"
Moreover, Loescher (1991, p.8) defined translation strategy as "a potentially
conscious procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or any
segment of it." As it is stated in this definition, the notion of consciousness is

significant in distinguishing strategies which are used by the learners or translators.
Furthermore, Bell (1998) differentiated between global (those dealing with
whole texts) and local (those dealing with text segments) strategies and confirms
that this distinction results from various kinds of translation problems.
Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) they changed the term “strategies” by
“procedures” and proposed seven procedures-oriented structurelistic. Translators
can choose from two methods of translating, namely direct, or literal translation and
oblique translation. Each of the methods, they present different procedures based on
parallel categories (structural parallelism) and parallel concepts (meta- linguistic
parallelism)
Direct (Literal translation)

Indirect ( Oblique translation)

1. Borrowing/ Loan

4. Transposition

2. Calque

5. Modulation

3. Literal translation

6. Total syntagmatic change/ Equivalence
7. Adaptation

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Procedure 1: Borrowing/Loan
To overcome a lacuna, usually a metalinguistic one (e.g. a new technical
process, an unknown concept), borrowing is the simplest of all translation methods.
It would not even merit discussion in this context if translators did not occasionally
need to use it in order to create a stylistic effect. The decision to borrow a SL word
or expression for introducing an element of local colour is a matter of style and
consequently of the message.
Procedure 2: Calque
A calque is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an
expression form of another, but then translates literally each of its elements. The
result is either a lexical calque or the syntactic structure of the TL, whilst
introducing a new mode of expression; or a structural calque.
Procedure 3: Literal Translation
Literal, or word for word, translation is the direct transfer of a SL text into a
grammatically and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the translators‟ task is
limited to observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL. In
principle, a literal translation is a unique solution which is reversible and complete
in itself. It is most common when translating between two languages of the same
family, and even more so when they also share the same culture.
Procedure 4: Transposition
The method called transposition involves replacing one word class with
another without changing the meaning of the message. Besides being a special
translation procedure, transposition can also be applied within a language.
Procedure 5: Modulation
Modulation is a variation of the form of the message, obtained by a change in
the point of view. This change can be justified when, although a literal, or even
transposed, translation results in a grammatically correct utterance, it is considered
unsuitable, unidiomatic or awkward in the TL.

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Procedure 6: Equivalence
We have repeatedly stressed that one and the same situation can be rendered
by two texts using completely different stylistic and structural methods. In such
cases we are dealing with the method which produces equivalent texts.
Procedure 7: Adaptation
It is used in those cases where the type of situation being referred to by the
SL message is unknown in the TL culture. In such cases translators have to create a
new situation that can be considered as being equivalent. Adaptation can, therefore,
be described as a special kind of equivalence, a situational equivalence.
Newmark (1988b) also presented some strategies for sentences and the
smaller units of language.
Transference (emprunt, loan word, transcription) is the process of transferring a
SL word to a TL text as a translation procedure.
Naturalisation: This procedure succeeds transference and adapts the SL word first to
the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology (word-forms) of the TL.
Cultural equivalent: This is an approximate translation where a SL cultural word is
translated by a TL cultural word.
Functional equivalent: This common procedure, applied to cultural words, requires
the use of a culture-free word, sometimes with a new specific term; it therefore
neutralises or generalises the SL word.
Descriptive equivalent: the meaning of the original word is explained in several words.
It is often used with the transference to translate a cultural word or expression.
Through translation (calque/ loan translation): this procedure refers that a word or
normally an expression is translated literally into the TL words. Through translation
should be used only for already recognized terms.
Shift/ transposition: A “shift” (Catford's term) or “transposition” (Vinay and Darbelnet)
is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL.
Synonym: the translators use the word 'synonym1 in the sense of a near TL

equivalent to an SL word in a context, where a precise equivalent may or may not

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exist. This procedure is used for a SL word where there is no clear one-to-one
equivalent, and the word is not important in the text, in particular for adjectives or
adverbs of quality (which in principle are 'outside' the grammar and less important
than other components of a sentence).
Modulation: a modification of the original message when it is translated into a TL
due to a change of viewpoint, perfective, or even thought.
2.2.3. Translation of Neologisms
2.2.3.1. Definition of Neologisms
According to Newmark (1988, p.140) “Neologisms can be defined as newly
coined lexical units or existing lexical units that acquire new sense”. Neologisms
can be an isolated term, a word, or a phrase that may be in the process of entering
common use, but that has not yet been fully accepted into mainstream language.
Neologisms are often driven by changes in culture and technology; it may be
directly attributable to a specific person, publication, period, or event. Newmark
also proposes twelve types of neologisms and the translation of each type.
2.2.3.2. Types of Neologisms and the translation
-

Old word with new senses: words, collocation

-

New coinages

-

Derived words

-

Abbreviations

-

Collocations

-

Eponyms

-

Phrasal words

-

Transferred words

-

Acronyms

-

Pseudo-neologisms

-

The creation of neologisms

The followings are the most popular types of neologism which appear in FW texts:

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a. Old words with new senses
Newmark (1998) stated that these words do not normally refer to new
objects or processes and are normally non-cultural, so they are rarely technological.
Because of their familiarity, they are usually translated either by word that already
exist in the TL, or by a brief functional or descriptive term. For instance: upper (mũ
giầy), bottom (mặt đế), unit (chi tiết).
b. Acronyms
Newmark (1995, p.200) defined an acronym as “the initial letters of words
that form a group of words used (vertiginously) for denoting an object, institution or
procedure”. Sometimes, the acronyms can be typically coined for the text and can
be found within the text, therefore it is not necessary to look for it in the various
reference books. In science the letters are occasionally joined up and become
internationalisms. Acronyms are frequently created within special topics and
designate products, appliances and processes, depending on their degree of
importance; in translation, there is either a standard equivalent term or, if it does not
yet exist, a descriptive term. Acronyms for institutions and names of companies are
usually transferred. There are several acronyms in FW terms looked for such as: PVC
(polylvinyl chloride): nhựa PVC; ISO (international standards organization): tổ chức
tiêu chuẩn quốc tế; EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate): chất EVA; AAFA (American Alparrel
& Footwear): Hiệp hội các nhà sản xuất giầy dép, quần áo Hoa Kỳ.

c. Collocation
New collocations (noun compounds or adjective plus noun) are particularly
common in the social sciences. Therefore, in FW field, there are a lot of terms like
that, for instance, “leather sole” “rope sole”…
However, some of terms created by collocation are challenge for translators
so they presents problems as some of them do not exist in the TL like “Oxford
shoe”. In this case, the translators have to transfer them and add a functionaldescriptive term. It is a way we might create our own neologisms.

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2.3. Terminology
Many linguists and theorists study terminology in various aspects. The study
will present typical definitions and general features of terminology.
2.3.1. Definition of terminology
Valeontis and Mantzari (2006, p.1) described “terminology has a two fold
meaning: (1) it is the discipline concerned with the principles and methods
governing the study of concepts and their designations (terms, names, symbols) in
any subject field, and the job of collecting, processing, and managing relevant data
and (2) the set of terms belonging to the special language of an individual subject
field”. In another word, a term, or terminology unit, is the name or designation of a
concept in a particular subject field. Backer (1998, p.261) pointed out the
differences between words and terms that “Terms differ from words in that they are
endowed with a special forms of reference, namely that they refer to discrete
conceptual entities, properties, activities or relations which constitute the knowledge
space of a particular subject field.” In Vietnam, a lot of research on vocabulary as
well as terminology have been made by famous linguists such as Nguyen Van Tu,
Do Huu Chau, and Nguyen Thien Giap. Nguyen Van Tu (1968) stated that
terminology consists of fixed words or phrases which denote concepts of sciences,
manufacturing fields, or culture and so on. Similarly, Do Huu Chau (1998) said that

terminology includes specialist words used within a scientific field, a profession or
any technological field. Besides, Nguyen Thien Giap (1999) defined it as a part of
special lexis of a language. It consists of fixed words or groups of words which
accurately name concepts and subjects belonging to different specialized fields of
human beings. From the above-mentioned definitions, terminology can be considered
fixed words or phrases which accurately denote concepts of particular subject fields.

2.3.2. Classification of Footwear terminology
Based on the structural patterns, FW terms can be divided into two groups
including one-word terms and above -word-level terms.
2.3.3.1. One-word terms in English

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a. One-word terms in the form of verb
English terms

Vietnamese terms

Cement/ glue

Dán bằng keo

Coat

Phủ lên

Compress

Ép

Cover

Bọc

Dye

Nhuộm

Trim

Xén

Fold

Gấp

Lace

Buộc dây giầy
A typical feature of these terms is that they can transfer; that is, they can appear

either in the form of a verb or a noun and most of these one-verb terms have their
nouns to be used as alternatives such as in the following examples:
Verbs

Nouns

Decorate

Decoration

Sự trang trí

Ornament

Ornamentation

Sự trang trí

Perforate

Perforation

Sự đục lỗ trang trí

Moreover, these verbs can go with one or two certain nouns to create the terms:
English terms

Vietnamese terms

Coat a last

Phủ một lớp vào phom giầy

Compress heels

Ép gót

Cover heels

Bọc gót

Trim edge

Xén mép

Fold edge of part

Gấp mép chi tiết

Lace shoe

Buộc dây giầy

b. One-word terms in the form of noun
Sub-footwear terms
Many of footwear terms are regularly used in the life, however, in this
subject, they lose their normal senses and take a special meaning.

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