Nâng cao hiệu quả thi công công trình ngầm khi sử dụng máy khoan hầm

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<b>Hdi NGHI KHOA HOC KY THUAT MO TOAN QUOC LAN THIJf XX </b>

<b>CNM </b>

<b>NANG CAO HIEU QUA THI CONG CONG TRINH NGAM </b>

<b>KHI SU' DUNG MAY KHOAN HAM </b>

<i><b>ThS. TRAN TUAN MINH - TrUdng Dai hgc Mo-Dja chat </b></i>
<b>KS. N G U Y I N</b><i><b> VIET DjNH - Vien Khoa hgc Cong nghe Mo-TKV </b></i>

<b>k k ien nay do sy phat trien cDa khoa hpc ky </b>

r

l thuat va viec ap dung eac thanh tyu khoa
• i hpc ky thuat vao trong san xua't, eae may
mdc hien dai ngay cang dupe ap dung rpng rai vao
trong tiiyc t i san xuat de nang eao hieu qua lao
dpng. Trong cac loai may hien dai tren cd may
klioan him TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine). May
khoan ham TBM vdi eae chac nang khoan him, thi
cdng him toan tiet dien ed tfnh cd gidi hoa eao, td'c
<i>dp thi cdng nhanh da dupe ap dung va da thu dugc </i>
<i>kit qua cao b tren the gidi va k i t qua nhat djnh b </i>
Viet Nam (H.1).

Tuy nhien, hieu qua thi cdng cdng trinh ngam
bang eae may khoan ham TBM phu thudc vao mpt
to hpp eCia ra't nhieu yeu td khac nhau ty qua trinh
tham dd, lya chpn phUdng an TBM den viee thi
cdng khai dao, ehd'ng giu, .v.v. cung nhu hoan thien
cac hang muc cCia cdng trinh. Bai bao phan tfch
mpt sd van d i lien quan den hieu qua thi cdng
cdng trinh ngam bang may dao him TBM va dUa ra
mpt sd bien phap khac phue.

<b>2. Cac ye'u to anh hudng tdi hieu qua thi </b>
<b>cong ham bing may khoan ham TBM </b>

<i><b>2.1. Anh hudng eua cae yeu to khach quan dja </b></i>
<i><b>chat de'n thi cong him bang may khoan him </b></i>

<i><b>• Su thay doi dieu kien dia chat khu vuc thi </b></i>

<i>cdng dudng him </i>

Sy thay doi dja chat thudng xuyen gay anh
hudng Idn din hieu qua may khoan ham. May
<i>khoan ham thudng dugc ap dung cho nhung khu </i>
vyc dja chat ft ed tfnh biin ddng thay dd'i lien tue
tren ehu tuye'n cCia cdng trinh, khi diiu kien dja chat
thay ddi thi anh hudng den viec sCf dung cae loai
rang cat khac nhau, dieu kien thi cdng cho tang loai
TBM la khdng hieu qua. Viec tham dd dja chat
khdng dung cd the dan tdi viee dyng may TBM
hoac viee lam sap do gUdng him cung nha khd'i
da't da xung quanh cdng trinh ngam.

<i><b>• Yetv td nudc ngim </b></i>

Sy thay doi myc nudc ngam cung nhu ap lye
<i>cCia nadc ngam tac dung den guong dao cung gky </i>

anh hudng den hieu qua thi edng cdng trinh nglm
bang may khoan ham. Cu the khi ap lye ehd'ng giu

guong khdng dCi de chdng lai ap lyc nude d xung
quanh lam eho nude bun da't cd the tran ngap vao
trong dudng ham, ye'u td nude ngam ed tfnh an
mdn eung lam mdn rang cat, d i u c l t eung nhu thiit
bj cCia may khoan ham.

<i>H.1. May khoan him TBM tai cCta ham Dublin </i>
<i>-Dublin, Ireland 2002 (a) va may khien dao (S-M) </i>

<i>dimg cho da't yeu (b) [2]. </i>

<i>• Ye'u to da't da bj nen ep manh do su thay doi </i>

<i>Ung sua't trong da </i>

Qua trinh khai dao dudng ham se giai phdng
yng suat bj nen ep trong da't da sinh ra mpt sd hien

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<b>HOI NGH! KHOA HOC KY THUAT MO TOAN QUOC LAN THUf XX </b>

tupng nha trdc vd, pha vd qua cd, cung nhu sap dd'
dat da vao trong cdng trinh ngam va budc phai
dyng viee thi edng dudng ham lai de ehd'ng giu
dadng him.

<i><b>2.2. Anh hudng cua cae yeu td chu quan </b></i>
<i><b>cong nghe den hieu qua thi cong him bang </b></i>
<i><b>may khoan him TBM </b></i>

<i><b>• Yeu to true tiep vi may khoan him: Td'c dp </b></i>

thi cdng dadng ham phu thudc vao loai may khoan
ham TBM va eae trang thiet bj phu trp di kem, cung
nha kha nang cung Cfng thiet bj phu tung thay the khi
hong hdc cua dPn vj thi cdng. Khi cd sy thay doi dat
da thi cung din den mac dp hao mdn rang eat khac
nhau, viee thay ddi rang cat tren dau cat cung lam
cham tiin dp dao him bang may TBM. Thdng thudng
trong eac da ed dp cCfng Idn, tfnh chju mai mdn cao thi
chi phf rang clt eho dao ham se Idn hdn trdng dat da
mem yeu va thdi gian thay rang eat trong qua trinh
khai dao eung phai tang len, do dd ma td'c dp dao
him se bj cham lai.

Ngoai ra dd'i vdi may trong qua trinh hoat ddng
edn cd the bj hdng cac bd phan trong ban than may
nhu: Bp phan dau dao, bp phan nang dd kit cau
chdng, bp phan eung cap khf nen, bd phan xCf ly
bui,... se din d i n budc phai thay the hoac sCfa
chaa ehung bang cac thiet bj dy phdng. Nhu vay
thdi gian lam viee cd fch cCia may cung bj giam di
va td'c dp thi cdng dudng ham bj cham lai.

<i>• Yeu td lam giam tdc do thi cdng him khi kich </i>

<i>day TBM ty len ket cau lam hdng ket cau phai thay </i>
<i>the ket cau chdng </i>

Khi khai dao va di chuyen TBM cd the eae kfeh
thu^ lyc se ti len phan kit eau da ehd'ng giy d phfa

sau hdac viee ty len da't da de tao lye day kich dau
day tham nhap vao trong da't da hoac de di chuyen
TBM cd the gay ra hien tupng pha huy kit elu
ehd'ng giu hoac lam hu hai fie thdng ludi thep, be
tdng phun (niu ed) hoac khdi da xung quanh
dudng him bude phai xCf ly va nd eOng la nguyen
nhan lam giam hieu qua hoat dpng eCia may TBM.

<i>•> Yeu t6 thi cdng dudng him bang TBM gay </i>

<i>lun be mat dat lam giam hieu qua thi cdng dudng </i>
<i>him bang may TBM </i>

Odi vdi nhyng dudng h i m nam gin mat dat thi
viee thi cdng eac dudng ham bang TBM thudng gay
ra eae bien dang lun b i mat lam anh hudng d i n
cae cdng trinh tren mat. Nhieu trudng hpp viec khai
dao dudng ham cdn lam hu hong d i n eae edng
trinh tren b i mat, khi dd bude phai dang viec khai
dao dudng ham lai de khac phuc eac sy ed sau do
mdi tiep tue dao dudng h i m .

Nhu vay viec khic phue sy ed se lam giam tiin
dp thi edng eung nhu tang thdi gian may chit

(khdng hoat ddng) cCia may lam giam hieu qua thi
edng him.

<i>• Yeu to bui, cap nudc, chieu sang bi hu hdng </i>
hoac kem chat lupng cung lam giam hieu qua tdc

dp thi cdng him bang cae may TBM.

<i>•:• Ye'u td van hanh, tay nghe cCia ddi thg thi </i>

<i>cdng, phan doan du doan cua chuyen gia khdng </i>

hpp ly cung lam giam hieu qua thi edng edng trinh
ngam bang may khoan ham TBM. Khi thi cdng lap
dyng ke't eau chdng, kit elu chdng tham ed the ed
mdt sd tinh hudng gay nguy hiem dd'i vdi edng
nhan, anh hudng xau d i n toe dp dao ham bang
may TBM.

3. Giai phap khac phuc

<i>Nhuda phan tfch b tren, hieu qua hoat ddng cCia </i>
viee thi cdng bang may khoan ham phu thude vao
td'ng the cCia rat nhieu yeu to khae nhau. Cho nen,
giai phap khae phue khdng nen phan biet nang nhe

<i>b ta't ea eae khau nao cd anh hudng din tdc dp dao </i>

h i m . Cac bien phap ed the ke den la:

••• Thur nhat: trude khi quyit djnh lya chpn loai
may khoan h i m nao thi ehung ta can phai cd danh
gia, quan trie, dieu tra khu vyc dja chat xay dyng
dudng ham mpt each hit syc ti mi, vi viec dau ta
may khoan h i m can sd lupng vd'n ra't Idn. Ngoai
viec khoan cae Id khoan tham dd ti mi, viee do dac

dja chan, dja vat ly, quan trie thi ehung ta edn can
phai cd dau dc am hieu ve diiu kien dja chat de
phan doan them nhung tinh hudng cd the xay ra de
dua ra bien phap lya chpn may eung nhu viee dy
tfnh eae y i u td ty dja chat anh hudng d i n qua trinh
khai dao dudng ham.

• Thur hai: Vdi nhyng khu vyc ed nude ngam
ehay vao cd the xCf ly bang each sau: bdm chat
dinh kit vapt trade gadng ham de tao sy d'n djnh,
ngan chan nadc ehay vao trong trade khi thi edng.
Vdi viee lam nay, cac thiit bj khoan Id khoan va
bdm ehlt dfnh k i t phai dapc lap dat treng may dao
va viee khoan bdm ep xung quanh dudng ham cd
the dai den 25m de xi mang hea. Hdac khi phfa
trade gUdng h i m dat da yeu ed the phai khoan tao
d vdm, cape gUdng trade khi khai dac.

•:• Xu" ly nudc khi da chay vao trong dudng
ham bang each tang edng sua't cua may bdm nude.
Cd t h i dung bien phap ha myc nudc nglm, bdm ep
chat each nadc, ddng bang nhan tao,....

•:• Thur 3: Xu ly su co ve rang c a t Khi rang elt
bj hdng, hao mdn se lam giam kha nang elt da cCia
dau cat. Niu rang eat kem thi s§ thudng xuyen phai
thay ddi lam giam thdi gian hyu fch eCia may khoan
ham, do dd cung lam giam td'c dp dao him bang
may. Cach khae phue td't nha't la tang cudng chat
lupng rang cat, lya chpn cac d i u rang c l t dupc c h i

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<b>HOI NGHI KHOA HOC KY THUAT MO T O A N QUOC LAN THIJf XX </b>

<b>CNM </b>

tao ty cac hpp kim cd kha nang cat Idn va tfnh^ bj
mai mdn tha'p se tang tud'i thp cCia rang eat, giam
thdi gian chit may va tang hieu qua thi cdng h i m .
Trong trudng hpp thudng xuyen gap van d i da qua
cyng thi cd the de'n nhung ndi nghien cyu chuyen
<i>sau ve dat da de cd the cd dapc nhung ehi dan eu </i>
the each eai tiin cac k i t qua cat cho nhung cdng ty
cung cap rang c l t eho may khoan him. Cd the sCf
dung cac rang cat ed chya vonfram-eaebua, de
tang cudng kha nang eat da eho may. Tuy nhien,
viec sCf dung rang cat vonfram-eaebua thi thudng
keo theo la gia thanh mua rang cat eao nen trong
thye t i thi ngudi ta cd the dung ke't hpp ca rang eat
vonfram va rang elt thudng.

•:• Thiir4: Xur ly sirco ve khi bui, ro dien va chay no
Ban than may TBM va eae thiet bj phu trp eung nhu
toan bp cac thiet bj ed lien quan den may TBM phai dupe
each dien de ngan ngya hien tupng ehay nd do tia iCfa
hoac bj nung ndng qua nhiet dp cho phep.

Can phai lap dat eae dung cu phat hien sy rd ri
cCia khi, tinh toan thdng gid va cd chu y den lupng
khi va bui cd the sinh ra, khi dao ham trong da
eang, bui thudng xuyen xuat hien. Nd khdng ehay
nhung rat nguy hiem ddi vdi sac khoe neu hit thd
phai bui trong thdi gian dai. Do dd, cdng tae thdng

gid can phai dam bao dem gid sach vao de hoa
loang khf ddc va bui xud'ng dudi nong dp cho phep
va dua khi ddc ra khoi khu vyc lam viee.

• Thur 5: x u ly sir co' trong cac khau dao ham
Dao ham bang may cd rat nhieu cac khau edng
tae khae nhau ty c l t da, xCf ly gadng, ehd'ng tam,
ching ed djnh, van chuyen ke't ca'u chdng, dat
da Do dd, eae khau nay can phai nhjp nhang va
lam viec an toan, hieu qua. Neu mpt khau nao dd
gap sy cd thi hien nhien nd ed anh hudng den cae
khau khae va hieu qua lam viec cua may dao him
cung giam theo.

4. Ket luan

<i>Qua mpt sd diem phan tfch b tren ed the nhan </i>
tha'y rang viee thi edng xay dyng cac dudng him du
bang phUdng phap truyin thdng thdng thudng hay
thi cdng bang may cd gidi thi hieu qua eua chung
phu thupc vao ra't nhieu cae yeu td khae nhau. Mdi
yiu td diu cd nhung anh hudng nhat djnh den hieu
qua cung nhu chat lupng cdng trinh nglm. Viee
phan tieh, dy doan eac y i u td nguy hai lam giam
hieu qua hoat dpng dao ham eCia may khoan him
TBM cd y nghTa rat quan trpng de dem lai hieu qua
cao khi thi cdng bang may. Trong tUdng lai thi eae
may khcan ham se ngay cang dupe sy dung rpng
rai trong thi cdng xay dyng. Do dd, ma ehung ta
can phai xem xet, dy doan ta't ea cae tinh hudng cd

the gay nguy hiem, bat Ipi trong qua trinh thi edng

bang may dUa ra dapc eae bien phap khae phuc
can thiet de nang eao hieu qua lam viee bang may
khoan ham.d

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. Safe working in tunnelling. Prepared by the
ITA working group " Heath and safety" and
financed by TBG and ITA

2. G. Sauer, Ph.D, .P. E., Walter A Mergelsberg,
Dr.G. SauerCorp., Herndon, VA USA; Salzburg,
Austria; London, UK - Tunneling .... and beyond
22/10/2004.

3. Giovanni Baria, Department of Structural and
Geoteehnieal Engineering, politeenieo di Torino,
Tunnelling under squeezing rock conditions.

4. Erie Leea\ Yann Leblais^ va Kari Kuhnhenn^
Underground works in soils and soft rock tunneling.
5. Erie Lesea, SCETAUROUTE/DTTS, Groupe
EGIS, Les Pleiades n° 35, Park Nord Annecy,
74373 Pring Cedex, France.

6. Yann Leblais, EEG SIMECSOL, Consluting
Engineers, 18 me Trdyn, 92316 Sevres Cedex, France.

7. Kari Kuhnhenn, BUNG GmbH, Englerstra8e4,
Postfach 101420, 69004 Heidelberg, Germany.

<i>Ngudi bien tap: Ninh Quang Thanh </i>

<b>SUMMARY </b>

P paper introduces reasons, effects and
„|; overcoming methods to increase
executing efficiency of underground
constructions using road headers, the
machines that should be widely used in the
field of the tunnel excavation nowadays.

LiiLHtir-tqj.-1. Tin tudng qua la con dadng d i n den
<i>nhu'ng dau kho'. Tuc ngCr Italia. </i>

2. Luong thien la gia trj hang dau di trade
mpi gia trj chan chinh va ca gia trj tham mT.

<i>F. Voltaire. </i>

3. Nhu'ng ta duy Idn thadng di ty trai tim
I6n, nhung an tinh nang thadng de'n ty le
<i>phai. Cach ngon. </i>

<i>4. Khi tranh cai vdi mpt ngadi, can cham </i>

lo de sau cupc tranh cai do ta c6 mpt ngadi
<i>,ban. Diodore. </i>

VTH. suxi tam

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