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<b>E_English Grammar Course </b>

<b>Unit 8</b>

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Subordination

Classifications of subordinate clauses

Subordinators

Nominal clauses

Adverbial clauses

Comparative and Comment clauses

<b>Issues</b>

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<b>Subordination</b>

<b>1</b>

1/1

<b>Subordination</b>

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<b>Subordination</b>

<b>1</b>

1/2

<b>Subordination</b>

i.e. one clause is <sub>-Non-symmetrical relation, </sub>

a constituent/ part of the other

1 2 21
[I like John [because John likes me] ]
1 1
[superordinate/ independent/ main clause ]
2 2
[subordinate/ dependent clause]

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<b>Subordination</b>

<b>1</b>

1/3

<b>Subordination</b>

Hierarchy of clauses

X- Y-

Z-( I think [ that you can do it { if you try} ] )
S V O A

X = superodinate to Y
Y = subordinate to X

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<b>Classifications of subordinate clauses</b>

<b>2</b>

2/1

Classifications of subordinate clauses

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<b>Classifications of subordinate clauses</b>

<b>2</b>

2/2

By structural type Finite clause

Nonfinite clause

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<b>Classifications of subordinate clauses</b>

<b>2</b>

2/3

By structural type Finite clause

Nonfinite clause

Verbless clause

- contains a subject and a predicate

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<b>Classifications of subordinate clauses</b>

<b>2</b>

2/4

By structural type Finite clause

Nonfinite clause

Infinitive with <i>to</i>

Infinitive without <i>to</i> <i>-ed </i>participle

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<b>Classifications of subordinate clauses</b>

<b>2</b>

2/5

By structural type Finite clause

Nonfinite clause

Infinitive with <i>to</i>

Infinitive without <i>to</i> <i>-ed </i>participle

<i>-ing</i> participle

Without S: The best thing would be <i>to tell everybody</i>.

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<b>Classifications of subordinate clauses</b>

<b>2</b>

2/6

By structural type Finite clause

Nonfinite clause

Infinitive with <i>to</i>

Infinitive without <i>to</i> <i>-ed </i>participle

<i>-ing</i> participle

Without S: <i>Leaving the room</i>, he tripped over the mat.
With S: <i>Her aunt having left the room</i>, I declared my

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<b>Classifications of subordinate clauses</b>

<b>2</b>

2/7

By structural type Finite clause

Nonfinite clause

Infinitive with <i>to</i>

Infinitive without <i>to</i> <i>-ed </i>participle

<i>-ing</i> participle

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<b>Classifications of subordinate clauses</b>

<b>2</b>

2/8

By structural type Finite clause

Nonfinite clause

Infinitive with <i>to</i>

Infinitive without <i>to</i> <i>-ed </i>participle

<i>-ing</i> participle

Without S: <i>Covered in snow</i>, he looked like a snowman.

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<b>Classifications of subordinate clauses</b>

<b>2</b>

2/9

By structural type Finite clause

Nonfinite clause

Verbless clause

1. Ellipsis of the verb ‘be’

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<b>Classifications of subordinate clauses</b>

<b>2</b>

2/10

By structural type Finite clause

Nonfinite clause

Verbless clause

2. Reduction of non-finite clauses

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<b>Classifications of subordinate clauses</b>

<b>2</b>

2/11

By function Nominal clause

Adverbial clause

Comparative clause

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<b>Subordinators</b>

<b>3</b>

3/1

Subordinating

conjunctions Simple subordinators
Compound subordinators

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<b>Subordinators</b>

<b>3</b>

3/2

Subordinating

conjunctions Simple subordinators
Compound subordinators

Correlative subordinators
after, though, although, as,

because, before, if, once
since, that, until, when

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<b>Subordinators</b>

<b>3</b>

3/3

Subordinating

conjunctions Simple subordinators
Compound subordinators

Correlative subordinators

- ending with ‘that’: in that, so that, such that …

- ending with optional ‘that’: now (that), provided (that),
supposing (that), seeing (that)…

- ending with ‘as’: so far as, as long as, so as (to do sth)…

- ending with ‘than’: sooner than, rather than…

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<b>Subordinators</b>

<b>3</b>

3/4

Subordinating

conjunctions Simple subordinators
Compound subordinators

Correlative subordinators

if… then, although… yet, as… as, so… as, so… that

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<b>Subordinators</b>

<b>3</b>

3/5

Other indicators of

subordination Wh-element initial markers

Subject-operator inversion

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<b>Subordinators</b>

<b>3</b>

3/6

Other indicators of

subordination Wh-element initial markers
Subject-operator inversion

No marker

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<b>Subordinators</b>

<b>3</b>

3/7

Other indicators of

subordination Wh-element initial markers
Subject-operator inversion

No marker

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<b>Subordinators</b>

<b>3</b>

3/8

Other indicators of

subordination Wh-element initial markers
Subject-operator inversion

No marker

<i>1. nominal clause</i>

e.g. I suppose (that) you’re right.

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<b>Nominal clauses</b>

<b>4</b>

4/1

Nominal Clauses

Finite Non-finite

that clause

wh-interrogative clause
Yes - No interrogative clause

Nominal relative clause

to-infinitive nominal clause
nominal –ing clause

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<b>Nominal clauses</b>

<b>4</b>

4/2

Finite Nominal Clauses

<b>that clause</b>

wh-interrogative clause

Yes - No interrogative clause

- S: That you were wrong is undeniable.

- Od: I knew that I was wrong.

- Cs: The problem is that he refuses to
speak in court.

- Appositive: The fact that he hates English
makes it hard for him to study it.

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<b>Nominal clauses</b>

<b>4</b>

4/3

Finite Nominal Clauses

that clause

wh-interrogative clause

Yes - No interrogative clause

Nominal relative clause

- Function as S, Od, Cs, Ap, Cadj,

& Cprep (They haven’t decided on <i>who </i>
<i>wins the cup</i>.)

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<b>Nominal clauses</b>

<b>4</b>

4/4

Finite Nominal Clauses

that clause

wh-interrogative clause

<b>Yes - No interrogative clause</b>

- Is formed with if/ whether

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<b>Nominal clauses</b>

<b>4</b>

4/5

Finite Nominal Clauses

that clause

wh-interrogative clause

Yes - No interrogative clause
<b>Nominal relative clause</b>

- S: What he is pursuing is fame.

- Od: I want to see whoever in charge of
this department.

- Oi: She gave whoever came into the store
a handful of sweets.

- Cs: University is where you train for your
future career.

- Co: You can call me whatever you like.
- Ap: Tell me your nickname, that is, the
way your friends often call you.

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<b>Nominal clauses</b>

<b>4</b>

4/6

Non-finite nominal clauses

to-infinitive nominal clause

nominal –ing clause

bare infinitive

- S: To become an MC has always
been my dream.

- Od: John wanted her to open the door.
- Cs: My wish is to stay here one

more week.

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<b>Nominal clauses</b>

<b>4</b>

4/7

Non-finite nominal clauses

to-infinitive nominal clause

nominal –ing clause

bare infinitive

- Function as S, Od, Cs, Ap, Cprep,
& Cadj

<i>- Genitive case in formal style</i>

e.g. I’m surprised at his making
that mistake.

-<i><sub> Objective or common case:</sub></i>

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<b>Nominal clauses</b>

<b>4</b>

4/8

Non-finite nominal clauses

to-infinitive nominal clause

nominal –ing clause

bare infinitive

- ‘to’ is optional in case of ‘do’ proform.

- bare infinitive is obligatory when the
infinitive clause is initial

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<b>Adverbial clauses</b>

<b>5</b>

5/1

Time
Place

Condition & concession
Reason or cause

Circumstance

Purpose
Result

Manner & Comparison

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<b>Adverbial clauses</b>

<b>5</b>

5/2

Time
Place

Condition & concession
Reason or cause

Circumstance

Purpose
Result

Manner & Comparison

Proportion & Preference

- after, before, until, since, when + finite clause

- after, before, since, until, when(ever), while + V-ing
- once, until, when(ever), while + V-ed

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<b>Adverbial clauses</b>

<b>5</b>

5/3

Time
Place

Condition & concession
Reason or cause

Circumstance

Purpose
Result

Manner & Comparison

Proportion & Preference

- Introduced by ‘where’/ ‘wherever’

E.g. When I retire, I will travel <i>wherever I like.</i>

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<b>Adverbial clauses</b>

<b>5</b>

5/4

Time
Place

Condition & concession
Reason or cause

Circumstance

Purpose
Result

Manner & Comparison

Proportion & Preference

- Conditional clauses state the <i>dependence</i> of one circumstance
on another.

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<b>Adverbial clauses</b>

<b>5</b>

5/5

Time
Place

Condition & concession
Reason or cause

Circumstance

Purpose
Result

Manner & Comparison

Proportion & Preference

- Concessive clauses imply a <i>contrast</i> between two circumstances.
- Introduced by <i>though, although, while, whereas, even if</i>

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<b>Adverbial clauses</b>

<b>5</b>

5/6

Clauses of condition
or concession

Alternative conditional-concessive clauses

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<b>Adverbial clauses</b>

<b>5</b>

5/7

Clauses of condition

or concession Alternative conditional-concessive clauses

E.g. <i>Whether they beat us or we beat them</i>,
we’ll celebrate tonight.

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<b>Adverbial clauses</b>

<b>5</b>

5/8

Clauses of condition

or concession Universal conditional-concessive clauses

E.g. <i>No matter how hard he tried</i>, he could
never summon enough courage to tell her
the truth.

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<b>Adverbial clauses</b>

<b>5</b>

5/9

Time
Place

Condition & concession
Reason or cause

Circumstance

Purpose
Result

Manner & Comparison

Proportion & Preference

- introduced by <i>because, since, as</i>

<i>- </i>I didn’t lend him the book <i>because I needed it for my assignment</i>.
(adjunct)

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<b>Adverbial clauses</b>

<b>5</b>

5/10
Time
Place

Condition & concession
Reason or cause

Circumstance

Purpose
Result

Manner & Comparison

Proportion & Preference

- express a fulfilled condition/ a relation between a premise

(in the subordinate clause) and the conclusion (in the main clause)
- introduced by because, since, as, & seeing that

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<b>Adverbial clauses</b>

<b>5</b>

5/11
Time
Place

Condition & concession
Reason or cause

Circumstance

Purpose
Result

Manner & Comparison

Proportion & Preference

- are adjuncts

- introduced by <i>(in order) (for N) to, so as to, so that</i>

E.g. I tiptoed into the room so as not to wake the baby up.

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<b>Adverbial clauses</b>

<b>5</b>

5/12

Time
Place

Condition & concession
Reason or cause

Circumstance

Purpose
Result

Manner & Comparison

Proportion & Preference

- are more <i>factual</i> than putative  may contain an ordinary verb form

without a modal auxiliary

- introduced by <i>so that/so</i> (informal)

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<b>Adverbial clauses</b>

<b>5</b>

5/13

Time
Place

Condition & concession
Reason or cause

Circumstance

Purpose
Result

Manner & Comparison

Proportion & Preference

Clauses of manner – <i>(exactly) as, (just) as</i>

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<b>Adverbial clauses</b>

<b>5</b>

5/14

Time
Place

Condition & concession
Reason or cause

Circumstance

Purpose
Result

Manner & Comparison

Proportion & Preference

Clauses of comparison – <i>as if, as though</i>

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<b>Adverbial clauses</b>

<b>5</b>

5/15
Time
Place

Condition & concession
Reason or cause

Circumstance

Purpose
Result

Manner & Comparison

Proportion & Preference

Clauses of proportion express a <i>‘proportionality’ or equivalence </i>
<i>of tendency</i> between two circumstances

E.g.

<i>As he grew older</i>, (so) his enthusiasm for the cause decreased.

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<b>Adverbial clauses</b>

<b>5</b>

5/16

Time
Place

Condition & concession
Reason or cause

Circumstance

Purpose
Result

Manner & Comparison

Proportion & Preference

Clauses of preference are introduced by <i>rather than/ sooner than</i>

E.g. <i>Rather than go there by air</i>, I’d take the train.

<i>Rather than sitting here complaining</i>, we should act.

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<b>Comparative & comment clauses</b>

<b>6</b>

6/1

Comp-element S: More people eat at KFC than any other

fastfood restaurant.

Cs: I’m healthier than most people of my age.

Od: She eats much more than me.

Oi: Santa has brought more children joy
than anybody else.

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<b>Comparative & comment clauses</b>

<b>6</b>

6/2

Ellipsis in Comparative Clause

<i><b>1. Optional ellipsis</b></i>

James enjoyed the cake more than Susan enjoyed the cake.
James enjoyed the cake more than Susan enjoyed it.

James enjoyed the cake more than Susan did.
James enjoyed the cake more than Susan.

<i><b>2. Obligatory ellipsis (of object)</b></i>

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<b>Comparative & comment clauses</b>

<b>6</b>

6/3

Ambiguity

He loves the dog more than his wife.

through ellipsis

with ‘too’ & ‘enough’

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<b>Comparative & comment clauses</b>

<b>6</b>

6/4

Comment Clauses Features

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<b>Comparative & comment clauses</b>

<b>6</b>

6/5

Comment Clauses Features

Forms

- can be either disjuncts or conjuncts

- may occur initially, finally, or medially
- have a separate tone unit

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<b>Comparative & comment clauses</b>

<b>6</b>

6/6

Comment Clauses Features

Forms

(1) Like a main clause

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<b>Comparative & comment clauses</b>

<b>6</b>

6/7

Comment Clauses Features

Forms

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<b>Comparative & comment clauses</b>

<b>6</b>

6/8

Comment Clauses Features

Forms

(3) Like a nominal relative clause as conjunct

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<b>Comparative & comment clauses</b>

<b>6</b>

6/9

Comment Clauses Features

Forms

(4) To-infinitive clause as style disjunct

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<b>Comparative & comment clauses</b>

<b>6</b>

6/10

Comment Clauses Features

Forms

(5) –ing clause as style disjunct

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<b>Comparative & comment clauses</b>

<b>6</b>

6/11

Comment Clauses Features

Forms

(6) –ed clause as style disjunct

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