Nghệ thuật Kiến trúc và tạo hình của người Maya cổ đại

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<b>VAN HOA - LiCH SLf </b>

<b>NGHE THUAT KIEN TRUC VA TAO HINH CUA </b>

<b>NGir^l MAYA CO DAI </b>

<i>^¥\ r\idc khi nha h i n g hai </i>

^ !> Christcpher Cdlumbus

(1451-^ • (1451-^ 1506) p h i t hien ra chau My,

tren "vuing dat mdi" niy da tiing tdn tai

cic nen van minh cd kinh, nic rd ciia

ngUdi Indian, trdng dd cd nen van minh

cua tpc ngUdi Maya cd dai. Nen van

minh Maya la mpt trong nhUng nen

van minh cd trinh dp p h i t trien cac d

Tan the gidi. Tuf nhutng the ky sau cimg

trUdc Cdng nguyen den the ky IX sau

Cdng nguyen, nen van minh Maya p h i t

trien manh me d b i n did Yucatan

(lanh thd cua Mexicc, Guatemala,

Honduras, Belize va El Salvador ngay

nay). Nhieu trieu dai vdi biet bao vi vua

ngii tri d cic thanh phd' ldn nhU: Copan,

Tikal, Palenque, Uxmal, Chichen Itza...

Trong sud't q u i trinh tdn tai ciia minh,

ngUdi Maya da dat dUdc nhieu thanh

tiiu ndi bat ve van hdi, nghe thuat,

khda hpc tu nhien... Trong bii vie't niy,

tic gia chi di sau nghien cufu, tim hieu

ve nhiing thanh tUu nghe thuat kien

tnic va nghe thuat tao hinh ciia ngifdi

Maya, qua dd de thay dUdc sufc lac ddng

manh me, sing tae cua hp trong qui

trinh tdn tai va p h i t trien. NhUng

thinh tiiu ve kien tnic, dieu khac, hdi

hpa... la mdt trong nhutng bing chufng

cu the chufng minh cho thdi ky phat

trien dinh cac ciia ngUdi Maya cd dai.

<b>1. Nghe t h u a t k i e n true </b>

Gid'ng nhu kien tnic Hy Lap - La

Ma cd dai, kien tnic Maya cd h i n g

<b>Nguyen Tuan Binh </b>
<i>Khoa Lich sii, Dgi hgc Sii Pham Hue </i>

nghin nam tudi v i dUdc d i n h gii l i

mpt nen nghe thuat dpc dio va hiem

cd. Trong sud't chieu dii cua nen van

h o i Maya, nhUng trung tam tdn giio,

thUdng mai v i chinh quyen nha nUdc

da dUdc xay dufng d cic thanh phd' ldn,

bao gdm Chichen Itza, Tikal, Copan,

Uxmal... Cic cdng trinh kien tnic cua

ngUdi Maya da ghi lai da'u an nhUng

thdi ky phat trien huy b e i n g cua dan

tdc. Do tfnh chat cua ddi sd'ng xa hdi,

kien true Maya chiu i n h hUdng td tdn

giid, tin ngUdng. Thdng qua sii quan

s i t ve nhieu yeu td' phui bdp va nhUng

net nghe thuat dac sac, cic di tich cua

kien tnic Maya l i chia khci quan

trpng de nghien ciiu suf p h i t trien ciia

nen van minh nay.

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<b>02 </b> _{SO 11-2009} _{CHAU MY NGAY NAY}
Mdi mdt t h a n h phd cila ngUdi M a y a

<i>la mpt q u a n the kien t n i c do so. (j </i>
t r u n g t a m t h i n h phd' la mpt q u a n g
tru'dng ldn. Day la dia diem t u hpp cua
mpi ngudi t r c n g c i c dip le hdi. C i c
q u i n g tru'dng nay la trpng t a m thiet
ke xay diing t h a n h phd'. Bao q u a n h
q u i n g trifdng la cung dien. c i c kim tii
t h i p . den thd, s i n bdng... Ben ngoai
t r u n g t a m t h i n h phd' l i nhutng ngdi
<i>nha g i i n di ciia ngifdi d i n . "Tgi khu </i>

<i>trung tdm cua thdnh phd Tikal cd mgt </i>
<i>qudng tru'dng rgng ldn, la ndi cd hdnh </i>
<i>nghi le. rgng khodng 2,5 knr. Qudng </i>
<i>tritdng ndy d hai phia Dong Tdy cd .xdy </i>
<i>diing kim tii thdp, phia Bdc co thdnh </i>
<i>bdo ve kieu Hy Lap cd. Cdch xa nhdng </i>
<i>cong trinh ndy, cd khodng dd't rgng </i>
<i>chdng 16 km- ldm ndi nhd d, cd the d </i>
<i>ditdc td 1 - 4,5 van ngiidi"''^'. </i>

Cac cdng t r i n h kien t n i c ciia ngUdi
Maya dUdc x i y dufng t r e n mdt c i i nen

b i n g p h a n g . cao hdn m a t da't. Nd
chiem vi tri tai t r u n g t a m va tuf t r e n
cac n h i n xud'ng. de t a n g t h e m cam
giic kinh sd ciia mpi ngUdi ddi vdi
nhUng kien t n i c tdn giao. Ddng thdi,
nd cung guip cho n h i i n g ngudi t h a m
gia hdat ddng tdn g i i o n h i n t h a y ro
n h u n g nghi t h d c d a n g tien h a n h d
tren nen cao. Kien t n i c cua ngUdi
Maya cd nhUng net ddc d i o . nha't la
ky t h u a t xay t h i p vdi nhutng khdi da
<i>n a n g t r e n d m h ddi. "Nhdng cot, titdng </i>

<i>ldn vdi diidng net ciing xudt hien tren </i>
<i>dinh dot cao ditdi dnh ndng mat trin </i>
<i>choi chang gdy cho con ngiidi mgt cdm </i>
<i>gidc bl che ngii ndng ne"'^'. iMac du </i>

thieu nhiing cdng n g h e tien tien n h u
cac cdng cu kim loai, rdng r o c . . .
nhu'ng vdi ngudn n h a n luc p h o n g phii,
ngUdi M a y a da xay dufng n e n cac cdng
t r i n h kien t n i c dac s i c ciia m i n h .

Tat c i c i c loai da p h u c vu cho viec
xay d u n g deu dUdc lay tif cac md da d
dja p h u d n g . NgUdi M a y a t h u d n g suf

d u n g d i vdi, mdt loai d i m e m va de
che bien'^'. P h a n ldn n h i i n g t a n g da

r i e n g le suf d u n g t r o n g cdng t r i n h deu
nhd, t r p n g lUdng dii cho mdt ngUdi thd
cd t h e m a n g vac. T u y n h i e n , de tao a n
tUdng d m a t t i e n cdng t r i n h nhU: hac
t h a n g , h i n g l a n can,... ngUdi M a y a
c u n g suf d u n g c i c t a n g d i ldn. N h i m
t a n g k e t ca'u cdng t r i n h , p h i n ldn vuta
cua ngu'di M a y a l i da vdi difdc nghien,
ddt va t r d n cd n h i i n g t i n h chat cua
x i m a n g n g i y n a y . Viia dUdc suf d u n g
phd bie'n che viec td tu'dng. Ben c a n h
dd. hp diing m d t h d n hdp d i vdi hoac
da't dUdc n g h i e n n i t t r p n l i n vdi d i
d a m l a m n g u y e n lieu xay dufng. De
che lap ldp da b e n t r o n g , ngudi M a y a
quet mdt ldp vuta m d n g va td sdn len
be m a t . Cdn da voi dUdc ded gpt va
t h a c h cao dUdc diing de td hdac l i t
m a t b i n g . M a t c h i n h dien cua cac
cdng t r i n h k i e n t n i c dUdc t r a n g tri
b i n g hoa v a n va n h i i n g bufc bich hpa
ve t r e n cac p h i e n d i . Del vdi nhUng
ngdi n h i b i n h thUdng, n h i i n g cdt gd,
gach sd'ng va l i t r a n h la cac vat lieu
xay diing c h u ye'u.

Theo lich p h a p M a y a , s a u 52 n a m ,
tiic la mdt t h e ky t h e o each gpi cua
ngUdi M a y a , cac d e n thd va kim tii
t h i p dUdc suta chiia va xay dufng lai.

Q u a t r i n h xay dufng thUdng dUdc tien
h a n h t h e o m e n h l e n h cua ngUdi c i m
q u y e n mdi hoac p h u c vu cho n h i i n g suf
kien c h i n h t r i q u a n t r p n g . Tuy nhien,
quy t r i n h xay dufng lai t r e n d i n h cua
cdng t r i n h cu la mpt viec l a m binh
t h u d n g . Vi du, cdng t r i n h N o r t h
Acropolis d T i k a l dUdc xem n h u la
tdng t h e cua 1.500 n a m cua suf bie'n
ddi k i e n tnic''"'.

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<i><b>Loai hinh kien triic thd nhdt Id </b></i>
<i><b>Idu ddi, cung dien. </b></i>

Cac lau dai, cung dien dUdc xay
dufng d n h i i n g k h u dat b i n g p h i n g
<i>thudc t r u n g t a m ciia t h a n h phd'. "Cung </i>

<i>dien thitdng cd rdt nhieu phong, nhieu </i>
<i>cda ra vdo vd cda sd. Cdc vdm gid vd </i>
<i>cdc vdm vien Id net chu dgo trong nghe </i>
<i>thugt kien true cua ngitdi Maya. Ho </i>
<i>khong xdy trdn nhd phdng. Xung </i>
<i>quanh tiidng la sit ket hdp hdi hda </i>
<i>gida nghe thugt kien true vd dieu </i>
<i>khdc. Sii phdi hdp gida cdc ditdng net, </i>
<i>mdu sdc, dnh sdng... cung vdi cdc hinh </i>
<i>ve, cdc titdng ddp ndi dd mang lgi hieu </i>
<i>qud cao cho cdc cong trinh"^^\ Loai </i>

hinh kien t n i c cung dien cd m a t d
t r u n g t a m cac t h a n h phd' ldn cua ngUdi
Maya nhU: Cdpan, Tikal, Palenque,
Chichen Itza, Uxmal...

<i><b>Loai hinh kien true thit hai Id </b></i>
<i><b>kim tu thdp bgc thang. </b></i>

Kim tuf t h i p b i c t h a n g cua ngUdi
Maya (gpi la El Castillo) dUdc suf d u n g
n h u c i c den thd te t h a n linh. Kim tuf
t h i p d day k h d n g dd sd nhU kim tuf
t h i p d Ai Cap, nhUng lai la mpt cdng
t r i n h kien t n i c dUdc c h a m t r d cdng
phu, tao n e n mpt p h o n g each kien
t n i c dac sac. Mdi k i m tuf t h a p deu cd
<i>nhutng hac t h a n g t h i n g dufng - "day la </i>

<i>cdy cdu ndi lien the gidi thdn linh vdi </i>
<i>the gidi trdn ttic"'''^\ Cac vi t h a n se tii </i>

thUdng gidi xud'ng t r a n gian b i n g
nhUng c i i t h a n g n a y . Dd c u n g la
phUdng tien de cac p h a p sU c i u mUa
t h u a n gid hda.

Cac kim tuf t h a p cila ngudi M a y a
m a n g t r e n m i n h nhUng da'u a n ndi len
sii hieu hiet cd b a n va c h i n h x i c ve
thien v a n hcc cua nhutng ngUdi s a n g

tad chiing, tuf sii bd' t r i de'n so' lUdng
b i c da. NgUdi M a y a xay dufng kim tuf
t h a p thed n g u y e n t a c : mdi hac t h a n g
tUdng iing vdi mpt ngay, mdi t a n g
tUdng ling vdi mdt t h i n g , bae t h a n g

cac nha't t r e n d i n h la ngay thii 365
cua n a m , va la b a n thd c i c vi t h i n .
T r e n m a t p h i n g d d i n h kim tuf t h i p ,
ngUdi M a y a xay den thd v i dufng cic
bufc tUdng t h a n h n h . Hp q u a n niem
day la ndi g i n nha't de budc len thien
dudng. K h e a n g da't rdng n i m t r i i dai
dudi c h i n kim tuf t h i p la ndi d i n
chiing t a p t r u n g h a n h le, cung te v i
ca miia t r o n g c i c le hdi.

Mdt t r o n g nhUng kim tii t h a p ndi
tie'ng nha't cua ngudi M a y a l i kim tuf
t h i p K u k u l c a n (ten M a y a cua vua
Quetzalccatl) d t h i n h p h d Chichen
Itza. Cdng t r i n h cao 24m, cd d i y h i n h
vudng, mdi c a n h d i i 60m. Tren dinh
cua kim tuf t h a p la den thd cac 6m.
NgUdi M a y a da xay dufng bd'n c i u
t h a n g d bd'n hUdng d a n den ngdi den.
Bd'n cau t h a n g cd tdng cdng la 364 hac
t h a n g (91 bac/1 cau t h a n g ) , cdng vdi
n e n cua den thd la 365 hac, .tUdng
trUng cho 365 n g a y t r o n g mpt n a m

theo lich cua ngUdi Maya. T i n g t r e n
cumg ciia k i m tuf t h a p K u k u l c a n la
<i>den thd t h i n r a n K u k u l c a n {Ran </i>

<i>Long Vii), dUdc hieu tUdng b i n g mdt </i>

cen v a t cd ca nhutng dac t i n h cua chim
va r a n . T r c n g ngdi den cdn cd ngai
v a n g h i n h con bao c h a u My dUdc dee
tuf d i , sdn m a u dd, t r i n g ngpc bich
ciia t h i n K u k u l c a n . M a t ngoai ciia
kim tut t h i p dUdc td diem b a n g nhieu
hoa v a n dUdc sap xep c i u ky tao nen
cac d i i b a n g ngang, p h a n butc tUdng
t h i n h nhutng k h d a n g c i c h deu n h a u .
NhUng bae t h a n g di len cua kim tuf
t h i p deu n h i n t h a n g ve c i c hUdng
chfnh Bae, c h i n h N a m , chinh Ddng va
chfnh Tay. Vao budi s i n g , i n h m a t
trdi se chieu t h a n g vac p h i n d i u den
p h i n dudi cua bufc tUdng t h a n r a n dat
t r e n chdp dinh, tUdng trUng cho suf
thutc t i n h cua t h i n r a n Kukulcan.

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54 SO 11-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY

<i>vdi bdc thang dd that ddi, cd the di len </i>

<i>phdng md tren dinh. Nhdng phdng md </i>

<i>deu cd phdn trang tri ben tren khd uy </i>

<i>nghi. Trong so'dd, cd mgt kim tii thdp </i>

<i>ldn nhdt, diidc ggi la kim tii thdp sd 4, </i>

<i>cao 70m. Nhdng kim tit thdp ndy </i>

<i>thitdng dung ldm ndi chon cdt cua </i>

<i>ngiidi quyen quy, ben trong cd nhdng </i>

<i>do vdt chon theo rdt xinh dep, de cung </i>

<i>cdp cho ngitdi chet dn udng vd sd </i>

<i>dung khi qua the gidi ben kid"^\ </i>

<i><b>Logi hinh kien true thd ba la </b></i>

<i><b>sdn bdng. </b></i>

Tai cic thanh phd' Maya cd rat

nhieu s i n bdng dUdc xay dufng vdi dien

tich ldn, cd hinh chut I hoa vdi cac biic

tudng bad quanh. San bdng dUdc tim

thay tai thanh phd' Chichen Itza cd hai

biic tudng dii 83m, cac 8,2m, chay

scng Sdng. Khdang cich giiia hai bufc

tudng l i 27m. Chfnh giiia san bdng la

mdt khoanh da't cd hinh chut nhat dai

135m va rdng 68m. San bdng dUdc

dung de chdi mdn "bdng da" cua ngUdi

Maya. Mdn chdi bdng n i y khdng ddn

thuin la mdt mdn the thao ma cdn l i

mdt nghi Id tdn giio. Theo quan niem

<i>cua ngUdi Maya, "sdn bdng titdng </i>

<i>triing cho the gidi, qud bdng mang </i>

<i>hinh dnh cua mat trdi, mat trdng"^'^\ </i>

Tai hai d i u san bdng cd xay hai den

thd. Nhiing ngudi tham gia thi da'u

deu dpi mu ciing, dec gang tay, dec cac

tam da de bao ve hai ben hdng va d i u

gdi. Cic ciu thu dimg vai, dau gdi va

hdng de dUa mdt q u i bdng lam b i n g

cac su, nang khoang 3 kg, qua nhiing

cil vdng bing da dUdc g i n vid hai

phia cua s i n bdng. Dpi trUdng cua dpi

thua cudc se bi dem ra te than. Trong

sd pbii dieu cham khic tren tudng, cd

nhUng phii dieu mieu t i canh nhUng

ngUdi thi dau hi chat dau.

<i><b>Logi hinh kien true thid tU la </b></i>

<i><b>nhung ngoi den. </b></i>

NgUdi Maya da xay dufng cac ngdi

den va dUdc suf dung nhu cac cdng

trinh mai tang danh cho nhutng ngUdi

quyen quy. Tieu hieu cho loai hinh

kien tnic nay la den De Tang (Temple

of the Inscriptions). Ngdi den dUdc

xay dufng vao the ky VII sau Cdng

Nguyen d t h a n h phd' Palenque (phfa

Nam Mexico ngay nay). Den dUdc xay

dufng mpt phan tren ddi dd'c dutng.

Phfa hen trong den De Tang la lang

md ciia vi vua vi dai nhat Palenque,

Hanab Pakal. Ong la vi vua thii X cua

vUdng trieu Palenque. Nam 615 sau

Cdng Nguyen, dng len ngdi vua khi

mdi 12 tudi. Sau mdt suf nghiep lau

dii, Hanab Pakal bat d i u khdi cdng

xay dufng ngdi den vao khoang nam

675. Nam 683, vua Pakal hang ha, thp

80 tudi. Cdng trinh nay dUdc Chan

Bahlam, con trai cua vua Pakal, tie'p

tuc xay dufng va hoan t h a n h vao

khoang nam 700.

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vi v u a q u i cd' P a k a l cd t h e giao tiep
vdi nhUng ngudi cdn sd'ng t h a m gia
cac nghi le dien r a t r o n g den d phfa
tren met c i c h t h u a n tien'^°'.

Cd t h e ndi, den De T a n g vdi l a n g
md P a k a l l i mdt cdng t r i n h cd dai ndi
tie'ng nha't cua ngudi M a y a , vufa cd gia
tri ve m a t n g h e t h u a t , viia cd g i i tri
ve m a t lich suf. Cdng t r i n h giiip chiing
ta hieu biet hdn ve b i n c h a t xa hdi
Maya cd dai va t h e gidi q u a n cua hp.
Lang md v u a P a k a l da chufng m i n h
mpt each day du xa hpi ngUdi M a y a cd
suf p h a n h c a giai cap va ciing chufng
minh c i c kim tuf t h i p vufa l i den thd
t h i n linh, vufa la l a n g md v u a chiia.

<b>2. N g h e t h u a t t a o h i n h </b>

Nghe t h u a t dieu k h i c cua ngUdi
<i>Maya dat de'n t r i n h dp r a t cac. "Mgt </i>

<i>trong nhdng net ddc triing nhdt cua </i>
<i>nghe thugt Maya la sii kheo leo diidc </i>
<i>cdc nhd dieu khdc vd tgo hinh ke't hdp </i>
<i>vdi cdc nhd kien true; sit hdi hod cua </i>
<i>nen trang tri vd ti le cdc hinh, cdch thdc </i>
<i>sd dung tiidng phdn dnh sdng vd bdng </i>
<i>tdi dd xep nhdng nhd dieu khdc Maya </i>
<i>vdo so'nhdng ngiidi gidi nhdf^^^\ </i>

Vdi nhufng n e t c h a m k h a c cua
khdng gian ba chieu, n g h e t h u a t dieu
khac da di vao cudc sd'ng t h u d n g n h a t
ciia nhutng ngUdi d a n M a y a . TrUdc
cufa n h a la n h i i n g biic tUdng, m a t na
dap ndi h i n h i n h c i c vi t h i n d i y
quyen n a n g p h d trd cho cudc sd'ng
ngUdi M a y a . C h a t lieu b a n d i u la gd,
sau t h a y b a n g da vdi. N h i i n g h i n h hda
van c h a m ndi t r e n tUdng, t r e n cac cufa
ra vao, cot d i bd'n m a t vdi nhUng h i n h
khac ndi la nhutng cdng t r i n h dieu
khac cd g i i tri, chiing td t a i n a n g cua
nhiing n g h e n h a n M a y a cd xUa. Dieu
khac n h a m p h u c vu m u c dich tin
ngUdng thd ciing ( t r e n c i c bia md), ca

t u n g c i c vi v u a va k h a n g d i n h ngudn
gd'c t h a n t h i n h cua hp. Bia md t h u d n g

cd h i n h cdt 4 m a t m a n g chan dung vi
vua d m a t trUdc va c i c chU tUdng h i n h
d m a t sau"^'.

N i p day q u a n t i i vua P a k a l d den
De T a n g la m e t t r d n g nhiing s i n
p h a m t i n h x i d nha't cua nghe t h u a t
M a y a cd dai. T r e n n a p day q u a n tai,
ngudi M a y a c h a m k h a c h i n h a n h cua
n h a v u a P a k a l vac gid p h u t lam
chung, m e t cen r a n sieu n h i e n h i hdc
mieng tUdng trUng che cdng vao the
gidi k h i c , ndi d cua tien n h a n . N h a
vua a n v a n n h u mpt n a m t h i n Maize,
mdt vi t h a n t h u d n g dUdc lien tUdng
den suf h i n h t h a n h t h e gidi va hdi
sinh. Phfa s a u P a k a l la met cay to ldn
tUdng trUng cho t h e gidi vdi con r a n
trdi d a n g q u a n t r e n c i n h . Tren ngpn
cay la m e t con chim sieu nhien d a n g
dau, tUdng trUng cho S h a m a n giio va
ma t h u a t . Toan bd t h d n g diep ngu y
vua P a k a l vao liic lam chung dang
dUdc t i i sinh nhU mdt vi t h i n va td
tien dUdc s u n g kinh"^'.

Sd vdi dieu khac, nghe t h u a t hdi hpa

cua ngUdi Maya cung k h i cdng phu.
Suf h i i hda t r e n nen t r a n g tri va ti le
c i c h i n h ve, c i c h thufc suf dung dp
tUdng p h a n giUa i n h s i n g va bdng tdi
la mdt trong n h d n g net dac trUng cua
nghe t h u a t Maya. C i c t i c p h a m hdi
hpa hien cdn lai r a t ft. C i c n h a khao cd
da tim t h a y d di tich B o n a m p a k nhiing
bufc bich hpa t r e n tUdng vdi ve dep
trUdng tdn. D i y la mdt trdng nhiing
biic bich hpa cd dien cd g i i tri nghe
t h u a t cao. Nien dai s i n g t i c bich hpa
nay v i o k h o i n g the ky VI den the ky
VIII sau Cdng nguyen, dUdc thiic hien
tren v i c h tudng mdt ngdi den vdi m a u
s i c sac sd. difdng net re r i n g . NhUng
butc bich hpa n a y cho tha'y cupc sd'ng
sinh ddng cua ngUdi M a y a nhU: c i n h
q u a n chien t h a n g trd ve, d a n nep ed'ng
<i>p h a m , xet xuf t u nhan... "Cdc bdc tranh </i>

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<span class='text_page_counter'>(6)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=6>

56 SO 11-2009 CHAU MY NGAY NAY

<i>sdnh chung vdi cdc bdc tranh cua </i>

<i>Italia thdi ky Phuc hiing. Chung cho </i>

<i>thdy khd ndng phdi cdnh vd tinh cdm </i>

<i>sdng dgng trong bd cuc"'^"". </i>

Nghe thuat trang tri dd gd'm cua

ngUdi Maya cung dUdc biet den vdi

ding ve lich lam. ket hp'p vdi nhieu

hinh i n h . mau sic phcng phu. Nhieu

tic phim gdm difdc tim thay trong cic

hang ddng, cic ham md va day l i dd

vat ciia cic nghi le hien te, mai ting...

Ben canh dd, nhU nhieu tdc ngUdi

khic d Trung My, ngUdi Maya rat Ua

thich nhiing s i n pham bang da quy.

Bing suf kheo leo ciia minh, nhiing

<i>ngUdi thd Maya da che tic ra nhieu do </i>

trang sufc tinh xic va vat dung hang

ngiy. Tai cic kim tuf thip, h i m md ciia

\'ua chiia dUdc phii diy chau b i u va cic

<i>do vat lim tii da quy kham ngpc trai, </i>

cac vdng nhan bang ngpc bich. Tai lang

md Pakal d Palenque. cic nha khac cd

'da tim thay mdt chiec mat na k h i m da

ngpc bich d trong quan tai va cic dd vat

khic che tac bang ngpc bich, xa cut d

trcng io quan. Cic n h i nghien cufu da

<i>cho rang "nghe thudt cua Maya mang </i>

<i>phong cdch dgc biet cua Ai Cap, Trung </i>

<i>Qudc vd An Dg''^'^'. </i>

Tdm lai, ben canh nhutng thanh tiiu

ve van tii, khoa hpc tii nhien, nhutng

cdng trinh kien tnic, dieu khic va hdi

hpa cua ngUdi Maya la nhUng cdng

trinh mang tinh nghe thuat cac. Nhiing

quin the kim tii t h i p d Tikal. den De"

Tang v i lang md vua Pakal d Palenque.

kim tut t h i p Kukulcan va san bdng d

Chichen Itza... khdng chi cd y nghia ve

mat nghe thuat ma cdn mang y righia

ve mat tdn giio, tin ngUdng, Nhiing

cung dien dUdc thiet ke cao sang, hung

\d vdi hing tram biic phii dieu, cham

khic diy tinh dan tdc d ben trdng.

Nhutng kim tii t h i p . den thd... vdi ding

ve ben ngdai thanh thoit,ma ben trong

chiia day van tuf cd mac du trai qua

hang ngin nam vin dufng siing suing

ciing sdng niii. NgUdi Maya cd dai, vdi

b i n tay va khdi dc binh di, da khac

phuc mudn v i n khd khan, tay khdng

tao dufng nen nhutng cdng trinh kien

tnic, da vie't nen nhiing trang sii hao

humg cua dan tdc vdi mdt nghi lufc sieu

pham. Nhutng cdng trinh dd da lam

giiu them kho tang cic cdng trinh kien

tnic cd dai tren the gidi, sanh ngang

h i n g vdi nhiing kim tuf t h i p Ai Cap,

vUdn treo Babylon (Ludng Ha), den thd

Parthedn (Hy Lap), Van Ly TrUdng

Thanh (Trung Qud'c)... Chfnh vi vay,

vao t h i n g 7 nam 2007, thanh phd' cd

Chichen Itza cua ngUdi Maya da dUdc

the gidi binh chpn la mdt trong bay ky

quan the gidi mdi. Vdi trinh dp phit

trien cao each day hdn 2000 nam, nen

van minh ciia ngudi Maya that sU ding

dUdc ca the gidi trong qua khii, hien tai

va ca mai sau phai ngUdng mp •

<i>Chu thich: </i>

<i>1, Maya architecture {ivww.en.ivikipedia.org) </i>

<i>2, Rossemarie Burgh, Richard Cowendish, Ky quan kien </i>
<i>true the gi&i (Ban dich cua Phong Dao). Nha xuat ban </i>

My thuat. Ha Noi, 2004. trang 150.

<i>3, Biii Dep fbien scan). Di sdn the gidi. tap 8, tai ban lan </i>
thii hai. Nha .xuat ban Tre, thanh pho Ho Chi Minh,
2005, trang 37.

<i>4, Maya architecture (www.en.wikipedia.org) </i>
<i>5, Nen van minh Maya (www.vi.wikipedia.org) </i>
<i>6, Nguyen Kim Anh, Le Thi Thu Ha, Nen vdn minh </i>

<i>Maya viing Trung Mv. Tap chi Chau My Ngav nay, so </i>

8, 2'007, trang 44, ' ' ' •
<i>7, Le Phvuig Hoang. Ha Bich Lien, Trin Hong Ngpc. Cdc cong </i>

<i>trinh kien true noi tie'ng trong lich sii the'gidi co trung dai. </i>

NTia xua't ban Giao due. Ha Noi, 1998. trang 151.

<i>8, Rossemarie Burgh, Richard Cowendish. Ky quan kien </i>

<i>true the gi&i (Ban dich cua Phong Dao), Nha xuat ban </i>

My thuat. Ha Noi. 2004, trang 151,

<i>9, Nguyen Kim .\nh. Le Thi Thu Ha. Nen vdn minh </i>

<i>Maya viing Trung My. Tap chi Chau My Ngav nav, so' </i>

8,-2'007, t r a n g 4 5 .

<i>10, Chris Scarre. 70 ky quan the gidi cd dai. Nha xuat </i>
ban My thuat, Ha Noi, 2003, trang 76-77.

<i>11, Henri Lehmann. Cdc nin vdn minh thdi tien Colomh </i>
(Ban dich cua Trinh Thu Hong). Nha xuat ban The
gidi. Ha Noi, 2003. trang 75.

<i><b>12, X. Carpusina, V, Carpusin. Lich sU vdn hoa the </b></i>

<i>giai (Ban dich ciia Mai Ly Quang, Dang Tran Hanh, </i>

Hoang Giang. Le Tam Hang). Nha xua't ban The gidi,
Ha Noi. 2002. trang 262.

<i>13, Chris Scarre, 70 ky quan the gidi co dai. Nha xuat </i>
ban My thuat, Ha Noi, 2003, trang 77.

<i>14, Henri Lehmann, Cdc nen vdn minh thdi tien Colomb </i>
(Ban dich cua Trinh Thu Hong). Nha xuat biin The
gidi, Ha Ngi, 2003, trang 77.

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