Area wide control of insect pests

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2005-04-19

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Page 1

FAO/IAEA International Conference on

Area-Wide Control of Insect Pests:
Integrating the Sterile Insect and Related Nuclear
and Other Techniques
9 - 13 May 2005
Vienna International Centre
Vienna, Austria

BOOK OF
EXTENDED SYNOPSES

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

IAEA-CN-131


051346-CN131-Book.qxd

2005-04-19

13:34

Page 2

The material in this book has been supplied by the authors and has not been edited. The
views expressed remain the responsibility of the named authors and do not necessarily
reflect those of the government(s) of the designating Member State(s). The IAEA cannot be
held responsible for any material reproduced in this book.


TABLE OF CONTENTS
OPENING SESSION: SETTING THE SCENE..................................................................................1
Area-wide Pest Management: Environmental and Economic Issues .......................................................3
D. Pimentel
Regional Management Strategy of Cotton Bollworm in China ...............................................................4
K. Wu
SESSION 1: LESSONS LEARNED FROM OPERATIONAL PROGRAMMES...........................7
Boll Weevil Eradication in the United States...........................................................................................9
O. El-Lissy and W. Grefenstette
Integrated Systems for Control of Pink Bollworm in Cotton.................................................................10
T. J. Henneberry
SESSION 2: LESSONS LEARNED FROM OPERATIONAL PROGRAMMES.........................13
A Multi-institutional Approach to Implement Fruit Fly Low Prevalence and Free Areas
in Central America: Outcomes and Constraints .....................................................................................15
J. Reyes, X. Carro, J. Hernandez, W. Méndez, C. Campo, H. Esquivel and E. Salgado
The Hawaii Fruit Fly Area-wide Pest Management Programme: Influence of a Good Education
and Partnerships in a Successful Programme.........................................................................................16
R. F. L. Mau, E. B. Jang and R. I. Vargas
The Caribbean Amblyomma Eradication Programme: Success or Failure? ...........................................18
R. G. Pegram, C. Lockhart, C. Eddi and R. Pacer

Strategies of Desert Locust Control .......................................................................................................20
A. van Huis
The Mountain Pine Beetle in Western North America: Management Challenges in an Era
of Altered Disturbance Regimes and Changing Climate .......................................................................21
A. L. Carroll
Lessons Learned from Area-wide Insect Pest Management Programmes with an SIT Component:
an FAO/IAEA Perspective .....................................................................................................................24
M. J. B. Vreysen, J. Gerardo-Abaya and J. P. Cayol
SESSION 3: LESSONS LEARNED FROM OPERATIONAL PROGRAMMES.........................27
A Cultural Method for the Area-wide Control of Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton.................................29
C. A. Abel, G. L. Snodgrass and J. Gore
Area-wide Management of Fruit Flies in Australia................................................................................31
A. Jessup, B. Woods, C. Smallridge and A. Tomkins
Area-wide IPM for Commercial Wheat Storage ....................................................................................33
P. W. Flinn, D. W. Hagstrum, C. R. Reed and T. W. Phillips
Area-wide Management of the Formosan Subterranean Termite in New Orleans' French Quarter ......34
A. R. Lax, F. S. Guillot and D. R. Ring
The Largest Fruit Fly Mass-rearing Facility in The World: Lessons Learned in Management
and R&D ................................................................................................................................................36
P. Rendón, C. Pessarozzi and G. Tween
A Strategy for an SIT-based Area-wide Intervention against Tsetse in South Africa: the Concept,
Requirements and Future Prospects .......................................................................................................37
K. Kappmeier-Green, F. T. Potgieter and M. J. B. Vreysen


Area-wide Approaches against the Tsetse Problem: The Ethiopian Experience in the Southern
Rift Valley ..............................................................................................................................................40
T. Alemu, B. Kapitano S. Mekonnen, G. Aboset, M. Kiflom, B. Bancha, G. Woldeyes, K. Bekele
and U. Feldmann
SESSION 4: COMMERCIALISATION AND REGULATORY ISSUES......................................43

Area-wide Pest Management Programmes: Challenges and Opportunities for Regulatory Plant
Protection ...............................................................................................................................................45
C. Devorshak
Systems Approaches as Phytosanitary Measures: Techniques and Case Studies ..................................46
E. Podleckis
Tools for the Trade: The International Business of SIT.........................................................................48
M. M. Quinlan
Privatising an SIT Programme: A Conflict between Business and Technology? ..................................49
B. N. Barnes
Commercialising SIT .............................................................................................................................51
A. Gardiner
The "Sheep" of the Private Sector among the "Wolves" of the Public Good.........................................53
Y. Bassi
SESSION 5: HUMAN AND ANIMAL HEALTH.............................................................................55
Integrated Vector Management and Sterile Insect/Genetic Methods of Vector Control........................57
H. Townson
International Assistance to Intervention Policies and Implementation of Area-wide Tsetse
and Animal Trypanosomiasis Programmes............................................................................................58
R. C. Mattioli, J. Jannin, U. Feldmann, W. Wint, G. Hendrickx and J. Slingenbergh
The Role of GIS and Spatial Analysis within Area-wide Insect Control Programmes for Disease
Control....................................................................................................................................................60
J. Cox
Preliminary Evidences on SIT Application Against Aedes albopictus Skuse in Italy ...........................61
R. Bellini, M. Calvitti, A. Medici and S. Maini
Development, Validation and Use of a Simulation Model to Deliver National Predictions of
Ovine Myiasis Risk in the UK ...............................................................................................................69
R. Wall and K. E. Pitts
Emerging Mosquito-borne Flaviviruses in Central Europe: Usutu Virus and Novel West
Nile Viruses............................................................................................................................................70
N. Nowotny, T. Bakonyi, Z. Hubalek, H. Weissenböck, J. Kolodziejek, H. Lussy, and B. Seidel

Rapid Assessment of Widespread Aerial Spraying of Deltamethrin for Tsetse Fly Control on Nontarget Insects in the Okavango Delta, Botswana ....................................................................................73
J. M. Dangerfield
SESSION 6: INVASIVE SPECIES.....................................................................................................75
Area-wide Invasive Weed Management: Philosophy and Pratice..........................................................77
E. Delfosse
Area-wide Suppression of Invasive Fire Ant Populations .....................................................................78
R. K. Vander Meer, S. D. Porter, D. H. Oi, S. M. Valles and R. M. Pereira
New Approaches to the Management of Golden Apple Snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck):
An Invasive Alien Pest Species of Rice .................................................................................................80
R. C. Joshi


The Eradication Programme of the Invasive Painted Apple Moth (Teia anartoides) in New
Zealand: Evaluation of Male Competitive Fitness and Inherited Sterility .............................................81
S. L. Wee and D. M. Suckling
Area-wide Control Tactics for the False Codling Moth, Cryptophlebia leucotreta, in South Africa
Designed to Suppress Local Populations and Prevent and Treat Invasion/Establishment in Other
Countries ................................................................................................................................................83
J. E. Carpenter, S. Bloem and H. Hofmeyr
Don't Let Cacto Blast Us: Development of a Bi-national Plan to Stop the Spread of the Cactus
Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum, in North America ...................................................................................84
K. Bloem, S. Bloem, J. E. Carpenter, S. Hight, J. Floyd, J. Hernandez, H. Sanchez, A. Bello,
G. Gonzalez and H. Zimmermann
SESSION 7: MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETICS ...................................................87
The Hobo, Herves and Hermes Transposable Elements of Insects........................................................89
P. W. Atkinson, D. A. O’Brochta and N. L. Craig
Improving the Ecological Safety of Transgenic Insects for Field Release: New Vectors for
Stability and Genomic Targeting ...........................................................................................................90
A. M. Handler, G. J. Zimowska and C. Horn
New Sexing Strains: Transforming Ceratitis capitata Females into Males...........................................91

G. Saccone, A. Pane, M. Salvemini, A. De Simone, A. Milano and C. Polito
Transgenic Approaches to a Non-transgenic Release of Sterile Male Lepidoptera ...............................92
F. Marec, L. G. Neven and I. Fukova
Engineering Insects for SIT....................................................................................................................94
L. Alphey, P. Gong, M. Epton, G. Fu, T. Dafa’alla, S. Scaife, K. Stainton, G. Condon,
N. Morrison and N. Pantic
Paratransgenic Triatomines for the Control of Chagas Disease Transmission: Perspectives
from the Field .........................................................................................................................................95
C. Cordón-Rosales
Genetic Engineering of Tsetse Colonies Can Enhance SIT Applications..............................................96
S. Aksoy, Y. Hu, B. Weiss and R. Rito
SESSION 8: NEW DEVELOPMENTS..............................................................................................97
Wolbachia-induced Cytoplasmic Incompatibility as a Novel and Environment-friendly Tool
for Insect Pest Population Control..........................................................................................................99
K. Bourtzis
Colony Maintenance and Mass-rearing: Using Cold Storage Technology for Extending the
Shelf-life of Insects ..............................................................................................................................100
R. A. Leopold
Application of The Sterile Insect Technique in the Management of Red Palm Weevil
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliv. (Curculionidae: Coleoptera) of Coconut........................................103
R. Krishnakumar, P. Maheswari and T. K. Dongre
Current Advances in the Use of Cryogenics and Aerial Navigation Technologies for Sterile
Insect Delivery Systems .......................................................................................................................105
G. Tween
Improving Efficacy of the Sterile Insect Technique by Incorporation of Hormone and Dietary
Supplements into Adult Holding Protocols..........................................................................................106
P. E. A. Teal


New Technology for Mating Disruption and Prospects for Integration with SIT: Exosex™ and

Exolure™ .............................................................................................................................................108
P. E. Howse
POSTER PRESENTATIONS ...........................................................................................................109
TOPIC 1: Operational Programmes and Related Issues
Area-wide Control of Fruit Flies Using Male Annihilation Technique in the NWF Province
of Pakistan ............................................................................................................................................111
S. U. K. Khattak, A. U. Khan, A. Sattar, A. Zeb, A. Farid and Z. Salihah
Management of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.), in the Gharb Area
in Morocco ...........................................................................................................................................113
J. Wadjinny and M. Bounfour
Area-wide Fruit Fly Control in Mauritius ............................................................................................115
S. Permalloo, S. I. Seewooruthun, P. Sookar, M. Alleck and B. Gungah
Tunisian Pilot Medfly Rearing Facility: A First Year Production, Constraints and Prospects ............116
M. Msaad Guerfali, F. Louỗaief, H. Ben Salah and C. Cỏceres
Area-wide Integrated Control of Oriental Fruit Fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) and Guava Fruit Fly
(Bactrocera correcta) in Thailand Using the Sterile Insect Technique ...............................................118
W. Orankanok, S. Chinvinijkul, W. R. Enkerlin, S. Thanaphum and M. Sutantawong
The Fruit Fly Programme in Chile .......................................................................................................119
J. González and P. Troncoso
Area-wide Integrated Pest Control Operation in Thailand: Two Interacting Closely Related
Species, Bactrocera dorsalis sensu stricto and Bactrocera correcta, with Potential of Species
Complexity ...........................................................................................................................................121
S. Thanaphum, M. Sutantawong, P. Pransopon and W. Orankanok
Outcomes-based Planning and Implementation Led to the Success of the Hawaii Fruit Fly
Suppression Programme: Implications to Adoption of Area-wide Programmes .................................122
R. F. L. Mau, J. S. Sugano, R. I. Vargas and E. B. Jang
Developing Critical Partnerships in Area-wide Pest Management Programmes: The Hawaii
Experience............................................................................................................................................123
E. B. Jang, R. I. Vargas, R. F. L. Mau, S. Stein and L. Wong
Indian Fruit Fly Control and the S. Asia Fruit Fly Network ................................................................125

A. Verghese, J. Mumford and J. Stonehouse
Village-level Suppressive Fruit Fly Management in India: Issues Determining the Optimum
Scale of Cooperative Control ...............................................................................................................126
J. M. Stonehouse, J. D. Mumford, R. K. Patel, B. K. Joshi, V. M. Patel, R. C. Jhala,D. B.
Sisodiya, Z. P. Patel, V. S. Jagadale, J. Thomas, C. V. Vidya, T. Jiji, B. Nair, H. S. Singh, A.
K. Mohantha, S. Rai, S. Satpathy, R. P. Shukla, A. Manzar, and A. Verghese
Development and Field Release of Genetic Sexing Strains of the Melon Fly, Bactrocera
cucurbitae, and Oriental Fruit Fly, B. dorsalis, in Hawaii ...................................................................128
D. McInnis, R. F. L. Mau, S. Tam, R. Lim, J. Komatsu, L. Leblanc, D. Muromoto, R. Kurashima
and C. Albrecht
Management of Melon Fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Infesting Cucurbit Growing Areas of
Bangladesh Using the Sterile Insect Technique ...................................................................................129
S. Islam, R. Huque, M. A. Wadud and S. A. Khan
Augmentative Biological Control in the Mexican National Fruit Fly Campaign ................................131
P. Montoya, J. Cancino, J. M. Gutiérrez and G. Santiago


Automated Method for Egg Collection and New Pupae Separation Device for Medfly Mass
Production ............................................................................................................................................133
I. Morávek, P. Bihary, F. Sliva, M. Štrba, L. Vidlička and M. Kozánek
New Larval Diet for Laboratory Rearing of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)........................135
M. Pašková, Z. Krumpálová and M. Kozánek
Implementation of Integrated Pest Management of Ceratitis malgassa Citrus Groves in
Madagascar ..........................................................................................................................................137
J. Y. Raoelijaona
Insecticidal Effects of Essential Oils Extracted from Aromatic Plants on Ceratitis capitata
(Wied.) in Lebanon...............................................................................................................................138
M. Abi Chahine, N. Khoury and E. Webeh
Implementation of a Medfly, Fruit Fly Parasitoids and Codling Moth Rearing Facility in
Northeastern Brazil...............................................................................................................................139

A. Malavasi, A. S. Nascimento and J. M. M. Walder
Control of Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella) Using the Area-wide Approach in Chile ......................140
M. Gerding and L. Devotto
A Pilot Sterile Insect Release Programme to Suppress Codling Moth in South African Apple
and Pear Orchards ................................................................................................................................141
M. F. Addison and D. Henrico
Area-wide Codling Moth SIT Programme (1994-2004) in British Columbia, Canada .......................143
S. Wood, L. Tomlin, R. Fugger, S. Bloem and J. E. Carpenter
Integration of Behavioral and Biological Control for the Management of Cotton Insect Pests:
Significance and Cost Benefits.............................................................................................................145
N. Ahmad, M. S. Wagan, B. Fatima and G. Z. Khan
IPM at the Cross-roads with a Realistic Approach: A Success Story of IPM on Rainfed Cotton in
Tribal Areas of Maharashtra, India on a Whole Village Approach System.........................................147
U. N. Mote, S. N. Puri and A. R. Walunj
Inhibition of Reponses to the Pheromone of the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, as a
Prospective Strategy in Insect Control .................................................................................................149
A. Guerrero , L. Muñoz, M. P. Bosch, M. Riba, A. Sans J. Sole and G. Rosell
Population Models for Optimising SIT Eradication Strategies............................................................150
J. M. Kean, S. L. Wee, A. E. A. Stephens and D. M. Suckling
Control of Cabbage Diamondback Moth by Integrating the Sterile Insect Technique and
Parasitoids in Myanmar........................................................................................................................152
N. Maung and H. Morris
Management of the Rice Stem Borers in the Yangtze Delta, China: An Area-wide Approach...........153
Z. R. Zhu, J. Cheng, Yu-Ren Gou and K. Temg
Large-scale Demonstration of IPM on Rainfed Chickpea....................................................................154
U. N. Mote and A. R. Walunj
Management of Sugarcane Insect Pests through Environment-friendly Techniques...........................156
B. Rajendran
Area-wide Control of Mango Shoot Gall Formation in Uttranchal and Other States of India.............158
G. Singh

Area-wide Implementation of Integrated Pest Management in Some Scented Rice-growing
Tracts of India ......................................................................................................................................160
D. K. Garg, M. D. Jeswani and S. P. Singh


Use of Attractant Traps in Area-wide Control of Vegetable Insect Pests in the Jiangxi Province
of China ................................................................................................................................................163
L. Zhong, C. Shu and H. Wang
Developing IPM Components for Leafminer Fly in the Cañete Valley of Perú ..................................164
N. Mújica and J. Kroschel
Research Efforts at the USDA-ARS Centre for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology
to Control Insects .................................................................................................................................166
K. J. Linthicum
Experiences in Management of Area-wide Control of Glossina palpalis palpalis (Diptera:
Glossinidae) in Ghana Using Bait Technology and Releases of Sterile Males....................................167
D. A. Adabie-Gomez, C. E. Annoh and E. A. Ewusie
Activities of the Iraqian Project for Controlling Old World Screwworm, Chrysomya bezziana,
and the Prospects for the Future ...........................................................................................................169
A. A. R. Al-Taweel
TOPIC 2: Research and Development Related to the Area-wide Application of the SIT
Feasibility Study of Using the Sterile Insect Technique in Sun-dried Fish Industry: Test Release
at Sonadia .............................................................................................................................................171
R. M. Shahjahan, A. S. M. Saifullah, R. N. Khan and M. Z. R. Majumder
Induction of Male Sterility Through Gamma Radiation in the Uzifly, Exorista sorbillans
(Diptera: Tachinidae), a Serious Parasitoid of Silkworm, Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera:
Bombycidae) ........................................................................................................................................173
H. P. Puttaraju and P. N. Narasegowda
Parameters to Consider for the Selection of a Location for an Insect Mass-rearing Facility...............174
G. Taret, M. Ruggeri and O. De Longo
Induced Sterility by Gamma Radiation in Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) and Sterile Insect

Release Ratio to a Normal Population..................................................................................................175
H. R. Zolfagharieh, S. Mashayekhi, M. Babaii and H. A. Mostafavi
An Evaluation of Potential Mobility Differences Between Codling Moths, Cydia pomonella,
Mass-reared Using Standard and Diapause Production Protocols .......................................................176
S. Bloem, S. Dorn and J. E. Carpenter
Codling Moth Tans-hemisferic Compatibility Studies and Effect of Long-distance Airfreighting
on Adult Longevity and Mating ...........................................................................................................177
T. L. Blomefield, S. Bloem, J. E. Carpenter, C. Harrison, S. Woods, M. Knipe and N. du Plessis
Development of Genetic Methods of Codling Moth Control in Various Climatic Regions ................179
A. Azizyan and A. Ter-Hovhannesyan
Field Performance of Irradiated Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella, Males...........................................181
M. Mansour and F. Mohamad
Field Assessment of 3 Years of Releases of Substerile Males of Ectomyelois ceratoniae
(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).......................................................................................................................183
J. Mediouni and M. H. Dhouibi
Developing a Sterile Insect Release Programme for False Codling Moth: Effect of Different
Overflooding Ratios on the Incidence of Damage Under Controlled Situations .................................185
J. H. Hofmeyr, J. E. Carpenter and S. Bloem
Radiation Biology and Inherited Sterility in False Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).............187
J. H. Hofmeyr, S. Bloem and J. E. Carpenter
Inherited Sterility for Area-wide Control of Corn Stem Borer, Sesamia cretica (Led.) ......................188
H. F. Alrubeai


Effect of X-ray Irradiation on the Male Moths of Two Voltine Groups of the Silkworm,
Bombyx mori, and Inheritance of Induced Sterility..............................................................................190
G. Subramanya
The Influence of Sterilisation on Sound Production in the Tsetse Fly, Glossina pallidipes ................191
J. Bolldorf
Sound Analysis: A Potential Strategy of Quality Control for Sterilised Insect Pests ..........................193

H. Kratochvil
Measuring Insect Characteristics by Near-infrared Spectroscopy and Applications to the SIT ..........195
F. Dowell, J. Throne, J. Baker, A. Parker, R. Wirtz, H. Bossin, A. Robinson, A. Broce,
J. Perez-Mendoza and M. Benedict
Laboratory Studies on the Effects of Population Density and Adult Age on Some Biological
Aspects of Untreated and Gamma Irradiated Adult Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata
(Wied.)..................................................................................................................................................197
E. M. S. El-Kholy and E. A. H. El-Akhdar
Post-emergence Handling Procedure for SIT Programmes which Release Sterile Flies without
Chill Treatment ....................................................................................................................................199
G. Bonpland, S. Oueyt and O. de Longo
Mass-rearing and Quality Control of Olive Fruit Fly: Replacement of Cellulose in Larval Diet
and Mating Time Asynchrony between Wild and Laboratory Flies ....................................................200
Ch. Reboulakis, M. Konsolaki and A. Economopoulos
Unfaithful Medfly Females: Impact on SIT? .......................................................................................201
M. Bonizzoni, L. M. Gomulski, S. Bertin, F. Scolari, C. Matessi and G. Gasperi
Influence of Hormones and Protein on the Males’ Competitiveness of the Caribbean Fruit Fly ........202
R. Pereira, J. Sivinski and P. E. A. Teal
Experiments to Measure Sterile Male Medfly Dispersal and Longevity. ............................................204
L. Dantas, N. Goldsmith, J. Mumford, Y. Gazit, P. Castañera, J. Andrade, C. Quintal,
A. Urbaneja, R. Argiles, V. San Andrés, R. Akiva and R. Sade
Medfly Terminal Velocity and Implications for Dispersal During Air or Ground Release.................206
D. K. Eyles, A. Gardiner and N. Goldsmith
Inertifying Medfly ................................................................................................................................207
Y. Gazit, R. Akiva, M. Aviv and S. Gavriel
TOPIC 3: Trapping
Improved Attractants for Fruit Fly Management Programmes ............................................................209
R. Braga-Sobrinho, A. L. M. M. Mesquita , J. A. Guimarães and W. Enkerlin
Tephritids in Fruit Plantations in Costa Rica .......................................................................................211
H. Camacho V.

Responses of Anastrepha striata to Various Attractants in Costa Rica ...............................................212
H. Camacho V.
Two-year Data on the Field Evaluation of Attractants for Ceratitis capitata and Bactrocera oleae
in Three Localities in Southern Italy....................................................................................................213
M. Cristofaro, M. E. Porto, A. De Cristofaro, R. Tabilio and A. Fenio
Capture of Anastrepha spp. Fruit Flies in North America and the Caribbean Basin ...........................215
N. Epsky, P. Kendra, D. Thomas, C. Serra, D. Hall and R. Heath
Comparison of Different Attractants for Monitoring and Control of the Olive Fruit Fly, Bactrocera
oleae, in Greece....................................................................................................................................216
B. I. Katsoyannos, N. T. Papadopoulos, W. Enkerlin and R. R. Heath


Towards the Development of a Lure and Kill System against Ceratitis capitata and Bactrocera
oleae Combining Food Lures and Coloured Spheres...........................................................................217
B. I. Katsoyannos, N.T. Papadopoulos, N. A. Kouloussis, W. Enkerlin and R. R. Heath
A Modified “Easy Trap” Could be a Good “Bait Station” Against Fruit Flies....................................218
J. P. Ros, J. Olivero, E. Wong, A. L. Márquez, J. R. Rubio and E. Castillo
Evaluation of Traps Models and Killing Agents in Mediterranean Fruit Fly Captures .......................219
L. Dantas, J. Andrade and T. Vestergaard-Frandsen
Semi-field Cage Studies on the Evaluation of Basil Oil as an Attractant for Male Mediterranean
Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) ....................................................................................................221
A. A. Shoman, C. Cáceres and V. Wornoayporn
Estimation of the Olive Fruit Fly Bactrocera oleae Gmel. (Diptera, Tephritidae) Atractants for
Area-wide Monitoring and Suppression Programmes .........................................................................223
M. Bjeliš, V. Pelicarić and R. Masten
Forecasting of Two Main Mango Fruit Fly Pests in Mexico using Time Series Models.....................225
V. M. Pinto and A. Delgado-Matus
Lufenuron in Solid Baits as Chemosterilant Traps Against Ceratitis capitata (Diptera:
Tephritidae) ..........................................................................................................................................227
V. Navarro-Llopis, J. Sanchis, J. Primo and P. Moya

Applying GIS Software to Monitor Adult Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Behaviour in Terceira Island, Azores...................................................................................................228
R. Pimentel, L. V. L. Nunes, R. M. Costa, L. Silva, S. Ázera, D. Silva, A. M. M. Mexia, J. D.
Mumford and D. J. H. Lopes
The INTERFRUTA Project and the Study of Medfly (Ceratitis capitata Wied.) (Diptera:
Tephritidae) Distribution in the Fruit Orchards of Terceira Island, Azores.........................................229
D. J. H. Lopes, R. Pimentel, R. Costa, C. R. Perez, L. Dantas, L. Ornelas, D. Silva, F. C.
Carvalho, J. Mumford and A. Mexia
Monitoring of Lepidopteran Species by Means of Pheromone Traps in Tobacco Stores in Bursa,
Turkey ..................................................................................................................................................231
K. S. Coşkuncu and B. Kovanci
Effectiveness of Synthetic Pheromone Traps for Monitoring of Important Polyphagous Field Crop
Pests on Large Areas ............................................................................................................................232
R. V. Nakat
Attraction of Lepidopteran Moths by Sex Pheromones in the Fruit Orchards in the Mekong Delta
of Vietnam............................................................................................................................................234
V. H. Tran, V. Van Le, I. Shin-Ichi and A. Tetsu
Potential of Pheromonal Traps in Monitoring / Mass Trapping of the Teak Defoliator,
Hyblaea puera ......................................................................................................................................236
R. V. Varma
Monitoring of Some Major Pests of Palms in Nigeria: A Strategy Towards Area-wide Insect
Control..................................................................................................................................................237
C. I. Aisagbonhi
Kairomones for Trapping Shot Hole Borer Infesting Tea....................................................................238
R. Selvasundaram, N. Muraleedharan and P. J. Sachin


POSTER PRESENTATIONS ...........................................................................................................239
TOPIC 4: Invasive Species and Biodiversity
Viability of Stored Polyhedrosis Virus of the Red Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus

(Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ..................................................................................................241
A. M. El-Minshawy, R. A. Hendi and G. G. Gadelhak
Evaluation of Various Date Palm Cultivars for Red Date Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
(Olivier), Rearing .................................................................................................................................243
H. Y. Al-Ayied
Susceptibility of Commercial Fruits of Date Palm Cultivars to Orzaephilus surinamensis (L.) .........244
A. M. Al-Jabr
Perspectives on Fruit Fly Expansion: A Lesson from A Global Invader, Ceratitis capitata ...............245
A. R. Malacrida, M. Bonizzoni, L. M. Gomulski, C. R. Guglielmino and G. Gasperi
Systems to Advance and Enhance Exotic Pest Control: A Case Study of a Global Partnership in
Developing Monitoring Systems for Use in SIT Management of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly...........247
R. R. Heath, N. Epsky, R. Mangan, W. Enkerlin and J. Hendrichs
Potentialities of Development of Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Argan Fruits (Argania
spinosa, Sapotacea) in Essaouira Region, Morocco.............................................................................248
K. Naamani, A. Bakri and C. Herbaut
Systems Approach for Control of Olive Fruit Fly in California...........................................................249
V. Y. Yokoyama and G. T. Miller
Application of the F1 Sterile Insect Technique (F1-SIT) for Field Host Range Testing of the
Tortricid Episimus utilis, a Candidate for Classical Biological Control of Brazilian Peppertree in
Florida ..................................................................................................................................................250
O. E. Moeri, J. P. Cuda, W. A. Overholt, S. Bloem and J. E. Carpenter
National Preventive Campaign against the Cactus Moth (Cactoblastis cactorum) in Mexico ............252
J. Hernández, H. M. Sánchez, A. Bello and G. González
Developing the Sterile Insect Technique for Area-wide Management of the Invasive Cactus Moth,
Cactoblastis cactorum..........................................................................................................................254
J. E. Carpenter, S. Hight, S. Bloem, K. A. Bloem and C. Tate
New Insecticides for Control of the Invasive Cactus Moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera:
Pyralidae), in Florida............................................................................................................................256
S. Bloem, R. F. Mizell III, K. A. Bloem, S. Hight and J. E. Carpenter
Survey and Detection Strategies for Area-wide Control of Cactoblastis cactorum.............................257

S. Hight, S. Bloem, J. E. Carpenter, K. A. Bloem, N. Epsky, R. R. Heath, P. E. A. Teal
and B. Duben
Some Regularity of Dynamics in Spatial and Territorial Distribution of Insect Population
Density .................................................................................................................................................258
V. Jonaitis, P. Ivinskis and J. Rimšaitė
TOPIC 5: Human and Animal Health
Gene Flow Among Some Tanzanian Glossina pallidipes and G. swynnertoni Populations................260
E. Krafsur, I. Malele, J. Márquez, A. Msangi and J. Ouma
Comparison of Pupal and Other Parameters in Field- and Laboratory-reared Glossina fuscipes
fuscipes in Uganda ...............................................................................................................................261
L. Okedi
Impact of Beta Cyfluthrin and Triflumuron on Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in Mageta Island,
Kenya and the Implication for Tsetse Eradication in Lake Victoria ....................................................262
P. A. Olet, R. Ochwada, D. Gitau, T. Okedi, F. P. Oloo, R. Emslie and B. Bauer


Sexual Competitiveness of Irradiated Male Glossina palpalis gambiensis Reared in vitro for
More than 20 years ...............................................................................................................................263
I. Kaboré, H. Kam and A. M. G. Belem
Control Trial on Glossina morsitans submorsitans, G. palpalis gambienis and G. tachinoides
in the Sudan-Guinea Zone of Mali, Using Deltamethrin Impregnated Traps with the Participation
of Rural Communities ..........................................................................................................................264
A. Djiteye, A. Koné, I. Sidibé, Z. Bengaly and B. Diarra
A Model of Diffusion of Glossina palpalis gambiensis (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Burkina Faso........265
J. Bouyer, A. Sibert, M. Desquesnes, D. Cuisance and S. de la Rocque
Advances in Area-wide Tsetse Control in Zambia...............................................................................266
J. Mubanga, C. Mweepwa and P. G. Sinyangwe
Tsetse Suppression Techniques Used in the Southern Tsetse Eradication Project (STEP),
Ethiopia ................................................................................................................................................268
B. Kapitano and B. Bancha

Examination of the Flight Muscle Development in Male Glossina pallidipes ....................................269
L. Štiavnická, F. Čiampor and P. Takáč
Hormone in the Uterus from the Flesh Fly, Sarcophaga bullata, Stimulates the Parturition and
Abortion of the Tsetse Fly, Glossina morsitans centralis....................................................................270
D. Keszeliová, P. Takáč and J. Žďárek
Development of New High Temperature Short Time Vertebrate Blood Pasteurisation Equipment
for the Diet of Tsetse Flies ...................................................................................................................271
I. Morávek, J. Lach, F. Čiampor and P. Takáč
Comparison of Sodium Citrate with Defibrination for the Processing of Blood for Tsetse
Mass-rearing.........................................................................................................................................272
A. Y. Yamaguchi, A. G. Parker and M. Gemeiner
Pathogenesis of Cerebral Malaria.........................................................................................................273
A. De Tavora, G. Grau, D. Heumann, J. Makani and A. Buck
Mass-rearing and Quality Control of Aedes aegypi for Use in an SIT Control Programme ................274
D. K. Eyles and J. C. Crampton
Bicarbonate Production Inhibitors as a Novel Transmission-blocking Approach ...............................275
M. D. P. Corena, C. Ceballos, E. Jiménez, A. Arenas, M. Quiđonez, L. López, A. Santoro, and
P. J. Linser
A Five-year Integrated Mosquito Control Project in Kavala (N. Greece)............................................278
N. Piakis, G. Iatru and S. Pourelatos
A Field Site for SIT Control of Anopheles arabiensis in Northern State, Sudan: Analysis of
Historical Data......................................................................................................................................279
C. A. Malcolm, A. M. E. Hassan and B. B. El-Sayed
Seeding Rates During Mass-rearing of the Old World Screwworm Fly..............................................281
R. J. Mahon, H. Ahmad and D. A. Mahon
Activity of Some Insecticides Against Adult New World Screwworm Fly, Cochliomyia
hominivorax..........................................................................................................................................283
E. E. Elowni, O. R. Elwaer and K. M. Benhaj
Present Status of the Old World Screwworm, Chrysomya bezziana (Diptera: Calliphoridae),
in the Middle Region of Saudi Arabia..................................................................................................285

A. M. Alahmed and S. M. Kheir


Maggot Infestation (Myiasis) in Humans from Western Jamaica (1999-2003): Has the National
Screwworm Eradication Programme been a Success?.........................................................................286
S. Hemmings, K. Matthews and J. Alexander
Myiasis for Cochliomya hominivorax: Development and Evaluation of an Adult Suppression
System ..................................................................................................................................................288
L. Méndez , R. García and E. Serrano
The Distribution of Old World Screwworm in I. R. Iran and the Establishment, Maitenance and
Mass-rearing of a Colony in the Laboratory ........................................................................................290
G. Shahhosseini
Human Myiasis in the Western-central Region of Venezuela .............................................................291
A. J. Coronado and A. A. Kowalski
Identification of Natural Sex Stimulant Pheromones in New World Screwworm via Comparison
with Synthetic Diastereomeric Isomers Using Chiral HPLC ...............................................................292
D. A. Carlson, K. Akasaka, T. Ohtaki, H. Ohrui, K. Mori and D. Berkebile
TOPIC 6: Modern Biotechnology and Genetics
Population Genetics of Glossina fuscipes fuscipes in Uganda .............................................................294
P. Abila, J. C. K. Enyaru and V. Muwanika
rDNA-PCR Assay for Two Members of the Anopheles culicifacies Complex....................................295
A. M. Manonmani, S. S. Sahu and P. Jambulingam
Biochemical Genetic Studies on Genotype Strains of Medfly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.)..................297
N. S. Sabrah, A. M. El-Minshawy and A. I. Awad
The Genetics of Eye Color Colour Mutants of the Fruit Fly Anastrepha ludens (Diptera:
Tephritidae) ..........................................................................................................................................299
S. Zepeda, S. Meza, A. Escobar and P. Montoya
Development of an Embryonic Lethality System for Transgenic SIT in the Fruit Pest, Ceratitis
capitata.................................................................................................................................................301
M. F. Schetelig, C. Horn, A. M. Handler and E. A. Wimmer

Widespread Distribution of the piggyBac Transposon in Various Bactrocera Species.......................302
M. Bonizzoni, P. Capy, L. M. Gomulski, A. R. Malacrida and G. Gasperi
Development of Re-arrangeable Gene Transfer Systems to Create Balancer Chromosomes and
Increase Transgene Stability ................................................................................................................303
I. Viktorinova, F. Götschel, C. Horn and E. A. Wimmer
Can ISSR Markers Reveal Anything New About the Genetic Structure of Ceratitis capitata
Species?................................................................................................................................................305
C. Callejas, B. Beroiz, F. Ortego, P. Castañera and M. D. Ochando
Generation of Microsatellite Markers in the Medfly, Ceratitis capitata, and their Use in Physical
and Genetic Mapping ...........................................................................................................................306
E. Stratikopoulos, A. Aygoystinos, A. Mintzas, K. Mathiopoulos and A. Zacharopoulou
RAPD Markers for the Characterisation of the Olive Fruit Fly Parasitoid, Opius concolor (Spzel.),
Used in Biological Control Programmes..............................................................................................307
M. A. Albakri
Isolation and Characterisation of hsp70 Genes in Bactrocera oleae....................................................309
E. Drosopoulou, A. Chrysopoulou, V. Nikita and P. Mavragani-Tsipidou
Nuclear DNA Markers for Identification of Cryptic Fruit Fly Species................................................310
D. S. Haymer


The Bactrocera tryoni Complex of Tephritid Flies in Australia..........................................................312
S. Gilchrist, E. Cameron, X. An, A. Meats, M. Frommer and K. Raphael
A Universal Transgenesis Marker and its Use for Germline Transformation of the Olive Fly,
Bactrocera oleae ..................................................................................................................................314
M. Koukidou, A. Klinakis, Ch. Reboulakis, L. Zagoraiou, N. Tavernarakis, I. Livadaras, A.
Economopoulos and C. Savakis
Organisation and Expression of a Cluster of Female-specific Genes in the Australian Sheep Blowfly,
Lucilia cuprina .....................................................................................................................................315
M. J. Scott, A. Sarkar and E. J. Belikoff
Identification, Characterisation and Mapping of Z- and W-chromosome Specific Genes in the

Silkworm, Bombyx mori.......................................................................................................................317
V. Satish, G. Mahesh, M. Madhu and J. Nagaraju
Sex Chromosome Pairing and Heterochromatin Body Appearance in Cydia pomonella
Females.................................................................................................................................................318
H. Makee and N. Tafesh
Development and Evaluation of a Conditionally Lethal Transgenic Pink Bollworm ..........................320
G. S. Simmons, L. Alphey, T. Vasquez, N. I. Morrison, T. A. Miller, R. T. Staten, M. Sledge
and G. Tang
Genetic Structure and Diversity in New World Screwworm Populations from Uruguay Revealed
by Microsatellite Markers: Implications for Control Strategies...........................................................322
T.T. Torres and A. M. L. Azeredo-Espin
Assessing Genetic Variation in Natural Populations of the New World Screwworm Fly,
Cochliomyia hominivorax ....................................................................................................................324
J. R. Stevens, L. Evans, A. M. L. Azeredo-Espin, T. T. Torres and P. Fresia
Assessing Genetic Variation in Natural Populations of New World Screwworm Flies: Evidence
from Microsatellites and Mitochondrial DNA .....................................................................................325
A. M. L. Azeredo-Espin, M. L. Lyra, P. Fresia, J. Stevens and T. T. Torres
Evidence of Sibling Species in Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Complex, Detected from
Long Primer Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (LP-RAPD) Fingerprints..................................327
M. A. Latif, S. G. Tan and M. Y. Omar
TOPIC 7: Biocontrol and Nuclear Techniques
Preliminary Experiments on the Mass-trapping and Releasing of the Parasitoid (Psyttalia concolor
Szepl.) to Control the Olive Fruit Fly (Bactrocera oleae Gmel.).........................................................330
B. Hepdurgun
Acceptability of Irradiated Larvae of the Mediterranean Flour Moth, Ephestia kuehniella, by a
Parasitoid, Venturia canescens.............................................................................................................331
S. Ignatowicz and K. Celmer-Warda
Use of Radiation in Extending the Duration of Host Suitability for Managing Ephestia kuehniella
and Sitotroga cerealella by the Egg Parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens .......................................332
A. S. Tunỗbilek, U. Canpolat and F. Sumer

Effects of Host Density, Age and Gamma Radiation on the Mass-production of Nesolynx thymus
(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), an Endoparasitoid of the Uzi Fly, Exorista sorbillans (Wied.)
(Diptera: Tachinidae) ...........................................................................................................................333
M. M. Hasan, M. R. Uddin and A. M. S. Reza
Influence of Host Irradiation on the Bio-infectivity of Steinernema glaseri as Entomopathogenic
Nematodes and their Perpetuating Parasitisation Potential on a Serious Tropical Lepidopteran Pest,
Spodoptera litura..................................................................................................................................336
R. K. Seth, T. K. Barik and S. Chauhan


Use of Gamma Radiation to Improve the Mass-production of Beneficial Insects...............................338
M. Hamed, S. Nadeem and A. Riaz
Acceptability and Suitability of Eggs of False Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from
Irradiated Parents to Parasitism by Trichogrammatoidea cryptophlebiae (Hymenoptera:
Trichogrammatidae) .............................................................................................................................339
J. H. Hofmeyr, J. E. Carpenter and S. Bloem
Flight Range and Dispersal Pattern of P32-labelled Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) Under Field
Conditions ............................................................................................................................................340
B. Bhattacharyya, A. K. Garg and R. D. Gautam
Different Pairs of Male and Female of Campoletis chlorideae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Parasitised the Chick Pea Pod Borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae),
in Myanmar ..........................................................................................................................................342
N. N. Yin, A. Kyi and M. Thaung
Effect of the Irradiated Food on the Development of the Egg Parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis
(Ishii) ....................................................................................................................................................345
A. K. Garg and B. Bhattacharyya
Competition Between Diadegma mollipla (Holmgren) and Diadegma semiclausum (Hellen),
Parasitoids of Plutella xylostella (L.) ...................................................................................................347
R. Sithole and B. Lohr
Use of Gamma Radiation for the Economic Production of an Egg Parasitoid, Trichogramma

chilonis (Ishii) ......................................................................................................................................349
F. Bilquis, N. A. Ahmad, M. Raza and S. Muzzamal
Indigenous Mycoparasite-based Mycoinsecticides in the Management of Pests of Rice Plants .........351
P. Narayanasamy
Biological Control of Pink Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsitus Green, in Haiti.................353
J. Donis, D. E. Meyerdirk and R. Warkentin
TOPIC 8: Irradiation
Post-harvest Irradiation Treatments: Generic Dose, High Dose, and Less-Than-Probit 9
Applications .........................................................................................................................................355
P. A. Follett
Dosimetry Characterisation of the Tunisian Cobalt60 Gamma Irradiation Pilot Plant for the
Irradiation of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly............................................................................................357
K. Farah, N. Bettaieb, O. Kadri, T. Jerbi, F. Gharbi and K. Manai
Dose Distribution and Dose Uniformity in Insect Pupae Treated by the Tunisian Gamma Irradiator
Using GEANT4 Toolkit .......................................................................................................................359
K. Manai, K. Farah, A. Trabelsi, F. Gharbi and O. Kadri
Effects of Gamma Irradiation on Mortality and Sterility of the Guava Fruit Fly, Bactrocera
correcta (Bezzi), Treated at Different Ages.........................................................................................360
P. Pransopon and M. Sutantawong
Effect of Mospilan (Acetamiprid) and Gamma Radiation on Some Biological and Biochemical
Aspects of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) ....................................................361
M. F. Awatef and T. R. Amin
The Use of a Tote-box Type Irradiator for Sterile Insect Technique Applications..............................362
I. V. Moise, C. D. Negut and R. Georgescu
Factors Affecting the Mortality of Sitophilus oryzae L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Due to
Gamma Radiation.................................................................................................................................364
C. A. Jayaprakas


Effect of Gamma Rays on Adult Flight Agility and Distribution of Old World Screwworm,

Chrysomya bezziana, Irradiated at the Pupal Stage..............................................................................366
M. A. J. Al-Izzi, B. Shehab, A. A. Al-Taweel and H. A. W. Hasson


OPENING SESSION: SETTING THE SCENE
Moderator:

A. Malavasi

Rapporteur:

J. Hendrichs

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IAEA-CN-131/139
TOPIC: Setting the Scene

Area-wide Pest Management: Environmental and Economic Issues
D. Pimentel .
Department of Entomology Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850-09-01, USA
E-mail address:

Employing area-wide pest management practices best controls several major insect pests of
crops and livestock. The screwworm fly that attacks several types of livestock, especially
cattle, has been effectively controlled by utilising nuclear energy to sterilise the males. This

pest was causing about USD 750 million in damages per year to US livestock. The cotton boll
weevil and corn rootworm pests have been effectively controlled using area-wide pest
management practices in some regions employing either insecticides or crop rotations. Timed
crop planting of wide areas has provided effective against some wheat and rice pests in the
USA and Asia.
The major challenges facing pest management specialists is the invasion of foreign insect
pests into crops, forests, and natural ecosystems. Approximately 40% of the insect and mite
pests of the US crops are introduced species and they are causing about USD10 billion in
damage and control costs each year. The most recent introductions are the long-horned beetle
and the emerald ash-borer, both accidentally introduced from Asia by mistake. The longhorned beetle has become a threat to maple trees in the USA and Canada, while the emerald
ash-borer is killing ash trees also in the same region. Area-wide control of these destructive
pests is in progress because they are a major threat to valuable tree species in the North
American forest ecosystems.

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IAEA-CN-131/128
TOPIC: Setting the Scene

Regional Management Strategy of Cotton Bollworm in China
K. Wu
Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
E-mail address:

Cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera, is one of the most important insect pests in cotton,
corn and vegetable production of China. Its regional population dynamics and management
strategy derived from Bt-transgenic cotton were investigated in recent years [1].
The researches indicated that the populations of H. armigera in the whole country can be
divided into four regional groups, namely, the tropical, subtropical, temperate and Xinjiang

geotypes. Their adaptive zones are respectively in southern China, middle and lower
Changjiang River Region, including Sichun Province, Hunan Province, Hubei Province and
Zhejiang Province etc., Yellow River Region, including Henan Province, Hebei Province, and
Shandong Province etc., and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Gansu Province.
Based on the analysis of H. armigera population dynamics and climate environment, it is
suggested that the Beijing area is probably the northern boundary for the temperate zone
geotype of the cotton bollworm. Damage to cotton by larvae of the temperate zone geotype
can extend into areas of northeastern China such as Liaoning and Jilin provinces by long
distance, facultative migration during the summer East Asia monsoon (Figure 1).
Transgenic cotton that expresses a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has
been deployed for combating the pest since 1997. Its use expanded rapidly to 1.1 million ha in
2000 and 2.8 million ha in 2003, equivalent to 58% of the total cotton area of 4.8 million ha in
2003. The pest management tactics associated with Bt-cotton have resulted in a drastic
reduction in insecticide use, which usually caused a significantly increase in populations of
beneficial insects and thus contributed to improved natural control of some pests. The risk
assessment shows that the natural refuges derived from the mixed planting system of cotton,
corn, soybean and peanut on small-scale single-family holdings, play an important function in
delaying the development of cotton bollworm resistance, and the evolution toward Bt-cotton
resistance is not apparent in spite of intensive planting of Bt-cotton over several years [2, 3,
4].

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References:
1.

WU K., AND Y. GUO. 2005. The evolution of cotton pest management practices in China.
Annual Review of Entomology 50: 31-52.

2.

WU K., W. MU, G. LIANG, AND Y. GUO. 2004. Regional reversion of insecticide resistance in
Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is associated with the use of Bt cotton in
northern China. Pest Management Science (in press).

3.

LI G., K. WU, F. GOULD, H. FENG, Y. HE, AND Y. GUO. 2004. Frequency of Bt resistance
genes in Helicoverpa armigera populations from the yellow river cotton-farming region of China.
Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 112: 135-143.

4.

WU K., AND Y. GUO. 2004. Evaluation of maize as a refuge for management of resistance to Bt
cotton by Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in the Yellow River cotton farming region of China.
Crop Protection 23(6): 523-530.

Figure 1. Ecological zones of different geotypes and immigrant zone of temperate genotype of cotton
bollworm in China

Immigrant
Temperate
Xinjiang

Subtropical

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Tropical

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SESSION 1: LESSONS LEARNED FROM OPERATIONAL
PROGRAMMES
Moderator:

A. Malavasi

Rapporteur:

J. Hendrichs

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IAEA-CN-131/110
TOPIC: Lessons Learned from Operational Programmes

Boll Weevil Eradication in the United States
O. El-Lissy and W. Grefenstette
United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Riverdale,
Maryland, USA
E-mail address:

The boll weevil eradication programme in the United States began in 1983 to rid the cotton
belt of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman.
To date, the boll weevil has been eradicated from nearly 11 million acres of cotton in
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, most of Alabama, Middle
Tennessee, Texas, Southern California, and Arizona, as well as from the neighboring regions
of the Mexicali Valley, Sonoita, and Caborca in Mexico.
The programme is currently operating in an additional 4.8 million acres of cotton in
Mississippi, Tennessee, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas, and New Mexico.
Further, pending positive grower referenda, the programme is scheduled to expand in 2005 to
include the remaining 0.32 million acres in the Lower Grande Valley and the Northern
Blacklands region of Texas. This will result in 100% of the US cotton celt being involved in
boll weevil eradication, with 68% having completed eradication and the remaining 32%
nearing eradication. Nationwide eradication is expected by 2008.
The remarkable environmental, biological, and economic benefits realised in the eradicated
regions make boll weevil eradication one of the most important agricultural programmes in
the history of the USA
The success of the boll weevil eradication programme, however, hinges on two separate, yet
interdependent operational components: technical and managerial. In addition to providing a
summary of the boll weevil eradication programme in the USA, this report reviews the
technical and administrative methods and materials that are essential for success of the boll
weevil eradication programme and perhaps any other area-wide pest control and eradication
programme.

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