bài tập PRONOUNS

Pronouns
PRONOUNS
PRONOUNS
∗ Definition
∗ Classification
∗ Personal Pronouns
∗ Possessive Pronouns
∗ Reflexive Pronouns/
Emphasizing Pro.
∗ Indefinite Pronouns
∗ Reciprocal Pronouns
∗ Demonstrative Pronouns
∗ Interrogative Pronouns
∗ Relative Pronouns
I. Definition: A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun or a Noun-equivalent.
Example: John saw a snake; John thought this snake would hurt John, unless John killed the snake
with a stick; this stick John had in John’s hand.
John saw a snake which he thought would hurt him, unless he killed it with a stick which
he had in his hand.
II. Classification
1. Personal Pronouns pronouns that denote the three persons - I love you.
2. Possessive Pronouns pronouns used to show possession/to
replace the Possessive adjective + N
- Tom is a friend of hers.
- That book is his.
3. Reflexive Pronouns/
Emphasizing Pro.
pronouns showing that the subject
does s.th for himself or to emphasize
the role of S or O
- The children can look after

themselves for 2 hours.
4. Indefinite Pronouns pronouns referring to numbers but not
any number in particular
- I’ll see each of them
separately./ I’ll see them
each separately.
- Everybody’s business is
nobody’s business.
5. Reciprocal Pronouns pronouns used to show reciprocity
between subjects
- Those three engineers have
known one another since
they were students
- Paul and Linda love each
other.
6. Demonstrative
Pronouns
pronouns pointing out a person, a
thing,
- I don’t like this.
- Cricket was boring. Such was
her opinion before meeting
Lan
- the former, the latter, such
7. Interrogative
Pronouns
pronouns used to make questions - who, what, which
8. Relative Pronouns pronouns introducing an adjective
clause
- who, whom, which, whose,

that
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Pronouns
Personal Pronoun
1
st
person 2
nd
person 3
rd
Plural
Subjective case (S, Subjective Complement) I, WE YOU HE, SHE, IT, THEY
Objective case (O of V, O of Prep.) ME, US YOU, HIM, HER, IT, THEM
Example
Subject - He stood there.
Subjective Complement - It was he. BUT:
- Who’s knocking at the door? – It’s me. (colloquial English)
Object of Verb - We saw him.
Object of Preposition - I ran after him.
Note 1
Situation Example
1. After AS, THAN: either S or O
case with different meanings
- I like you more than she. (does)
I like you more than her. (I like her)
- I don’t know her so well as he. (does)
I don’t know her so well as him. (I know him)
2. After SUCH AS: S case - We never like a boy such as he.
3. After BUT, EXCEPT: O case - There is nobody but me.

- I know all the students except him.
4. To show politeness, the 1
st
person
should follow the others
- Tom and I have come. (right)
- I and Tom have come.(wrong)
- This table is for you and me. (right)
- This table is for me and you. (wrong)
5. Personal pronouns should not be
used if they make the sentence
more ambiguous.
- The boy cannot leave his father for if he left him, he
would die.
- The boy cannot leave his father for if he left his father, his
father would die.
Note 2: Special use of IT
Situation Example
1. Formal Subject - It is hard to content everybody.
FS

Real S
- It is probably every writer’s wish that his novel will be best seller.
FS Real S
- It remains a mystery how the prisoner escaped.
FS Real S
2. Formal Object - I find it a pleasure to lead a simple life.
FO Real O
- Everyone considered it hard to adopt your opinion.
FO Real O

- I consider it unimportant how long a man lives.
FO Real O
- Everybody believes it true that peace will come soon.
FO Real O
3. Subject of Impersonal V
- Natural phenomenon
- Time
- It rains. It snows.
- It takes 10 days to make the trip.
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Pronouns
Situation Example
- Distance - It takes 50 miles to get there.
4. In speaking of weather of
time
- It is rainy today.
- It was ten o’clock when we arrived home.
5. Emphatic sentence
It + be … + that …
- Tom broke the window. It was Tom that broke the window.
6. In familiar expressions - It is said that …/ It is thought that …/ It is believed that …/
It is reported that …/ It is rumored that …
7. In some conversational
expressions
- It is all over with him. (Thế là nó đi đời rồi.)
- It can’t be helped! (Đành chịu vậy./ Biết sao được.)
- Keep at it. (whatever you’re doing) (Cứ tiếp tục đi!)
- Now you’ll catch it. (You’ll be punished.) (Rồi mi sẽ biết tay ta.)
- I’ve finally made it. (Cuối cùng cũng xong.)

8. For things without life - Here is your book! Take it away.
9. For animals, unless we
clearly wish to speak of
them as male or female
- The horse fell and broke its leg.
10. For a small child, unless
we clearly wish to refer to
the sex
- When I saw the child, it was crying.
- The baby has torn its clothes.
11. To refer to some
statement going before
- He is telling what is not true , and he knows it.
12. To replace a collective N - The crew mutinied and murdered its officers.
1. Possessive Pronouns
1
st
person 2
nd
3
rd
Singular Mine Yours His, Hers, Its, One’s
Plural Ours Yours Theirs
Possessive Pronouns are used to replace Possessive Adjective + Noun
Double Possession:
N + of + Possessive Pronoun
- Please show me one of your pictures.
Please show me a picture of yours.
- She introduced me to one of her friends.
She introduced me to a friend of hers.

2. Reflexive Pronouns/ Emphasizing Pronouns
1
st
person 2
nd
3
rd
Singular myself yourself himself, herself, itself, oneself
Plural ourselves yourselves themselves
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Pronouns
Position Functions Example
Reflexive pronoun
- can’t be omitted
- be put after V
t
& Prep
Direct O - Mary loved herself too much.
- Jack cut himself by accident.
Indirect O - We can’t teach ourselves English.
BY Oneself =
Alone
- I do this work by myself.
I do this work alone.
Emphasizing pronoun
- can be omitted
- be put right after the
S, O & at the end of
the clause

to emphasize the S - The cat itself caught the mouse.
to emphasize the O - I’ve met the victim herself.
3. Indefinite Pronouns
Pronoun Meaning/Use Example
NONE = no one, nothing - None of us is perfect.
- None of the tourists want to climb the
mountain.
BOTH
one & the other
- They both came./ Both of them came.
EITHER
any one of 2
- Give me either of these two book.
NEITHER
no one of 2
- Both were ill, so neither came.
EACH
a number of people or things
considered individually
used of small numbers
- I’ll see each of you separately. (Indef
Pro)
- He gave us 500 francs each. (Indef Adv)
SEVERAL - - Several of them need to work harder.
ALL (+of) - a number of people or
things considered as a
group: +V
Plu.
- Every thing: + V
sing.

- All of them come back late.
- If all is well, we’ll get great success.
SOME affirm. sent.
interro. sent (you are sure of it)
- Some went to the dancing party.
- I like those roses, please give me some.
ANY affirm.sent (‘practically every’)
neg. sent (after NOT, NEVER,
RARELY, HARDLY, SCARCELY)
interro. sent (you aren’t sure of it)
- Choose any of these books.
- I didn’t see any of them.
- He can hardly answer any of those
thorny questions.
- Did any of your photos come out well?
A FEW
positive meaning,
referring to N
count.
- A few of the seats were empty.
A LITTLE
positive meaning,
referring to N
uncount
- Sugar? – A little, please.
FEW = not many/ hardly
any
negative meaning
- Tourists come here but few stay
overnight.

- Tourists come here but hardly any stay
overnight.
LITTLE = not much/
hardly any
negative meaning
- Little is known about the side-effect of
this drug.
MANY =
A LOT/ LOTS =
A GREAT MANY = A
GOOD MANY
referring N
count. - You’ve got lots of letters while I haven’t
got many.
- She collects records and she has a great
many.
MUCH = referring to N
uncount - Much of what you say is true.
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Pronouns
Pronoun Meaning/Use Example
A GREAT DEAL = A
GOOD DEAL
- Your car uses a great deal of petrol, but
mine doesn’t consume much.
A LOT / PLENTY OF referring to both N
count.
&
N

uncount
- I saw a lot of seabirds. I expect you saw a
lot, too.
- Do you need more milk? - No, thanks,
there's plenty in the fridge
- Have we got enough plates? - Yes, there
are plenty in the cupboard
EVERYONE/
EVERYBODY
+ V
sing.

= all (the) people + V
plu
- Everyone is ready. = All the people are
ready.
EVERYTHING + V
sing.
= all (the) things + V
plu

- Everything has been wasted.
SOMEONE/ SOMEBODY affirm. sent.
interro. sent (you are sure of it)
- Someone wants to speak to you on the
phone.
- Is this somebody’s seat?
SOMETHING
- There is something under the table.
ANYONE/ ANYBODY neg. sent

interro. sent (you aren’t sure of
it)
- I don’t want to waste anyone’s time.
- Is this anybody’s seat?
ANYTHING
- Do you want anything from the
chemist’s?
NO ONE/ NOBODY
- No one has ever given me a free ticket.
NOTHING
- Nothing is more valuable than
independence and freedom.
ENOUGH
- I hope enough of you are prepared to help
with the show.
ANOTHER an additional one, a different
one
- One apple is not enough, bring him
another.
THE OTHER (sing.) the second of the two
- Don’t give me this, I like the other.
(THE) OTHERS (plu.) (the) remaining ones
- Don’t give me these, I like the others.
Notes: YOU, ONE & THEY as Indefinite Pronouns
Pronoun Meaning/Use Example
YOU & ONE as S either can be used
- Can you/one camp in the forest?
YOU & ONE as O You is more common, more
friendly
One is more impersonal, less

used though the possessive
One’s is common.
- They fine you for parking offences.
- One must do one’s best.
THEY used as S only
can mean ‘people’
can mean ‘authority concerned’
(government, the local council,
employers, the police)
- They say it is going to be a cold winter.
(They say = People say, It is said)
- They want to make this a one-way street.
4. Reciprocal Pronouns: indicate mutual actions (A B)
ONE ANOTHER for more than 2 persons In our society, we must depend on one
another.
EACH OTHER for 2 persons Romeo and Juliet loved each other.
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