Văn hóa truyền thống trong Kiến trúc nhà phố ở Việt Nam

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<b>s u bung phat loai hinh </b>

<b>nha pho trong nhiifng </b>

<b>nam gan day dUdc </b>

<b>xem la mot hien tUdng </b>

<b>cd tinh thdi sU, va </b>

<b>la chu de cua nhieu </b>

<b>cudc thao luan lien </b>

<b>quan den tham my </b>

<b>kien true cua cac dd </b>

<b>thi Viet Nam hien nay. </b>

<b>ITHS-KTS. NGUYEN SONG HOAN NGUYEN </b>

<b>V ^ h6a tru/^in thdng </b>

<b>TRONG KIEN TRUC NHA Phd d VIET NAM </b>

D

ieu dd cd ve nhu dang di ngupe

lai vdi xu hQdng phat triln nha
d tai da sd cac qude gia khac
tren t h l gidi. Td'c dp dd thj
hda nhanh chdng dat ra nhQng thach thQc
khdng nhd trong viee giai quylt nhu elu
nha d eho nhan dan, nha't la cac dd thj Idn
nhQ Ha Npi va TP. HCM. T h l nhung, bat
chap nhOng han c h l v l kha nang thdng
thpang, mat dp xay dung day dac, he sc
sQ dung da't tha'p,... Ipai hinh nha phd vin
khdng ngQng phat triln Idn manh.
Nha phd xuat hien tQ kha lau va gin lien
vdi sU hinh thanh cac dd thj Viet Nam. Khi
dd, nd da mang mpt sd sic thai rieng dc

chiu tae ddng bdi nhQng dac thu ve van
hda. Day chinh la he qua cua qua trinh
chuyin dieh true tiep tQ kilu cQ tru mang
tinh chat lang xa sang phe thj; va thUe
su, viec xay dung mdi trudng d vin ehUa
thcat khdi anh hudng cua Idi sd'ng ndng
thdn. Hinh anh 36 phd phudng Ha Ndi
la mpt minh chUng cd tinh thuylt phtJc.
TQ nhQng tU lieu cdn IUu lai cho thay phd
phudng vin mang dang dap cua lang vdi
nhQng cong rao ngan each giQa phd nay
vdi phd khae; tren mdi day phd, ngudi dan
cung nhau td chQc kinh doanh met loai
mat hang ddng nhat va bay ban ra ca mat
dQdng phia trQdc.

Tran Ngpc Them eho rang lang xa eua
ngQdi Viet ed hai dac tinh van hoa cd ban la
tinh edng ddng va ti'nh tQ trj. Trong mpt thdi
gian dai, ehung da chi phd'i din each thQc
xay dung cae to chQc quan cu truyin thdng.
Ngay nay, nhQng dac tinh ndi tren vin duy tri
mpt each bin vQng; dd la vi, ban than ylu to
van hoa cd mang thupc tinh Ijch sQ. Cc Thu
tQdng Pham Van Ddng da tQng vi van hda
nhQ spi chi dd xuyen sudt toan bd qua trinh
phat triln eua dan toe. Cho nen, khdng phai
ngiu nhien ma kiln true nha phd d Viet Nam
lai phat triln thee hQdng di rieng cila nd.
Trong phan tim hieu ve ITnh vQc nay, chung

tdi cho rang ed kha nhieu bieu hien cua kiln
true nha phd ed thl dQpc ly giai tQ gdc dp van
hda truyen thd'ng. Tuy nhien, dilu quan tam
hPn hit la yeu td then chdt nae da din din
eae hien tUpng tieu cQc di kem vdi nd nhU:
su phat triln vUpt mQc kilm seat, tinh trang
manh mun, ipn xdn dang lam mat di sle thai
rieng eua kiln true dd thj Viet Nam.
Xuat phat tQ muc tieu tren, ehung tdi nhan
dien 2 dae tinh then chot: tinh tU hQu va tinh
sinh Ipi, la nguyen nhan trQc tilp cua nhung
van d l ban luan. Tilp can theo phUPng phap
Ijch sQ se dem de'n cai nhin bao quat sQ biln
doi cua cac hien tupng kie'n true nha phd
ngay tQ trong gdc r i cua nd.

<i>Tinh tUhUu </i>

<i>Tinh tu hQu phan anh y thQc chilm hQu, tU </i>
chu cua mdt hay mpt nhdm ca thl, qua dd
<i>thl hien "cai toi" cua dci tupng. Thee Trin </i>
Ngpc Them, nd la san pham trUc tilp cua
tinh tutrj. 6 ndng thdn truyin thong, mdi hp
gia dinh eu tru trcng mpt khdng gian dpc lap
gem vudn cay, ae ca va ngdi nha. Su khep
kin thl hien d hinh thQc tc chQc cupc sd'ng
tQ cung tu cap, tQ dd dan hinh thanh thdi
quen coi trpng su rieng tu, dac biet la trong
phUPng thQc xay dung nha 6 va tao lap kinh
t l gia dinh. Khi di chuyin ra phd thj, mac du

dien ti'ch dat dai bj thu hep, nhQng ve cP ban,
mdi gia dinh van sd hQu mdt ngdi nha dang
hinh ong dQng lien ke nhau; hoat ddng mua
ban san xuat diin ra thep ldi phudng hpi va
dp cac gia dinh tQ tc chQc thQc hien, sQ gin
kit treng kinh t l rat Idng leo. Trai qua hang
thl ky, lei cQ tru va lam an dd da hinh thanh d
ngQdi Viet ti'nh tu hQu kha sau sic. Dieu nay
gdp phan giai thieh vi sao kinh t l Viet Nam
phat triln ehu ylu theo md hinh ca thl mang
tinh gia dinh, va nha phd van la loai hinh nha
d dupe Qa chudng hien nay.

Tuy nhien, day cung chinh la nguyen nhan
sinh ra nhieu hien tupng tieu cUc cho bp mat
kiln true cua eae dd thj. Luong BQu Hoang
<i>cho ring "bit'c tranh do thj trd nen hdn don </i>
<i>nhu mgt bang pallete lam mau, he qua la </i>

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<i><b>T2 </b></i>

<i><b>l-*-^^^^^^ </b></i>

van de ctia tinh tU hQu S u d a dang kien tmc khong lam nen m(

<i>tham my ciia kien triic do thi bi pha vd keo </i>
<i>theo nhdng bit cap ve moi trudng van hoa </i>
<i>xa hoi". Nha cQa mpc len nhu tram hca dua </i>
<i>nd nhQng "mdi cay mdi hoa, mdi nha mdi... </i>
<i>kieu". Chay dua thee hinh thQc hay cdn gpi la </i>
<i>"benh chai fro/" la bilu hien thudng thay cua </i>
tinh tu hQu; cac ngdi nha k l can nhau nhung

thudng khdng thd'ng nhat v l giai phap kiln
true. Cd khi nha nay dQpc xay dQng thep xu
hudng cc dlln phQdng Tay, nha ben canh lai
khai thac yeu tc hinh hpc ky thuat hien dai,
nha k l tilp khai thac kiln true truyin thong,...
Cung cd khi nha nay cd tang IQng nhQng nha
ben canh chi cd ting lau; cao dp eua cac
ting nha gan nhQ khdng bang nhau, mac
du da cd nhQng quy djnh eu the trong giay
phep xay dQng. Tham chi, mdt day phd dQpc
xay dQng ddng bp theo dQ an nhQng rdi cung
bj ngUdi sQ diing son lai, moi nha mpt mau
nhu d l khing dinh eai rieng eua chinh minh.
Ngeai ra, hien tQpng cPi ndi, nang tang, xay
them d l tang dien tich sQ dung sai phep dien
ra 6 nhieu npi, k l ca khu vUc trung tam thanh
phd. Khdng i't trUdng hpp ngQdi dan xay dQng
xpng de hpan ccng theo gia'y phep rdi lai xay
tie'p phan nam ngeai quy djnh; dieu dd cung
bdi le tu duy ca nhan, y thQc chiem hQu da
an sau vao gd'c r i nhQ mdt tinh each co hQu
cua ngQdi Viet. DQdi gdc dp phat trien dd thi
theo hQdng hien dai thi day la can benh nan
y ma hien nay ehung ta v i n chQa cd phQPng
thud'c hQu hieu d l chQa trj.

Nhin sang loai hinh nha d ehung cQ, mpt hinh
thQc cQ tru tap t h l , t h l nhQng cung khdng
tranh khdi anh hudng cQa tQ duy ndi tren.
Hien tQdng chilm dung khdng gian thee

kilu che chin, xay phdng tren ban cdng
diin ra kha pho biln. Tham ehi mdt SP hd
gia dinh cdn sdn lai b l mat ben ngpai theo
mdt kilu mau khac. Viec lam dd gay anh
hQdng nghiem trpng d i n tham my chung cQ,
va tat nhien kee thep nhQng anh hQdng ve
my quan ddthj.

V l phan minh, chung tci che rang van d l
nay cd t h l dQpc giai quyet thea dang chi vdi
hai dilu kien: thQ nhat, chu dau tQ la don
vj cd du tilm lUc v l tai chinh d l xay dUng

hang loat nhu khu dd thj Phu My HQng d TP.
HCM; thQ hai, thilt k l dd thi phai dQpc phe
cap rdng rai va cd sQ quan ly chat ehe eua cO
quan chuyen trach nha nUdc de ngudi d i u tU
tuan thu theo dd thQc hien.

<i>Tinh sinh lai (chiiC nang sinh lai ciia nha d) </i>
Ngdi nha truyen thdng Viet Nam thudng
mang 2 chQc nang: cQ tru va san xuat. Cd
t h l ndi, tinh sinh lpi da len Idi va gan bd b i n
bl vdi ndi 6 eua ngUdi Viet. Hoat dpng san
xuat ndng nghiep va nhu cau phat triln kinh
t l phij gia dinh 6 khu vuc ndng thdn da san
sinh ra nha dan gian vdi 3 thanh phan eO ban
la vQdn eay - ae ea - ngdi nha, tao thanh mpt
kilu cu tru - san xuat khep kin. Hinh thQc
nay phan anh net dac thu v l each xay dUng

mci trudng d cua cae lang que Viet Nam tQ
bae ddi nay. Tai dd thi, ngoai nhQng han che
v l da't dai thi vai trd chu dao cQa hoat dpng
thuong nghiep da thuc day sQ hinh thanh va
phat trien kieu nha hinh dng. Md hinh nha d
nay dam bao tinh rieng tQ nhung cung dong
thdi giai quye't nhu cau mua ban - san xuat
tai chd. Chinh vi vay, thee nhQng khao sat
gan day thi nguyen vpng cua ngudi dan ve
Icai hinh nha d-thuong mai v i n chilm nhilu
Qu t h l ; tQ dd gdp phan gia tang vQpt mQc sd
IQpng nha phd tai eae dd thj Viet Nam.

Ngoai nhQng bat cap nhQ mat dp xay dQng
day dac, hieu qua sQ dung dat tha'p, bd mat
dd thj manh mun, ldn xpn,... thi phai ndi rang,
day la loai nha 6 phu hpp vdi hinh thQc kinh
doanh ca the nho le eua ngQdi Viet. Dang
ehu y la cung vdi nd, nha phd va via he da
hinh thanh mdi quan he khang khit, cpng
sinh de ten tai. Via he vd'n la khdng gian
cdng cdng danh cho ngudi di bp nhQng thQc
t l da chuyin hca thanh khdng gian ban
cdng cpng - noi danh d l gdi xe khi di mua
sam hpac d l bay bien mpt vai mat hang kinh
dpanh nap dd. Dilu nay edn dUa d i n hien
tupng bung phat cua xe hai banh, bdi vi dd
la loai phuong tien d i sQ dung va cat giQ d
khdng gian ben trong va ben ngoai nha pho.
TQ nhQng sQ k i t hpp ndi tren, cac dd thj Viet

Nam hien nay dang phai doi phd vdi nhieu
van nan: kiln true nha pho bam nat bd mat

pho phudng va lam phi ban s i c dd thi; xe hai
banh dan tdl tinh trang ket xe, d nhiim moi
trudng va tai nan giao thdng tang cao. Day
la nhQng thach thQc rat Idn che sQ phat trien
cua cac dd thj trong tuong lai.

Khdng gian thUOng mai cQa nha phd thudng
dupe bd tri d tang tret tilp giap vdi via he,
la nOi mpi ngQdi cd t h l tilp can tU ben
ngeai. Cach bo CIJC nay day lui khdng gian
sinh hoat gia dinh phat triln sau vao phia
trong, hoac len cac tang lau; dong thdi cho
phep each ly vdi cac hoat dpng nao nhiet
ctja dudng phd. SU g i n ket giQa khong gian
thuong mai va via he la nguyen nhan sau xa
d i n d i n tinh trang chiem diJng Id gldl, xay
chen, xay them,... bat chap nhQng quy dinh
cua Nha nUde ve chi gidi xay dUng.
Khu vUc kinh t l tU nhan phat trien ldn manh
trong nhQng nam qua da gian tiep lam gia
tang gia tri sinh Ipi eua nha d, tQ dd hinh
thanh tam ly de cao "tinh dat lpi" cila dia

Hoat dong thuong mai g i n lign v(5i chtjfc
nang c u t r u

d i l m . Vi vay, nhQng ngdi nha g i n lien vdi

dudng pho trung tam bao gid cung cd gia trj
cao hPn cac khu vQc khac. D i l u nay dQpc
xem la nguyen do d i n de'n mpt hien tQpng
<i>di biet - "nha sieu mong". Hien tupng dd </i>
xay ra khi trien khai cdng tae quy hoach md
rdng dUdng phd, ngUdi dan bing mpi each
giQ phan dien tich chat hep cdn lai cua ngdi

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<i>Khu nha d thUOng mai P </i> Khu nha 6 thuong mai Thuan Viet

nha sau giai tda nhim tan dtjng lam nOi
kinh doanh mua ban, tien nghi khdng gian
sinh hoat bj day xudng mQc rat thap heac
biln mat han. Cho nen, kiln true ngdi nha
<i>cd nhQng hinh dang kha "ky khdi", vdi dien </i>
tich ehl vai met vudng nhUng cung du de
xay thanh nha ba, bdn tang llu; cdn ve hinh
dang mat bing thi ed thl la chQ nhat, tam
giac, tQ giac hay bat cQ hinh nao khac.
Ngay nay, nha pho khdng chi d l 6, tham chi
khdng cdn mang chQc nang cU tru vd'n ed
ma nd da phat triln them nhilu chQc nang
khac, Chung tdi tam gpi la nhQng biln thl
nha phd. Cac ngdi nha dQpc xay cao d l
trd thanh van phdng che thue, khach san
mini, cQa hang an ud'ng, tij diem karaoke,
shewrppm... Hien tUpng dd kha pho bien,
tQ khu vUc trung tam thanh phd cho tdi cae
quan, huyen vung ven va la met minh chQng
sinh dpng cho sQ kit hpp giQa nha phi vdi

md hinh kinh te nhd le dang thjnh hanh d
nQdc ta.

Bien the nha pho - Mot he qua cOa tinh sinh loi

Tinh sinh Ipi cdn lan sang ca loai hinh
nha d chung cQ khi chung lam nay sinh
hien tupng chia Id eae can hp tang tret
gid'ng kieu nha phe d l phat trien chQc
nang thQdng mai. Chung cQ dang tQng
<i>bQde tiln sat ra mat dQdng lam thanh "hoi </i>

<i>chdng chung cU mat phd". Chinh vi vay ma </i>

tieu chi danh gia eua ngudi dan v l chung

cu d cac dd thj Viet Nam cd phan khac so
vdl eae nude; dd la gia trj cua nhQng can
hp d ting thap, dac biet la ting tret, cao
hPn nhilu SP vdi cac ting ben tren. Khdng
gian sinh hoat cdng cdng thQdng bj day lui
ra phi'a sau de danh phin trUdc che eae
hoat ddng thuong mai kilu nha phd; vi
thl, nhQng hien tQpng nhU lan chilm via
he, coi ndi xung quanh cung lai xuat hien
trong leal hinh nha d nay.

TQ nhQng phan tich tren cho thay, tinh tQ
hQu va tinh sinh Ipi la hai nhan td quylt
djnh sQ lUa chpn nha d cua cU dan dd thj

Viet Nam. Cd the ndi, nen kinh t l phat
trien theo hUdng thj trQdng dang tao dilu
kien thue day manh me nhu elu v l loai
hinh nha d ed kha nang sinh Ipi. Va, vdi
nhQng tilm nang cua minh, nha phd trd
thanh dd'i tupng dQpc ngQdi dan quan tam.
Chung ta khdng the phu nhan hean toan
nhQng hieu qua kinh t l ma loai hinh nha
d nay mang lai trong nhOng nam qua; tuy
nhien, cung can lUu y din nhQng han che
ve tham my ma ne gay ra che cac dd thj.
Tong quan van de, chung tdi cho rang
mQc dp chi phdi cua van hda truyin thd'ng
trong kiln true nha d phij thupe rat Idn vao
vai trd cua chu the trong heat ddng xay
dung. NhQng Ipai hinh nha d dp dan tQ xay
nhu nha phd va biet thu thi cac hien tupng
va bilu hien sinh ra tQ tae nhan van hda
truyin thd'ng ludn cao hOn chung cQ, mdt
md hinh nha 6 xay dQng sin. Cac hien
tQpng va bilu hien ben ngoai la dang
quan tam nhat, bdi nd lien quan din tong
the kiln true va quy hoach dd thj. Bd mat
cua kiln true nha d phan anh mdt phin
khdng nhd trinh dp phat triln kinh t l cung
nhu van hda xa hdi cua mpt thanh phd',
met qud'c gia. Do dd, phat triln xay dUng
nha d phai dupe thuc hien mdt each dong
bp, thd'ng nha't tQ quy hoach cho din hinh
thQc kie'n true. Lam dupe dieu nay can ed

vai trd chu dae cua nhQng td chQc dau tQ
quy md Idn de thUc thi cac nguyen tic xay
dung mang tinh thd'ng nha't. Tuy nhien,
nd eung ein cd sU phu hpp vdi ldi sd'ng

truyen thing cua ngUdi Viet ma 6 dd, ylu
td quan trpng nha't la khlc phtjc nhQng
tieu cQc sinh ra tQ tinh tQ hQu va sQ d l cap
chQc nang sinh Ipi cua nha d hien nay.
Dd'i vdi viec to chQc khdng gian ben trong
ngdi nha thi cin IQu y tap tinh, thdi quen,
111 sd'ng cua ngUdi d d l xip dat ca'u true
mpt each hpp ly; phat huy nhOng truyin
thd'ng van hda tdt dep cua dan tdc ben
canh nhiem VIJ xay dUng khdng gian cU
tru van minh, hien dai.

<b>DITIONAL CULTURE IN S T . — . </b>

<b>IITECTURE AT URBAN AREAS 0 </b>

<b>VIET NAM </b>

<i>M.Sc. Arch. Nguyen Song .-n </i>
Hoan Nguyen i

Street houses had appeared for rather
long time and closely connecting to the
formulation of Vietnam urban areas.
They had specific aspects due to
impacts of cultural characteristics. This

is the result of changing process from
villages to urban areas. Living styles
are not escaped from rural villages.
Affecting level of traditional culture in
housing architecture belongs very much
on the roles of subjects in construction
activities. Housing types built by the
community such as street houses and
villas showed that traditional culture
factors higher department buildings
-the model of available construction.

Housing construction and
development should be implemented
comprehensively and systematically
from planning to architecture form.
It requires major role of investment
organization of big scale to implement

systematically construction
regulations. However, it should be

relevant with traditional living style of
Vietnamese, especially overcoming
negative characteristics of private
own and heightening the profitable
functions of houses.

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