slide 1 group iiia boron group boron b 5 he2s22p1 aluminium al 13 ne3s23p1 gallium ga 31 ar3d104s24p1 indium in 49 kr4d105s25p1 thallium tl 81 rn4f145d106s26p1 i1 i2 i3 b 5 he2s22p1 8 3 25

<span class='text_page_counter'>(1)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=1>

<b>GROUP IIIA</b>

<b>GROUP IIIA</b>

<b>BORON GROUP</b>

<b>BORON GROUP</b>

<b>Boron</b>

<b>Boron</b>

<b>B</b>

<b>B</b>

<b>5</b>

<b>5</b>

<b>[He]2s</b>

<b>[He]2s</b>

<b>22</b>

<b>2p</b>

<b>2p</b>

<b>11</b>

<b>Aluminium</b>

<b>Aluminium</b>

<b>Al</b>

<b>Al</b>

<b>13</b>

<b>13</b>

<b>[Ne]3s</b>

<b>[Ne]3s</b>

<b>22</b>

<b>3p</b>

<b>3p</b>

<b>11</b>

<b>Gallium</b>

<b>Gallium</b>

<b>Ga</b>

<b>Ga</b>

<b>31</b>

<b>31</b>

<b>[Ar]3d</b>

<b>[Ar]3d</b>

<b>1010</b>

<b>4s</b>

<b>4s</b>

<b>22</b>

<b>4p</b>

<b>4p</b>

<b>11</b>

<b>Indium</b>

<b>Indium</b>

<b>In</b>

<b>In</b>

<b>49</b>

<b>49</b>

<b>[Kr]4d</b>

<b>[Kr]4d</b>

<b>1010</b>

<b>5s</b>

<b>5s</b>

<b>22</b>

<b>5p</b>

<b>5p</b>

<b>11</b>

<b>Thallium</b>

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(2)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=2>

<b>I</b>

<b>I</b>

<b>1₁</b>

<b>I</b>

<b>I</b>

<b>22</b>

<b>I</b>

<b>I</b>

<b>33</b>
<b>B</b>

<b>B55</b> <b>[He]2s[He]2s222p2p11</b> <b>8.38.3</b> <b>25.1525.15</b> <b>37.937.9</b>

<b>Al</b>

<b>Al</b> <b>1313</b> <b>[Ne]3s[Ne]3s223p3p11</b> <b>5.95.9</b> <b>18.8218.82</b> <b>28.428.4</b>

<b>Ga</b>

<b>Ga</b> <b>3131</b> <b>[Ar]3d[Ar]3d10104s4s224p4p116.06.0</b> <b>20.4320.43</b> <b>30.630.6</b>

<b>In</b>

<b>In</b> <b>4949</b> <b>[Kr]4d[Kr]4d10105s5s225p5p115.85.8</b> <b>18.7918.79</b> <b>27.927.9</b>

<b>Tl</b>

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(3)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=3>

<b>ĐẶC ĐIỂM CHUNG</b>

<b>ĐẶC ĐIỂM CHUNG</b>

<b>1.</b>

<b>CÁC NGUYÊN TỐ KHÔNG GIỐNG NHAU NHIỀU </b>

<b>NHƯ TRONG IIA VÀ IA</b>

<b>2.</b>

<b>TÍNH KIM LOẠI TĂNG TUY VẬY CÓ ẢNH HƯỞNG </b>

<b>CỦA CO d VÀ CO f</b>

<b>3.</b>

<b>SỐ OXI HÓA CHỦ YẾU LÀ +3. TRỪ B CỊN CĨ SỐ </b>

<b>OXI HĨA +1</b>

<b>4.</b>

<b>THẾ ĐIỆN CỰC LỚN HƠN TRONG IIA. B KHÔNG </b>

<b>TẠO CATION NÊN KHÔNG XÁC ĐỊNH ĐƯỢC THẾ </b>

<b>ĐIỆN CỰC. </b>

<b>5.</b>

<b>B GIỐNG NHIỀU VỚI Si TRONG IVA HƠN LÀ </b>

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(4)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=4>

1.

1.

TÍNH CHẤT LÝ-HĨA

TÍNH CHẤT LÝ-HĨA

2.

2.

TRẠNG THÁI TN, ĐIỀU CHẾ

TRẠNG THÁI TN, ĐIỀU CHẾ

3.

3.

BORAN (BOHIDRUA)

BORAN (BOHIDRUA)

4.

4.

BORUA KIM LOẠI

BORUA KIM LOẠI

5.

5.

OXIT BORIC B

OXIT BORIC B

₂₂

O

O

₃₃

6.

6.

AXIT BORIC H

AXIT BORIC H

₃₃

BO

BO

₃₃

7.

7.

BORAT

BORAT

8.

8.

BORAC Na

BORAC Na

₂₂

B

B

₄₄

O

O

₇₇

.10H

.10H

₂₂

O

O

9.

9.

BO CACBUA

BO CACBUA

1.

PHA VÀO THÉP:

0.001-0.003% LÀM ĐỘ CỨNG

THÉP TĂNG NHIỀU LẦN

2.

BO HÓA BỀ MẶT THÉP

0.1-0.5 mm ĐỂ BỀN HÓA

3.

HỢP KIM B LÀM THANH

ĐIỀU CHỈNH TRONG LÒ

HẠT NHÂN

4.

SỢI B LÀM CỐT LIỆU

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(5)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=5>

700

2

₁₂₅₄

_/

2

3

1200

2

2800

12

3

4

3

2

2

2

12

3

<i>o</i>

<i>o</i>

<i>o</i>

<i>o</i>

<i>C</i>

<i>H</i>

<i>kJ mol</i>

<i>C</i>

<i>C</i>

<i>B</i>

<i>O</i>

<i>B O</i>

<i>B N</i>

<i>BN</i>

<i>B</i>

<i>C</i>

<i>B C</i>







     



  



  

2

2

3

2

3

3

3

2

2

3

3

3

( )

3

<i>o</i>

<i>o</i>

<i>t C</i>

<i>t C</i>

<i>B</i>

<i>H O</i>

<i>B O</i>

<i>H</i>

<i>B</i>

<i>HNO d</i>

<i>H BO</i>

<i>NO</i>



 





 





2

2

2

3

2

2

3

2

2

2

( ; )

2

3

2

2

2

3

5

3

3

<i>o</i>
<i>o</i>
<i>o</i>

<i>t C</i>

<i>t C</i>

<i>t C</i>

<i>B</i>

<i>H O</i>

<i>NaOH d nc</i>

<i>NaBO</i>

<i>H</i>

<i>B</i>

<i>NH</i>

<i>BN</i>

<i>H</i>

<i>B</i>

<i>NO</i>

<i>BN B O</i>





 





 





 



<b>Mp 2072, Bp 3700</b>

<b>Nghịch từ; ΔE=1.55eV</b>

<b>Điều kiện thường trơ </b>

<b>về hóa học và chỉ tác </b>

<b>dụng trực tiếp với F</b>

<b>Không tan </b>

<b>trong HCl, </b>

<b>HF. Bột tan </b>

<b>chậm HNO</b>

<b>₃</b>

<b>, </b>

<b>H</b>

<b>₂</b>

<b>SO</b>

<b>₄</b>

<b>, H</b>

<b>₂</b>

<b>O</b>

<b>₂</b>

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(6)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=6>

The most economically important compounds of

boron are:

<i><b>Sodium tetraborate pentahydrate (Na</b></i>

<i><b>₂</b></i>

<i><b>B</b></i>

<i><b>₄</b></i>

<i><b>O</b></i>

<i><b>₇</b></i>

<i><b> · </b></i>

<i><b>5H</b></i>

<i><b>₂</b></i>

<i><b>O), which is used in large amounts in making </b></i>

insulating fiberglass and sodium perborate

bleach.

<i><b>Orthoboric acid (H</b></i>

<i><b>₃</b></i>

<i><b>BO</b></i>

<i><b>₃</b></i>

<i><b>) or boric acid, used in </b></i>

the production of textile fiberglass and flat panel

displays or eye drops, among many uses.

<i><b>Sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na</b></i>

<i><b>₂</b></i>

<i><b>B</b></i>

<i><b>₄</b></i>

<i><b>O</b></i>

<i><b>₇</b></i>

<i><b> · </b></i>

<i><b>10H</b></i>

<i><b>₂</b></i>

<i><b>O) or borax, used in the production of </b></i>

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(7)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=7>

<b>5</b>

<b>.</b>

<b>10</b>

<b>-4 </b>

<b>%</b>

<b>nguyên tử/vỏ </b>

<b>trái đất</b>

2 4 7

.10

2

<i>Na B O</i>

<i>H O borac</i>

2 4 7

.4

2

<i>Na B O</i>

<i>H O kecnit</i>

3 3

<i>H BO</i>

<i>xaxolin</i>

2 6 11

.5

2

<i>Ca B O</i>

<i>H O colemamit</i>

2 6 11

.13

2

<i>Mg B O</i>

<i>H O indecmit</i>

3 8 15 2

2

<i>Mg B O MgCl</i>

.

<i>borasit</i>

2

6 11

2

3

2

2

4

7

3

3 8 15

2

3

3

2

2

4

3

4

2

6

9

8

3

<i>Ca B O</i>

<i>Na CO</i>

<i>H O</i>

<i>Na B O</i>

<i>CaCO</i>

<i>NaOH</i>

<i>Mg B O</i>

<i>HCl</i>

<i>H O</i>

<i>H BO</i>

<i>MgCl</i>



















2

4

7

2

2

3

4

12

4

7

3

2

3

3

3

<i>Na B O</i>

<i>Na</i>

<i>B</i>

<i>Na O</i>

<i>B O</i>

<i>Mg</i>

<i>B</i>

<i>MgO</i>

<i>KBF</i>

<i>Na B KF</i>

<i>NaF</i>















 



<b>Mp 2072 </b>

<b>o</b>

<b>C</b>

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(8)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=8>

<i><b>Orthoboric acid (H</b></i>

<i><b>₃</b></i>

<i><b>BO</b></i>

<i><b>₃</b></i>

<i><b>) or boric acid</b></i>

Tinh thể cấu tạo lớp song song:

liên kết trong lớp là liên kết

hidro, liên kết giữa các lớp là

lực Van de Van  tinh thể có

dạng vảy nhỏ, sờ thấy nhờn.

<b>Tan trong nước và thu </b>

<b>nhiệt (0</b>

<b>o</b>

<b>C: 1.95 g/l; 100</b>

<b>o</b>

<b>C: </b>

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(9)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=9>

2

2

100

100

3

3

2

2

3

<i>o</i>

<i>_C</i>

<i>o</i>

<i>_C</i>

<i>H O</i>

<i>H O</i>

<i>H BO</i>

_

   

_{  }



<i>HBO</i>

_{    }

    





<i>B O</i>





9

10

3

3

2

(

)

4

<i>K</i>

<i>H BO</i>

<i>H O</i>





<i>B OH</i>



<i>H</i>







    

_{   }





2 2 2 2

2

2 2 2 2

|

|

|

|

3

|

|

|

|

<i>H C</i>

<i>OH</i>

<i>HO</i>

<i>CH</i>

<i>H C</i>

<i>OH</i>

<i>HO</i>

<i>CH</i>

<i>H</i>

<i>H O</i>

<i>HC</i>

<i>OH</i>

<i>HO</i>

<i>OH</i>

<i>HO</i>

<i>CH</i>

<i>HC</i>

<i>O</i>

<i>O</i>

<i>CH</i>

<i>B</i>

<i>B</i>

<i>H C</i>

<i>OH</i>

<i>HO</i>

<i>HO</i>

<i>CH</i>

<i>H C</i>

<i>O</i>

<i>O</i>

<i>CH</i>

































 





























_





_

<b>Lực acid tăng mạnh do phức chất có khả năng phân li mạnh</b>

3

3

2

4

7

2

4

<i>H BO</i>



2

<i>NaOH</i>



<i>Na B O</i>



7

<i>H O</i>

Axit metaboric

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(10)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=10>

2

4

7

2

5

2

4

3

3

2

<i>Na B O</i>



<i>HCl</i>



<i>H O</i>

 



<i>H BO</i>



<i>NaCl</i>

2

4

3

3

3

3

(

3 3

)

3

2

<i>H SO dac</i>

<i>H BO</i>



<i>CH OH</i>

   

<i>B OCH</i>



<i>H O</i>

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(11)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=11>

<b>Aluminium</b>

<b>Aluminium</b>

1.

1.

Tính chất lý học

Tính chất lý học

2.

2.

Tính chất hóa học

Tính chất hóa học

3.

3.

Trạng thái t

Trạng thái t

ự nhiên

ự nhiên

, điều chế

, điều chế

4.

4.

Nhôm hidrua

Nhôm hidrua

5.

5.

Nhôm oxit

Nhôm oxit

6.

6.

Nhôm hidroxit

Nhôm hidroxit

7.

7.

Nhôm halogenua

Nhôm halogenua

8.

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(12)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=12>

<i><b>…</b></i>

<i><b>…</b></i>

<i><b>Aluminium has only been produced </b></i>

<i><b>Aluminium has only been produced </b></i>

<i><b>commercially for 146 years and is still a very </b></i>

<i><b>commercially for 146 years and is still a very </b></i>

<i><b>young metal. Mankind has been using copper, </b></i>

<i><b>young metal. Mankind has been using copper, </b></i>

<i><b>lead and tin for thousands of years and yet </b></i>

<i><b>lead and tin for thousands of years and yet </b></i>

<i><b>today more aluminium is produced than all </b></i>

<i><b>today more aluminium is produced than all </b></i>

<i><b>other non-ferrous metals combined. Annual </b></i>

<i><b>other non-ferrous metals combined. Annual </b></i>

<i><b>primary production in 1999 was about 24 </b></i>

<i><b>primary production in 1999 was about 24 </b></i>

<i><b>million tonnes and secondary - recycled - </b></i>

<i><b>million tonnes and secondary - recycled - </b></i>

<i><b>production to some 7 million tonnes. The total </b></i>

<i><b>production to some 7 million tonnes. The total </b></i>

<i><b>of some 31 million tonnes compares with 14.1 </b></i>

<i><b>of some 31 million tonnes compares with 14.1 </b></i>

<i><b>million tonnes of copper , 6.0 million tonnes </b></i>

<i><b>million tonnes of copper , 6.0 million tonnes </b></i>

<i><b>of lead and 0.2 million tonnes of tin…</b></i>

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(13)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=13>

<b>TÍNH CHẤT LÝ HỌC</b>

<b>TÍNH CHẤT LÝ HỌC</b>

1.

1.

Kim loại trắng bạc, cấu trúc lập phương tâm diện. Có màng

Kim loại trắng bạc, cấu trúc lập phương tâm diện. Có màng

oxit mỏng bảo vệ. Mp 650

oxit mỏng bảo vệ. Mp 650

oo

C, Bp 2467

_{C, Bp 2467}

oo

C.

_C.

2.

2.

Nhiệt độ thường mềm, dễ kéo dài, dát mỏng

Nhiệt độ thường mềm, dễ kéo dài, dát mỏng



_

làm dây điện,

làm dây điện,

tụ điện, gói thực phẩm và dược phẩm. Từ 100-150

tụ điện, gói thực phẩm và dược phẩm. Từ 100-150

oo

_{C dẻo,}

_{C dẻo,}

dễ chế hóa cơ học. Trên 600

dễ chế hóa cơ học. Trên 600

oo

C ròn, dễ nghiền thành bột.

_{C ròn, dễ nghiền thành bột.}

Lỏng rất nhớt, Mg, Cu làm giảm độ nhớt nên hay có trong

Lỏng rất nhớt, Mg, Cu làm giảm độ nhớt nên hay có trong

hợp kim nhôm.

hợp kim nhôm.

3.

3.

Dẫn điện và nhẹ bằng 0.6 và 3 lần so với Cu.

Dẫn điện và nhẹ bằng 0.6 và 3 lần so với Cu.

4.

4.

Bề mặt trơn bóng, phản xạ tốt ánh sáng và nhiệt

Bề mặt trơn bóng, phản xạ tốt ánh sáng và nhiệt



_

làm

làm

gương kính phản chiếu, ống dẫn dầu thô, bể chứa cách

gương kính phản chiếu, ống dẫn dầu thô, bể chứa cách

nhiệt.

nhiệt.

5.

5.

Tạo nhiều hợp kim quan trọng: duyra (94%Al, 4%Cu, 2%Mg,

Tạo nhiều hợp kim quan trọng: duyra (94%Al, 4%Cu, 2%Mg,

Mn, Fe, Si) cứng và bền như thép mềm, dùng trong SX otô,

Mn, Fe, Si) cứng và bền như thép mềm, dùng trong SX otô,

máy bay. Silumin (85%Al, 10-14%Si, 0.1%Na) bền, dễ đúc để

máy bay. Silumin (85%Al, 10-14%Si, 0.1%Na) bền, dễ đúc để

làm động cơ máy bay, tàu thủy.

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(14)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=14>

<b>TÍNH CHẤT HĨA HỌC</b>

<b>TÍNH CHẤT HĨA HỌC</b>

1.

1.

Là kim loại hoạt động do bán kính nguyên tử lớn

Là kim loại hoạt động do bán kính nguyên tử lớn

hơn B. Ở điều kiện thường kém hoạt động do có lớp

hơn B. Ở điều kiện thường kém hoạt động do có lớp

màng oxit 10 nm rất bền bao bọc.

màng oxit 10 nm rất bền bao bọc.

2.

2.

Lá nhôm mỏng cháy trong oxi tỏa nhiều nhiệt.

Lá nhôm mỏng cháy trong oxi tỏa nhiều nhiệt.

3.

3.

Là chất khử mạnh – phương pháp nhiệt nhôm. Hỗn

Là chất khử mạnh – phương pháp nhiệt nhôm. Hỗn

hợp 25%Fe

hợp 25%Fe

₂

₂

O

O

₃

₃

+75%Al bột để hàn nhanh chi tiết sắt,

+75%Al bột để hàn nhanh chi tiết sắt,

khi cháy đạt 2500

khi cháy đạt 2500

o

o

C.

_C.

4.

4.

Không phản ứng với hidro. Phản ứng với halogen,

Không phản ứng với hidro. Phản ứng với halogen,

N, S, C ở nhiệt độ cao (700-800

N, S, C ở nhiệt độ cao (700-800

o

o

C).

_C).

5.

5.

Phản ứng với HCl, H

Phản ứng với HCl, H

₂

₂

SO

SO

₄

₄

lỗng khi đun nóng. Thụ

lỗng khi đun nóng. Thụ

động trong axit đặc.

động trong axit đặc.

6.

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(15)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=15>

1676

/

2

2

3

4

<i>Al</i>

3

<i>O</i>



<i>H</i>

<i>o</i>

<i>_{chay sang}</i>



<i>kJ mol</i>

2

<i>Al O</i>





     

535

2

3

2

3

856

2

3

2

3

2

2

2

2

<i>o</i>

<i>o</i>

<i>H</i>

<i>kJ</i>

<i>H</i>

<i>kJ</i>

<i>Al Cr O</i>

<i>Al O</i>

<i>Cr</i>

<i>Al Fe O</i>

<i>Al O</i>

<i>Fe</i>











    







    









3 /

1.66

3

3

2

2

6

2

2

<i>Al</i>

_

6

<i>H O</i>



_

6

<i>H O</i>

_{     }



<i>Alo</i>  <i>Al</i>



<i>V</i>

2

<i>Al H O</i>

(

)



_

3

<i>H</i>

_





2

4

2

2

<i>Al</i>

2

<i>OH</i>



6

<i>H O</i>

2

<i>Al OH</i>

(

)



3

<i>H</i>

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(16)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=16>

<b>TRẠNG THÁI TN ĐIỀU CHẾ</b>

<b>TRẠNG THÁI TN ĐIỀU CHẾ</b>

1.

1.

Là nguyên tố phổ biến nhất, chiếm 5.5%,

Là nguyên tố phổ biến nhất, chiếm 5.5%,

đứng thứ 4 sau O, H, Si.

đứng thứ 4 sau O, H, Si.

2.

2.

Phần lớn có trong các alumosilicat, boxit và

Phần lớn có trong các alumosilicat, boxit và

criolit.

criolit.

3.

3.

Dùng kiềm để khử AlCl

Dùng kiềm để khử AlCl

₃

₃

hoặc NaAlCl

hoặc NaAlCl

₄

₄

-natri

-natri

tetracloroaluminat

tetracloroaluminat

4.

4.

Điện phân nóng chảy hỗn hợp Al

Điện phân nóng chảy hỗn hợp Al

₂

₂

O

O

₃

₃

và

và

Na

Na

₃

₃

[AlF]

[AlF]

₆

₆

-criolit

-criolit

5.

5.

Clo hóa đất sét đã nung để có AlCl

Clo hóa đất sét đã nung để có AlCl

₃

₃

, dùng Mn

, dùng Mn

để khử hơi AlCl

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(17)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=17>

3

4

3

3

3

4

<i>nc</i>

<i>nc</i>

<i>Na AlCl</i>

<i>Al</i>

<i>NaCl</i>

<i>Na NaAlCl</i>

<i>Al</i>

<i>NaCl</i>



 





 



2

2

3

2

2

2

2

3

2

2

2

3

2

2

3

2

2

.

.6

.2

.3

.6

(

, )

.

.2

.2

.2

.

<i>K O Al O SiO</i>

<i>orthoclazo</i>

<i>K O H O Al O SiO</i>

<i>mica</i>

<i>Na K O Al O SiO</i>

<i>nefelin</i>

<i>Al O SiO</i>

<i>H O</i>

<i>kaolin</i>





2

3

2

3

6

.

<i>Al O xH O boxit</i>

<i>Na AlF</i>

<i>criolit</i>

2

3

2

3

2

2

2

<i>fuse</i>

<i>Al O</i>



<i>Na CO</i>

 



<i>NaAlO</i>



<i>CO</i>





3

2

3

3

6

2

2

2 (

<i>Al OH</i>

)



12

<i>HF</i>



3

<i>Na CO</i>

 



2

<i>Na AlF</i>



9

<i>H O</i>



3

<i>CO</i>









150

2

3

2

_{5 6}

4

4

3

1200 1400

3

2

3

2

2

3

2

(

)

2

(

)

(

)

2 (

)

3

<i>o</i>
<i>o</i>

<i>C</i>

<i>atm</i>

<i>C</i>

<i>lo quay</i>

<i>Al O</i>

<i>NaOH</i>

<i>H O</i>

<i>Na Al OH</i>

<i>Na Al OH</i>

<i>Al OH</i>

<i>NaOH</i>

<i>Al OH</i>

<i>Al O</i>

<i>H O</i>

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(18)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=18>

<b>Aluminium in the Air</b>

<b>Aluminium in the Air - -</b> The commercial aviation industry would never have succeeded without aluminium. The Wright The commercial aviation industry would never have succeeded without aluminium. The Wright

brothers' first aeroplane, which flew in 1903, had a four-cylinder, 12-horsepower auto engine modified with a 30-pound

brothers' first aeroplane, which flew in 1903, had a four-cylinder, 12-horsepower auto engine modified with a 30-pound

aluminium block to reduce weight. Strong aluminium alloys take the extraordinary pressures and stresses involved in high

aluminium block to reduce weight. Strong aluminium alloys take the extraordinary pressures and stresses involved in high

altitude flying. Wafer thin aluminium panels keep the cold out and the air in. Today, there are around 5,300 commercial

altitude flying. Wafer thin aluminium panels keep the cold out and the air in. Today, there are around 5,300 commercial

passenger aircraft flying in the world. Aluminium comprises about 80 per cent of an aircraft's unladen weight. A Boeing 747

passenger aircraft flying in the world. Aluminium comprises about 80 per cent of an aircraft's unladen weight. A Boeing 747

jumbo jet contains around 75,000kg of aluminium. The structure of the space shuttle is 90% aluminium.

jumbo jet contains around 75,000kg of aluminium. The structure of the space shuttle is 90% aluminium.

<b>Road Transport</b>

<b>Road Transport - -</b> Aluminium is very strong, it is used extensively for the rugged Hummer vehicle and the off-road Land Aluminium is very strong, it is used extensively for the rugged Hummer vehicle and the off-road Land
Rover. Aluminium absorbs kinetic energy. In a vehicle crash involving a largely aluminium vehicle a high proportion of the

Rover. Aluminium absorbs kinetic energy. In a vehicle crash involving a largely aluminium vehicle a high proportion of the

shock is absorbed by the structure, not by the vehicle occupants. Aluminium does not rust. Over the vehicle's life, there will

shock is absorbed by the structure, not by the vehicle occupants. Aluminium does not rust. Over the vehicle's life, there will

be a saving of from six to twelve times the energy it takes to produce the primary aluminium used in its construction, every

be a saving of from six to twelve times the energy it takes to produce the primary aluminium used in its construction, every

tonne of aluminium which replaces a tonne of traditional heavier materials will save 20 tonnes of carbon dioxide

tonne of aluminium which replaces a tonne of traditional heavier materials will save 20 tonnes of carbon dioxide

equivalents over the lifetime of the automobile. It is estimated that 90 per cent of trailer trucks and long distance buses

equivalents over the lifetime of the automobile. It is estimated that 90 per cent of trailer trucks and long distance buses

have aluminium bodies. Aluminium components can cut 1,800 kilograms from the weight of a tractor-trailer truck. Thus

have aluminium bodies. Aluminium components can cut 1,800 kilograms from the weight of a tractor-trailer truck. Thus

such a truck can carry a bigger load without exceeding weight limits.

such a truck can carry a bigger load without exceeding weight limits.

<b>Rail and Sea Transport</b>

<b>Rail and Sea Transport - -</b> Canada's LRC trains, France's TGV (high-speed) trains and the latest version the 700 series of Canada's LRC trains, France's TGV (high-speed) trains and the latest version the 700 series of
the "Japanese Bullet Train" all have passenger cars made of aluminium. Most modern subway cars and most rail freight

the "Japanese Bullet Train" all have passenger cars made of aluminium. Most modern subway cars and most rail freight

cars are also made of aluminium. Fast ferries, with speeds of 35-50 knots, built of aluminium are revolutionising transport

cars are also made of aluminium. Fast ferries, with speeds of 35-50 knots, built of aluminium are revolutionising transport

over short sea routes.

over short sea routes.

<b>Aluminium in Building</b>

<b>Aluminium in Building - -</b> All kinds of aluminium products are used in new home construction and in residential renovation. All kinds of aluminium products are used in new home construction and in residential renovation.
Aluminium's resistance to corrosion means it is virtually maintenance-free. Its strength and lightness encourage its use in

Aluminium's resistance to corrosion means it is virtually maintenance-free. Its strength and lightness encourage its use in

earthquake prone zones. New technologies mean solar power captors can be inserted in aluminium frames, thus saving

earthquake prone zones. New technologies mean solar power captors can be inserted in aluminium frames, thus saving

considerable amounts of energy and protecting the environment. The majority of aluminium used in buildings will be

considerable amounts of energy and protecting the environment. The majority of aluminium used in buildings will be

recycled and can be used over and over again.

recycled and can be used over and over again.

<b>Aluminium in Cooking</b>

<b>Aluminium in Cooking - -</b> Around half the cookware sold globally each year is made of aluminium. It loses only about Around half the cookware sold globally each year is made of aluminium. It loses only about
seven per cent of the heat it receives, leaving 93 percent of the heat to cook your food. Using aluminium cookware, you

seven per cent of the heat it receives, leaving 93 percent of the heat to cook your food. Using aluminium cookware, you

only need a quarter of the energy required to heat stainless steel or cast iron, thus saving on energy bills.

only need a quarter of the energy required to heat stainless steel or cast iron, thus saving on energy bills.

<b>Aluminium in Packaging</b>

<b>Aluminium in Packaging - -</b> Aluminium is used extensively for the protection, storage and preparation of food and Aluminium is used extensively for the protection, storage and preparation of food and
beverages. Aluminium can be rolled into ultra-thin foils which are light, strong and have unique barrier and insulation

beverages. Aluminium can be rolled into ultra-thin foils which are light, strong and have unique barrier and insulation

qualities to preserve food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical products and protect from ultra-violet light, odours and bacteria.

qualities to preserve food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical products and protect from ultra-violet light, odours and bacteria.

Aluminium packages are secure, tamper-proof, hygienic, easy to open and recyclable. Aluminium withstands both heat and

Aluminium packages are secure, tamper-proof, hygienic, easy to open and recyclable. Aluminium withstands both heat and

cold. It is easy to sterilise for food and medical applications. It's an excellent barrier against liquids, vapours and light. It

cold. It is easy to sterilise for food and medical applications. It's an excellent barrier against liquids, vapours and light. It

transmits conducted heat, and reflects radiant heat. That's why you can oven-bake a potato in foil or insulate your home

transmits conducted heat, and reflects radiant heat. That's why you can oven-bake a potato in foil or insulate your home

with it. Less than an ounce of aluminium sprayed on a polymer forms a thin insulating sheet that can keep a new born baby

with it. Less than an ounce of aluminium sprayed on a polymer forms a thin insulating sheet that can keep a new born baby

warm or save the life of someone on an exposed mountain top.

warm or save the life of someone on an exposed mountain top.

<b>Aluminium in Water</b>

<b>Aluminium in Water - -</b> WHO recognised the beneficial effects of the use of aluminium as a coagulant in water treatment to WHO recognised the beneficial effects of the use of aluminium as a coagulant in water treatment to

remove unwanted material including several organisms known to cause disease and make tap water drinkable.

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(19)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=19></div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(20)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=20>

<b>1808</b>

<b>1808</b>

Sir Humphry Davy (Britain) established the existence of aluminium and

Sir Humphry Davy (Britain) established the existence of aluminium and

named it.

named it.

<b>1821</b>

<b>1821</b>

P. Berthier (France) discovers a hard, reddish, clay-like material

P. Berthier (France) discovers a hard, reddish, clay-like material

containing 52 per cent aluminium oxide near the village of Les Baux in southern

containing 52 per cent aluminium oxide near the village of Les Baux in southern

France. He called it bauxite, the most common ore of aluminium.

France. He called it bauxite, the most common ore of aluminium.

<b>1825</b>

<b>1825</b>

Hans Christian Oersted (Denmark) produces minute quantities of

Hans Christian Oersted (Denmark) produces minute quantities of

aluminium metal by using dilute potassium amalgam to react with anhydrous

aluminium metal by using dilute potassium amalgam to react with anhydrous

aluminium chloride, and distilling the resulting mercury away to leave a residue

aluminium chloride, and distilling the resulting mercury away to leave a residue

of slightly impure aluminium.

of slightly impure aluminium.

<b>1827</b>

<b>1827</b>

Friedrich Wöhler (Germany) describes a process for producing

Friedrich Wöhler (Germany) describes a process for producing

aluminium as a powder by reacting potassium with anhydrous aluminium

aluminium as a powder by reacting potassium with anhydrous aluminium

chloride.

chloride.

<b>1845</b>

<b>1845</b>

Wöhler establishes the specific gravity (density) of aluminium, and one

Wöhler establishes the specific gravity (density) of aluminium, and one

of its unique properties - lightness.

of its unique properties - lightness.

<b>1854</b>

<b>1854</b>

Henri Sainte-Claire Deville (France) improves Wöhler's method to

Henri Sainte-Claire Deville (France) improves Wöhler's method to

create the first commercial process. The metal's price, initially higher than that

create the first commercial process. The metal's price, initially higher than that

of gold and platinum, drops by 90% over the following 10 years. The price is

of gold and platinum, drops by 90% over the following 10 years. The price is

still high enough to inhibit its widespread adoption by industry.

still high enough to inhibit its widespread adoption by industry.

<b>1855</b>

<b>1855</b>

A bar of aluminium, the new precious metal, is exhibited at the Paris

A bar of aluminium, the new precious metal, is exhibited at the Paris

Exhibition.

Exhibition.

<b>1885</b>

<b>1885</b>

Hamilton Y. Cassner (USA) improves on Deville's process. Annual

Hamilton Y. Cassner (USA) improves on Deville's process. Annual

output 15 tonnes!

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(21)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=21>

<b>1886</b>

<b>1886</b>

Two unknown young scientists, Paul Louis Toussaint Héroult

Two unknown young scientists, Paul Louis Toussaint Héroult

(France) and Charles Martin Hall (USA), working separately and

(France) and Charles Martin Hall (USA), working separately and

unaware of each other's work, simultaneously invent a new electrolytic

unaware of each other's work, simultaneously invent a new electrolytic

process, the Hall-Héroult process, which is the basis for all aluminium

process, the Hall-Héroult process, which is the basis for all aluminium

production today. They discovered that if they dissolved aluminium

production today. They discovered that if they dissolved aluminium

oxide (alumina) in a bath of molten cryolite and passed a powerful

oxide (alumina) in a bath of molten cryolite and passed a powerful

electric current through it, then molten aluminium would be deposited at

electric current through it, then molten aluminium would be deposited at

the bottom of the bath.

the bottom of the bath.

Smelting Technology

Smelting Technology

<b>1888</b>

<b>1888</b>

The first aluminium companies founded in France, Switzerland

The first aluminium companies founded in France, Switzerland

and the USA

and the USA

<b>1889</b>

<b>1889</b>

Karl Josef Bayer (Austria), son of the founder of the Bayer

Karl Josef Bayer (Austria), son of the founder of the Bayer

chemical company, invented the

chemical company, invented the

Bayer Process

Bayer Process

for the large scale

for the large scale

production of alumina from bauxite.

production of alumina from bauxite.

<b>1900</b>

<b>1900</b>

Annual output 8 thousand tonnes.

Annual output 8 thousand tonnes.

<b>1913</b>

<b>1913</b>

Annual output 65 thousand tonnes.

Annual output 65 thousand tonnes.

<b>1920</b>

<b>1920</b>

Annual output 128 thousand tonnes.

Annual output 128 thousand tonnes.

<b>1938</b>

<b>1938</b>

Annual output 537 thousand tonnes.

Annual output 537 thousand tonnes.

<b>1946</b>

<b>1946</b>

Annual output 681 thousand tonnes.

Annual output 681 thousand tonnes.

<b>1999</b>

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(22)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=22>

The

The

<b>Bayer process</b>

<b>Bayer process</b>

is the principal industrial means of producing

is the principal industrial means of producing

alumina, itself important in the Hall-Héroult process for producing

alumina, itself important in the Hall-Héroult process for producing

aluminum.

aluminum.

Bauxite, the most important ore of aluminum, contains only

Bauxite, the most important ore of aluminum, contains only

40-60% alumina, Al

60% alumina, Al

₂₂

O

O

₃₃

, the rest being a mixture of silica, various iron

, the rest being a mixture of silica, various iron

oxides, and titanium dioxide. The alumina must be purified before

oxides, and titanium dioxide. The alumina must be purified before

it can be refined to aluminum metal. In the Bayer process, bauxite

it can be refined to aluminum metal. In the Bayer process, bauxite

is washed with a hot solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, at

is washed with a hot solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, at

250°C. This converts the alumina to aluminium hydroxide,

250°C. This converts the alumina to aluminium hydroxide,

Al(OH)

Al(OH)

₃₃

, which dissolves in the hydroxide solution according to the

, which dissolves in the hydroxide solution according to the

chemical equation

chemical equation

<b>Al</b>

<b>Al</b>

<b>₂</b>

<b>₂</b>

<b>O</b>

<b>O</b>

<b>₃</b>

<b>₃</b>

<b>+ 2 OH</b>

<b>+ 2 OH</b>

<b>- </b>

<b>- </b>

<b>+ 3 H</b>

<b>_{+ 3 H}</b>

<b>2</b>

<b>2</b>

<b>O → 2 [Al(OH)</b>

<b>O → 2 [Al(OH)</b>

<b>4</b>

<b>4</b>

<b>]</b>

<b>]</b>

<b>-</b>

<b></b>

-The other components of bauxite do not dissolve and can be

The other components of bauxite do not dissolve and can be

filtered out as solid impurities. Next, the hydroxide solution is

filtered out as solid impurities. Next, the hydroxide solution is

cooled, and the aluminium hydroxide dissolved in it precipitates

cooled, and the aluminium hydroxide dissolved in it precipitates

out as a white, fluffy solid. When then heated to 1050°C, the

out as a white, fluffy solid. When then heated to 1050°C, the

aluminium hydroxide decomposes to alumina, giving off water

aluminium hydroxide decomposes to alumina, giving off water

vapor in the process:

vapor in the process:

<b>2 Al(OH)</b>

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(23)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=23>

<b>960</b>

<b>o</b>

<b>C</b>

<b>5V – 140 kA</b>

3

6

3

2

3

2

2

3

3

2

2

2

[

]

3

2

2

6

2

4

3

3

2

2

<i>dp</i>

<i>KH</i>

<i>Na AlF</i>

<i>AlF</i>

<i>NaF</i>

<i>NaF</i>

<i>Na F</i>

<i>Na AlF</i>

<i>Al NaF</i>

<i>F</i>

<i>Al O</i>

<i>AlF</i>

<i>O</i>

<i>C</i>

<i>O</i>

<i>CO</i>

<i>CO</i>





 





 





 







 









</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(24)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=24>

<b>NHÔM OXIT – Al</b>

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(25)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=25>

<b>ĐẶC ĐIỂM</b>

<b>ĐẶC ĐIỂM</b>

1.

1.

Tồn tại dưới 1 số dạng đa hình mà bền hơn cả là dạng

Tồn tại dưới 1 số dạng đa hình mà bền hơn cả là dạng

α

α

-

-corundum và

corundum và

γ

γ

.

.

2.

2.

Al

Al

₂₂

O

O

₃₃

-

-

α

α

là tinh thể bao gồm ion O

là tinh thể bao gồm ion O

2-2-

xếp sít theo kiểu lục

xếp sít theo kiểu lục

phương, trong đó 2/3 hổng bát diện là ion Al

phương, trong đó 2/3 hổng bát diện là ion Al

3+3+

. Không màu,

_{. Không màu,}

không tan trong nước. Tạo thành khi nung ở 1000

không tan trong nước. Tạo thành khi nung ở 1000

oo

C nhôm

_{C nhôm}

hidroxit, muối nhơm hoặc từ phản ứng nhiệt nhơm. Có độ bền

hidroxit, muối nhôm hoặc từ phản ứng nhiệt nhơm. Có độ bền

nhiệt động và cơ học lớn do năng lượng mạng lưới tinh thể

nhiệt động và cơ học lớn do năng lượng mạng lưới tinh thể

ion lớn bao gồm tương tác tĩnh điện giữa các ion và liên kết

ion lớn bao gồm tương tác tĩnh điện giữa các ion và liên kết

cộng hóa trị. Al

cộng hóa trị. Al

3+3+

với bán kính bé và điện tích lớn có tác dụng

_{với bán kính bé và điện tích lớn có tác dụng}

cực hóa mạnh với O

cực hóa mạnh với O

2-2-

làm các cặp e của O

_{làm các cặp e của O}

2-2-

chiếm AO p và d

_{chiếm AO p và d}

của Al3+. Việc chuyển cặp e từ O

của Al3+. Việc chuyển cặp e từ O

2-2-

sang Al

_{sang Al}

3+3+

làm giảm tương

_{làm giảm tương}

tác tĩnh điện nhưng bù lại bằng tương tác cộng hóa trị làm nó

tác tĩnh điện nhưng bù lại bằng tương tác cộng hóa trị làm nó

có độ bền đặc biệt.

có độ bền đặc biệt.

3.

3.

Al

Al

₂₂

O

O

₃₃

-

-

γ

γ

là tinh thể lập phương không màu, hoạt động mạnh

là tinh thể lập phương không màu, hoạt động mạnh

hơn corundum, tan trong kiềm và axit, nên không tồn tại trong

hơn corundum, tan trong kiềm và axit, nên không tồn tại trong

tự nhiên.

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(26)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=26>

<b>ỨNG DỤNG</b>

<b>ỨNG DỤNG</b>

<b>1.</b>

<b>1.</b>

<b>Corundum có độ cứng cao dùng làm đá mài, bột </b>

<b>Corundum có độ cứng cao dùng làm đá mài, bột </b>

<b>mài kim loại.</b>

<b>mài kim loại.</b>

<b>2.</b>

<b>2.</b>

<b>Xaphia (corundum tinh khiết chứa Fe</b>

<b>Xaphia (corundum tinh khiết chứa Fe</b>

<b>3+</b>

<b>3+</b>

<b>, Fe</b>

<b>, Fe</b>

<b>2+</b>

<b>2+</b>

<b>, Ti</b>

<b>, Ti</b>

<b>4+</b>

<b>4+</b>

<b>, </b>

<b>, </b>

<b>Cr</b>

<b>Cr</b>

<b>3+</b>

<b>3+</b>

<b>-rubi) làm đồ trang sức, trục quay dụng cụ </b>

<b>_{-rubi) làm đồ trang sức, trục quay dụng cụ}</b>

<b>chính xác, chân kính đồng hồ. Rubi tạo tia laze </b>

<b>chính xác, chân kính đồng hồ. Rubi tạo tia laze </b>

<b>rubi cho ứng dụng quang lượng tử.</b>

<b>rubi cho ứng dụng quang lượng tử.</b>

<b>3.</b>

<b>3.</b>

<b>Al</b>

<b>Al</b>

<b>₂</b>

<b>₂</b>

<b>O</b>

<b>O</b>

<b>₃</b>

<b>₃</b>

<b>-</b>

<b>-</b>

<b>γ</b>

<b>γ</b>

<b> làm chất hấp thụ, xúc tác và chất mang </b>

<b> làm chất hấp thụ, xúc tác và chất mang </b>

<b>xúc tác.</b>

<b>xúc tác.</b>

<b>4.</b>

<b>4.</b>

<b>Chủ yếu dùng để điều chế Al.</b>

<b>Chủ yếu dùng để điều chế Al.</b>

<b>5.</b>

<b>5.</b>

<b>Dùng làm vật liệu chịu lửa: chén nung, ống nung, </b>

<b>Dùng làm vật liệu chịu lửa: chén nung, ống nung, </b>

<b>tấm lót trong lò điện</b>

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(27)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=27>

<b>Industrial Fabrication Process </b>

<b>Industrial Fabrication Process </b>

Aluminium oxide, also known as alumina, is the main component of bauxite, the

Aluminium oxide, also known as alumina, is the main component of bauxite, the

principal ore of aluminium. The largest manufacturers in the world of alumina

principal ore of aluminium. The largest manufacturers in the world of alumina

are Alcoa, Alcan and Rusal. Companies which specialise in the production of

are Alcoa, Alcan and Rusal. Companies which specialise in the production of

speciality aluminium oxides and aluminium hydroxides include Alcan and

speciality aluminium oxides and aluminium hydroxides include Alcan and

Almatis. The bauxite ore is made up of impure Al

Almatis. The bauxite ore is made up of impure Al

₂₂

O

O

₃₃

, Fe

, Fe

₂₂

O

O

₃₃

, and SiO

, and SiO

₂₂

. These

. These

are then purified by the Bayer Process:

are then purified by the Bayer Process:

<b>Al</b>

<b>Al</b>

<b>₂₂</b>

<b>O</b>

<b>O</b>

<b>₃₃</b>

<b>+ 3H</b>

<b>+ 3H</b>

<b>₂₂</b>

<b>O + 2NaOH + heat → 2NaAl(OH)</b>

<b>O + 2NaOH + heat → 2NaAl(OH)</b>

<b>₄₄</b>

The Fe

The Fe

₂₂

O

O

₃₃

does not dissolve in the base. The SiO

does not dissolve in the base. The SiO

₂₂

dissolves as silicate

dissolves as silicate

Si(OH)

Si(OH)

₆₆-6-6

. Upon filtering, Fe

_{. Upon filtering, Fe}

2

2

O

O

33

is removed. With the addition of an acid, Al(OH)

is removed. With the addition of an acid, Al(OH)

33

precipitates. The silicate remains in solution. Then:

precipitates. The silicate remains in solution. Then:

<b>2Al(OH)</b>

<b>2Al(OH)</b>

<b>₃₃</b>

<b> + heat → Al</b>

<b> + heat → Al</b>

<b>₂₂</b>

<b>O</b>

<b>O</b>

<b>₃₃</b>

<b> + 3H</b>

<b> + 3H</b>

<b>₂₂</b>

<b>O</b>

<b>O</b>

The formed Al

The formed Al

₂₂

O

O

₃₃

is alumina.

is alumina.

In 1961, GE developed "Lucalox", a transparent alumina used in sodium vapor

In 1961, GE developed "Lucalox", a transparent alumina used in sodium vapor

lamps.

lamps.

In August 2004, scientists in the United States working for 3M developed a

In August 2004, scientists in the United States working for 3M developed a

technique for making an alloy of aluminium oxide and rare earth elements to

technique for making an alloy of aluminium oxide and rare earth elements to

produce a strong glass called transparent alumina.

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(28)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=28>

2

3

2

3

2

2

2

3

2 2

7

2

4 3

2

4

2

3

(

)

3

<i>fuse</i>

<i>fuse</i>

<i>Al O</i>

<i>Na CO</i>

<i>NaAlO</i>

<i>CO</i>

<i>Al O</i>

<i>K S O</i>

<i>Al SO</i>

<i>K SO</i>



 





</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(29)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=29>

<b>Aluminium hydroxide - Al(OH)</b>

<b>Aluminium hydroxide - Al(OH)</b>

<b>₃</b>

<b>₃</b>

<b>Aluminium hydroxide</b>

<b>Aluminium hydroxide</b>

, Al(OH)

, Al(OH)

₃₃

, is the most stable form of

, is the most stable form of

aluminium in normal conditions. As found in nature it is known as

aluminium in normal conditions. As found in nature it is known as

the mineral gibbsite. Closely related are aluminium oxide

the mineral gibbsite. Closely related are aluminium oxide

hydroxide, AlO(OH), and aluminium oxide, Al

hydroxide, AlO(OH), and aluminium oxide, Al

₂₂

O

O

₃₃

, differing only by

, differing only by

loss of water. These compounds together are the major

loss of water. These compounds together are the major

components of the aluminium ore, bauxite.

components of the aluminium ore, bauxite.

The character of 'aluminium hydroxide' has been controversial. It

The character of 'aluminium hydroxide' has been controversial. It

is safe to say that a simple scheme of Al

is safe to say that a simple scheme of Al

3+3+

ions and OH

_{ions and OH}

--

ions is

_{ions is}

oversimplified. More and less hydrated forms are very common.

oversimplified. More and less hydrated forms are very common.

Some people write Al

Some people write Al

₂₂

O

O

₃₃

.

.

<i>x</i>

<i>x</i>

H

H

₂₂

O instead.

O instead.

Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric. In strongly acid conditions,

Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric. In strongly acid conditions,

Al(OH)

Al(OH)

2+2+

is formed; in strongly basic conditions, Al(OH)

_{is formed; in strongly basic conditions, Al(OH)}

4-4-

is

_is

formed. These are the main ions in dilute solutions; in

formed. These are the main ions in dilute solutions; in

concentrated solutions, polymeric ions are formed which can be

concentrated solutions, polymeric ions are formed which can be

quite complex.

quite complex.

Salts of the anion Al(OH)

Salts of the anion Al(OH)

4-4-

(or similar, such as AlO

_{(or similar, such as AlO}

2-2-

) are

_{) are}

sometimes called aluminates.

sometimes called aluminates.

Al(OH)

Al(OH)

₃₃

has a molar mass of 78.01.

has a molar mass of 78.01.

When used, aluminum hydroxide neutralizes the excess acid. For

When used, aluminum hydroxide neutralizes the excess acid. For

example, Al(OH)

</div>
<span class='text_page_counter'>(30)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=30></div>

<!--links-->
Đáp án thi thử ĐH lần 1. 2009 Môn Hoá khối A,B

• 3
• 299
• 0