Màu vàng và đỏ trong Kiến trúc cổ Phương Đông

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<b>NGHg T H U A T RON PHI rnNfi </b>

<i>1141 fmo^</i>

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<b>TRONG KIEN TRUC C f </b>

<b>PHUUNG DONG </b>

D 6 Lfi Cl/ONG

<b>Cdc cung dien eiia vua ehiia phirong BOng xua thudng sii </b>
<b>dung hai mau dd vd vang, bdi theo triet iy phuong Bdng, mdu </b>
<b>vdng trong am duong ngu hdnh dai dien cho phuong vj trung </b>
<b>uong, thudc thd, la ngudn gdc ciia van vat. Mdu dd Id hda. ehii </b>
<b>ve su rang rd. Hai mdu vang, dd the hien noi tdn nghiem tuyet </b>
<b>ddi eiia eac bae Be vuong. trung tam thidn ha. </b>

<i><b>1 </b></i>

<b>1. Mau vang va do theo </b>
<b>quan niem triet ly Phat </b>
<b>giao </b>

Cd le khi nhic tdi Phat
giao, mpt trong nhung tdn
giao ldn eua phuang Ddng,
ta lien tudng ngay tdi mau
vang, mpt trong nhimg mau
sic chfnh cua ton giao nay.
Ngoai ra. ta cdn lien tudng
ngay tdi nhring tda thap nguy
nga trang le mau vang dng,

nhring tupmg Phat ngdi trdn
nhung tda sen mau vang,
nhung vj su, tang khoac ao tu
mau vang, hay nhung chiec
ao ca sa dng anh dd vang kim
tuydn cua Trung Hoa.

"Tu nhidu the ky, mpt
kidn thric thien bam rd ret vd
chat hda hpc vo ca da cho
phep cae nha su Phat giao
san xua't dupe nhung chide ca

sa, tien loi, hop ly cd mau
vang tuoi sang rye rd lau
phai. Vay tbi hp da dung chat
gi dd nhupm?". Nhung chide
y vang cd mau sac rieng biet
dac thri eua gidi tang si Phat
giao chri ydu dupe lam bing
loai vai bdng thd nhudm
trong mpt dung djch dac biet
lay tri gd cay Jak - tieng Viet
gpi la cay mil.

Theo quan diem cria
Ddng phuang, mau vang
tupng trung cho tri tue va
tinh thuong. Nhung ding sau
sy kien vd mau y vang lai an

chria mdt nen van hda va ljch
su khae la. Theo quan diem
Phat giao, viec nhupm y la
mdt bieu tuong mang y nghia
vd sy phi mpi y niem tran tuc
cua nhring mau sic the gian.
Dd la mau cria su bat hoai de

xac djnh cho ngudi pham tuc
bidt ring ngudi mac nd
khdng gpi nen mdt gia trj nao
vd sy thu hrit trin gian.

Qua thdi gian, khi gidi
tang si din dan djnh cu hin
tai mdt tu vien, ngudi ta djnh
ra mpt mau chuan va nhung
cau trric rap nd'i cae manh vai
de xac djnh thri bac tu hanh
hay tdng phai ma nha su nay
tuy thudc.

Ngay nay, ngoai sic y
vang ma mpi ngudi tha'y d
khip noi, cdn cd y mau nau
dd chri ydu dupe cie nha su
xua't the an dat mac. Khi drie
Phat chri truomg tri bd nhung
ham mudn Iran luc va dd
xudng con dudng Trung dao,

anh dao vang cria Ngai da tda
sang nhu mau sic thanh
thoat eao thuang cria chide y
vang.

Dac biet trong tu tudng
Phat giao, hoa sen dupe tdn
quy va chidm vj trf rat quan
trpng. Bdi vay hlnh anh cua
Due Phat ludn gin vdi hlnh
anh ngai ngdi tren mdt tda
sen vang. Tinh thin "cu trin
bit nhidm Iran" dd cring
chfnh la y nghia cria hoa sen,
bidu trung cho nhung gia trj
dao drie, sy thuin khidt va
thanh thien, sy duy tri va
phat tridn cria Phat phap, trf
tue, dan den nidt ban. Trong
cac edng trinh kien trric Phat
giao d Viet Nam, sen ludn
trd thanh hlnh tupng nghe
thual. Mpt trong nhring cdng
trinh kidn trric lieu bieu liy
cam hung tri hoa sen la chria
Mpt ept. Theo truydn thuydt.
ngdi chria nay dupe hlnh

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<b>VAN H 6 A NGHg T H U A T MII^C MCOAI </b>
thanh tri mdt gi^c mdng dai

sen eua vua Ly Thai Tdng
(Cam hutng tiir mdng la cac
loai tim ly nghd thuat cua
cac dan tdc phuong Ddng).
Chria ed hlnh dang hoa sen,
mpc ldn tri hd nude, chi vdi
mdt cdt - mpt cpng sen,
tupng trung sy giac ngp, dat
dupe sy trong sang va giai
thoat dupe brin nho...

2. Mau vang va dd trong
kien true tdn giao phuong
Ddng

Ngoai y phuc mau vang
cdn cd nhring cdng trinh kidn
trric mau vang hdt sric ddc
dao. Mpt trong nhung cdng
trinh ndi tidng vd su trang Id,
rue rd dupe bidt den dd la
chria Vang - Agko, thap
Shwedagon, dupe dat vang d
Myanma, mpt qude gia ma
Phat giao da truydn den rat
sdm va trd thanh qude giao.
Truydn thuydt eho ring Phat
giao da du nhap xri nay tri khi
Phat Thieh Ca cdn sd'ng, hai

dd tu la Tapussa va Bhallika
da mang duoc 8 soi tdc cua
Phat vd va hien cac di tfch
vSn cdn giri tai cae chua thap.
Du lieu dupe xac minh chic
chin la cac doan truyen giao
thdi vua Asoka da dd'n
<b>Myanma vao TK m TCN. </b>
Yangon (hay Rangoon) va
vung phu can la trung tam
Phit giao ldn cdn giu" lai
dupe rat nhieu ddn dai, trong
dd ed thap Shwedagon, ngdi
den ldn nha't tai day, toan bd
dupe dat vang va trang trf rat
nhidu gd, da quy. Chu vi eua
ngdi thap la 1.420 feet va cao
326 feet. Xung quanh cd 64
ddn nhd. Truyen thuydt eho
ring ddn nay cd hon 2500
nam dupe xay tri thdi Thfch
<i>Ca cdn tai the. Do eao </i>
nguydn thriy eua den la 66
feet nhung sau nhieu lin
trring tu nd da dat dupe dp
eao hien tai.

Khdng nhung trong eac
cdng trinh kidn true Phat

<b>Thap Luong, nudc CHDNND Lao </b>

giao ed ma ngay nay ngudi ta
cdn cho xay dung nhung
cdng trinh kien true Phat
giao mau vang, cung ri't ddc
dao, nhung trdn tinh than
phat huy nhung quan nidm
cd. Chang ban mdt trong
nhting cdng trinh nguy nga
trang le nhit xay dyng gan
day ndi tidng khip the gidi la
Phat dai Dhammakaya. Phat
dai Dhammakaya dupe kidn
tao theo hinh thap trdn theo
truydn thdng eua Phat giao
Theravada, vdm dinh trdn d
trdn gdm cd 300.000 tupng
(va 700.000 tupmg cdn lai se
dupe tdn trf bdn trong thap)
mdi tucmg Phat cao 18 cm,
nang khoang 2,5kg, duoc
due bang loai ddng pha vang,
dupe nung ndng tri 1.200 dp
bach phan. Cdng viec due
tupng Phat nay rat ky cong,
duoc ke't hpp tri kidn thric rut
tia dupe tri thdi van minh dd
ddng Ban Chiang d tinh

Udon Thani, Thai Lan. C!ac
nha khao cd da tun thay mpt
pho tupng bang ddng ma
ngudi ta tin ring da dupe drie
tri hon 5000 nam trude. Vdi
khf hau Thai Lan, mdt xri am
udt vdi lupng mua acid kha
nhidu trong nam. Ban ky su
da quye't djnh sri dung kim
loai titanium va phu mpt ldp
vang ben ngoai de bao ve pho
tupng chju dung dupe thdi
tidt khic nghiet tai xri sd nay
trdn dudi 1000 nam.

3. Mau vang va dd trong
kieii true Kinh thanh Hue

<i>d Viet Nam, Kinh Thanh </i>

Hue eung phin nao dupe xay
dung dua trdn nhung anh

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<i>IM^'^ % </i> NGHg T H U A T R 6 N PHI rnNfi

hudng eua kidn true Trung
Hoa. Hai mau dd va vang vin
la hai mau chinh ndi bat
trong cae edng trinh kidn
trric cung didn, dien hinh la

kidn true eung dinh Hue, mpt
cPng trinh kidn trric vin cdn
giri dupe kha nguydn ven cho
dd'n nay. Day la san pham da
tidp thu va ke thria kidn true
truydn thd'ng Ly, Tran, Ld,
ddng thdi tidp thu tinh hoa
my thuat Trung Hoa nhung
Viet hda mdt each ed y thric
cria cae nghd nhan tri cac
midn Nam Bic quy ty ve xay
dyng Kinh dd, ke ea nhring
ngudi thp gdc Minh Hucmg
Trung Qude va Champa, phri
hpp vdi tam ly ban dja, dem
lai nhung dae trung ban sic
kidn trric Hue.

Nam 1802 vua Gia Long
khdi cdng xay dtmg Hoang
thanh va Tri Cam thanh. Nam

1805 mdi bit dau xay dyng
Kinh thanh, quy md didn tfch
rit ldn, 520ha, ehu vi 10km.

Mdt sd cac kidn true
chfnh d day cung su dung
ngdi vang gidng Tu Cam
Thanh cria Trung Hoa, dien

hinh nhu dien Long An, Thai
Hda, Tri Cam Thanh (Hue'),
Ngp Mon, midu Hoang

Khio...

Trdn phuong didn kien
true c6, day la mpt ePng trinh
cd gia trj tham my eao cua
nha Nguydn. Kidn trric didn
Long An la mpt tda nha kep,
dang trring thidm diep de, he
thd'ng vl keo Iran vd eua dupe
eham trd tinh td. Khdng gian
rpng, cd chidu sau, tao sy
tham nghidm ehung quanh

<b>Mdu vdng vd do </b>
<b>tr§n tupng chua Doi, Sdc Trang </b>

tda nha. Tda nha tuyet dd'i
khdng xay vach ma chi dyng
loan cria kfnh de tidp nhan
anh sang. Dien Long An
dupe trang trf hlnh anh va thp
van nhidu nhat. Npi thit co
bay muoi mdt d hpc trang trf
theo ldi nha't thi nhit hpa vdi
chat lieu dng a can xa eri, nga
xuong. Dae bidt trdn he

thd'ng ban dd trong nha, hai
bdn ed hai vach gd, ed 56 chri
nho dupe sip xdp hinh bat
quai va dring hdi van lidn
hoan, ed the dpc thanh 64 bai
tho that ngdn va ngu ngdn
khae nhau do vua Thidu Trj
sang tie. Dien Long An la
mpt ePng trinh nguy nga
trang le va thanh nha bdi
nhung ban tay kheo ldo cria
cae nghd nhan, dupe xem la
mpt cung dien dep nhat d
Hue va Viet Nam. Vd quan

nidm tham my, CP ban vin sri
dung hai mau vang va dd la
chfnh. Ching ban nhu dien
Thai Hda. Phan mai sri dyng
ngdi vang. Ben trong npi that
cria cung dien cring dupe sri
dung hai mau dd va vang lam
hai mau chri dao.

The Midu dupe xay dyng
trdn mat bing ISOOm^, cring
la tda nha kdp theo kieu
trring thidm, trring lucmg nhu
Didn Thai Hda. Ngdi mau
vang, tudng mau dd, each sri

dung mau sic trong kidn trric
kha gidng vdi Tri Cam Thinh
cua Trung Hoa, noi bat giria
mpt khPng gian rpng ldn.
Tidn doanh (nha trude) cd 11
gian va chfnh doanh (nha
sau) cd 9 gian. Hai doanh ndi
lidn vdi nhau bing trin vd
cua. Tat ca cd ehung mpt
doan dudng ma ngan rieng
tring that - trie la cring mdt
tda nha ma chia ra.

<b>4. Mau vang va dd trong </b>
<b>cac khdng gian kie'n triic </b>
<b>dinh, chua Viet Nam </b>

Cd the tha'y ring, hau hdt
cac edng trinh kidn trric Phat
giao d Viet Nam cring
thudng sri dung hai mau sic
nay (trong eac ngdi chria,
ngoai ra cdn sri dyng nhidu
trong eac ddn, dinh, midu
mao) nhu la hai sic mau
chfnh de trang trf cho cac
khdng gian tam linh. Khi dat
chan vao bat ky ngdi chria
hay dinh, ddn, midu d Viet
Nam, nha't la nhring ngdi

chria cd, ta thudng cd cam
giac thanh tjnh. Cam giac
nay dupe tao ndn bdi sy kdt
hpp hai hda cua nhung sac

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<b>VAN H6A NGHI^ THUAT MWOC MOOAI </b>

mau, nhung chu, nhung hoa
van thdp vang trdn ndn dd
son, dd sim hay dd tram cua
nhung hoanh phi, cau dd'i,
nhung cdt, keo, hay nhung
ban, be thd. Mau vang ma,
mau dd son eua son ta kdt
hop eung vdi nhung mau nau
tram, den canh gian, tat ca
hda quydn vao nhau, tdn
nhau tao nen mdt khdng gian
tram mac. Cd nhung pho
tucmg dupe hoan loan ma
vang, cd nhung pho tupng
dring son ta diem suyd't ddi
chd, day ldn mau dd hay mau
vang ma cua nhung y phuc
lap lanh.

Ngoai nhring cdng trinh
kidn trric Phat giao, ta cdn
tha'y hai mau vang va dd
dupe sri dung rat nhidu trong

cae kidn trric ddn, dinh,
mieu, nha thd hp. Chat lieu
de tao ndn hai mau nay
thudng la thdp vang va dd
son ta, ta cd hai mau la mau
dd son va den canh gian, vd
mau vang thi chri ydu la vang
ta dupe lam mdng rdi thdp
ldn, thudng gpi la quy vang.
Chi vdi ba mau: dd va vang
lam ehu dao, cdn lai la mau
den canh gian da tao ndn
nhung khdng gian tam linh
lit tdn nghiem, td rd sy tdn
kinh dd'i vdi cac vj thanh
thin, mdt sd vj xua't sri tri
Trung Hoa, mpt sd vj la
nhring vi vua chria, quan,
ludng da ed edng vdi da't
nude, nhan dan. Hau het tri
ban, be cho tdi cac hoanh phi
cau dd'i, an hucmg, hay cac
trang phuc eua eac vj thanh
than ddu sri dung hai mau

vang va dd de trang tri. Mau
den canh gian cung dupe sir
dung, nhung hau het dupfc
dung kha han che.

<b>5. Mau s^c trong hoi hoa </b>
<b>trang trf chua Khome Nam </b>
<b>Bo </b>

Ngdi chua Khome d ddng
bang sdng Ciiu Long la mdt
cdng trinh kien true cd nhidu
gia tri ve mat tham my, la
khdng gian thieng lidng nhat
tap hop kha nang kinh te,
chfnh tri, van hda nghd thuat.
Ngoai chric nang thda man
nhimg nhu cau sinh boat cria
ddi sd'ng, ngdi ehua Khome
cdn cd kha nang dap ring nhu
cau tham my eho nhan dan.
Ngdi chria la mdt tap hpp
loan ven nha't eua cae yeu td
tao hlnh, kdt chat va hd trpr
lin nhau trong mpt the thdng
nha't.

Ddng gdp dung ehua,
nudi chria coi nhu mdt khoan
ude dam bao hanh phuc cho
eupe ddi hidn tai va vinh
hang mai sau, bdi vay, ngudi
Khome khdng tide edng sric
cho nha chria, tat ea vat lieu
quy eung vdi sy kheo leo eua

ddi tay ddu danh cho chria, vi
the ma tu nhidn chria trd
thanh trung tam eua phum,
sdc.

Ngudi Khome la mdt tpc
ngudi cd biet tai nghd thuat,
vdi mpt ban nang hieu
nghidm vd hlnh dang, mdt sy
nhay cam ehie chin vd trang
trf, mpt khidu tham my hdt
sue ddc dao. Nghe thuat
eham ndi, vdi nhring brie
eham sinh ddng trdn nhung
canh cria chria Kl'eang (Sdc

Trang), trdn cac ddu hdi
chua, trdn cac mi cua... cung
vdi nghe thuat tupng trdn
gdm tucfng than, Phat, ngudi
ddng hda vdi than, tuong thu
(ran tri ba dd'n chin dau, su tijf,
voi...), thd hien rd sy phat
trid'n sdm ve tu tudng tham
my cung nhu chat lupng
nghe thuat va nghd thuat
eham khic, tac tuong cua
nhan dan Khome tir bao ddi
nay.

Nghd thuat kien true
Khome d ddng bing sdng
Cuu Long cdn luu lai den
ngay nay tap trung vao hon
600 ngdi chria cd kinh an
hidn dudi eay dria xanh tdt.
Nhidu ngdi chria cd nidn dai
rat sdm nhu: chria Ang, chria
Samrdngdk, chria Phudng d
Tra Vinh, chria Kl'eang d
Sdc Trang cd nidn dai
khoang 4 dd'n 6 tram nam trd
lai day va nhidu chria cd nidn
dai mudn horn dupe xay dyng
theo mpt nguydn tie nhat
djnh, nhung triy thupc vao
didu kien kinh te cua tring
phum ma ed sy ldn nhd khae
nhau.

Trong ngdi chria. khPng
chi dieu khic - trang lri mdi
lam ndi bat ldn tinh than
tham my ma hpi hpa cring
gdp phan khdng nhd trong
tinh than dd.

Nhring brie tranh trong
chfnh dien dupe lay cam
hring tri dd tai Phat thoai, ndi

vd cupc ddi cria drie Phat tri
khi sinh ra de'n khi vao cdi
nidt ban. Ngoai ra cdn ed
nhring tfch truyen trong din
gian, than thoai nhu: anh

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NGHg THUAT R 6 N PHI rnNin

hung ea Ridmkd, nhung eanh
tridt ly ve cudc ddi, nhring
canh sinh boat trong eupe
sd'ng.

Hpi hpa d day ed nhidu
hinh thric khae nhau, nhung
cd thd chia lam hai loai
chinh: Loai tranh truyen ke
the hidn dd tai Phat giao,
than thoai, chidm hau hdt
didn tieh cac mat tudng eua
chinh didn. Loai hoa van
trang trf gdm nhring khung
trang trf hinh vudng, hlnh
trdn, hlnh chri nhat, cac hlnh
thidn than, vri nri, rdng rin,
cac loai hoa van... Nhung
mdtip nay dupe the hien da
dang va phong phu. M...; hdt
cac bfeh hpa trong chria
thudng ve vd dd tai Phat giao,

tieu su drie Phat va cd ghi
chri tring canh mdt. Ngoai ra
cdn cd nhung brie tranh phan
anh tridt ly nhan sinh,
nguydn ly nhan qua cria Phat
giao, eho ta tha'y cai nhin
mpc mac cua ngudi Khome
vd cupe ddi, .e vu try quan
cring nhu sinh hoat hang
ngay gin lien vdi mpt drie tin
trong sang.

Npi dung cac de tai, chri
de deu lay tam diem ca ngpi
sy loan nang, toan didn,
nhring tridt ly tham sau cua
drie Phat. Nhung nhan vat
trong trudng ea Riemkd nhu:
Preah Ream, Seda,
Hanuman, Chin, Tidn...
bidn thanh nhung mdtfp dpc
dao. Vdi loai hoa van trang
trf, thudng lay tri thien nhien
phong phri, nhring dda hoa
sen, hoa reang, hoa mai, cac
la bd dd, hoa eric... ddu dupe

the hidn vdi mdt trinh dp eao
bang nhring mau sic rye rd.
Sy ty do khPng ban chd cae

mau, nhung d day chi co 6
mau dupe ehuyen dring. Day
la 6 mau ed cua Phat giio va
cring tupng trung cho mdi
kidp cria Phat. Mau xanh
lam: ndi vd cupc ddi drie
Phat khi cdn la Bd tat da ra
tay crin dp chring sinh. Mau
tring: cd y nghia trong kidp
nay Phat cudi voi tring di
gay mua cun nan chring sinh.
Mau ci vang: tupng trung
cho long hi xa khi ma quy
mudn an thjt, Phat da rdc thjt
m. 'h cho ma quy an. Mau
dd: la mau mau, ke lai
chuydn trong mpt kidp khic
Phat da md ngye minh de lay
trai lim lam thudc khi me bj
rin cin. Cudi cring la mau
inh Iria: the hien tren la cd la
sy sip xep nam mau tren lien
nhau theo hang dpc, mau
nay noi ldn mpt kiep cua
Phat khi cdn la con thd da hy
sinh nhay vao Iria nudng
<i>minh dang cho De Thfch thd </i>
hidn sy bd thf tuyet ddi cria
Phat.

Ngay nay, cac brie hpa d
cac chria Khome hau hdt
dupe sua chua hoac ve mdi
vdi cac mau nguydn chat ft
pha trpn. Hp rat thfch sri
dyng mau phan quang phdi
hop vdi nhau trong tranh, ft
dring ldi chuyen sic dp theo
sy chri sic hay trpng tam,
nen mau sic trong tranh
thudng sac sd. Nhin chjng
ldi hpi hpa trong chria
Khome vin dem lai sy ha'p
din, phan anh ea tfnh, tinh

cam cua ngudi ve eung nhu
thj hidu tham my cria nhan
dan Khome.

Cd the noi, trai qua hang
the ky, vdi bao nhieu tidp
bidn van hda va chfnh trj,
cring nhung bidn dpng to ldn
cria ljch su, hai mau vang va
dd trong quan niem thim
my, van hda cria ngudi
phuang Ddng dudng nhu la
mpt net tinh thin dac biet.
Nd nhu an vao mau cria
ngudi phuang Ddng, dac biet

la ngudi Trung Hoa, ngudi
Viet Nam cring mpt sd qud'c
gia khae bj anh hudng bdi
van hda Trung Hoa. Tdi cdn
nhd mpt cau ndi cria giio su
Dang Quy Khoa ring: "Kha
nang cam nhan cria ngudi
phuang Ddng vd eac tdng
mau ndng, ching ban nhu
tdng mau vang hay tdng mau
dd thudng dd hem la cac tdng
mau lanh". Tdi cho didu nay
la dring, bdi vl, nhu da tha'y,
hau hdt trong cac cdng trinh
kidn trric cd cung nhu my
thuat cd ddu sri dung tdng
mau ndng, ma hai mau chinh
thudng dupe sri dung rat
nhidu la vang va dd va ed
djnh vd mau sic nhu vay
hang the ky, vl the ma nd da
anh hudng sau vao tam thric
cua con ngudi. Mac dri cac
long mau lanh cring dupe sri
dyng, nhung thudng thi rat
ban che: mau xanh lam hay
mau xanh ngpc thudng dupe
trang trf cho Iran nha cria
cung that, hay mpt sd nhung
dd dring nhim tao cam giac

mit me thu gian j

>•
5
<b>3 </b>
<b>(O </b>

<b>?' </b>

<b>o </b>
<b></b>

<b>c-Q </b>

<b>-D </b>
<b>a' </b>

D.L.C !-c

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