Ebook English for nursing and health care: Part 1

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<b>Robin A. Bradley</b>

<b>English for Nursing</b>

<b>ana</b>

<b>Health Care</b>

<i>A course in general and professional English</i>

C a o D an g Y te Phu TIiq - T lur v i?n

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E N G L ISH FO R N U R S IN G A N D H EA LTH C A R E

A course in <i>general and professional English</i>

T RUONG

I C A P <b>DANG</b>

Y Tfc
PH U ' H i;

T hu Vi-...!

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ENGLISH FOR NURSING

AND HEALTH CARE

A

<i>course</i>

<i>in general and professional</i>

<i>English</i>

Robin A. Bradley

C artoon Illustrations by

Claudio Be:

A udio C D Included

<b>Me</b>

<b>Graw</b>

<b>Hill</b>

Singapore • Boston • Burr Ridge, IL • Dubuque. IA • Madison. Wl • New York • San Francisco
St. Louis • Bangkok • Kuala Lumpur • Lisbon • London • Madrid • Mexico City

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<i>The McGraw-Hill Companies</i>

E n g lish f o r N u r s in g a n d H e a lth C a r e :
A C o u r s e in G e n e r a l a n d P r o fe s s io n a l E n g lish
I n t e r n a t i o n a l E d itio n 2008

McGraw-Hill

ELT

E x clu siv e rig h ts by M cG raw -H ill ELT, for m an u factu re and export. T his b o o k ca n n o t be re -ex p o rted fro m th e country to
w h ich it is so ld by M cG raw -H ill. T h e In ternational E dition is n o t av ailab le in N o rth A m erica.

P u b lish ed by The M cG raw -H ill C o m p an ies, S.r.l. P u b lish in g G ro u p Italia, V ia R ip am o n ti, 8 9 - 2 0 1 3 9 M ilan o <i>t</i> 2004
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n etw ork o r o th er electronic sto rag e o r tran sm issio n , o r b ro ad cast for d ista n ce learning.

C o v er im ag es © iS to ck p h o to .co m

10 09 08 07 0 6 05
20 15 14 13 12 11 10

W hen o rd e rin g this title, use ISBN 978-007-126603-1 o r M H ID 007-126603-8

<b>Me</b>

<b>Graw</b>

<b>Hill</b>

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<b>CO N TENTS</b>

F O R E W O R D XI

A B O U T T H E A U T H O R XIII

UNIT 1

ENGLISH, THE HOSPITAL AND THE PEOPLE

- A - W H Y IS E N G L IS H IN C L U D ED IN T H E N U R S IN G SY LL A B U S’ 2

Expression and word list 1A 3

- B - IN T R O D U C IN G YO U RSELF A N D H O S PIT A L STAFF 5

P ro n u n c iatio n and p h o n etics 6

A ccep ted abbreviations (1) 7

D ifferent countries, n a tio n a litie s and languages 8

English for w ork and play 11

- C - H O S PIT A L PE R S O N N E L - H EA LTH C A R E W O R K E R S 12
In tro d u c tio n to m edical term inology (1) 14

- D - W A R D S A N D D E PA R T M E N T S IN A H O SP IT A L 15

M edical term inology (2) 16

G R A M M A R N O T E S - P rep o sitio n s (1) 1 6

E xpression and word list 1B/C/D 20

- E - T H E PR E S E N T SIM PLE TEN SE ( 1 ) 22
T H E P R E S E N T C O N T IN U O U S TEN SE 26

T h e new train ee 28

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<b>C</b>

<b>o</b>

<b>n</b>

<b>te</b>

<b>n</b>

<b>ts</b>

- F - T H E A N A T O M IC A L P O S IT IO N A N D BODY PA RTS
A djectives and th eir opposites

C ollo q u ial language using parts o f th e body
Expression and word li'-t 1E/F

- G - T O IL ET R IES

C lo th e s and accessories

- H - M A C H IN E S , IN S T R U M E N T S A N D O T H E R G A IX '.E T S
Instrum ents and o th e r things used for physical ex am in atio n s
Expression and word li't 1G/H

- I - DAYS O F T H E W EEK. M O N T H S A N D S E A S O N S
M o n th s o f the year

Seasons

O rd in al num bers
Dates

G R A M M A R N O T E S - P rep o sitio n s (2)

- I - SH IFT W O R K ER S, TIM E A N D N U M B E R S

G e ttin g to w ork (or doing a procedure) - How long does it take?

Verbalising num bers

- K - DAILY R O U T IN E S - H A B IT S IPR ESEN T SIM PLE TEN SE (2)1
Exam ple of th e ro u tin e m o rn in g shift in a surgical ward

Profile o f a nurse

- L - A C T IV IT IE S O F DAILY LIV IN G (A D Ls)
R evision o f verbs

C O N D IT IO N A L S f l F ' S E N T E N C E D

- M - T A K IN G RISKS

It’s b e tte r to be safe th a n sorry!

G R A M M A R N O T E S - V erb p a tte rn s

W h y take th e risk? You know th e dam age and disease th a t sm oking causes

G R A M M A R N O T E S - 'sh o u ld ' o r 's h o u ld n ’t'

\ HEA LTH A N D DISEA SE
S hapes

T h e physiology of physical h e a lth
To be or n o t to be? - H ealthy, th a t is!

29
31

33
34
35
36
41
42
43
45
45
45
46
46
46
48
49
49
52
54
56
58
60
63
66
66
67
6 S
69
“ ■>

<i>i</i> V.

“ I<i>_I</i>

_{_}

74
76

VI

O B SERV A TIO N
Signs and sym ptom s

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- P - M ED IC A L T E R M IN O L O G Y (3) 81
M edical term inology - Pu ttin g th e building blocks to g eth er 82
M edical term inology (4) W h a t’s w rong w ith me? 84

- Q - A C H E S A N D PA IN S 85

W h a t is pain? 85

A djectives th a t are used to describe p ain 87

A ch es 87

Revision exercise 88

Expression and word list 1 I-Q 89

- R - T H E PR ESEN T PER FEC T T EN SE ( 1 ) 93

UNIT 2

THE PATIENT AND THE WARD

- A - T1 IE PA TIE N T A S A N IN D IV ID U A L 98

- B - A D M IS S IO N A N D PA TIEN T A S S E SS M E N T 100

A ccep ted ab breviations (2) 100

T aking ‘obs’ 101

G R A M M A R N O T E S - w ill’ a n d ‘w o n ’t ’ 102

A dm ission to h ospital 103

S tan d ard adm ission procedure 103

- C - U N D E R S T A N D IN G C H A R T S 104

- D - PRESSU R E A R E A S A N D PR ESSU R E SO R ES 106

T h e N o rto n Scale o f A ssessm ent 106

- E - T H E BED A N D BED LIN EN 108

M aking th e bed o f an unconscious or bedfast p a tie n t 109
T H E PR E SEN T PERFECT (2) A N D O T H E R PE R FEC T T E N SE S 110

- F - T H E W A R D A N D T H E R O O M S 112

G R A M M A R N O T E S - C o n ju n c tio n s 11 3

W h a t is it and w h a t’s it for? 1 14

T H E PA SSIV E TEN SE 115

D IR E C T A N D R EPO R TED SPEEC H 117

G PI \N N 1 N G FOR D IS C H A R G E
Expression and word list

120

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UNIT 3

THE HUMAN BODY

Inside and Out

- A - LEVELS O F O R G A N IS A T IO N 1 2 4

- B - T H E S T R U C T U R E A N D F U N C T IO N O F BODY SYSTEM S 1 2 6

S tructure 1 2 6

G R A M M A R NOTES - Talking about structure 1 2 9

Function

no

- C - D IR E C T IO N A L TERM S 132

Planes of division 132

D irectional term s 133

Body cavities 1 3 4

C lin ical divisions o f th e abdom en 135

- I V T H E SKELETAL SYSTEM 13 6

T h e structure of a long bone 137

- E - JO IN T S 13 9

FR A C T U R E S 14 0

C ause and effect 141

- F - M O V E M E N T P O S T U R E A N D L IFT IN G 142

- G - DISEASE 14 4

Predisposing factors in th e occurrence o f disease 1 4 6

T h e body’s lines o f defence 1 4 6

S terilisation, d isinfection and antisepsis 1 4 8

A ltern a tiv e m edicine 1 4 8

Expression and word list 14 9

Playing w ith words - M ore idiom s using th e nam es of body parts 151

Crossw ord 152

UNIT 4

DIET AND NUTRITION

- A - F O O D A N D F O O D G R O U P S 154

M eals 155

T h e h e alth y d iet pyram id 156

- B - W H A T T O EAT A N D H O W M l'C H 157

G u id elin es tor a h e a lth ie r daily diet 15S

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- C - Q U A N T IF IE R S 159

C o u n tab le n o uns 159

U n c o u n tab le nou n s 1 ^9

Spot th e difference - Is/Are th ere any left? 160

Expressions o f q u an tity 161

- D - W E IG H T ST A T U S - T H E BODY M A SS INDEX 162

- E - T H E D IG ES TIV E SYSTEM 163

T h e digestive system 164

T h e functions of the liver 166

- F - D IFFEREN T H O S P IT A L D IETS 168

- G - SPEC IA L D IETS 170

T h e fluid balance c h art (FBC) 171

Religions and food 172

Patien ts and th e ir problem s 174

- H - FEED IN G PA TIEN TS 177

E nteral n u tritio n 178

Intravenous feeding 179

Prep aratio n o f food and recipes 180

Recipes 181

G R A M M A R N O T E S - -ing clauses as c o n ju n c tio n 182

Expression and word list 183

B IB L IO G R A PH Y 187

A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S 187

APPENDICES

- 1 - L IS T E N IN G EXERCISES 190

- 2 - A N S W E R KEY 206

- 3 - G L O S S A R Y 232

- 4 - W E IG H T S A N D M E A S U R E S 242

- 5 - P E R IO D IC TABLE O F T H E ELEM EN TS 243

- 6- E N G L IS H A L P H A B E T 244

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<b>FOREWORD</b>

Several years ago, as a response to th e recen t changes in ed u catio n for trainee nurses and students
o f o th e r h e a lth care professions in Italy, th e su b je ct of S c ien tific E nglish was in tro d u c ed .
C onsequently, th e nursing school at the C lau d ian a C ollege in Bolzano/Bozen (w hich is affiliated
w ith th e Faculty of M edicine at th e U niversity of V erona) was required to include a 50-hour English
course in th e nursing syllabus.

W h en it becam e ap p aren t th a t th ere was very little m aterial available tor teach in g English to
students of h e alth care professions, we launched a project to create an English course w ith c o n te n ts
th a t would be o f use to ou r stu d en ts in th e ir future w orking fields. In c o llab o ratio n w ith R obin

Bradley, a specialised h e a lth care professional herself, and a local school o f English in Bolzano/Bozen,
m aterial for a m odule system was com piled and th e n introduced in to th e nursing curriculum . R obin
Bradley, who has b een doing Scientific English courses for all th e h e alth professionals at our school
for m ore th a n 15 years, arranged for 10 d ifferen t E nglish tea ch e rs (w ith o u t any p rio r m edical
know ledge) to use th e m odules she had prepared. T hese m odules h av e now been used to teach
Scientific English to m ore th a n 650 nursing stu d en ts over a 4-year period. D uring th is tim e, c o n sta n t
feedback from th e stu d en ts and th e teachers has allow ed Ms. Bradley to co n tin u ally im prove th e
m aterial. T h e m odules have now been com pletely revised and h av e becom e th e sections o f this
book.

S ince research and science will becom e ev en m ore im p o rtan t to th e nursing profession in the
future, greater em phasis will have to be placed o n English related to th e nurses’ training. W e hope
th at this book will be helpful in preparing d edicated young people for th eir future professional career
in o th er schools as well as at th e C laudiana.

Dr. m ed. Lukas L o ch n er Dr. med. W ern er W allnofer
(Scientific T u to r) (C ourse D irecto r - N ursing)

C L A U D IA N A - P ro v in cial T e rtia n T rain in g C o lleg e for H e a lth C a re Professions, B o l:an o /B o :en , Italy

XI

<b>F</b>

<b>o</b>

<b>re</b>

<b>w</b>

<b>o</b>

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<b>A B O U T TH E A U TH O R</b>

H aving done my general nursing train in g at th e Royal N o rth S hore H ospital in Sydney, A ustralia,
and th e n midwifery at the Royal W o m en ’s H ospital in association w ith th e M elbourne U niversity,
I had m ore th a n 20 years’ experience working in different m edically-related en v iro n m en ts - general
and private hospitals, nursing hom es and a m edical laboratory - before com ing to Italy to live. My
nursing train in g was en tirely carried out at th e hospital at th a t tim e - it was a 4-year course follow ed
by a n o th e r year to specialise in midwifery. W e worked ‘broken shifts’ and atte n d ed lectures in our
tim e off! - living in th e nurses’ quarters at th e hosp ital m ade this possible.

1 started teach in g general English at English schools in S o u th Tyrol and m edical and scientific
English to h e a lth care professionals at th e local h ospital in Bolzano/Bozen in Italy in 1989. I am
proud of th e m any stu d en ts w ho h av e follow ed a m edically-related career and are now successfully
and happily em ployed in th eir chosen field. I have co n tin u e d to learn from my stu d en ts and th an k s
to them , my family, my colleagues and friends, and th e librarians and staff at th e C lau d ian a C ollege,
this book, th e recordings for th e listening exercises and a teach ers’ m anual h av e becom e a reality.
It has been a challenge from th e b eginning and after 4 years, 1 feel 1 have produced an interestin g
and co m prehensive course for nurses w ho w an t to im prove th e ir English language skills b o th in
social situations and at work.

A ll m edically-related professions have becom e m ore specialised over th e years and m eth o d s and
eq u ip m en t used for teach in g and w orking h av e chan g ed dram atically in th e last few decades. T h e
priority in all areas was and still is, th e w ell-being o f th e p atien ts in our care. W e must all take tim e
to discover th e person b eh in d th e p a tie n t and to develop a positive rapport w'ith each and every
one. A ll hu m an s are individuals w ith specific needs. Illness, disability or disease puts any person at
a disadvantage. H o sp italisatio n can be an in tim id atin g and frightening experience and it is im p o rtan t
th a t all staff personalise th e ir a tte n tio n to p a tie n ts to ensure the best possible outcom e. B eing well-
inform ed and w ell-prepared for all situations bring m ultiple benefits to all concerned.

R obin Bradley

SN (D ouble C e rt.) TO EFL (C am bridge)

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<b>UNIT</b>

ENGLISH

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U
N
I
T
1
A

<b>W HY IS ENGLISH INC LU DED</b>

<b>IN TH E NURSING SYLLABUS?</b>

L istening 1 - An in tr o d u c tio n to a n u rs in g c a r e e r R ead <i>th e tex t a n d lis te n</i> to the
recording.

N u rs in g is a profession w hich
in v o lv es c arin g an d sh arin g
w ith people from all w alks of
life.

C a re an d e m p a th y are
illustrated, hy each one o f us,
th ro u g h c o m m u n ic a tio n and

actions.

A good basic e d u ca tio n and
professional nursing training are
tools for an exciting, interesting
and rewarding career.

English can widen your horizons
trem endously, h elp to deepen
your scientific know ledge and
create m any o th er work-related
opportunities:

♦ In tern a tio n a lly . M ost scientific conferences and congresses
are now h e ld in E nglish an d v isitin g
lecturers, colleagues and tu to rs o ften prefer
to use English.

♦ W o rk E x p erien ce. T h e re is a d e m a n d for nurses in every
c o u n try in th e w orld. N urses c a n gain
v aluable e x p erien c e by w orking overseas
an d also o b ta in h ig h e r q u a lific a tio n s in
specialised fields.

A id -w o rk ers are req u ire d in w ar-to rn
co u n tries an d areas o f n atu ral disasters.
W ork is a v ailab le for n u rses in to u rist
resorts and h e alth care clinics and ev en on
cruise ships!

♦ E d u ca tio n . Surfing th e In te rn e t for in fo rm a tio n and
research updates.

U sin g A m e ric a n an d E n g lish m ed ical,
n u rsin g an d sc ien tific jo u rn a ls - w h ic h
often take m o n th s to be tran slated .
E nglish d o c u m e n ta rie s a n d scien ce
program m es o n satellite TV.

♦ M an u als. In stru ctio n m anuals for various m achines
and in stru m en ts are frequently w ritte n in
English.

♦ P a tie n t C are. P a tie n ts w ho c a n n o t c o m m u n ic a te th e ir
n eed s to h o sp ita l staff are at a d i 'ti n c t
d isadvantage and very o ften h av e a 'lo w e r
recovery rate.

T a iie n ts mav p re se n t case h is to rie s r
m ed icatio n d etails in English.

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Because p a tie n t care depends o n th e holistic approach -
and th a t just m eans trea tin g each person as a w hole,
n o t as ‘th e appendix in R oom 2 !’ - we m ust look at
each p a tie n t as an individual w ith specific needs.
W e h a v e to co n sid er th e ir d iffere n t so cial an d
c u ltu ra l b ack g ro u n d s, d iffe re n t relig io n s and
d iffere n t p e rso n alitie s. W ith th e c o lle c tio n and
d istrib u tio n of in fo rm atio n from th e various fields
o f m edicine, nursing, physical and social sciences

an d allied h e a lth care serv ices, th e serv ices
available to th e p a tie n t are becom ing m ore
so p h is tic a te d an d sp ecialised . B e tte r
e d u catio n , m ore scientific know ledge and
faster c o m m u n ic a tio n are c o n tin u a lly
im p ro v in g an d u pgrading h e a lth care.
A great deal o f progress has been m ade
in surgical, e n d o sc o p ic , so n o g ra p h ic,
ra d io g ra p h ic , laser an d c o m p u te r
tech n iq u es, reducing b o th th e tim e and
c o st o f surgery an d tre a tm e n t to th e
g e n era l pu b lic. T h e speed a t w h ic h
in fo rm atio n c an now be tran sm itted enables
all h e a lth care w orkers to h a v e e n d less
resources at th e ir fingertips and gives everyone
th e o p p o rtu n ity to stay abreast of (or keep up
w ith ) new tren d s and treatm en ts.

T h e purpose o f th is book is to give all those people
w orking in h e a lth care systems enough useful English language to read professional literature, to do
research and to co m m u n icate successfully in English in th eir everyday lives. Basic gram m ar exercises,
reading practice an d dialogues use re le v an t vocabulary - and th ere are exercises to help you increase
your know ledge o f m edical term inology too.

EXPRESSION and WORD LIST

1A

To <i>help you</i> le a rn <i>th e follow ing expressions, th ey are listed in a lp h a b etica l order in groups of</i>

<i>n o u n s ( n .) , a d jectives (a d j.) a n d verbs (v .). A ll o f th e w ords in th is list are n o u n s. A n o u n</i>

<i>follow ed by ( n .) is a</i> c o u n tab le n o u n <i>a n d has a p lu ra l fo rm a n d those th a t are u n c o u n ta b le</i> (n.

<i>u n c o u n ta b le ) do n o t have a p lu ra l fo rm a n d use verbs in th e sin g u la r form only.</i>

aid [eidl (n. uncountable) Money, eq u ip m en t or
services th a t are provided for people or
countries who need it.

an a id -w o rk e r leid w3:ke] (n .) A person,
usually working for a charity organisation,
who offers his/her services in other countries.
c a re Ikeo] (n. uncountable) Looking after somebody

or som ething and keeping them in a good
state or condition.

h e alth care [hei9 kes] (n. uncountable) A ll
the areas related to m edicine and the
atten tio n to individual well-being,
p a tie n t IpeiJ'ant] care (n. uncountable) A ll
areas involved - m ental, physical and
psychological - in looking after a patient,
c a r e e r [k.Vris] In .) T h e job or profession th a t

someone does for a long period ot their life.

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U

N

I

T

1

A rew ard in g IriWdig] c are er <i>(adj.</i> + n .) A
career th a t is stim ulating and brings job
satisfaction and/or benefits.

clin ic [klinik] (n.) A building where people go to
receive medical advice or treatm ent.
e m p a th y |empa9i] (n. <i>uncountable</i>) T he ability to

share another person's feelings and emotions
as if they were yours.

e n v ir o n m e n t [e n 'v a ira n W n t] (n. <i>uncountable)</i> The
physical world in which people, animals and
plants live.

h e a lth [hel6] (n. <i>uncountable)</i> T he condition of the
hum an body and the extent to which it is
free from illness or can resist illness.
le c tu re r [lek't/.Vrol (n.) A teacher at a university or

college.

visiting lecturers <i>(adj.</i> + n .) Teachers who
come from other universities or colleges on

a temporary basis.

o p p o rtu n ity [opo'tjuina'til (n.) A situation in which
it is possible for you to do something that
you want to do.

w o rk -related o p p o rtu n ities <i>(adj. +</i> n .)
Different situations or areas where you can
work in your chosen field.

p e rs o n n e l lp3sa'nel] <i>(n.pl.)</i> T he people who work
for an organisation (or the armed forces).
p ro fessio n al [pra'fe/a'nll (n.) A person who has a

job th at requires advanced education or
training.

ra te Ireit] (n.) T he speed or the amount of time it
takes for something to happen.

re c o v e ry (ri'k.wril (n. <i>uncountable)</i> If a sick person
makes a recovery, he/she gets well (returns
to good health).

re la tio n s h ip [ra'leijan'/ip] (n.) T he way in which 2
people, groups or countries behave towards
each other.

skill (skill (n .) A type of work or activity w hich
requires special training and knowledge.

w W ith <i>all th e stu d e n ts in th e class, read</i>

<i>this list o f n e ii• w ords out loud,</i> p aving a tte n tio n

<i>to y o u r p r o n u n c ia tio n . N o w , w o rk</i> u i t h a

<i>p artn er: say a</i> w ord <i>a n d a sk your p a rtn e r for a</i>

<i>su ita b le d efin itio n .</i>

s ta f f [sta:f] <i>(n .p l.)</i> T h e people w ho work tor an
organisation.

hospital staff/personnel (n. <i>pi.)</i> T h e people
who work for that hospital.

s u rg e ry I'ssdjsri] (n .) M edical trea tm e n t th at
involves cutting open th e hodv and otten
removing or replacing parts,

sy lla b u s [sila'bas] (n .) T h e subjects studied in a
particular course.

nursing syllabus T h e subjects included in
the nursing degree (university) course.
to o l [tu:l| (n.) A ny hand-held instrum ent or simple

piece of equipm ent you need to do your job
properly.

the tools of your trade The skills or abilities,
instrum ents or equipm ent you need to be
able to do your job properly.

tra in in g [treinigl (n. <i>uncountable</i>) Learning the skills
for a particular profession or activity.
nursing training T he course you do while
learning the skills and theory to become a
professional nurse.

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