Principles of general, organic and biological chemistry by janice gorzynski smith 1

This page intentionally left blank


This page intentionally left blank


smi11153_endpapers_front.indd 2

Periodic Table of the Elements

1A
1

8A
18

1

1

2

H
1.0079

3A
13

4A
14

5A
15

6A
16

7A
17

4.0026

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Li

Be

B

6.941

9.0122

10.811

11

3

2

Na

12

Mg

22.9898 24.3050

19
4

K

20

Ca

13

3B
3

4B
4

5B
5

6B
6

7B
7

21

22

23

24

25

Sc

39.0983 40.078 44.9559

37

5

38

Rb

Sr

85.4678

87.62

55

6

Cs

56

Ba

39

Y

87

88

Ti

V

47.88

40

41

Zr

57

La

Nb

72

73

Hf

Cr

Mn

8

8B
9

26

27

Fe

Ta

42

43

Mo

Tc

95.94

(98)

74

W

75

Re

178.49 180.9479 183.84 186.207

190.2

192.22

108

109

Mt

(276)

Db

Sg

Bh

Hs

(268)

(271)

(272 )

(270)

58

6

Ce

59

Pr

107

77

Rf

Ac
(227)

106

60

Nd

140.115 140.9076 144.24

90

7

Th

91

Pa

92

U

232.0381 231.03588 238.0289

45

Rh

76

Os

(267)

Ra
(226)

2B
12

28

29

30

Ni
46

Pd

61

Ir

62

78

Pt

O

31

F

Ne

14

Si

15

P

16

S

32

33

34

17

Ar

35.453

39.948

35

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Kr

63.546

65.41

69.723

72.64

74.9216

78.96

79.904

83.80

52

53

47

48

Cd

79

Au

80

Hg

49

In

50

Sn

51

Sb

114.82 118.710 121.760

81

Tl

82

83

Te

I

84

85

86

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

207.2

208.9804

(209)

(210)

(222)

Ds

Rg

114

115

116

118

(281)

(280)

(285)

(284)

(289)

(289)

(293)

(294)

63

Eu

(145)

150.36 151.964

64

Gd

65

Tb

66

Dy

–

67

Ho

–

68

Er

5

127.60 126.9045 131.29

113

–

4

54

Xe

112

–

3

36

Zn

Ag

2

18

Cl

111

110

Sm
94

N

26.9815 28.0855 30.9738 32.066

195.08 196.9665 200.59 204.3833

Pm
93

Al

C

1

12.011 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.1797

Cu

101.07 102.9055 106.42 107.8682 112.411

104

Fr

105

44

Ru

89

(223)

Co

10

1B

11

50.9415 51.9961 54.9380 55.845 58.9332 58.693

88.9059 91.224 92.9064

132.9054 137.327 138.9055

7

He

2A
2

–

69

Tm

–

70

Yb

6

7

71

Lu

6

157.25 158.9253 162.50 164.9303 167.26 168.9342 173.04 174.967

95

96

(247)

97

98

99

100

101

102

103
(262)

Np

Pu

Am Cm

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm

Md

No

(237)

(244)

(243)

(247)

(251)

(252)

(257)

(258)

(259)

Lr

7

11/18/10 9:20 AM


The Elements
Element

Symbol

Actinium
Aluminum
Americium
Antimony
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Barium
Berkelium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Bohrium

Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Californium
Carbon
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Curium
Darmstadtium
Dubnium
Dysprosium
Einsteinium
Erbium
Europium
Fermium
Fluorine
Francium
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Hafnium
Hassium
Helium
Holmium

Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Iron
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lawrencium
Lead
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Meitnerium
Mendelevium
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium

Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi

Bh
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Ds
Db
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
Hs
He

Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Mt
Md
Hg
Mo
Nd

Atomic
Number

89
13
95
51
18
33
85

56
97
4
83
107
5
35
48
20
98
6
58
55
17
24
27
29
96
110
105
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32

79
72
108
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
109
101
80
42
60

Relative Atomic
Mass*

(227)
26.9815
(243)

121.760
39.948
74.9216
(210)
137.327
(247)
9.0122
208.9804
(272)
10.811
79.904
112.411
40.078
(251)
12.011
140.115
132.9054
35.453
51.9961
58.9332
63.546
(247)
(281)
(268)
162.50
(252)
167.26
151.964
(257)
18.9984

(223)
157.25
69.723
72.64
196.9665
178.49
(270)
4.0026
164.9303
1.0079
114.82
126.9045
192.22
55.845
83.80
138.9055
(262)
207.2
6.941
174.967
24.3050
54.9380
(276)
(258)
200.59
95.94
144.24

Element

Symbol

Neon
Neptunium
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Nobelium
Osmium
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Plutonium
Polonium
Potassium
Praseodymium
Promethium
Protactinium
Radium
Radon
Rhenium
Rhodium
Roentgenium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Rutherfordium
Samarium
Scandium
Seaborgium

Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfur
Tantalum
Technetium
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Xenon
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium

Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No

Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rg
Rb
Ru
Rf
Sm
Sc
Sg
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc

Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr

Atomic
Number

10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
46
15
78

94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
111
37
44
104
62
21
106
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
81
90
69

50
22
74
92
23
54
70
39
30
40
112**
113
114
115
116
118

Relative Atomic
Mass*

20.1797
(237)
58.693
92.9064
14.0067
(259)
190.2
15.9994
106.42
30.9738

195.08
(244)
(209)
39.0983
140.9076
(145)
231.03588
(226)
(222)
186.207
102.9055
(280)
85.4678
101.07
(267)
150.36
44.9559
(271)
78.96
28.0855
107.8682
22.9898
87.62
32.066
180.9479
(98)
127.60
158.9253
204.3833
232.0381

168.9342
118.710
47.88
183.84
238.0289
50.9415
131.29
173.04
88.9059
65.41
91.224
(285)
(284)
(289)
(289)
(293)
(294)

*Values in parentheses represent the mass number of the most stable isotope.
**The names and symbols for elements 112–116 and 118 have not been chosen.

smi11153_endpapers_front.indd 3

11/18/10 9:20 AM


General, Organic, &
Biological Chemistry
Janice Gorz
Gorzynski Smith

University of H
Hawai’i at Ma-noa

TM

smi11153_FM_i-xxii.indd i

11/18/10 11:16 AM


TM

PRINCIPLES OF GENERAL, ORGANIC, & BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas,
New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system,
without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or
other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United
States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 978–0–07–351115–3
MHID 0–07–351115–3
Vice President, Editor-in-Chief: Marty Lange
Vice President, EDP: Kimberly Meriwether David
Senior Director of Development: Kristine Tibbetts
Publisher: Ryan Blankenship
Sponsoring Editor: Todd L. Turner
Senior Developmental Editor: Donna Nemmers

Executive Marketing Manager: Tamara L. Hodge
Senior Project Manager: Jayne L. Klein
Senior Buyer: Laura Fuller
Senior Media Project Manager: Christina Nelson
Senior Designer: Laurie B. Janssen
Cover Image: © Matt Brasier / Masterfile
Lead Photo Research Coordinator: Carrie K. Burger
Photo Research: Mary Reeg
Compositor: Precision Graphics
Typeface: 10/12.5 Times LT Std
Printer: R. R. Donnelley
All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the copyright page.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Smith, Janice G.
Principles of general, organic, and biological chemistry / Janice Gorzynski Smith. -- 1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978–0–07–351115–3 — ISBN 0–07–351115–3 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Chemistry--Textbooks. 2.
Chemistry, Inorganic--Textbooks. 3. Biochemistry--Textbooks. I. Title.
QD31.3.S634 2012
540--dc22
2010038944

www.mhhe.com

smi11153_FM_i-xxii.indd ii

11/18/10 11:17 AM

To my family

smi11153_FM_i-xxii.indd iii

11/18/10 11:17 AM


About the Author
Janice Gorzynski Smith was born in Schenectady, New York, and grew up following
the Yankees, listening to the Beatles, and water skiing on Sacandaga Reservoir. She became
interested in chemistry in high school, and went on to major in chemistry at Cornell University
where she received an A.B. degree summa cum laude. Jan earned a Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry
from Harvard University under the direction of Nobel Laureate E. J. Corey, and she also spent a
year as a National Science Foundation National Needs Postdoctoral Fellow at Harvard. During
her tenure with the Corey group she completed the total synthesis of the plant growth hormone
gibberellic acid.
Following her postdoctoral work Jan joined the faculty of Mount Holyoke College, where
she was employed for 21 years. During this time she was active in teaching organic chemistry lecture and lab courses, conducting a research program in organic synthesis, and serving as
department chair. Her organic chemistry class was named one of Mount Holyoke’s “Don’t-miss
courses” in a survey by Boston magazine. After spending two sabbaticals amidst the natural
beauty and diversity in Hawai‘i in the 1990s, Jan and her family moved there permanently in
2000. She is a faculty member at the University of Hawai‘i at Ma- noa, where she has taught a
one-semester organic and biological chemistry course for nursing students as well as the twosemester organic chemistry lecture and lab courses. She has also served as the faculty advisor to
the student affiliate chapter of the American Chemical Society. In 2003, she received the Chancellor’s Citation for Meritorious Teaching.
Jan resides in Hawai‘i with her husband Dan, an emergency medicine physician. She has
four children: Matthew and Zachary (scuba photo on p. 167); Jenna, a law student at Temple
University in Philadelphia; and Erin, a 2006 graduate of Brown University School of Medicine
and co-author of the Student Study Guide/Solutions Manual for this text. When not teaching,
writing, or enjoying her family, Jan bikes, hikes, snorkels, and scuba dives in sunny Hawai‘i, and
time permitting, enjoys travel and Hawaiian quilting.

iv

smi11153_FM_i-xxii.indd iv

11/18/10 11:17 AM


Contents in Brief
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Matter and Measurement 1
Atoms and the Periodic Table

34

Ionic and Covalent Compounds

68

Energy and Matter 105
Chemical Reactions

Gases

127

167

Solutions 194
Acids and Bases

222

Nuclear Chemistry

256

10
11
12
13

Introduction to Organic Molecules 283

14
15
16
17
18

Carbohydrates

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

322

Organic Compounds That Contain Oxygen or Sulfur

353

Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides 391

Lipids

427

459

Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
Energy and Metabolism

492
527

560

v

smi11153_FM_i-xxii.indd v

11/18/10 11:17 AM

Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xvii
List of How To’s xix
List of Applications xx

1

Matter and Measurement 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8

Chemistry—The Science of Everyday Experience 2
States of Matter 3
Classification of Matter 5
Measurement 9
Significant Figures 12
Scientific Notation 16
Problem Solving Using the Factor–Label Method 19
FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Problem Solving Using Clinical
Conversion Factors 22
1.9

Temperature 24
1.10 Density and Specific Gravity 26
Study Skills Part I: Calculations in Chemistry 28

2

Atoms and the Periodic Table
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8

3

Elements 35
Structure of the Atom 40
Isotopes 44
The Periodic Table 47
Electronic Structure 52
Electronic Configurations 54
Valence Electrons 57
Periodic Trends 59

Ionic and Covalent Compounds
3.1
3.2

3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

34

68

Introduction to Bonding 69
Ions 70
Ionic Compounds 75
Naming Ionic Compounds 78
Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds
Polyatomic Ions 83
Covalent Bonding 86
Lewis Structures 88
Naming Covalent Compounds 89

82

vi

smi11153_FM_i-xxii.indd vi

11/18/10 11:17 AM

Contents

3.10
3.11
3.12

4

Introduction to Chemical Reactions 128
Balancing Chemical Equations 132
The Mole and Avogadro’s Number 135
Mass to Mole Conversions 138
Mole Calculations in Chemical Equations 140
Mass Calculations in Chemical Equations 142
Oxidation and Reduction 148
Energy Changes in Reactions 152
Reaction Rates 155
FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Body Temperature

157

Gases and Pressure 168
Boyle’s Law Relating Gas Pressure and Volume 170
Charles’s Law Relating Gas Volume and Temperature 173
Gay–Lussac’s Law Relating Gas Pressure and Temperature 175
The Combined Gas Law 177
Avogadro’s Law Relating Gas Volume and Moles 178
The Ideal Gas Law 181
Dalton’s Law and Partial Pressures 184

FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Ozone and Carbon Dioxide
in the Atmosphere 186

Solutions
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7

smi11153_FM_i-xxii.indd vii

127

Gases 167
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9

7

Energy 106

The Three States of Matter 109
Intermolecular Forces 110
Boiling Point and Melting Point 114
Energy and Phase Changes 115
Heating and Cooling Curves 119

Chemical Reactions
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10

6

94

Energy and Matter 105
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6

5

Molecular Shape 90
Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
Polarity of Molecules 96

vii

194

Introduction 195
Solubility—General Features 197
Solubility—Effects of Temperature and Pressure 200
Concentration Units—Percent Concentration 202
Concentration Units—Molarity 206
Dilution 209
Osmosis and Dialysis 212

11/18/10 11:17 AM


viii

Contents

8

Acids and Bases 222
8.1
8.2

8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

9

Nuclear Chemistry 256
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7

10

Introduction to Acids and Bases 223
The Reaction of a Brønsted–Lowry Acid with a Brønsted–Lowry Base 228
Acid and Base Strength 230
Dissociation of Water 234
The pH Scale 237
Common Acid–Base Reactions 241
Titration 244
Buffers 245
FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Buffers in the Blood 248

Introduction 257
Nuclear Reactions 260
Half-Life 266
Detecting and Measuring Radioactivity 268
FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Medical Uses of Radioisotopes 270
Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion 273
FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Medical Imaging Without Radioactivity

Introduction to Organic Molecules

275

283

10.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 284
10.2 Characteristic Features of Organic Compounds 285
10.3 Drawing Organic Molecules 288
10.4 Functional Groups 291
10.5 Alkanes 297
10.6 Alkane Nomenclature 302
10.7 Cycloalkanes 307
10.8 FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Fossil Fuels 309
10.9 Physical Properties 310
10.10 FOCUS ON THE ENVIRONMENT: Combustion 311
Study Skills Part II: Organic Chemistry 312

11

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
11.5
11.6
11.7
11.8
11.9
11.10

smi11153_FM_i-xxii.indd viii

322

Alkenes and Alkynes 323
Nomenclature of Alkenes and Alkynes 325
Cis–Trans Isomers 327
FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Oral Contraceptives 331
Reactions of Alkenes 332
FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Margarine or Butter? 334
Polymers—The Fabric of Modern Society 336
Aromatic Compounds 340
Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives 340
FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Sunscreens and Antioxidants 343

11/18/10 11:17 AM


ix

Contents

12

Organic Compounds That Contain Oxygen or Sulfur 353
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
12.10
12.11

13

370

Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides 391
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7

13.8
13.9
13.10

14

Introduction 354
Structure and Properties of Alcohols 355
Structure and Properties of Ethers 358
Interesting Alcohols and Ethers 360
Reactions of Alcohols 361
Thiols 366
Structure and Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones 367
FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Interesting Aldehydes and Ketones
Oxidation of Aldehydes 371
Looking Glass Chemistry—Molecules and Their Mirror Images 373
FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Chiral Drugs 378

Introduction 392
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids and Esters 393
Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids and Esters 395
Interesting Carboxylic Acids in Consumer Products and Medicines
The Acidity of Carboxylic Acids 398
Reactions Involving Carboxylic Acids and Esters 401
Amines 404
Amines as Bases 409
Amides 412
Interesting Amines and Amides 415

Carbohydrates

396

427

14.1 Introduction 428
14.2 Monosaccharides 429
14.3 The Cyclic Forms of Monosaccharides 435
14.4 Reactions of Monosaccharides 438
14.5 Disaccharides 441
14.6 Polysaccharides 445
14.7 FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Blood Type 448
Study Skills Part III: Biomolecules 450

15

Lipids
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
15.7
15.8

smi11153_FM_i-xxii.indd ix

459

Introduction to Lipids 460
Fatty Acids 461
Waxes 463
Triacylglycerols—Fats and Oils 465
Hydrolysis of Triacylglycerols 469
Phospholipids 472
Cell Membranes 474
FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Cholesterol, the Most Prominent Steroid

476

11/18/10 11:17 AM


x

Contents

15.9 Steroid Hormones 479
15.10 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Fat-Soluble Vitamins 481

16

Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes 492
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6

16.7
16.8
16.9
16.10

17

Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 527
17.1
17.2
17.3
17.4
17.5
17.6
17.7
17.8
17.9
17.10
17.11

18

Introduction 493
Amino Acids 494
Acid–Base Behavior of Amino Acids 497
Peptides 499
FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Biologically Active Peptides 502
Proteins 504
FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: Common Proteins 508
Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation 511

Enzymes 514
FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Using Enzymes to Diagnose
and Treat Diseases 518

Nucleosides and Nucleotides 528
Nucleic Acids 533
The DNA Double Helix 535
Replication 538
RNA 540
Transcription 541
The Genetic Code 542
Translation and Protein Synthesis 544
Mutations and Genetic Diseases 547
FOCUS ON THE HUMAN BODY: DNA Fingerprinting
FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Viruses 549

549

Energy and Metabolism 560
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5
18.6
18.7
18.8
18.9
18.10
18.11

An Overview of Metabolism 561
ATP and Energy Production 564
Coenzymes in Metabolism 566
Glycolysis 569
The Fate of Pyruvate 573
The Citric Acid Cycle 576
The Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation 579
The ATP Yield from Glucose 582
The Catabolism of Triacylglycerols 584
Ketone Bodies 587
Amino Acid Metabolism 588

Appendix Useful Mathematical Concepts A-1
Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1

smi11153_FM_i-xxii.indd x

11/18/10 11:17 AM


Preface
Students who are planning a career within the allied health field are required to gain exposure
to the many ways in which chemistry is intrinsic to and influences life. This textbook is written
for students who have an interest in nursing, nutrition, environmental science, food science, and
a wide variety of other health-related professions. The content of this book is designed for an
introductory chemistry course with no chemistry prerequisite, and is suitable for either a one- or
two-semester course. This text relates the principal concepts of general, organic, and biological chemistry to the world around us, and in this way illustrates how chemistry explains many

aspects of daily life.
The learning style of today’s students relies heavily on visual imagery. In this text, new concepts are introduced one at a time, keeping the basic themes in focus, and breaking down complex
problems into manageable chunks of information. Relevant, interesting applications are provided
for all basic chemical concepts. Diagrams and figures are annotated to help teach concepts and
reinforce the major themes of chemistry, while molecular art illustrates and explains common
everyday phenomena. Students learn step-by-step problem solving throughout the chapter within
sample problems and How To boxes. Students are given enough detail to understand basic concepts, such as how oral contraceptives prevent pregnancy and how a catalytic converter removes
pollutants from automobile exhaust.
Teaching chemistry for over 20 years at both a private liberal arts college and a large state
university has given me a unique perspective with which to write this text. I have found that
students arrive with vastly different levels of preparation and widely different expectations for
their college experience. As an instructor and now an author I have tried to channel my love and
knowledge of chemistry into a form that allows this spectrum of students to understand chemical science more clearly, and then see everyday phenomena in a new light. My interactions with
thousands of students in my long teaching career have profoundly affected the way I teach and
write about chemistry. My hope is that this text and its Learning System will help students better
understand and appreciate the world of chemistry. Please feel free to email me with any comments or questions at

The Construction of a Learning System
Writing a textbook and its supporting learning tools is a multifaceted endeavor. McGraw-Hill’s
360° Development Process is an ongoing, market-oriented approach to building accurate and
innovative Learning Systems. It is dedicated to continual large scale and incremental improvement, driven by multiple customer feedback loops and checkpoints. This is initiated during the
early planning stages of new products and intensifies during the development and production
stages, and then begins again upon publication, in anticipation of the next version of each print
and digital product. This process is designed to provide a broad, comprehensive spectrum of
feedback for refinement and innovation of learning tools for both student and instructor. The
360° Development Process includes market research, content reviews, faculty and student focus
groups, course- and product-specific symposia, accuracy checks, and art reviews, all guided by
carefully selected Content Advisors.

xi

smi11153_FM_i-xxii.indd xi

11/18/10 11:17 AM


The Learning System Used in Principles of General,
Organic, & Biological Chemistry
Writing Style
8.5

A succinct writing style weaves together key points
of general, organic, and biological chemistry, along
with attention-grabbing applications to consumer,
environmental, and health-related fields. Concepts and
topics are broken into small chunks of information that
are more easily learned.

237

The pH Scale

Solution
The value of [–OH] in a 0.01 M NaOH solution is 0.01 M = 1 × 10–2 M.
[H3O+]

Kw

=

1 × 10−14

=

[−OH]

1 × 10−12 M
concentration of H3O+

=

1 × 10−2

concentration of −OH

PROBLEM 8.14
Calculate the value of [H3O+] and [–OH] in each solution: (a) 0.001 M NaOH; (b) 0.001 M HCl;
(c) 1.5 M HCl; (d) 0.30 M NaOH.

8.5 The pH Scale
Knowing the hydronium ion concentration is necessary in many different instances. The blood
must have an H3O+ concentration in a very narrow range for an individual’s good health. Plants
thrive in soil that is not too acidic or too basic. The H3O+ concentration in a swimming pool must
be measured and adjusted to keep the water clean and free from bacteria and algae.

8.5A Calculating pH
Since values for the hydronium ion concentration are very small, with negative powers of ten, the
pH scale is used to more conveniently report [H3O+]. The pH of a solution is a number generally
between 0 and 14, defined in terms of the logarithm (log) of the H3O+ concentration.
pH = −log [H3O+]

A logarithm is an exponent of a power of ten.
The log is the exponent.
log(105)

=

log(10−10)

5

=

log(0.001) = log(10−3)

−10

The log is the exponent.

=

−3

Convert to scientific notation.

+

In calculating pH, first consider an H3O concentration that has a coefficient of one when the
number is written in scientific notation. For example, the value of [H3O+] in apple juice is about
1 × 10–4, or 10–4 written without the coefficient. The pH of this solution is calculated as follows:

pH = –log [H3O+] = –log(10–4)
= –(–4)

Apple juice has a pH of about 4, so it is
an acidic solution.

= 4
pH of apple juice

Since pH is defined as the negative logarithm of [H3O+] and these concentrations have negative
exponents (10–x), pH values are positive numbers.
Whether a solution is acidic, neutral, or basic can now be defined in terms of its pH.
ã Acidic solution:

pH < 7

[H3O+] > 1 ì 107

ã Neutral solution:

pH = 7

[H3O+] = 1 ì 107

ã Basic solution:

pH > 7

[H3O+] < 1 × 10–7

Note the relationship between [H3O+] and pH.
• The lower the pH, the higher the concentration of H3O+.

The pH of a solution can be measured using a pH meter as shown in Figure 8.6. Approximate
pH values are determined using pH paper or indicators that turn different colors depending
on the pH of the solution. The pH of various substances is shown in Figure 8.7.

Chapter Goals, Tied to End-of-Chapter Key Concepts
Chapter Goals at the beginning of each chapter identify what students will
learn, and are tied numerically to the end-of-chapter Key Concepts, which
serve as bulleted summaries of the most important concepts for study.
Understanding Key Concepts

Nuclear Chemistry
CHAPTER OUTLINE
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5

Introduction
Nuclear Reactions
Half-Life
Detecting and Measuring Radioactivity
FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Medical Uses of
Radioisotopes
9.6 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
9.7 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE: Medical Imaging
Without Radioactivity

277

KEY CONCEPTS
❶

Describe the different types of radiation emitted by a
radioactive nucleus. (9.1)
• A radioactive nucleus can emit α particles, β particles,
positrons, or γ rays.
• An α particle is a high-energy nucleus that contains two
protons and two neutrons.
• A β particle is a high-energy electron.
• A positron is an antiparticle of a β particle. A positron has a +1
charge and negligible mass.
• A γ ray is high-energy radiation with no mass or charge.

❷

How are equations for nuclear reactions written? (9.2)
• In an equation for a nuclear reaction, the sum of the mass
numbers (A) must be equal on both sides of the equation. The
sum of the atomic numbers (Z) must be equal on both sides of
the equation as well.

❸

What is the half-life of a radioactive isotope? (9.3)
• The half-life (t1/2) is the time it takes for one-half of a
radioactive sample to decay. Knowing the half-life and the

amount of a radioactive substance, one can calculate how
much sample remains after a period of time.

❹

What units are used to measure radioactivity? (9.4)
• Radiation in a sample is measured by the number of
disintegrations per second, most often using the curie (Ci);
1 Ci = 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations/s. The becquerel (Bq) is also
used; 1 Bq = 1 disintegration/s; 1 Ci = 3.7 ì 1010 Bq.
ã The exposure of a substance to radioactivity is measured
with the rad (radiation absorbed dose) or the rem (radiation
equivalent for man).

CHAPTER GOALS
In this chapter you will learn how to:

➊ Describe the different types of radiation emitted by a
radioactive nucleus

➋
➌
➍
➎

Write equations for nuclear reactions
Define half-life
Recognize the units used for measuring radioactivity
Give examples of common radioisotopes used in medical
diagnosis and treatment

➏ Describe the general features of nuclear fission and nuclear
fusion

➐ Describe the features of medical imaging techniques that do
not use radioactivity

❺

Give examples of common radioisotopes used in medicine.
(9.5)
• Iodine-131 is used to diagnose and treat thyroid disease.
• Technetium-99m is used to evaluate the functioning of the
gall bladder and bile ducts, and in bone scans to evaluate the
spread of cancer.
• Red blood cells tagged with technetium-99m are used to find
the site of a gastrointestinal bleed.
• Thallium-201 is used to diagnose coronary artery disease.
• Cobalt-60 is used as an external source of radiation for cancer
treatment.
• Iodine-125 and iridium-192 are used in internal radiation
treatment of prostate cancer and breast cancer, respectively.
• Carbon-11, oxygen-15, nitrogen-13, and fluorine-18 are used
in positron emission tomography.

❻

What are nuclear fission and nuclear fusion? (9.6)
• Nuclear fission is the splitting apart of a heavy nucleus into
lighter nuclei and neutrons.

• Nuclear fusion is the joining together of two light nuclei to form
a larger nucleus.
• Both nuclear fission and nuclear fusion release a great deal
of energy. Nuclear fission is used in nuclear power plants to
generate electricity. Nuclear fusion occurs in stars.

❼

What medical imaging techniques do not use radioactivity?
(9.7)
• X-rays and CT scans both use X-rays, a high-energy form of
electromagnetic radiation.
• MRIs use low-energy radio waves to image soft tissue.

xii

smi11153_FM_i-xxii.indd xii

11/18/10 11:17 AM


182

Macro-to-Micro Illustrations

Chapter 6

Gases

Figure 6.6

Visualizing molecular-level representations of
macroscopic phenomena is critical to the understanding
of any chemistry course. Many illustrations in this text
include photos or drawings of everyday objects, paired
with their molecular representation, to help students
visualize and understand the chemistry behind ordinary
things. Many illustrations of the human body include
magnifications for specific anatomic regions, as well
as representations at the microscopic level, for today’s
visual learners.

Focus on the Human Body: The Lungs
average lung
capacity—4–6 L

trachea

average tidal
volume—0.5 L
right lung
with its
three lobes

left lung
with its
two lobes
heart

pulmonary

artery
pulmonary vein

• Humans have two lungs that contain
a vast system of air passages,
allowing gases to be exchanged
between the atmosphere and with
the bloodstream. The lungs contain
about 1,500 miles of airways that
have a total surface area about the
size of a tennis court.
• Lungs are in a sense “overbuilt,” in
that their total air volume is large
compared to the tidal volume, the
amount of air taken in or expelled
with each breath. This large reserve
explains why people can smoke for
years without noticing any significant
change in normal breathing.
• In individuals with asthma, small
airways are constricted and
inflamed, making it difficult to breathe.

alveolus

section of
alveoli
cut open

Blood in pulmonary arteries gives

up waste CO2 to the lungs so that
it can be expelled to the air.
Blood in pulmonary veins picks up
O2 in the lungs so that it can be
pumped by the heart to the body.

The ideal gas law can be used to find any value—P, V, n, or T—as long as three of the quantities are
known. Solving a problem using the ideal gas law is shown in the stepwise How To procedure and
in Sample Problem 6.8. Although the ideal gas law gives exact answers only for a perfectly “ideal”
gas, it gives a good approximation for most real gases, such as the oxygen and carbon dioxide in
breathing, as well (Figure 6.6).

How To Carry Out Calculations with the Ideal Gas Law
Example How many moles of gas are contained in a typical human breath that takes in 0.50 L of air at 1.0 atm pressure and 37 °C?
Step [1]

Identify the known quantities and the desired quantity.
P = 1.0 atm
V = 0.50 L
T = 37 °C

n = ? mol

known quantities

desired quantity

Applications
Relevant, interesting applications of chemistry to
everyday life are included for all basic chemical

concepts. These are interspersed in margin-placed Health
Notes, Consumer Notes, and Environmental Notes, as
well as sections entitled “Focus on Health & Medicine,”
“Focus on the Environment,” and “Focus on the Human
Body.”

270

Chapter 9

Nuclear Chemistry

the dose of radiation is less than 25 rem. A single dose of 25–100 rem causes a temporary decrease
in white blood cell count. The symptoms of radiation sickness—nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and
prolonged decrease in white blood cell count—are visible at a dose of more than 100 rem.
Death results at still higher doses of radiation. The LD50—the lethal dose that kills 50% of a
population—is 500 rem in humans, and exposure to 600 rem of radiation is fatal for an entire
population.
PROBLEM 9.18
The unit millirem (1 rem = 1,000 mrem) is often used to measure the amount of radiation absorbed.
(a) The average yearly dose of radiation from radon gas is 200 mrem. How many rem does this
correspond to? (b) If a thyroid scan exposes a patient to 0.014 rem of radiation, how many mrem
does this correspond to? (c) Which represents the larger dose?

HEALTH NOTE

9.5

PROBLEM 8.9
Label the stronger

a. H2SO4 or H3P

PROBLEM 8.10

9.5A

If lactic acid (C3H6O

Radioisotopes Used in Diagnosis

(a) Draw the conjug

Radioisotopes are routinely used to determine if an organ is functioning properly or to detect the
presence of a tumor. The isotope is ingested or injected and the radiation it emits can be used to
produce a scan. Sometimes the isotope is an atom or ion that is not part of a larger molecule. Examples include iodine-131, which is administered as the salt sodium iodide (Na131I), and xenon-133,
which is a gas containing radioactive xenon atoms. At other times the radioactive atom is bonded to
a larger molecule that targets a specific organ. An organ that has increased or decreased uptake of
the radioactive element can indicate disease, the presence of a tumor, or other conditions.

8.4 Disso

A HIDA scan (hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scan) uses a technetium-99m-labeled molecule
to evaluate the functioning of the gall bladder and bile ducts (Figure 9.4). After injection, the

PROBLEM 8.11
Lactic acid accumulates in tissues during
vigorous exercise, making muscles feel
tired and sore. The formation of lactic
acid is discussed in greater detail in
Section 18.5.

FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE
Medical Uses of Radioisotopes

Radioactive isotopes are used for both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in medicine. In a
diagnostic test to measure the function of an organ or to locate a tumor, low doses of radioactivity
are generally given. When the purpose of using radiation is therapeutic, such as to kill diseased
cells or cancerous tissue, a much higher dose of radiation is required.

In Section 8.2 we
Lowry base. As a

Figure 9.4
a.

HIDA Scan Using Technetium-99m
b.

liver

bile duct

liver
gall bladder
bile ducts
stomach

gall bladder

a. Schematic showing the location of the liver, gall bladder, and bile ducts

b. A scan using technetium-99m showing bright areas for the liver, gall bladder, and bile ducts, indicating normal function

xiii

smi11153_FM_i-xxii.indd xiii

11/18/10 11:17 AM


Problem Solving
5.1

Stepwise practice problems lead students through the thought
process tied to successful problem solving by employing Analysis
and Solution steps. Sample Problems are categorized sequentially
by topic to match chapter organization, and are often paired with
practice problems to allow students to apply what they have just
learned. Students can immediately verify their answers to the
follow-up problems in the answers at the end of each chapter.

131

Introduction to Chemical Reactions

SAMPLE PROBLEM 5.2
Label the reactants and products, and indicate how many atoms of each type of element are present
on each side of the equation.
C2H6O (l) + 3 O2 ( g)

2 CO2 ( g) + 3 H2O( g)

Analysis
Reactants are on the left side of the arrow and products are on the right side in a chemical equation.
When a formula contains a subscript, multiply its coefficient by the subscript to give the total number
of atoms of a given type in the formula.

Solution
In this equation, the reactants are C2H6O and O2, while the products are CO2 and H2O. If no
coefficient is written, it is assumed to be “1.” To determine the number of each type of atom when a
formula has both a coefficient and a subscript, multiply the coefficient by the subscript.
1 C2H6O = 2 C’s + 6 H’s + 1 O

22

3 O2

= 6 O’s

Multiply the coefficient 3 by the subscript 2.

2 CO2

= 2 C’s + 4 O’s

Multiply the coefficient 2 by each subscript;
2 × 1 C = 2 C’s; 2 × 2 O’s = 4 O’s.

3 H2O

= 6 H’s + 3 O’s

Multiply the coefficient 3 by each subscript;
3 × 2 H’s = 6 H’s; 3 × 1 O = 3 O’s.

Chapter 1 Matter and Measurement

Sample Problem 1.9 illustrates how to solve a problem with two conversion factors.

Add up the atoms on each side to determine the total number for each type of element.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1.9

C2H6O(l)

An individual donated 1.0 pint of blood at the local blood bank. How many liters of blood does this
correspond to?

Analysis and Solution
[1] Identify the original quantity and the desired quantity.
1.0 pt

3 O2(g)

2 CO2(g)

+

3 H2O(g)

H

?L

original quantity

+

O

desired quantity

C

[2] Write out the conversion factors.
Atoms in the reactants:
• 2 C’s 6 H’s 7 O’s

• We have no conversion factor that relates pints to liters directly. We do, however, know
conversions for pints to quarts, and quarts to liters.
pint–quart conversion
2 pt
1 qt

or

quart–liter conversion

1 qt

1.06 qt

2 pt

1L

1L

or

Label the reactants and products, and indicate how many atoms of each type of element are present
on each side of the following equations.

1.06 qt

a. 2 H2O2 (aq)

Choose the conversion factors with the unwanted
units—pt and qt—in the denominator.

2 H2O(l) + O2 (g)

b. 2 C8H18 + 25 O2

16 CO2 + 18 H2O

PROBLEM 5.4

[3] Solve the problem.

Use the molecular art to write an equation for the given reaction. (Figure 2.3 shows the common

element colors.)

• To set up the problem so that unwanted units cancel, arrange each term so that the units in
the numerator of one term cancel the units of the denominator of the adjacent term. In this
problem we need to cancel both pints and quarts to get liters.
How many liters does this pint of blood
contain?

Atoms in the products:
• 2 C’s 6 H’s 7 O’s

PROBLEM 5.3

• The single desired unit, liters, must be in the numerator of one term.
Liters do not cancel.
1.0 pt

×

1 qt

×

2 pt

Pints cancel.

1L
1.06 qt

=

0.47 L

Quarts cancel.

[4] Check.
• Since there are two pints in a quart and a quart is about the same size as a liter, one pint
should be about half a liter. The answer, 0.47, is just about 0.5.
• Write the answer with two significant figures since one term, 1.0 pt, has two significant
figures.

PROBLEM 1.24
Carry out each of the following conversions.
a. 6,250 ft to km

b. 3 cups to L

c. 4.5 ft to cm

1.8 FOCUS ON HEALTH & MEDICINE
Problem Solving Using Clinical Conversion Factors
Sometimes conversion factors don’t have to be looked
d up in a table; they are stated in the
problem. If a drug is sold as a 250-mg tablet, this fact becomes
comes a conversion factor relating milligrams to tablets.
180
Chapter 6 Gases
250 mg
1 tablet

1 tablet
blet
or

250 mg

• STP conditions are:

ctors
mg–tablet conversion factors

1 atm (760 mm Hg) for pressure
273 K (0 °C) for temperature

• At STP, one mole of any gas has the same volume, 22.4 L, called the standard molar volume.

Under STP conditions, one mole of nitrogen gas and one mole of helium gas each contain
6.02 × 1023 molecules of gas and occupy a volume of 22.4 L at 0 °C and 1 atm pressure. Since
the molar masses of nitrogen and helium are different (28.0 g for N2 compared to 4.0 g for
He), one mole of each substance has a different mass.
same volume
same number of particles

1 mol N2

1 mol He

22.4 L
6.02 × 1023 particles

28.0 g

22.4 L
6.02 × 1023 particles
4.0 g

The standard molar volume can be used to set up conversion factors that relate the volume and
number of moles of a gas at STP, as shown in the following stepwise procedure.

How To’s

How To Convert Moles of Gas to Volume at STP
Example How many moles are contained in 2.0 L of N2 at standard temperature and pressure?

Key processes are taught to students in a straightforward
and easy-to-understand manner by using examples and
multiple, detailed steps to solving problems.

Step [1]

Identify the known quantities and the desired quantity.
2.0 L of N2

? moles of N2

original quantity

desired quantity

Step [2] Write out the conversion factors.

• Set up conversion factors that relate the number of moles of a gas to volume at STP. Choose the conversion factor that places
the unwanted unit, liters, in the denominator so that the units cancel.
22.4 L
1 mol

1 mol
22.4 L

or

Choose this conversion
factor to cancel L.

Step [3] Solve the problem.
• Multiply the original quantity by the conversion factor to obtain the desired quantity.
2.0 L

×

1 mol
22.4 L

Liters cancel.

=

0.089 mol of N2
Answer

By using the molar mass of a gas, we can determine the volume of a gas from a given number of

grams, as shown in Sample Problem 6.7.

xiv

smi11153_FM_i-xxii.indd xiv

11/18/10 11:17 AM


Preface

xv

Supplements for the Instructor
www.mcgrawhillconnect.com/chemistry McGraw-Hill Connect™ is a web-based, interactive
assignment and assessment platform that incorporates cognitive science to customize the learning process. The chemical drawing tool found within Connect Chemistry is CambridgeSoft’s
ChemDraw, which is widely considered the “gold standard” of
scientific drawing programs and the cornerstone application for
scientists who draw and annotate molecules, reactions, and pathways. This collaboration of Connect and ChemDraw features an
easy-to-use, intuitive and comprehensive course management and
homework system with professional-grade drawing capabilities.
End-of-chapter problems from this textbook are served up
in Connect for instructors to build assignments that are automatically graded and tracked through reports that export
easily to Excel. Within Connect, instructors can also create
and share materials with colleagues. Ask your McGraw-Hill
representative for more information, and then check it out at
www.mcgrawhillconnect.com/chemistry.

Blackboard® Course Management Integration
with McGraw-Hill Content

McGraw-Hill Higher Education and Blackboard have teamed up. Blackboard, the Web-based
course-management system, has partnered with McGraw-Hill to better allow students and faculty
to use online materials and activities to complement face-to-face teaching. Blackboard features
exciting social learning and teaching tools that foster more logical, visually impactful, and
active learning opportunities for students. This integrated course management system transforms
closed-door classrooms into communities where students remain connected to their educational
experience 24 hours a day.
This partnership allows instructors and students access to McGraw-Hill’s Connect and
Create™ right from within their Blackboard course—all with one single sign-on. In addition
to single sign-on with Connect and Create, users get deep integration of McGraw-Hill content
and content engines right in Blackboard. Whether choosing a book for your course or building
Connect assignments, all the tools instructors need are conveniently found inside of Blackboard.
Gradebooks are now seamless. When a student completes an integrated Connect assignment,
the grade for that assignment automatically (and instantly) feeds to their instructor’s Blackboard
grade center.
McGraw-Hill and Blackboard can now offer easy access to industry-leading technology and
content, whether your campus hosts it, or we do. Be sure to ask your local McGraw-Hill representative for details.

Customizable Textbooks: Create™
Create what you’ve only imagined. Introducing McGraw-Hill Create—a new, self-service website
that allows instructors to create custom course materials—print and eBooks—by drawing upon
McGraw-Hill’s comprehensive, cross-disciplinary content. Add your own content quickly and
easily. Tap into other rights-secured third party sources as well. Then, arrange the content in a
way that makes the most sense for your course, and if you wish, personalize your book with your
course name and information. Choose the best delivery format for your course: color print, black
and white print, or eBook. The eBook is now viewable on an iPad! And when you are finished customizing, you will receive a free PDF review copy in just minutes! Visit McGraw-Hill Create—
www.mcgrawhillcreate.com—today and begin building your perfect book.

Presentation Center
Within the Instructor’s Presentation Center, instructors have access to PowerPoint lecture outlines, which appear as ready-made presentations that combine art and lecture notes for each

chapter of the text. For instructors who prefer to create their lectures from scratch, all illustrations, photos, and tables are pre-inserted by chapter into blank PowerPoint slides.

smi11153_FM_i-xxii.indd xv

11/18/10 11:18 AM


xvi

Preface

An online digital library within Connect contains photos, artwork, animations, and other
media types that can be used to create customized lectures, visually enhanced tests and quizzes,
compelling course websites, or attractive printed support materials. All assets are copyrighted
by McGraw-Hill Higher Education, but can be used by instructors for classroom purposes. The
visual resources in this collection include:
• Art

Full-color digital files of all illustrations in the book can be readily incorporated into
lecture presentations, exams, or custom-made classroom materials. In addition, all files are
pre-inserted into PowerPoint slides for ease of lecture preparation.
• Photos The photo collection contains digital files of photographs from the text, which can
be reproduced for multiple classroom uses.
• Tables Every table that appears in the text has been saved in electronic form for use in
classroom presentations and/or quizzes.
• Animations Numerous full-color animations illustrating important processes are also provided. Harness the visual impact of concepts in motion by importing these files into classroom presentations or online course materials.

Instructor’s Solutions Manual
This supplement contains complete, worked out solutions for all the end-of-chapter problems in
the text. It can be found within the Instructor’s Resources for this text on the Connect Companion

website at www.mhhe.com/smithprinciples.

Computerized Test Bank Online
A comprehensive bank of test questions prepared by Kathy Thrush Shaginaw/Particular Solutions, Inc. is provided within a computerized test bank, enabling professors to create paper and
online tests or quizzes in an easy-to-use program that allows instructors to prepare and access
tests or quizzes anywhere, at any time. Instructors can create or edit questions, or drag-and-drop
questions, to prepare tests quickly and easily. Tests may be published to their online course, or
printed for paper-based assignments.

Digital Lecture Capture: Tegrity
McGraw-Hill Tegrity Campus records and distributes your lecture with just a click of a button.
Students can view anytime/anywhere via computer, iPod, or mobile device. Tegrity indexes as it
records your slideshow presentations and anything shown on your computer, so students can use
keywords to find exactly what they want to study.

Supplements for the Student
Student Study Guide/Solutions Manual
The Student Study Guide/Solutions Manual, prepared by Erin Smith Berk and Janice Gorzynski
Smith, begins each chapter with a detailed chapter review that is organized around chapter goals
and key concepts. The Problem Solving section provides a number of examples for solving each
type of problem essential to that chapter. The Self-Test section of each chapter quizzes on chapter
highlights, with answers provided. Finally, each chapter ends with the solutions to all in-chapter
problems, as well as the solutions to all odd-numbered end-of-chapter problems.

ConnectPlus eBook
McGraw-Hill ConnectPlus eBook takes digital texts beyond a simple PDF. With the same content
as the printed book, but optimized for the screen, ConnectPlus has embedded media, including
animations and videos, which bring concepts to life and provide “just in time” learning for students. Additionally, fully integrated homework allows students to interact with the questions in
the text and determine if they’re gaining mastery of the content, and can also be assigned by the
instructor.

smi11153_FM_i-xxii.indd xvi

11/18/10 11:18 AM


Acknowledgments
Publishing the first edition of a modern chemistry textbook requires a team of knowledgeable and
hard-working individuals who are able to translate an author’s vision into a reality. Much thanks
is due to Sponsoring Editor Todd Turner, who somehow handled the many responsibilities of his
new position like an experienced editor. I was privileged to continue working with Senior Developmental Editor Donna Nemmers and Senior Project Manager Jayne Klein, who both managed
a very tight first edition schedule with grace and professionalism. Designer Laurie Janssen has
once again produced a stunning design that complements and emphasizes the many unique art
features of the text. Thanks are also due to Photo Researcher Carrie Burger, Executive Marketing Manager Tami Hodge, and Publisher Ryan Blankenship, each of whom has ensured that this
project provides students with a visually appealing, accurate, and well-thought-out first edition. I
am especially grateful to freelance Developmental Editor John Murdzek, whose unique blend of
humor, chemical knowledge, and attention to detail were key ingredients at numerous stages in
the creation of both the text and the student solutions manual. I have also greatly benefited from
a panel of reviewers who oversaw the manuscript development process.
Finally, I thank my family for their support and patience during the long process of publishing a textbook. My husband Dan, an emergency medicine physician, took several photos that
appear in the text, and served as a consultant for many medical applications. My daughter Erin
co-authored the Student Study Guide/Solutions Manual with me.
The following individuals were instrumental in reading and providing feedback that helped
to shape Principles of General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry:

Reviewers
Karen E. Atkinson, Bunker Hill Community College
Cynthia Graham Brittain, University of Rhode Island
Albert M. Bobst, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati
David J. Butcher, Western Carolina University

Todd A. Carlson, Grand Valley State University
Ling Chen, Borough of Manhattan Community College/CUNY
William M. Daniel, Bakersfield College
Cristina De Meo, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville
Celia Domser, Mohawk Valley Community College
Eric Elisabeth, Johnson County Community College
Warren Gallagher, University of Wisconsin, Eau Claire
Zewdu Gebeyehu, Columbus State University
David J. Gelormo, Northampton Community College
Judy Dirbas George, Grossmont College
Marcia Gillette, Indiana University, Kokomo
Kevin A. Gratton, Johnson County Community College
Michael A. Hailu, Columbus State Community College
Amy Hanks, Brigham Young University, Idaho
John Haseltine, Kennesaw State University
Deborah Herrington, Grand Valley State University
Mushtaq Khan, Union County College
Myung-Hoon Kim, Georgia Perimeter College, Dunwoody Campus
Terrie Lacson–Lampe, Georgia Perimeter College
xvii

smi11153_FM_i-xxii.indd xvii

11/18/10 11:18 AM


xviii

Acknowledgments

Richard H. Langley, Stephen F. Austin State University
Martin Lawrence, Montana State University
Andrea Leonard, University of Louisiana, Lafayette
Margaret Ruth Leslie, Kent State University
Marc D. Lord, Columbus State Community College
Julie Lowe, Bakersfield College
Ying Mao, Camden County College
Lauren E. H. McMills, Ohio University
Tammy Melton, Middle Tennessee State University
Mary Bethe Neely, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs
Kenneth O’Connor, Marshall University
Michael Y. Ogawa, Bowling Green State University
Beng Guat Ooi, Middle Tennessee State University
John A. Paparelli, San Antonio College
Dwight J. Patterson, Middle Tennessee State University
Tomislav Pintauer, Duquesne University
Danae Quirk–Dorr, Minnesota State University, Mankato
Douglas Raynie, South Dakota State University
Mike E. Rennekamp, Columbus State Community College
Jonathan Rhoad, Missouri Western State University
Paul Root, Henry Ford Community College
Raymond Sadeghi, University of Texas, San Antonio
Colleen Scott, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville
Masangu Shabangi, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville
Heather M. Sklenicka, Rochester Community and Technical College
Denise Stiglich, Antelope Valley College
Susan T. Thomas, University of Texas, San Antonio
David Tramontozzi, Macomb Community College
Lawrence Williams, Wake Tech Community College
Linda Arney Wilson, Middle Tennessee State University

Paulos Yohannes, Georgia Perimeter College

smi11153_FM_i-xxii.indd xviii

11/18/10 11:18 AM


List of How To’s
How To boxes provide detailed instructions for key procedures that students need to master. Below is a list of each How To and
where it is presented in the text.
Chapter 1

Chapter 3

Matter and Measurement
How To Convert a Standard Number to Scientific Notation
How To Solve a Problem Using Conversion Factors 21

17

Ionic and Covalent Compounds
How To Write a Formula for an Ionic Compound 76
How To Name an Ionic Compound That Contains a Metal with Variable Charge
How To Derive a Formula from the Name of an Ionic Compound 81
How To Name a Covalent Molecule 89

Chapter 5

Chemical Reactions
How To Balance a Chemical Equation 132

How To Convert Moles of Reactant to Grams of Product 142
How To Convert Grams of Reactant to Grams of Product 145

Chapter 6

Gases
How To Use Boyle’s Law to Calculate a New Gas Volume or Pressure
How To Convert Moles of Gas to Volume at STP 180
How To Carry Out Calculations with the Ideal Gas Law 182

Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9

Solutions
How To Calculate Molarity from a Given Number of Grams of Solute

80

171

206

Acids and Bases
How To Draw a Balanced Equation for a Neutralization Reaction Between HA and MOH
Nuclear Chemistry
How To Balance an Equation for a Nuclear Reaction 261
How To Use a Half-Life to Determine the Amount of Radioisotope Present

242

266

Chapter 10

Introduction to Organic Molecules
How To Name an Alkane Using the IUPAC System 303
How To Name a Cycloalkane Using the IUPAC System 308

Chapter 11

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
How To Name an Alkene or an Alkyne

Chapter 18

Energy and Metabolism
How To Determine the Number of Molecules of ATP Formed from a Fatty Acid

325
587

xix

smi11153_FM_i-xxii.indd xix

11/18/10 11:18 AM


List of Applications

Applications make any subject seem more relevant and interesting—for nonmajors and majors alike. The following is a list of the most important
biological, medicinal, and environmental applications that have been integrated throughout Principles of General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry. Each
chapter opener showcases an interesting and current application relating to the chapter’s topic.
Chapter 1

Matter and Measurement
Focus on Health & Medicine: Problem Solving Using Clinical Conversion Factors
Health Note: Specific Gravity 27

Chapter 2

Atoms and the Periodic Table
Environmental Note: Carbon Monoxide 35
Focus on the Human Body: The Elements of Life 36
Consumer Note: Lithium 41
Environmental Note: Lead 46
Focus on Health & Medicine: Isotopes in Medicine 46
Health Note: Zinc 48
Health Note: Mercury 48
Environmental Note: Halogens 50
Health Note: Radon 50
Environmental Note: Sulfur 56

Chapter 3

Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Health Note: Hydrogen Peroxide 70
Focus on the Human Body: Important Ions in the Body 74
Health Note: Foods High in Sodium 75
Focus on Health & Medicine: Ionic Compounds in Consumer Products

Health Note: Potassium 78
Health Note: Toothpaste 81
Health Note: Spam 84
Health Note: Barium Sulfate and X-Rays 85
Focus on Health & Medicine: Useful Ionic Compounds 85
Health Note: Cassava Root 91
Environmental Note: Spider Plants 91
Health Note: Ethanol in Wine 97

Chapter 4

Energy and Matter
Focus on the Human Body: Energy and Nutrition
Consumer Note: Estimating Calories 108
Health Note: Chloroethane Anesthetic 117
Consumer Note: Freeze-Drying 118

22

77

107

Chapter 5

Chemical Reactions
Environmental Note: Cooking with Propane 132
Environmental Note: Nitrogen Monoxide 140
Health Note: Carbon Monoxide Detectors 141
Environmental Note: Lightning 142

Health Note: Ethanol in Wine 143
Environmental Note: Ethanol in Gasoline 144
Focus on Health & Medicine: Pacemakers 151
Environmental Note: Landfill Gas 152
Consumer Note: Refrigerators 156
Health Note: Air Quality 157
Focus on the Environment: Catalytic Converters 157
Focus on the Human Body: Body Temperature 157

Chapter 6

Gases
Focus on Health & Medicine: Blood Pressure 169
Focus on the Human Body: Boyle’s Law and Breathing 173
Focus on the Environment: How Charles’s Law Explains Wind Currents 175
Consumer Note: Pressure Cookers 176
Focus on the Human Body: The Lungs 182
Health Note: Hyperbaric Chambers 185
Focus on the Environment: Ozone and Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere 186
Environmental Note: Ozone 186

xx

smi11153_FM_i-xxii.indd xx

11/18/10 11:18 AM