Thực trạng đô thị hóa ở Thành phố Hải Phòng giai đoạn 1985 - 2007

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THUC TRANG DO THI HOA

6

THANH PHO HAI PHONG

GIAI DOAN 1985 - 2007

Vu Thi Chuyen

Trudng THPT Trdn Phu, - Hdi Phdng

1. M d d a u

Bai bao de cap din thuc trang do thi hda d thanh phd Hai Phdng giai doan
1985- 2007. Npi dung nghien cQu dupc phan tfch dudi goc dO dia ly vdi mpt he thdng
tieu ehi thuOc cae linh vuc: chQc ndng do thi; kinh t i - xa hpi dd thi, co sd ha ting
do thi, kien triic canh quan va ciu true khOng gian dd thi di rut ra nhan dinh chung
vi thuc trang, mdt tich cue va ban chi cua qua trinh do thi hda (DTH) d thanh phd
Hai Phdng d giai doan 1985 - 2007.

2. N o i d u n g nghien ciJu

2.1. ChiJc nang ciia do thi

Viec phan tich DTH vi chQc nang do thi dupe tap trung d 2 chi tieu la tfnh
chit va pham vi anh hudng eua do thi. TQ nam 2003, Hai Phdng dQpc cOng nhan la
dd thi loai I - trung tam cip qudc gia. Theo dd, dd thi Hai Phdng "la mpt cue quan
trpng ciia vung kinh t i trpng diim phia Bac; la thanh phd cang, cQa ngd chinh ra
biin cua cac tinh phia Bdc; la diu mdi giao thong quan trpng; la trung tam cong
nghiep, thuong mai, du lich va dich vu ciia ca nude va vung Duyen hai Bdc Bp; cd
vi tri quan trpng ca ve qudc phdng, an ninh" [1]. Kit qua danh gia bdng phuong
phap tinh diim cho thiy, mQc dp DTH vi chQc ndng cua do thi cua Hai Phdng luon
d mQc cao, dat tieu chuin cua do thi loai I. Trong dd, cdc quan nOi thanh dat tieu
chuin cua dd thi loai I, cac thi tran chi dat tieu chuin dO thi loai IV va loai V. Giai
doan 1985 - 2007, tdc dO DTH vi chQc nang dd thi hiu nhu khdng tdng, ngoai trQ
nam 2003 do thanh phd dQpc cOng nhan la do thi loai I, trung tam cip qudc gia.

2.2. Kinh te - x a hoi ciia do thi

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kinh te do thi gdm 3 chi tieu (tdc do tang trudng kinh te do thi, ti trpng kinh te phi
nong nghiep d do thi va ti trpng ddng gdp GDP eua khu vQc kinh t i do thi trong
toan nin kinh te chung cua thanh phd).

2.2.1. Dan so - lao dong do thi

* Ddn sd dd thi

- Qui mo dan sd do thi Hai Phdng thuOc loai Idn d nude ta, tfnh din nam 2007 
la 825.316 ngudi, chiim 3,17% sd dan dO thi ca nudc, dQng thQ ba trong ea nudc
va thQ 2 d vung ddng bdng song Hdng [8]. Qui mo dan sd cua toan do thi dat tieu
chuin eua do thi loai I nhung chua dat mQc qui hoach cua thanh phd, eac thi trin
dat tieu ehuin cua do thi loai V.

- Qui md dan sd do thi Hai Phdng tang lien tuc. Trong co cau sd dan do thi
tang d thai ki 1985 - 2007, viec thanh lap quan va phudng mdi ddng gdp 51,32%;
gia tang tQ nhien 30,97% va qua trinh chuyin cu 17,71% [2], [3]. Trudc thdi ki Ddi
mdi, dOng lue tang dan sd chu yiu do ti suit sinh cao va do nhap eU. TQ nam 1986
- 2007, viec thanh lap quan va phudng mdi la dOng lue chfnh cua gia tang dan sd
do thi.

Bdng 1. Qui md vd ti le ddn sd dd thi Hdi Phdng 
thdi kl 1955 - 2007

Ndm
1955
1965
1975

1985
1990

Sd dan dd thi
(ngudi)
153.550
236.123
351.135
386.937
446.570

Ti le dan sd
do thi (%)
23,35
25,26
26,71
27,91
30,90
Nam
1995
2000
2005
2006
2007

Sd dan dd thi
(ngudi)
526.436
574.674
725.111

732.327
825.316

Ti le dan sd
dd thi (%)

32,95
34,13
40,29
40,39
45,04

Ngudn: [2], [3]

Bdng 2. Mat dp ddn sd trung binh d Hdi Phdng 
giai doan 1985 - 2007

Dan vi: ngudi/km^

Cac khu vuc
Toan thanh phd
- Do thi

- Nong thon

- Do thi trung tam

- Cae do thi ve tinh, thi t r i n

1985

863
13.970
612
17.528
6.367
1990
1034
5.018
739
14.416
1.244
2000
1181
4.347
804
8.340
1.696
2007
1.287
2.770
854
2.882
1.980

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2 d ddng bang song Hdng, dat tieu ehuin cua dO thi loai V; ti le dan sd ngoai thanh 
rit thip, la 7,27%.

- Phan bd dan cu dO thi: Mat dO dan sd dd thi Hii Phdng vao loai thip, dat
tieu ehuin cua dd thi loai V. Mat dp dan sd do thi giam nhanh va phan bd rit khong
ddng diu, cang xa trung tam mat dO dan sd cang thip, giim d cac quan cu va tang

d cac quan mdi thanh lap. Ndm 2007, vung do thi trung tam cd 18 phudng cd mat
do dan sd khong dat tieu chuin cua dO thi va chiem tdi 66,79% dien tich cua do thi
trung tam.

-Lao dpng dd thj

H- Ti lg lao dOng phi ndng nghigp (NN) d de thi Hii Phdng vdd Idai eac. Ndm
2007, ti le lao dOng phi NN d dd thi Hii Phdng la 90,3%, thip hon d khu vue dd thi
eua ca nude (95,72%) va ddng bang sdng Hdng (95,38%) va thay ddi theo tQng giai
doan chu yiu do sQ thay ddi cua ti le lao dOng cOng nghiep d dd thi.

-I- Ti le t h i t nghiep d dO thi Hai Phdng vao loai cao, nam 2007 la 5,03%, dQng
thQ ba ea nQdc, tQ nam 1995 din nay giam dan.

* Ddt dd thi

Qui mo dien tich dit do thi: nam 2007 la 297,9 km^, tang 10,53 lin so vdi nam
1985, trong dd dien tich dd thi trung tam chiim 83,85% (tdng 15,72% so vdi nam
1985) vd dien tieh eae thi trin 16,05%. Tdc dp md rpng dien tich do thi nhanh hon
mQc qui hoach.

Ti le dien tich dat dd thi cua Hii Phdng tang lign tuc: Tdc dO tang giai doan
1985 - 1990 trung binh 0,75%/ndm, giai doan 1990 - 2000 la 0,2%/nam va giai doan
2000 - 2007 la 1,63%/nam. Ti le dit dO thi d cac huyen ngoai thanh rit thip va
tang cham.

Theo muc dich sQ dung, ti le dien tieh dit phi NN ndm 2007 dat 61,37%. TQ
nam 2000 din nay, tdc dO tang ti le dien tieh dit phi NN nhanh hon mQc qui hoach
cua thanh phd.

Theo qui hoach, tdc dO tang dien tieh dit xay dung dd thi cham hon tdc dO
tdng dien tich dit do thi. Chiim ti le Idn nhit va ed tdc dO tdng nhanh nhit la dien
tfch dit d va dien tich dit cOng nghiep, kho tang. Cac loai dit xay dung khac chi
chiim ti trpng rit thip.

Chi tieu sQ dung dit dan dung mit can ddi so vdi nhu cau thQe ti, chQa gan
liin vdi qui hoach, chi tieu sQ dung dit d va dit cOng nghiep qua cao,.eac loai dit
dan dung khac cdn rit thip va khOng dat qua 50% so vdi qui chudn xay dung dO
thi loai I.

* Kinh ti dd thi

Ti trpng ddng gdp GDP cua khu vuc do thi trong nin kinh t i chung cua thanh
phd tang: nam 2007 la 82,78%, tang 20,92% so vdi nam 1990.

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tdng trudng thip va chua dn dinh. Xu hudng chuyin dich co cau kinh t i dd thi Hai
Phdng la tang ti trpng kinh te phi NN va giam ti trpng kinh te NN, tdc dp chuyin
dich giai doan 1985 - 2007 la ± 8,9%. Cac quan cu dang hudng tdi co ciu nin kinh
te phat triin, cac quan mdi cd xu hudng va tdc do chuyin dich chua dn dinh.

00% n 
80% 
60% 

40%-20% 
no/.

^':" • . ' 
38.14

61.86

^

33.47

66.53

^ •:. 
24.5

75.5

* ' •"••^"'"

22.51

77.49

17.22

82.78,

1990 1995 2 0 0 0

D Th^nh thi

2005
D N6ng th6n

2007 Nam

Hinh 1. Cd cdu GDP phdn theo thdnh thi - ndng thdn Hdi Phdng 
giai doan 1990 - 2007

Xet mdi tuong quan giQa cac qua trinh KT - XH tren day, chung toi nhan
thiy tdc do chuyin dich co ciu lao dpng va cd ciu kinh t i cham hon nhiiu so vdi
tdc dp tdng ti le dien tfch dit dd thi. Cac chi tieu KT - XH d cac quan cQ cd tdc dO
tdng cham nhit, cac quan mdi cd tdc tang nhanh nhat.

Kit qua danh gia bdng phuong phap tinh diim cho thiy mQc dp DTH vi linh
vuc KT - XH d do thi Hai Phdng d mQc cao, dat tieu chuin cua do thi loai I. Cd
05/11 chi tieu dupc xet cd mQc dp DTH dat tieu chuin do thi loai I trd len. Cac
quan cu va Kiin An, Hai An dat mQc dp DTH cao; cac quan va thi trin khac dat
mQc trung binh hoac thip.

Tdc dp DTH cua do thi Hai Phdng vi linh vUc KT - XH tang, nhung mQc tang
cham (0,84%/nam); giai doan 2000 - 2007 cd tdc dp DTH nhanh nhit (1,84%/nam),
nhung chi dat mQc trung binh. Tdc dO DTH rit khac nhau giQa cac giai doan, giQa
cac tieu chf va giQa cac chi tieu trong cung mpt tieu chf.

2.3. H e thong cd s6 ha t§ng do thi

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2 . 3 . 1 . H e t h o n g cd sd ha tang ky thuat

Nam 2007, tdng chiiu dai dudng dO thi eua Hai Phdng la 268,43 km, chiim
8% trong tdng sd 3381,33 km dudng bp cua thanh phd va tang 1,5 lin so vdi nam
1985. Mat dp dudng giao thong chfnh r i t t h i p , khOng dat qui chuin cua dO thi. He
thdng giao thOng tinh qua hep. Tuyin xe 0 td buyt cd mat dO t h i p . He thdng cing
biin ngay cang dupc hien dai hoa va md rOng. Hai Phdng ed 3 tuyin qudc 10 di qua,

d i n d i u c i nudc vi td chQc cac tuyin xe van tai khach chit lupng cao. He thdng
dudng sat cd c h i t iQOng kha tdt. Hai Phdng ed 2 san bay, trang bi ky thuat con ban
chi [9], [10].

Hai Phdng cd sd lupng va chit luong c i p nQdc sinh boat vao loai tdt n h i t nQdc
ta. NhQng chQa cd he thdng thoat nQdc mQa va nQdc thai rieng, mat dO dQdng thoat
nQdc chua dat qui chuin dO thi. Chi tigu dien sinh boat binh quan d i u ngUdi t h i p ,
h i u h i t cac quan dat tieu chudn eua dO thi loai V. Chiiu sang dudng phd chinh dat
100%, ti le ngd phd dupc chiiu sang dat 40%. H i i Phdng dQng thQ 3 nganh bQu
dien cua todn qudc vi mpi boat dOng. Dien tfch cay xanh toan dO thi khong dat qui
chuin. Ti le xQ ly nudc thai chua dat chuan.

Sd lupng cac cong trinh dich vu thuong mai, du lich va giai trf tang va ed
nhiiu thay ddi vi md hinh, eO chi vd hieu qua boat dOng theo hudng ngdy cang hien
dai hda. Tuy nhien su phat triin nay chua tuong xQng vdi tiim nang va t h i manh
cua thanh phd.

Cac edng trinh ha t i n g ky thuat khde ngay cang phat triin.

2.3.2. H e t h d n g cd sd ha tang x a hoi

Quy nha d do thi cua Hai Phdng tang trudng kha. Ti le nha d kign cd tang.
Tuy nhien kiin true cdn mang tinh chit tQ phat, lOn xpn. Sd iQOng trQdng, Idp hpc;
cdc CP sd kham chua benh, giudng benh; eac edng trinh vdn hod, nghe thuat diu
tang, nhung chit lupng ban chi [2].

Danh gia bdng phupng phap tinh diim eho thiy, mQc dO DTH vi cP sd ha
t i n g d H i i Phdng kha cao vd dat tigu chuin do thi loai II; tieu chi giao thOng va
mOi trudng dd thi mdi dat tieu chuin cua dd thi loai V. Cd 10/17 chi tigu dupe xet
chua dat tieu chudn cua do thi loai I. Cae quan cu va quan Hai An cd mQe dO DTH

cao bdn cac quan cdn lai va cac thi t r i n .

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2.4. Kign triic canh quan va quan ly do thi

Viec tien hanh phan tfch, danh gia kiin true canh quan va quan ly do thi tap
trung chii yiu d 02 tieu chf vdi 05 chi tieu cu thi: kien true, canh quan do thi (khu
do thi mdi kiiu miu, sd khong gian cong cong cua do thi); quan ly do thi (mQe dO
qui hoach do thi, qui che quan ly qui hoach kien true dO thi, ti le cip phep xay dung
nha d).

Kiin true canh quan do thi rit da dang, cang xa trung tam cang thoang, mat
do xay dung thua din, cac cong trinh tao diim ihan chu dao ciia do thi thudng
ndm d vung trung tam. Tinh den nam 2007, qui hoach tdng thi cip thanh phd thuc
hien dupc 15,7% dien tich dit tU nhien cua thanh phd. Quan ly dO thi cdn rit nhiiu
ban chi [9], [10].

SQ dung phuong phap tinh diim cho thiy, mQc dp DTH vi kiin true, canh
quan va cjuin ly do thi cua Hai Phong d mQc kha cao, dat tieu chuin cua do thi loai

II. Cd sQ khac biet giQa eac quan va cac thi trin, tuy nhien khoang each khong Idn.

Giai doan 1985 - 2007, toe dO DTH vi linh vue kiin true, canh quan va quan 
ly do thi d Hai Phong d mQe trung binh (tang 2,12%/nam), cao hon cua cac nhdm
tieu ehi khde, nhung thiiu dn dinh va phu thupc nhieu vao cac quyet dinh hanh
chfnh vi qui hoach, quan ly do thi.

* Danh gia chung mQe dO va tdc dO dO thi hda cua toan do thi Hai Phdng
Bdng 3. Ddnh gid chung mUc dp dd thi hoa d Hdi Phdng

giai doan 1985 - 2007

Cac nhdm tieu chi

Toan dd thi
ChQc ndng dd thi
K T - XH dd thi
Cd sd ha tang dd thi
Kiin true, canh quan
va quan ly dd thi

1985
Trung binh

Cao
Kha cao

T h a p
T h i p

1990
T u n g binh

Cao
Kha cao

T h i p
Thdp

1995
Trung binh

Cao
K h a cao

T h a p
K h a cao

2000
K h a cao

Cao
K h a cao

T h d p
K h a cao

2007
Kha cao

Cao
Cao
Trung binh

K h a cao

Kit qua danh gia mQc dO DTH ciia thanh phd dQpc tdng hpp tQ kit qua danh
gia mQc dp DTH cua 04 nhdm tieu chf: chQc nang do thi; KT - XH do thi; cP sd ha
ting do thi; kiin true canh quan va quan ly do thi.

Tinh din nam 2007, mQc dO DTH vi co sd ha tang d Hai Phdng kha cao, dat
tieu chuin cua do thi loai II, thip nhit la nhdm tieu ehi co sd ha ting do thi chi

dat tieu ehuin do thi loai III.

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dp DTH tang d mQc trung binh, cao hon tdc dO tang ti le dien tfch va dan sd dO thi;
giai doan 2000 - 2007, tdc dO DTH tang cham hPn ti le dien tich va dan sd do thi.

Bdng 4- Ddnh gid tdc dp dd thi hoa d Hdi Phdng 
giai doan 1985 - 2007

Cac nhdm tieu chi
Todn dd thi
ChQc nang dd thi
Kinh t i - xa hdi dd thi
He thdng cd sd ha t i n g
Kiin true, canh quan
va quan ly dd thi

1985 - 1990
Giam
Khdng tang
Khdng tang

Giam
Cham

1990 - 1995
Trung binh
Khdng tang
Khdng tang
Trung binii
R i t nhanh

1995 - 2000
Trung binh
Khdng tang
Trung binh
Trung binh

Cham

2000 - 2007
Trung binh
Trung binh
Trung binh
Trung binh

Cham

1985 - 2007
Trung binh

Cham
Cham
Trung binh

Nhanh

2.5. C a u triic k h o n g gian do thi Hai P h o n g

- He thdng do thi Hai Phong: Tinh den nam 2007, he thdng dO thi Hai Phdng
gdm 07 quan trung tam, 10 thi trin. He thdng dO thi nay eo mdi quan he chat che

vdi vung nOng thon cua thanh phd va eac vung lan can. Ciu true khong gian do thi
trung tam cd hinh mOt bong hoa 4 cdnh. Md hinh md rOng khdng gian he thdng dd
thi da dang, chu yiu hudng ra bign.

- Ciu true khdng gian dd thi phan theo mQc dO do thi hda: Dd thi Hai Phdng
cd sQ phan hda kha ro vi mQc dO DTH. Cang xa trung tam thanh phd mQc dO DTH
cang thip. Tren co sd su phan hda chu yiu vi mQc dO DTH, cd thi phdn chia lanh
thd dd thi Hai Phong thanh 03 khu vQc:

+ Khu vue ed mQe dO DTH kha cao, chiim 11,35% dien tich va 35,33% dan
sd thanh phd.

+ Khu vuc ed mQc dO DTH trung binh, chiim 27,48% dien tich va 30,42%
dan sd thanh phd.

+ Khu vuc cd mQc dO DTH thip, chiim 61,16% dien tich va 34,25% dan sd
thanh phd.

- Td chQc khong gian do thi phan theo chQe nang: Toan bO boat dOng eua do
thi dang tQng bQdc dQpc td chQe theo cae khu ehQe nang: khu dan cQ do thi; khu
cOng nghiep, kho tang va cing bien; he thdng cac trung tam va cae vanh dai cay
xanh [9], [10].

2.6. Nhu'ng m a t t i c h cLfc va h a n chg c u a q u a t r i n h d o t h i h o a d 
H a i P h o n g

2.6.1. Mat tich c\ic

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- DTH thuc diy qua trinh chuyin dich co ciu lao dpng, eO ciu sQ dung dit
va CO ciu kinh t i cua toan thanh phd theo hudng tich cue, hoan thien din he thdng

CO sd ha ting va phat triin kiin true canh quan do thi theo hudng hien dai, tQ dd
nang cao chit lupng cupc sdng va ldi sdng van minh do thi.

- He thdng do thi ngay cang md rpng va cd mdi quan he chat che ban vdi he
thdng do thi trong vung, eung nhu vdi mpt sd do thi Idn trong khu vuc. Qua trinh
DTH d Hai Phdng tQng budc gop phin thue hien chiin lupc phat triin he thdng do
thi cua ca nude.

2.6.2. Mat han che

- DTH chua can xQng vdi tiim nang phat triin cua thanh phd va yeu ciu cua
mOt do thi loai I - trung tam cip qudc gia, edn nhiiu biiu hien mit can ddi so vdi
qui hoach phat triin ehung cQa thanh phd.

- DTH diin ra khong ddng deu giQa cac linh vUe va giQa cac dia phuong. Nhiiu
ehi tieu cdn vay mupn. Dan sd do thi va dit do thi tang dot bien vao nhung nam
ed quyit dinh hanh chinh thanh lap eae quan mdi, viec chuyin ddi dit ndng nghiep
thanh dit do thi chua gan liin vdi qui hoach sQ dung lao dOng.

- Hg thdng CO sd ha ting dO thi cdn nhiiu yiu kem, nhit la cae ehi tieu ve
giao thdng va mdi trUdng dd thi. Kiin true dd thi cdn chdp va, ehua cd qui hoach
chi tiit eho tQng vung dO thi. Chua tao nen net dpc dao, diim nhin rieng biet vi
kiin true canh quan do thi trong he thdng do thi ven biin cua nude ta, trong khu
VQC va tren the gidi.

- Viec md rOng dO thi chu yiu vin la biin nong thon thanh do thi mpt each
chu quan din den DTH thiiu bin vQng. DTH d cac huyen ngoai thanh phan Idn
mang tinh tQ phat, vai trd cac thi trin con rit thip. Mdi lien he giQa thanh thi va
nong thOn chenh lech kha Idn.

3. Ket luan

Hai Phdng ndm d phfa Dong cua miin Duyen hai Bde bp va thupc vung kinh
t i trpng diim phia Bde, cd lich sQ phat triin ban 100 nam. TQ nam 2003, Hai Phong
dupc cong nhan la dd thi loai I - trung tam cip qudc gia. Nam 2007, dien tieh dit
do thi la 19,61%, ti le dan sd dO thi la 45,04%, khu vUe do thi chiem 82,78% GDP
cua toan thanh phd.

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ddi, giai doan 1985 - 2007 thanh lap them 04 quan va 09 dd thi ve tinh, thi trin va
xuit hien mOt sd mo binh dO thi tien tiin. DTH cd nhiiu mat tich cue, la dOng IQC
thue diy thanh phd phat triin theo hudng van minh va hien dai, nhung DTH eung
dang dQng trudc nhiiu thach thQe va ban chi.

Kit qua nghien cQu giup cac chuygn gia dd thi cd them co sd thuc tiin khi
dua ra nhQng dinh hudng va giai phap thQc hien DTH d Hai Phdng ndi rigng va
phdt triin he thdng dd thi Viet Nam ndi chung theo hudng phat triin bin vQng.

TAI LIEU T H A M KHAO

[1] Ban tuyen giao thanh phd Hai Phdng, 2004. Tai lieu tuyen truyin Nghi
quyet 32-NQ/TW eua Bp Chinh tri (khod IX) vi "xay dQng va phat triin thanh phd
Hai Phdng trong thdi ki eOng nghiep hod va hien dai hoa dit nQdc". Hai Phdng.

[2] Cue Thdng ke thanh phd Hii Phdng. Nien gidm thong ke thdnh pho Hdi 
Phdng cdc ndm 1996 - 2008. Nxb Thdng ke. Ha NOi.

[3] Cue Thdng ke thanh phd Hai Phdng. Nien gidm thong ke cdc qudn, huyen, 
thi xd cua Hdi Phdng cdc ndm 2001, 2006, 2008. Hai Phdng.

[4] Cue Thdng ke thanh phd Hai Phdng, 2007. Ddnh gid thuc trang mUc song

ddn cu thdnh pho Hdi Phdng. Nxb Thdng ke, Hii Phdng.

[5] Hoi ddng lich sQ thanh phd Hai phong, TrQdng Dai hpc Khoa hpc Xa hOi va
Nhan van, Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha NOi, 1998. Tii dien bdch khoa dia danh Hdi Phdng. 
Nxb Hai Phdng.

[6] Dam Trung Phudng, 2005. Dd thi Viet Nam. Nxb Xay dung. Ha NOi. 
[7] Truong Quang Thao, 2003. Dd thi hoc - Nhiing khdi niem md ddu. Nxb 
Xay dQng, Ha Npi.

[8] Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2008. Nien gidm thong ke. Nxb Thdng ke. Ha 
NOi-[9] UBND thanh phd Hai Phdng, 2001. Thuyit minh ting hap diiu chinh qui 
hoach chung thdnh phd Hdi Phdng din ndm 2020. BO Xay dQng - Vien qui hoach 
Hai Phdng - Vien qui hoach do thi va nOng thoii, Hai Phdng.

[10] UBND thanh phd Hai Phdng, 2009.-Thuyit minh diiu chinh Qui hoach 
chung xdy dung thdnh pho Hdi Phdng din ndm 2025 vd tdm nhin din ndm 2050. 
Hii Phdng.

ABSTRACT

The situation of urbanization of Haiphong in the period 1985 - 2007

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