Những cặp gây nhầm lần trong Tiếng Anh - Phần 3 - Thấm Tâm Vy

<span class='text_page_counter'>(1)</span>ENGLISH CONFUSABLE WORDS ~ 03 raise, rise, arise You use raise, rise, and arise to talk about moving upwards. If you raise something, you move it so that it is in a higher position. Raise is a regular transitive verb. The past tense and past participle are raised. - He began to raise a massive fist. - Raise the legs, trying to lift the thighs off the floor. - Hooper raised his camera and pressed the button. If something rises, it moves upwards. For example, if smoke rises, it moves up towards the sky. Rise is an irregular intransitive verb. The past tense is rose and the past participle is risen. - In the distance he could see the smoke from his bonfire rising up in a white column. - Clouds of birds rose from the tree-tops. If you rise, you get out of bed or you stand up after sitting, kneeling, or lying down. This is a formal use. - She could not have told you at what time she had risen that morning or how she made her way to the station. - When he saw us arrive, he attempted to rise but couldn’t quite make it. - Ash had bowed, knelt and risen in imitation of the other worshippers. Arise can also be used to say that someone gets out of bed or that they stand up after sitting, kneeling, or lying down. When arise is used like this, it is very old-fashioned or literary. Arise is an irregular intransitive verb. The past tense is arose and the past participle is arisen. - I arose at six. - He arose to greet her. • Raise and rise can also be used as nouns. A rise is an increase in an amount or quantity. - ...price rises. - ...the rise in crime. In British English, a rise is also an increase in someone’s wages or salary. - He went to ask for a rise. In American English, this is called a raise. - He thought about asking his boss for a raise. * * * except, except for, unless, besides Except is normally followed by a noun group. You use except with a statement to introduce the only things, people, or ideas that your statement does not apply to. In the example below, the only thing that did not relax was the person’s right hand. - All of his body relaxed except his right hand. Except can also be followed by prepositional phrases and clauses of time, place, and manner. Thẩm Tâm Vy, August 17th, 2020. - The hot weather had made travelling impossible except in the cool of the morning before the sun rose. - We led almost completely separate existences, except when we came together to climb. You use except for in front of a noun group when you are mentioning something that prevents a statement from being completely true. - The classrooms were silent, except for the busy scratching ofpens on paper. - 1 had absolutely no friends except for Tom. Unless is a conjunction and is followed by a clause. You use unless to introduce the circumstances in which something will not take place or is not true. In the first example below, the statement ‘there was something wrong with Louise’, would not be true tf the speaker had made a mistake, otherwise it would be true. - Unless I was mistaken, there was something wrong with Louise. - In the 1940s and 1950s, a woman was not properly dressed unless she wore gloves. - You must not give compliments unless you mean them. You use besides to introduce further things in addition to those you are mentioning. - Soft fruit will give you, besides a lot of pleasure, a source of vitamins. However, if you talk about ‘the only person besides me’, or ‘the only thing besides that’, you are referring to the only other person or thing in a particular situation or context. - He was now the only person besides Gertrude herself who regularly talked to Guy. * * * expect, wait for, look forward to When you expect someone, you think that they are going to arrive. When you expect something, you think that it is going to happen or arrive. - 1 had sent a postcard saying I was coming so they were expecting me. - We are expecting rain. - I’ll pay for it as soon as the money I’m expecting from Florence arrives. When you wait for someone or something, you remain in the same place or delay doing something until they arrive or happen. - Whisky was served while we waited for Tâm Vy. - We got offthe plane and waited for our luggage. - They waited for orders to begin. When you look forward to something that is going to happen or that you are going to experience, you feel happy because you think you will enjoy it. - I always looked forward to Charlene Mitchell’s visits. - I’ll bet you’re looking forward to that hot Phan Rang sun. * ** fairly, quite, rather ENGLISH CONFUSABLE WORDS 03.. DeThi.edu.vn.

<span class='text_page_counter'>(2)</span> Fairly, quite, and rather are all used to say to what extent something is true. For example, tf you want to say how big something is, you can say that it is fairly big, quite big, or rather big. If something is described as fairly big, it is at least as big as you would expect or need it to be, but not as big as other things like it. Note that when an adjective like ‘big’ comes before a noun, you talk about ‘a fairly big thing’. - There’s a loafof fairly fresh bread. - Her hair had been growing, but she had decided to keep it cut fairly short. - I suppose we’d better get going fairly soon, hadn’t we? - We live in a fairly rural area. If something is described as quite big, it is usually bigger than something that is described as fairly big, and bigger than most other things like it. You can say that something is quite big when you want to express surprise at how big it is. Note that when an adjective like ‘big’ comes before a noun, you usually talk about ‘quite a big thing’ but you can also say ‘a quite big thing’. - It was quite dark by now, and there was no moon. - The dog turned on her more than once and bit her quite severely. - It was quite a long climb up the white, chalky road to the cemetery. - She did so in a quite detached way. If something is described as rather big, it is usually bigger than something that is described as quite big. If you say something is rather big, you are emphasizing how big it is, and you may even be suggesting that it is too big. Note that when an adjective like ‘big’ comes before a noun, you can talk about either ‘a rather big thing’ or ‘rather a big thing’. Rather can also be followed by words like ‘too’ or ‘more’ and by comparative forms of adjectives. - Its apparent simplicity and reliability are rather deceptive. - She got rather angry with me when I fried to intervene. - He put an arm out and his father rather shakily took it as they began to walk. - They had a rather sad look. - I have had rather a sad life. - In the second year two rather more specialised subjects are chosen from a total of seven. * ** many, a lot of, a lot, much Many, a lot of, a lot, and much are all used to talk about large numbers of people or things, or large quantities or amounts. You use many or a lot of in front of a plural count noun to talk about a large number of people or things. - There must be many men who do not want to change these attitudes. - There were many complex problems to be solved. - A lot of people thought it wasfunny. - You've done them a lot of favours. Thẩm Tâm Vy, August 17th, 2020. After ‘too’ and ‘so’, you have to use many. - She had been most afraid of living like her mother, too many children, too little money. - I had spent my entire life with so many books I wanted to read and no time to do it in. You also use many in the phrase ‘as many ... as’. - His ambition now is to win as many tournaments as he can. - I cannot claim to have talked to as many people as he does. In spoken English, many often sounds formal in affirmative sentences in which it does not follow ‘too’ or ‘so’, or in which it is not part of the phrase ‘as many ... as’. However, it does not sound formal in negative sentences, or in questions. - When you first go there, not many people talk to you. - How many times must I tell you? In writing, many can be used as a pronoun to refer to a large number of people or things. This use of many is fairly formal. You do not normally use ‘a lot’ in this way. - In the Hong Kong camps alone, there are over 20,000 people. Many have been there for five or ten years and have nowhere to go back to. - Many were still lying where they had been injured. When you want to talk about a large number of the people or things in a particular group, you can use many of or a lot of followed by a plural pronoun or by a plural noun group which begins with ‘the’, ‘these’, ‘those’, or a possessive. - A fot of them are married women. - Many of his are still available. - ….the great dream many of us had thirty years ago. - We had already heard a lot of these songs at least once. You use many or a lot in front of a noun group beginning with ‘more’ to emphasize the difference in size between two groups of people or things, or between the same group of people or things at different times. - I know many more country people than I do town people. - There are many more training courses on offer. - There is still room for a lot more people. - There will be a lot more flights. You use much or a lot of in front of an uncount noun to talk about a large quantity or amount of something. Much is not usually used like this in affirmative sentences, because it sounds very formal. However, it does not sound formal in negative sentences, or in questions. - I didn’t seem to have much strength left in my hands. - Is this going to make much difference? - He’s lost a lot of weight. However, you have to use much after ‘too’ and ‘so’ and in the phrase ‘as much ... as’, even in affirmative sentences. Much does not sound formal when used in this way. - It gave the Preskient too much power. - There’s so much pain in the world. - It absorbs as much heat as possible. ENGLISH CONFUSABLE WORDS 03.. DeThi.edu.vn.

<span class='text_page_counter'>(3)</span> Much or a lot can be used as a pronoun to refer to a large quantity or amount of something. This use of much sounds formal in affirmative sentences. - There wasn’t much to do. - I suppose they learned a lot by doing it. - ...a dog who has lived long, and experienced much. When you want to talk about a large quantity or amount of a particular thing, you can use much of or a lot of followed by ‘it’, ‘this’, or ‘that’, or by a noun group which begins with ‘the’, ‘this’, ‘that’, or a possessive. - I still remember much of it in some detail. - A lot of this is shared accommodation. - One thousand years ago thick forests covered much of the UK. - Caroline devoted much of her life to education. You use much or a lot in front of a noun group beginning with ‘more’ or ‘less’ to emphasize the difference between two quantities or amounts. - Children, whose bones are growing, need much more calcium than adults. - It has led to divorce and a life with much less time for her child. - He had gained a lot more sleep than the others. - You can stay on the island for a lot less money. You use much or a lot in front of comparative adjectives and adverbs, and in front of adjectives and adverbs that are preceded by ‘less’, in order to emphasize the difference between two people or things. - She was much older than me. - Unfortunately the aim is a lot more limited than the experts realize. - Mrs Salt’s statement should have been disclosed much earlier. - It is much less likely. You use very much or a lot as an adverb to say that something is true to a great extent. - I enjoyed it very much. - You like Ralph a lot, don’t you? In clauses that do not have an object but which are followed by a ‘that’-clause or a ‘to’-infinitive, you can use very much, but not ‘a lot’, to add emphasis to a verb. - We very much hope he’ll continue to be able to represent you. - He would like very much to write to Dennis himself. You do not use ‘much’ without ‘very’ in affirmative sentences to say that something is true to a great extent. However, you can use it without ‘very’ in negative sentences. - The situation isn’t likely to change much. - I didn’t like him much. You can use much in negative sentences and questions to mean ‘often’. A lot can be used to mean ‘often’ in negative sentences, questions, and affirmative sentences. - She doesn’t talk about them much. - Does he come here much? - They talk a lot about equality.. Thẩm Tâm Vy, August 17th, 2020. Grammar When the subject of a sentence consists of a lot of followed by a plural noun group, the verb which follows is plural. When the subject consists of a lot of followed by an uncount noun group, the verb which follows is singular. - Quừe a lot of people at work think I’m rather lucky to be your daughter. - A lot of the arable land was under used and poorly tended. You can use ‘there are’ or ‘there were’ in front of a lot of when it is followed by a plural noun group. You can use ‘there is’ or ‘there was’ in front of a lot of when it is followed by an uncount noun group. - There are a lot of companies whose profits are going to disappear if things remain the same. - There were a lot of people about. - There is a lot of corruption. - There was a lot of business to sort through. Other words In writing, you often use ‘a great deal of’ instead of much in front of an uncount noun group in affirmative sentences. Similarly, you often use ‘a great number of’ instead of many in front of a plural noun group in affirmative sentences. These phrases are slightly more formal than ‘a lot of’, but not as formal as much or many. - He said a great deal ofinformation had been provided by the American authorities. - Among the horsemen were a great number ofofficers. In conversation, you can use lots of instead of a lot of, and lots instead of a lot. - He has lots of friends. - I have lots to do.. ….to be continued. ENGLISH CONFUSABLE WORDS 03.. DeThi.edu.vn.

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