Ngu phap va bai tap Anh 11

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INFINITIVES

A. Infinitive with

to

/

infinitive:

To-a. Một số động từ sau đây được theo sau bởi To inf.
decide (quyết định)

hope (hy voïng)

manage (cố gắng, xoay sở)
promise (hứa)

seem (dường như)
start * (bắt đầu)
begin* (bắt đầu)

like* (thích) + (O)

love* (thích) + (O)

hate* (gheùt) + (O) + To-inf.
ask (hỏi, yêu cầu) + (O)

expect (mong đợi) + (O)
help**(giúp đỡ) + (O)
intend (dự định) + (O)

invite (mời) + (O)

want (muoán) + (O)

wish (ước, muốn) + (O)

allow (cho phép) + O
advise (khuyên) + O

get + O

tell (baûo) + O

Example:

- We decidedto make a trip to Dalak.
- She wantsto have a cup of tea.

- My cousin wanted me to take her to the supermarket.
- My grandparents often advise me to study hard.

* Lưu ý: + Động từ với * có thể được theo sau bằng To infinitive hoặc V-ing

+ Động từ với ** có thể được theo sau bằng To infinitive hoặc Infinitive without to

b. To-infinitive có thể được dùng sau một số tính từ chỉ những phản ứng, và cảm giác của con
người.

delighted (vui)
lovely (đáng u)
pleased (vui, hài lòng)
anxious (bồn chồn, lo lắng)
shocked (bị sock)

surprised (ngạc nhiên ) + To inf
happy (hạnh phúc)

glad (vui, hân hạnh)
afraid (ngại)

sorry (lấy làm tiếc)

Example: I’m glad to come to your party today.

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d. To-infinitive còn được dùng trong các cấu trúc sau:
- TOO + adj + (for someone) + to inf.

- adj + ENOUGH + to inf.

Example: - The tea is too hot (for me) to drink.
- He’s strong enoughto lift this stone.

e. To-infinitive cũng được dùng trong mẫu câu với chủ từ giả “It”:
It is (not) impossible + for someone + to -inf.

easy
important
necessary
usual

Example: It’s impossible for him to find a job now.

f. Chúng ta có thể sử dụng to infinitive sau một số danh từ hoặc đại từ như là một thành phần bổ
nghĩa cho các danh từ hoặc đại từ đó để thay thế cho một mệnh đề quan hệ.

Example: I have a lot of work to do.

= I have a lot of work which I have to do.

g. Những đại từ bất định như something, anything, nothing và những từ tương tự thường được 
theo sau bởi “ for + O + to inf”

Example: There’s nothing for the cats to eat.

B. Infinitive without to / VBI (verbs bare inf)

a. Sau động từ let và make là một tân ngữ và một cụm VBI
let ( để), make (bắt, buộc) + O + VBI

Example: - The film made me cry.
- Let me go!

b. Infinitive without to / VBI còn được dùng sau những động từ sau: see, watch, hear, smell, feel.
Example: - I feel the earth move.

- We watched Liverpool and Manchester play on TV last night. (xem hết trận đấu)
* Lưu ý: Sau các động từ see, watch, hear ta dùng VBIkhi hành động được chúng ta thấy (see), xem
(watch), nghe (hear)

Practice:

Complete each of the following sentences with to-inf and/or inf without to:
1. I’ve decided (buy)…… a new apartment.

2. What time do you expect (arrive) …… in Chicago?
3. That T-shirt makes you (look) …… younger.
4. Let me (post) …… that letter for you.

5. It’s important for students (do) ……their homework.
6. I promise you your order will (send) …… today.
7. She went to the post office (buy) …… some stamps.
8. He isn’t tall enough (reach) …… the top sheft.
9. We listened (sing) …… a song.

10. I heard her (shout) …… at the children.
11. It’s too cold for us (go) …… swimming today.

12. It takes 5 hours (fly) …… from Los Angerles to Honolulu.
13. I saw her (across) …… the road.

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15. John is easy (please) ……

16. I’m sorry ( have troubled) ……you.

17. It’s late. I think we had better (go) …… home.
18. We can (leave) …… soon.

19. Don’t let the children (annoy) …… you.
20. We want (stay) …… home tonight.

21. My father allowed me (use) ………… the camera.

22. People use their money (buy) …… and (sell) …… things.
23. She asked us (sit)… down and went (make) … some coffee.
24. Tim is too young (join) ………… the army.

25. The movie was very sad. It made me (cry) …………

26. Would you like (come) ………… to dinner on Friday?
27. It took us three hours (get) ………… here.

28. I’d rather (go) …… (shop) …… than anything else.
29. I wonder if you’d be kind enough (help) ………… me.
30. The robbers forced the manager (open) ………… the safe.

---PAST SIMPLE, ---PAST PERFECT & ---PAST PROGRESSIVE

1. Simple past

a. Form

 Khẳng định: S + V2 / V-ed ……
 Phủ định : S + didn’t + V1 ….
 Nghi vaán : Did + S + V1 …..?

b. Use

 Diễn tả hành động xảy ra và chấm dứt tại một thời điểm hoặc khoảng thời gian xác định trong quá
khứ .

Ex: He met her yesterday.

He lived in Hanoi from 1990 to 2000.
They didn’t meet each other last night.

Caùch nhậ n bi t:ế yesterday, ago, last + time , in + year , from… to .

2. Past continuous

a. Form

 Khẳng định: S + were / was + V-ing …….
 Phủ định : S + were / was + not + V-ing ……
 Nghi vaán : Were / Was + S + V-ing ……?

b. Use

 Diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra tại thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ .

Ex: What were you doing at 8.00 last night ? I was watching television .
When I got home , the children were crying and the dog was barking .
 Diễn tả hành động bị gián đoạn .

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Ex: I was learning my lesson while my parents were watching TV at 8.30 last night.
While he was playing football, we were listening to music.

Caùch nhậ n bi t:ế

At that moment ( vào lúc đó)
At that time ( vào lúc đó)

At this time yesterday ( vào lúc này hôm qua)
At this time last night ( vào lúc này tối hôm qua)

At 4 (5, 6 …) o'clock yesterday (vào lúc 4 (5, 6…) giờ hôm qua.)
All day yesterday ( suốt ngày hôm qua)

3. Past perfect

a. Form

Khẳng định : S + had + V3 / V-ed …
Phủ định : S + had + not + V3 / V-ed …
Nghi vaán : Had + S + V3 / V-ed …. ?

b. Use

 Diễn tả hành động xảy ra trước một hành động khác hoặc thời điểm khác trong quá khứ .
Cách nhậ n bi t:ế before, after, by the time, when, as soon as.

Ex: My parents had already eatenby the time I got home.
Until yesterday , I had never heard about it .

Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, past perfect and past progressive:
1. He said he (join) …….. the army in 1985.

2. Bill (have) …….breskfast when I stopped at this house.

3. When I went back to the shop, they (sell) …….. the book I wanted.
4. Hoe many countries they (visit) ….. by March last year.

5. When he (come) …….. home, I (talk) …….. to my mother on the phone.

6. While I (lie) …….. in bed last night, I (hear) …….. a strange noise in front of the door.
7. It (rain) …….. heavily when I (sleep) …….. yesterday afternoon.

8. While Mrs Smith (plant) …….. flowers in the garden, Mr Smith (change) …….. the oil in his car.

9. When we (arrive) …….. at the airport, they (wait) …….. for us there.

10. He (do) …….. a lot of jobs before he (work) …….. in this company.

11. Yesterday while I (look) …….. at my computer screen, I (start) ……. feel a little dizzy, so I (take) ….. a
break.

12. Susan (send) …….. a letter to her university after she (receive) …….. her scholarship check.
13. Tom (meet) …….. Mary in 1986 and they have been good friends since then.

14. After they (visit) …….. Paris, they (go) …….. to Manchester.

15. George (work) …….. at the university 45 years before he (retire) ……..
16. After Tom (wash) …….. his clothes, he (begin) …….. to study.

17. When John and I (got) …….. to the theatre, the movie (start) ……..
18. Before I could say anything, they (admit) …….. their mistakes.

19. I (hit) …….. my thumb while I (use) …….. the hammer. Ouch! That (hurt) ……..

While I (read) …….. books in the living room last night, I (hear) …….. a strange noise in the kitchen. I (go)
…….. to the kitchen, (turn) …….. on the lights. I (hold) …….. my break and (listen) …….. carefully. I (realise)
that a mouse (chew) …….. on something under the cupboard

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2. When I entered his room, I saw him ( sleep ) in a chair.
3. If only I ( have ) money with me, I ( lend ) you some.
4. why are you under the table? You (look) for something?
5. David (wash) his hands. He just (repair) the TV set

6. The radio (play) since 7 a.m. I wish someone would turn it off.

7. "Where is Jane?" "Down stairs sir" ."She (greet) the guests

8. Mr Brown just ( finish) reading the letter when the telephone on his desk ( ring)
9. Those students who ( fail) the exam are going to take another one held in August
10. Hurry up or you ( be) late for class.

11. Hurry up or our favourite TV programme ( be) over long before we ( reach) home
12. I ( not have ) much time for entertainment these days.

13. Look! A man ( run) after the bus. He wants to catch it.
14. We don’t want to ( pay ) low wages.

15. Two robbers ( put) in prison escaped yesterday.

16. It is 2 years since I ( last give) presents on Christmasday.
17. Nothing ( do) about this problem for months

18. There (be) no guests at all since I left.

19. I am sorry about the noise last night. We (have) a party.

20. In a few minutes’time, When the clock (strike) six, I (wait) here for three hours
21. She (sleep) for 10 hours! You must wake her

22. She (have) a headache for several hours.

23. I (watch) a cartoon movie on TV when you called last night.
24. Mr Hai is having his car (wash) at the moment.

25. Where's Tom? He said he (be) here at 4 pm.

26. If I (drink) so much coffee, I wouldn’t be able to sleep.
27. Nothing ( do) about this problem for months

28. I'm looking forward to (take) a vacation.

29. I'm hungry because I( have) breakfast or lunch.
30. I'd rather you (do) the test well.

31. I distinctly remember (pay) him. I gave him two dollars
32. Look at those black clouds. It (rain).

33. What you ( do ) after you ( go ) home yesterday?

34. Before leaving home in the morning, she (tell) her mother she (work) in the factory that afternoon.
35. I realised that someone ( steal ) my wallet when I ( feel ) his hand in my pocket.

36. She (be) here but she (go) down with flu.

37. Bill (have) breakfast when I (stop) at his house this morning.

38. Yesterday I ( walk ) along the street when I ( realize ) a man with a black beard, whom I ( see )
three times already, ( follow ) me.

39. What do you think the children ( do ) when we get home.
40. Our house ( destroy ) in the storm last night.

41. The police ( look ) for the painting now.
42. You ( find ) the wallet which you lost yet?

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44. He ( not, phone) his girlfriend every day.

45. I would like ( fax ) this document to my office in Hanoi.

46. Before the postage stamp ( invent ), it was difficult to send a letter to another country.
47. You ( meet ) Henry tomorrow.

48. Laura ( paint ) a picture at 6:00 yesterday morning.

49. I ( pick ) you up when you ( arrive ) at the airport at 9 o’clock tomorrow.

---Gerund

1. Gerund làm chủ ngữ:

Eg: Learning E is interesting.

Cách dùng này tương đương với cấu trúc: It is + adj + to – inf
Eg: Learning E is interesting = It is interesting to learn E.

2. Gerund đứng sau giới từ:
* Adj + giới từ + gerund:
- Nervous / worry + about

- Good/ bad / clever / skilled / … + at
- Sorry / responsible + for

- Be keen + on
- Fond +of

Eg. She is good at studying English
* V + prep + gerund:

- look forward to
- success to
- think of / about
- dream of / about
- insit on

- surprised at
- Interested in
- Busy with

Eg.I always think about being rich
* V + O + prep + gerund:

- Prevent s.o from
- Thank s.o for

- Spend money/time on
- Accuse s.o of (buộc tội)
Eg.Thank you for helping me
* N + prep + gerund:

- Have difficulty in: sự khó khăn

- There is no point in: k đáng/ chẳng đáng
3. Gerund as a O:

admit thừa nhận , advise khuyên bảo

allow cho phép, avoid tránh né, tránh xa
complete hoàn thành, consider cân nhắc, xem xét
continue tiếp tục, can’t help không thể không
can’t stand khơng thể chịu được

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deny phủ nhận
discuss thảo luận
dislike không thích

enjoy thích thú

encourage khuyến khích

finish hồn thành, kết thúc

forbid cấm đoán

give up từ bỏ

keep (on) cứ , cứ tiếp tục
mention đề cập đến , nói về
mind chú ý,quan tâm

miss bỏ lỡ

permit cho phép

postpone trì hỗn

practise luyện tập , thực hành

quit bỏ , từ bỏ , ngừng nghỉ
recommend đề nghị

resent giận , oán giận
resist cưỡng lại , chống lại

suggest đề nghị

tolerate khoan dung , tha thứ
understand hiểu

4. V + to – inf/gerund:k thay đổi nghĩa
- Start, Begin

- Consider
- Continue
- Intend

Eg.-It starts to rain
-It starts raining

5. V + to – inf/gerund: thay đổi nghĩa
- Try:

+ to – inf: cố gắng
+ gerund: thử
- Stop:

+ to – inf: ngừng việc này để làm việc khác

+ gerund: kết thúc (thôi làm gì)

- Forget/remember:

+ to – inf: quên/nhớ trước 1 hành động khác
+ gerund: quên nhớ sau 1 hành động khác
Eg: I remember seeing that film

You remember to post the letter for me
- Regret

+ to – inf: lấy làm tiếc sắp làm điều gì
+ gerund: ân hận một điều gì đã (khơng) làm.

Eg: I regret to say that your not accepted for the job.
I regret buying the secondhand car.

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 Give the correct form of verbs in brackets.

1. Many young people are fond of (play) football and other kinds of sports.
2. They couldn’t help (laugh) when they heard the little boy singing a love song.
3. Your house needs(redecorate) .

4. I remember (allow)them to play in my garden.

5. Did you accuse Nam of (break) a plate? Well, I saw him (knock) it off the table with his elbow.
6. We found it very difficult (work) with Gamma.

7. I can’t read when I am traveling. It makes me(feel) sick.

8. I need (know) what’s in the letter. Why don’t you let me (read) it?
9. I suggest (suggest) some more mathematical puzzles.

10. We regret (inform) you that we cannot approve your suggestion.
11. The driver stopped (have) a coffee because he felt sleepy.
12. You had better (stay) at home until you feel better.

13. I remember (hear) my mother said the grass in the garden needed (cut).
14. Peter sometimes help his sister (do) homework.

15. I would rather (stay) at home than (go) out with you.
16. I would rather you (drive).

17. My father wanted me (become) a pilot.

18. Please wait a minute. My boss is busy (write) something.

19. My teacher doesn’t allow us (talk) while he is explaining the lesson.
20. We have plenty of time. We needn’t (hurry)

21. I promised (be) on time. I mustn’t (be) late.
22. Mary and I are looking forward to (see) you.

23. I’m sure that he knows how (use) this new machine.

24. I don’t like (watch) T.V. I’d like (come) to her house this everning.
25. She is trying (not fall) in love again.

26. Students stop (make) noises when the teacher came in.

27. Did you remember (phone) Ann? – Oh no. I completely forgot it.
28. They tried (put) out the fire then but it took them nearly a house.
29. Those shirts need (iron) but you don’t need (iron) them now.

30. I really regret (hurt) your feeling when I ask you such a silly question.
31. He’ll try (not make) the same mistake again.

32. Someone must have taken my bag. I clearly remember (leave) it by the window and now it has gone.
33. They stopped (take) 5’ break.

34. Don’t forget (give) her the message when you see her.
35. You should try (wear) any shirts you want to buy.
36. Every hour he stops work (smoke) a cigarettes
37. I regret (tell) you that you have failed the exam.

38. I can’t go on (work) here any more. I want a different job.

39. When I came into the room, Liz was reading a newspaper. She looked up and said hello to me , and
then went on (read) her newspaper.

40. Jim went on (have) another two sandwiches after he had had a pizza. I don’t think he’ll have a
stomach ache soon.

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1. Passive inf:

a. Form: to be + past participle
b. Use:

* Dùng sau một số động từ để chỉ sự bị động của chủ từ:
Eg: We hope to be considered again.

* Để đưa ra lí do:

Eg: He works hard not to be blamed.
* Sau các tính từ:

Eg: She is glad to be invited to the party
* Dùng sau danh từ:

Eg: It’s time to be separated.
2. Passive gerund:

a. Form:Being + P.P
b. Use:

Gerund ở thể bị động có các cách dùng giống như cách dùng của gerund ở thể chủ động, nhưng mang
nghĩa bị động.

* Làm chủ ngữ:

Eg: Being treated unfairly made her decide to quit the job.
* Làm tân ngữ sau 1 số động từ như: like, hate, mind …
Eg: I don’t like being laughed at.

* Làm tân ngữ cho giới từ:
Eg: She is afraid of being beaten.
Compare:

ACTIVE GERUND

1. Instead of selecting a applicants, he went out for a coffee

2. The teacher is keen on including the new students in the school activities.
3. Kate enjoys phoning Jane

PASSIVE GERUND

1. Instead of being selected a applicants, he went out for a coffee

2. The teacher is keen on being included the new students in the school activities.
3. Kate enjoys being phoned Jane

1.Presentation:
A. Passive gerund:
Example:

- I don’t enjoy being laughed at by other people.
- Instead of being accused, he was set free.
a. Form: BEING + PP

b. Usage: Pasive gerund can come in the same pattern as the active forms, for example after some verbs
(risk, stop, ect) or some prepositions (of, at, in, etc.).

B. Passive to-infinitive:
Example:

- She ought to be told about it.

- I didn’t expect to be invited to his party.
a. Form: TO BE + PP

b. Usage: Pasive to-infinitive can come in the same pattern as the active forms, for example after some
verbs (expect, hope, want, ect) or some adjectives (happy, delighted, glad, easy, etc.).

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2. Martha doesn’t like to have her picture taken. She avoids (photograph) ………
3. I appreciate (invite) …………. to your home.

4. Let’s not risk (catch) ………. in a traffic jam.

5. The government tried to stop the book (publish) ………….
6. (search) ……….. by customs officers is unpleasant.
7. There’s a lot of work (do)……….

8. The new students hope (include) …... in many of the school’s social activities.
9. When the police first questioned him, he denied (involve) …………. in the robbery.
10. I remember (take) ………. to the zoo when I was a child.

11. We managed to climbed over the wall without (see) ……...
12. Isabel expected (admit) ………..to the university, but she wasn’t.
13. The tin opener seems (design) …... for left-handed people.

14. Many reliable methods of storing information tended (forget) …………. When the computers arrived.
15. She resented (ask) ………to make tea for everyone at the meeting.

16. Let’s leave early. We can’t risk (hold up) …………in heavy traffic during rush hour.
 Answer key:

1. to be fooled

2. being taken
3. being invited
4. being caught
5. being published
6. Being searched
7. to be done / to do
8. to be included
9. being involved
10. being taken
11. being seen
12. to be admitted
13. to be designed
14. to be forgotten
15. being asked
16. being held up

---GERUND & PRESENT PARTICIPLE

1.Presentation:

A. Gerund:

a. Form: gerund = V-ing

b. Usage: The gerund often acts like a verb and a noun at the same time. It can be used:
- as the subject of a sentence

Eg: Playing tennis is not expensive in England
- as complement of a verb

Eg: What I have to do now is writing a letter to her.
- as an object of a preposition

Eg: She’s afraid of living alone.

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Eg: I enjoy listening to jazz.
B. Present participle:

a. Form: Present participle = V-ing

b.Usage: The present participle indicates action, more like a verb or an adjective. It can be used:
- as a verb in the continuous tense form

Eg: She’s cooking dinner.
- as an adjective

Eg: It’s an interesting story.
- to replace a relative clause

Eg: The man (who is) standing next to the door is my father.
- to replace subject + verb in the main or subordinate clauses
Eg: Entering the room, I saw him.

- after some verbs like catch, find, leave, etc + someone
Eg: I caught him climbing the fence.

Don’t leave her waiting outside in the rain.

- after some verbs such as waste, spend, go, be busy, ect
Eg: You waste too much time copying the Lessonagain.

It’s very hot today. Let’s go swimming.

- after some verbs of perception such as see, hear, watch, smell, 
 feel, observe, notice, etc

Eg: I heard him coming into the hall.
2.Practice:

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct verb form (gerund, present participle, infinitive):
1. We will go (camp) …………. in BaDen mountain this summer vacation.

2. That’s such an (amuse) ……….. story that I can’t put it down.

3. (take) ……….. the umbrella with him, he went out in the heavy rain.

4. I have to work hard these days. I am always busy (do) ……….. my home work.
5. Would you like to go (fish) ……….. with me on Saturday afternoon?

6. It was one of my most (embarrass) ……….. experiences in my life.
7. That he passed the exam is very (surprise) ………..

8. The woman (wear) ……….. a red dress is my neighbor.
9. We spend most of my time (read) ……….. science book.

10. The film is very (bore) ………… So I kept on sleeping in the rex.

11. I didn’t like (work) ………… so I suggested (spend) ………… the day in the garden.
12. I’d rather (go) ………… for a swim then (play) ………… tennis.

13. We’d better (study) ………… hard.

14. Why do you keep (look) ………… back? Are you afraid of (be) ………… followed?
15. ( write) ………… gives him a lot of pleasure.

16. Does your sister mind (cook) ………… everyday?

17. Have you ever considered (go) …………to live in another country?
18. He tried to avoid (answer) ………… my questions.

19. When I’m tired, I enjoy (watch) ………… TV. It’s relaxing.
20. The movie was very sad. It made me (cry) …………

21. I’ll do the shopping when I’ve finished (clean) ………… the apartment.
22. Paula has given up (try) ………… to lose weight.

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24. Would you like (come) ………… to dinner on Friday?
25. He left the hotel without (pay) ………… his bill.
26. Are you looking forward to (see) ………… Ann again?

27. After (find) ………… a hotel, we looked for someplace to have dinner.
28. It took us three hours (get) ………… here.

29. I’d rather (go) ………… (shop) ………… than anything else.
30. My close friend is fond of (sew) …………

31. I was very tired. I tried (keep) ………… my eyes open, but I couldn’t.
32. She told me (lock) ………… the door.

33. My father allowed me (use) ………… the camera.

34. It was a nice day, so we decided (go) ………… for a picnic.

35. They jog every morning (lose) ………… weight and (have) ………… a good health.
36. She is busy (feed) ………… the baby all the time.

37. Would you mind my (smoke) ………… here?

38. He doesn’t let anyone (talk) ………… in the working time.
39. Most people prefer (spend) ………… money to (earn) ………… it.
40.Susan wants (go) ………… to Hanoi next week.

---PERFECT GERUND AND ---PERFECT PARTICIPLE:

- Cách dùng tương tự Present Participle & gerund nhưng về mặt ý nghĩa, nó diễn tả hoặc nhấn mạnh
sự hoàn thành của 1 hành động

Eg1: Finishing my homework, I went to bed: Sau khi làm xong bài tập tôi đi ngủ
Having finished my homework, ... : Sau khi đã làm xong bài tập ...

* Câu thứ hai nhấn mạnh việc đi ngủ chỉ xảy ra sau khi đã làm xong bài tập.
Eg2: I approve of helping the poor: Tôi đồng ý với việc giúp đỡ người nghèo

I approve of having helped the poor: Tôi đồng ý với việc các bạn đã giúp đỡ người nghèo
* Câu thứ hai diễn tả ý giúp đỡ người nghèo này đã xảy ra rồi.

- Perfect gerund: HAVING+ PP

Eg: I had had dinner and then I went out for a walk last night.

-> Having had dinner, I ...

* Use: Rút gọn & diễn tả 1 hành động xảy ra trước 1 hành động khác/
- Perfect participle:

Eg: They denied having been there.

PREP/ VERB + HAVING+ PP
* Use: diễn tả hành động xảy ra trước hoặc ko xảy ra trước.

* Exercise: Fill in the blank in each of the following sentences with an appropriate form of the verb in 
parentheses (gerund, participle, perfect gerund or perfect participle)

1. Mai apologized for (use) my bicycle yesterday morning without (ask) for my permission.
2. (Watch) this film several times before, I started (fall)asleep in the middle of it.

3. In all the conditions of a drunkard, Mr. Le began (drive) straight back home, (forget) (not, pay) any
money to the barman.

4. (Organize) the 16th APEC summit conferences successfully, Viet Nam gained the reputation of (be) 
the safest and friendliest venue for such significant international events.

5. After (defeat) all his opponents, Hai won the gold medal in that interschool chess tournament.
Key:

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3. driving, forgetting, not having paid
4. having organized, being

5. having defeated

---REPORTED SPEECH WITH INFINITIVE

Vài điểm cần nhớ về câu tường thuật:

Khi đổi sang câu tường thuật, cần đổi ba yếu tố là ngơi, thì của động từ và
trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn.

1.1 Ngôi: (nhất – chủ, nhị – túc, tam – nguyên)

- Đổi ngôi thứ NHẤT phù hợp với CHỦ TỪ trong mệnh đề chính.
- Đổi ngơi thứ HAI phù hợp với TÚC TỪ trong mệnh đề chính.
- Ngơi thứ BA khơng đổi.

1.2 Thì của động từ:
V1 ---> V2/ed

V2/ed ---> had + V3/ed

can ---> could, will ---> would, shall ---> should, may ---> might, must ---> had to
1.3 Trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn:

today ---> that day
tonight ---> that night
now ---> then

ago ---> before

yesterday ---> the day before
the previous day

last week ---> the week before
the previous week

next week ---> the week after
the following week

tomorrow ---> the day after
the following day

this ---> that
these ---> those
here --->there

Ex1: He said to me, “I and you will go with her father tomorrow.”

---> He told me (that) he and I would go with her father the following day.
Ex2: She said to me, “I met your brother yesterday.”

---> She told me (that) she had met my brother the day before.

* LƯU Ý: Động từ tường thuật thay đổi tùy nghĩa của câu. Một số động từ tường thuật phổ biến là: tell
(bảo), ask (yêu cầu, hỏi), encourage (động viên), want (muốn), advise (khuyên), agree (đồng ý), invite
(mời), remind (nhắc nhở), promise (hứa), warn (cảnh báo), …

* Form:

We use to-infinitive in reported speech (commands, requests,
invitations, advise) as follows.

a. S + V + to-infinitive

Verbs: agree, offer, promise, refuse, threaten, ect

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--> Indirect: Gary refused to walk all that way.
b. S + V + O + to-infinitive

Verbs: advise,ask, beg, command, encourage, forbid, invite,order, recommend, remind, request, tell, 
urge, warn, ect

Eg: - Direct: “Would you like to stay at our house”, Mark said to us.
--> Indirect: Mark invited us to stay at his house.

Some more examples:

1. “Get out of the room”, she said.
--> She told me to get out of the room.
2. “Could you carry some bags, Mike?”
-->She asked Mike to carry some bags.
3. “Would you like to have dinner with us?”
--> They invited me to have diner with them.

4. “ Please do send me to a warm climate”, he asked/begged.
--> He asked/ begged us to send him to a warm climate.

5. “Don’t swim out too far, boys”, I said.
--> I warned the boys not to swim out too far.
6. “You had better hurr, Bill!”, she said.
--> She advised Bill to hurry.

* Exercises:

1. The teacher said to us, “Write your lessons carefully”.
--> ………..……… (tell)

2. Mary said to Paul, “Please don’t put your hat on my bag”.
--> ………..……..………(tell)

3. “Please don’t drink any more”, said his wife.
--> ………..……… (beg)

4. “Can you do the washing up?”, I offered.
--> ……….……… (offer)

5. “I won’t forget the shopping”, she promised.
--> ……….……… (promise)

6. “Would you like to come to my party?”, he invited her.
--> ……… (invite)

7. “I phone the police” she threatened.
--> ……….………( threaten)

8. “You should stop smoking”, the doctor advised him.
--> ………..………..…… (advise)

9. “Wait outside”, I told her.

--> ……… (tell)

10. “Could you please ring back in half an hour?”, said the secretary.
--> ……… (ask)

11. “Would you mind movingbyour case?”, said the other passenger.
--> ……….……… (ask)

12. “Remember to book the table”, said Ann.
--> ……….……… (remind)

13. “Get into the right lane”, said the driving instructor.
--> ……… (tell / warn)

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--> ……….……… (warn)

15. “Why don’t you take some medicine”, he advised me.
--> ………...……… ( advise)

16. “Why don’t you open the bank account?”, said Jack.
--> ………..……….………… (advise)

17. “Would you like to have lunch with me today?”, said Tom.
--> ………..………..……… (invite)

18. “Don’t forget that we have to drive home”, said his wife.
--> ………….……….……… (remind)

19. “Do go to the dentist, Tom, before your toothache gets any worse”, I said.
--> ……….……… (urge)

20. “Shall I go and get a candle?”, said Ann when the light went out suddenly.

--> ………….……… (offer)

21. “I’ll buy you a bunch of bananas”, said Mary.
--> ……….…….………… (promise)

22. “I can lend you some money”, Sue said to us.
--> ……….……….……… (offer)

23. “Try again”, said Ann’s friends encouragingly.
--> ……….………..….…….……… (encourage)

24. “Go on, apply for the job”, said Jack.
--> ………..……… (urge / encourage)
25. “Will you be quiet!”, he said.

--> ………..……….……… (order / tell)

26. Tom asked me, “Could you book me a room in a hotel for tonight?”
--> ………..……… (want)

27. He told the boys, “Go away”.
--> ……….……… (tell)

28. “Would you sho me your passport, please?”, he said.
--> ……….……… (ask)

29. “Please, please don’t take any risks”, said his wife.
--> ……… (beg)

30. “Forget all about this young man”, said her parents; “don’t see him again or answer his letter’s”

--> ………..……… (order, tell)

---REPORTED SPEECH WITH GERUND

1.Presentation:

* Form: We use gerund in reported speech as follows.

1. S + V + gerund.

- Verbs: admit, deny, recommend, regret, suggest, ect.
- Eg: Direct: She said to me, “I broke the vase of flowers”.
--> Indirect: She admitted breaking the vase of flowers.

2. S + V + preposition + gerund.

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--> Indirect: She apologized (to me) for breaking the vase of flowers.

3. S + V + O + preposition + gerund.

- Verbs: accuse…..…of, blame…..…for, congratulate….…..on, prevent…....from, thank…….for, warn ..
…against, ect

- Eg: Direct: Mary told Peter, “It was your fault. You didn’t tell me the truth”.
--> Indirect: Mary blamed Peter for not telling her the truth.

2. Practice:

* Exercises: Turn the following sentences into reported speech:
1. “You took the money,” he said.

--> ………(accuse)
2. “I stole his bicycle,” he said to the police.

--> ………(admit)
3. He said to the police, “I didn’t steal the bike”.
--> ……….………(deny)
4. He said, “I’m sorry I’m late”.

--> ………(apologize)
5. “I’ll drive you to the airport. I insist,” John said to Linda.
--> ……..………(insist)

6. “I’m happy to hear that you have passed the final exam. Congratulations!,” Jim said to me.
--> ………(congratulate)

7. “It was nice of you to invite me to dinner. Thank you,” Miss White said to George.
--> ..………(thank)

8. “Don’t play with the matches,” I said to Jack.
--> ………..…(warn … against)

9. “I must have made a mistake in the calculations,” said Mr Forest.
--> ………(admit)

10. “I’ll pay for the meal,” Sarah insisted.

-->………..………(insist)

11. Neil told us, “Perhaps we can go to Paris for the weekend.”
-->………(suggest)

12. “I’m sorry. I couldn’t come to visit you last summer,” Kate said to her parents.
--> ………(apologize)

13. “I hear you won the championship. Congratulations!,” Said Dane.
--> ………..………(congratulate)

14. “We should take the jumper back to the shop,” Jack said to us.
--> ………(recommend + O + to-inf)

--> ………( recommend + gerund)

15. “It’s not true! I have never been arrested by the police,” Larry said.
--> ………(deny)

16. “I always want to be a rich man,” said David.
--> ………(dream)

17. The manager told the visitors, “Don’t stay at the hotel near the airport.”
--> ………(warn…against…)

--> ………(warn …… to-inf)
18. “Let’s eat out tonight,” said Tom.

--> ………(suggest)

19) “It was really kind of you to help me.” Mary said to you.

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20) “I’ll drive you to the airport.” John said to Linda..

 John insisted...

22) “You have passed the final exams. Congratulations!” Jim said to you
 Jim congratulated me...

23) “It was nice of you to invite me to the dinner. Thank you”, Miss White said to Peter.
 Miss White thanked...

24) “Don’t play with the matches!” I said to Jack.

 I warned...

25) “I’m sorry I didn’t phone you earlier”, Margaret said to you.

 Margaret apologized...

26) “I have always wanted to be a pilot”, Paul said to you.

 Paul has always dreamed of...

27) “You didn’t do what I said”, the mother said to her son.

 The mother accused...

---CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Loại Main clauses If clause

1. Điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở tương lai Simple present

(hiện tại đơn) will/shall … + V1
2. Điều kiện không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại Simple past (Quá khứ đơn )

(be  were )

would /should /… + V1

3. Điều kiện không thể xảy ra ở quá khứ Past perfect (Quá khứ hoàn thành)

would/should… + have + V3/V-ed

Note: 1. Unless = If … not ( nếu không, trừ phi)

Ex :Unless itrains, we will go to the movies = If it doesn’t rain, we will go to the movies

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regularly, they couldn’t understand the lesson

2. As long as / provided / providing (that) : với điều kiện là

Ex: You can borrow my book as long as you use it carefully.
You can play providing (that) you don’t make so much noise.

3. Suppose, supposing: giả sử

Ex: Supposing you won a lot of money, what would you do?

4. In case: phòng khi, trong trường hợp

Ex: Take an umbrella with you in case it rains.

5. Omitting IF

– Ì anyone should call, please take a message.-> Should anyone call, ….
– If I were you, I wouldn’t do that -> Were I you,…

– If I had known, I would have told you. -> Had I known, …

Exercises:

* Sentence transformation:

1. The war will spread everywhere if we don’t stop it.
→ Unless ………

2. All our beautiful forests will be destroyed if we do nothing to preserve them.
→ Unless……….

3. If he hasn’t got a ticket, they won’t let him in.
→Unless ………..

4. If it doesn’t rain, we will have no water to use.
→Unless ………

5. These flowers will die if nobody waters them.
→Unless …..

6. Do your exercises or you will be punished.
→Unless ….

7. The building is too high. He can’t climd up.
→If ……..

8. That house is too expensive. I can’t buy it.
→If …….

* Put the verb into the correct tense:

1. If I (continue) with my diet, I (lose) five kilos by the end of the month.
2. If I have enough apples, I (bake) an apple pie this afternoon.

3. If I had enough apples, I (bake) an apple pie this afternoon.
4. I will fix your bicycle if I (have) a screwdriver of the proper size.
5. If I (have) enough money, I would have gone with you.

6. If the weather had been nice yesterday, we (go) to the zoo.

7. It’s too bad Helen isn’t here. If she (be) here, she (know) what to do.
8. If I find a good book, I (give) it to you.

9. He will get a price if he (work) hard.
10.If Jack called, I (speak) to him.

11.You wouldn't have any accident if you (drive) carefully.
12.If you turn off the light, we (be) in dark.

13.If Lan (not study) hard, she will fail the exam.

14.You (be) able to go on a vacation if you have enough money.
15.If he fails the test, he ……….. (be furnished) by his parents.
* Sentence transformation

1. I don’t buy it because I don’t have enough money.

 If I ____________________________________________________

2. There was a test yesterday. I didn’t know that, so I didn’t study for it.

 If I ____________________________________________________

3. He’s very thin, that’s why he feels the cold so much.

 If he __________________________________________________

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 If I ____________________________________________________

5. You must work harder or you won’t pass the exam.

 You won’t ______________________________________________

6. I didn’t have an umbrella with me and so I got wet.

 I wouldn’t ______________________________________________

7. You drink too much coffee, that’s why you can’t sleep.

 If you _________________________________________________

8. Dick is in prison because a detective recognized him.

 If a detective ____________________________________________

9. He doesn’t have the money and he cannot afford a new car.