Đa thanh trong câu hỏi tu từ

S6 2 (244)-2016

N G 6 N NGf & Ddi S6NG

37

DA THANH TRONG CAU HOI TU TlT
THE POLYPHONY OF RHETORICAL QUESTION
Lfe THI THU HOAI
(TS; Dai hgc KHXH & NV, DHQG Hd NOi)
Abstract: This paper points out the rhetorical questions are typical polyphonic utterances.
It's often used when there are opposite ideas between two voices. The first idea is belong to
other people (not Speaker), it is difference with speaker's idea at the time of speech.The
second idea is belong to Speaker, it deities the first idea. The Speaker points out the
mcorreetness of the first idea and asks the interlocutor to change his or her idea. As the
second voice in rhetorical questions is always the speaker, the first voice have many eases:
An interlocutor's idea that was told directiy or existed in presupposition, an idea of tiie third
person, the other idea of the Speaker, an idea that was inferred from someone's action, an
' idea that the Speaker guesses someone in a possible world can say or think of.
' K^ words: rhetocical questions; polyphony; first voice; second voice; opposite idea.
I I. Doi tuong eda bdi viet nay Id nhdm
I nhfing phat ngdn thudng dm?e ggi bdng
'• thudt ngfi edu hdi tu tir. Tuy nhifin, c ^ phdi
i luu "if rdng, trong cdc tdi li$u nghifin ciiu hi$n
: nay, thuat ngii cdu hdi tu tir cd thi duoc hilu
theo nhihig nghia rdng hep khdc nhau. Cdu
i) hdi tu tir theo nghia rdng, hay edn duge ggi
I ehung la cau hdi khdng chinh danh. Id nhthig
edu cd hinh thiie hdi nhung lai mang mdt gifi
f tri ngdn trung khdc, thi hifn nhihig hanh vi
, ngdn ngfi tai ldi gidn tifip khac. Cdn cau hdi

tu tfi theo nghia h^p (ciing chinh Id ddi tugng
md chiing toi quan tam) Id nhttng phat ngdn
, mang nhung d|c dilm chung ca bdn gdm: a.
Cd lunh thurc nghi van,- b. Bao gid cimg
n g ^ in mOt n$i dimg phdn dodn khdng
^ djnh hay phu dinh.; c. Nfiu cau cd ehua tfi
phfi dinh thi ngim In ngi dung khdng dinh
m$nh dfi tuong fing, vd ngugc 1^, neu cau
' khdng chua tfi phu djnh thi ngim in ngi
dung phu dinh m?nh dl tucmg iing. Vi dy:
l.Tdi ddnh nd bao gid?
'
2. Thdng dy thi ldm dupc viec gi^
• 3. Cdphdi tdi ghet nd ddu?
4. Anh chdng dd giup^ nd Idgf!
'• 5. Ai chdm thich ngdi mdt dn bdt vdng?
6. S ^ tdi lgi khdne hiiu?

Nhfing cdu hdi kilu nhu trfin xuit hifin
d$c biet phi biin trong giao tilp hdng ngdy
vd trong cd nhfing phong edeh chfic ndng
khdc cfia ngdn ngfi, ehdng h^n, trong cde tdc
phim vdn hge, trong cdc vdn bdn man^ tinh
nghi lu|n, ehinh Iu$n,.. .DT nhifin, tin sd xuit
hifn eiia ehung trong ede vdn bdn cu thi cdn
ph\i thugc vao chien luge l\ra chgn cdc hinh
thdi bilu hi$n cfia tfing ed nhdn vd phu thuOc
vdo ede nhdn tl khde cua tinh hudng giao
tilp. Song, dieu dd ciing dfi ndi Ifin rdng,
nhfing dang edu hdi nhu vdy cd mOt vai trd

quan trgng trong hi?n thue giao tilp.
Chfnh vi vay, nhdm cau hdi ndy tix Idu da
thu hfit dugc s\r chu y cua nhilu tde gid nhu
Trin Trgng Kim, Nguyen Kim Thdn, Hodng
Trgng Phifin, Di|p Chuang Ban, Cao Xudn
H90,...Tuy nhifin, khi khdo sdt cdu hdi tu tfi
cdc tde gid thudng chi dfing 1^ d vi$e nfiu
Ifin mgt so nh§n xfit hit sfie chung ehung vl
d§c dilm hinh thfie vd n^i dung cua chfing
nhu: cd hinh thfic hdi nhung ngi dung th\ic
chat la khdng dinh hay phfi dinh mOt dilu gi
dd; ed tinh bilu edm eao,...Rieng vl mdt y
nghia, cdc edu hdi tu tfi thudng dugc thuyet
gidi bdng m0t cdu tudng thu§t tuong fing
hodc nlu chi tilt hon, thi dugc gdn vdi phgm


38

NGON N G C & B d i S 6 N G

vi bdc b6 hay phii dinh siOu ngOn ngii. Theo
suy nghi cua chung toi, nhiing nhdn xdt ndy
diu dung nhung chiing v§n chi Id nhitng
nhdn xdt rat khdi qudt, tuy cdm nhan ciia
ting ngu&i, khong c6 hO thing, do S6, chua
cho phdp nhin nhgn dugrc mgt cdch thiu ddo
bdn chdt cua doi tugng.
C6 thi thiy, vigc khdo sat cdu hoi tu tit,
dac biOt Id ve mdt ngii nghia - ngii dyng, vl

CO che hinh thdnh vd dilu kiOn stt dyng
chiing, chira thyc sir dugrc chii ^ day dd,
diing miic. ViOc nghiOn cihi cdc cdu hdi tu
tir, v6i nhilu vdn dl phiic tgp vd thii vi vSn
doi hoi phdi dugc tiep tyc tiln hdnh nhilu
hon vd sdu hon. Bdi viet cua chung toi Id
mpt CO gdng dl thyc hiOn dieu d6. Tuy
nhidn, cdu h6i tu tit c6 nhilu d ^ trung ngtt
nghia - ngii dyng khdc nhau, trong bdi vilt
ndy chung toi chl tgp trung phdn tich ve tinh
da thanh cua cdu hdi tu tir.
2. Da thanh (Polyphony) Id mgt hiOn
tupng thii vi trong ngdn ngtt vd dd dugc
nhieu tdc gid quan tdm, chii ^ tir lau. Mgt
phdt ngOn da thanh la mgt phdt ngon trong
d6 ton tgi nhttng quan diem, ^ kiln hay IM
ndi thuOc nhilu chii thi khdc nhau cd thi
triing hodc khong triing vdd quan diem cda
ngu&i ndi tai thdi dilm ndi. Da thanh trong
ngon ngtt gdn liln vdi bdn chit tuong tdc
trong giao tilp, sy dli thoai vd tdc dOng qua
lai tin tai ngay bOn trong phdt ngon. Chinh
vi vdy md S.Bally gpi hiOntirgngndy Id sy
dli thogi hda tixing phdt ngOn. Cdn nhd
nghien ciiu vdn hgc Nga noi tilng
M.Bakhtin thi ddc biOt quan tdm din hiOn
tugng "da thanh" trong ngdn ngtt vdn hgc vd
da xem nd Id mOt doi tugng nghien ciiu quan
trgng ciia ty sy. Cd thi ndi, tir nhttng nghiSn
Cliu xuit sdc cua M.Bakhtm, thudt ngtt "da

thanh" da thu hdt dugc sy chii ^ ddc biOt ciia
nhilu nhd nghien ciiu vd hiOn nay dd dugc
sft dyng rOng rdi trong cdc cdngtilnhnghiOn
cuu vl ngon ngtt trong giao tilp, vl vdn bdn
hpc cd lidn quan din tu su.

S6 2 (244)-2016

1

Ngu&i ta thu&ng vi mii quan hg gild
ngu&i ndi vd cdc chii ngdn trong phdt ngSn
giong nhu moi quan hg giOa tdc gid ciia mjt
vo kich v6i cdc nhdn v^t trong vd kich d4i
Ngu&i ndi la ngu&i cUu trdch nhigm vl phit
ngdn, vd cung Id ngu&i dua vdo phdt ng3n
nhttng chil ngfln, nhflng gipng ndi kh4t
nhau; moi chu ngdn chiu trdch nhiem vl mOt
gigng ndi, mgt f kiln. Ldp tru&ng, quan
diem ciia ngu&i ndi dugc the hign thdng qua
mgt trong nhflng chii ngdn dy vd cd thi dugc
ding nhdt vdi mOt chu ngdn ndo dd.
Cdc chu ngon ton tai dtmg hgp vdi nhau
trong mgt chinh thi phdt ngdn vd chdng ta
chl cd thi thdy dugc qua qud trinh phdn tich
dyng hgc. BOn cgnh dd, thuOc tinh da thanh
trong mSi phdt ngdn cung cd miic dO hl^n
ngdn khdng gilng nhau cho nen nd ddi hii
ngu&i nghiOn cftu phdi thyc hign cdc thao t^
phdn tich mdi xdc dinh dugc cdc gigng ndi,

cdc chd ngdn tin tai trong phdt ngOn. S^
thanh cho ta thdy sy da dgng, biin hda df'
ngon ngfl, va cung cho ta thdy chiic nSng
giao tiep va khd ndng bilu dgt tuygt voi cila
ngdn ngtt.
3. Nhu chung ta da bilt, mgt trong nhiiil|
myc dich giao tilp md ngu&i ndi hudng d%
ngu&i dli thogi Id nhdm gay mgt tdc dOng
ndo dd dl tao ra sy bien doi nhdt dinh trong
quan dilm cua ngu&i doi thogi, dl tft dd c6
thi hiOu chinh hdnh vi hay dl hinh thdnh 6
ngu&i dli thoai mOt thdi dd cdn thiit dli vdi
thyc tien. Ngdn ngtt da cung cdp cho nguii
ndi nhttng phuong tiOn can thiit dl dgt du?c
myc dich dd. Bdng sif lya chpn, td chiic hgp
li vd cd y thftc cdc don vi ngdn ngtt dl tao ra
nhiing phdt ngdn, ngu&i ndi cd thi dgt dirge
myc dich md mhih hudmg tdi. Trong hojt
ddng giao tilp thi sy ludn phien tdc ddng qua
lai nhu thi gitta ngudi ndi vd ngttdi nghe y |
hinh tao nen mdt cudc "ddu tranh gidnh
quyen lyc" xem quan dilm ndo vd qua»
dilm cfta ai culi cung sS dugc thiia nhdnCdc cdu hdi hi tfl Id mgt kilu cau cd hoSn
cdnh giao tilp diln htoh theo kilu nhu v|y.


So 2 (244)-2016

NG6N NGU* & Ddi S6NG

39

Trong dd, ngudi hdi tien hdnh dli thogi,
Vi du (1): Trong phdt ngdn Tdi ddnh nd
tranh li^n, phdn doi mgt quan dilm, y kiln bao gi&? ton tgi hai quan diem dli l|lp nhau:
khde; dong thdi tfi dd bOc lg quan dilm,
- Chfi ngdn 1 - Y kiln ciia ngufii khdc:
cung nhu thdi d0, ddnh gid cfia minh dli vdi eho ring "ngudi ndi dd ddnh mdt ngu&i ndo
^ kien dd. Bdng cdch iy, ngudi ndi dua ra dd".
mgt cdch trd ldi vdi higu qua c\rc mgnh theo
- Chfi ngdn 2 - ^ kiln cfia ngudi ndi:
mdt chiln thuat giao tiep duge to chfic bfing phan bdc lgi f kien trfin bdng cdch phfi dinh
cac phuong tign ngdn ngu tucmg dli on rfing "tdi chua bao gi& ddnh nd" kfim thfim
dinh, dd chinh Id cdc cau hdi tu tfi. Cd the mOt ylu tl chit vin.
ndi, edu hdi tu tfi la logi cdu hgi dfi nhung
Vi dy (2): Trong phat ngdn Thdng dy thi
dilu ki$n cin vd dfi dfi hinh thdnh nfin mgt ldm dupec vi$c gi? ciing tfin tgi hai quan dilm
phat ngfin da thanh difin hhih.
khdng ding nhdt vdi nhau:
Cy thfi Id, trong nhung bdi viet trufiic efing
Chfi ngdn 1 - Y kiln cfia ngudi khdc:
dfi cgp din dli tugng ndy [xem 8, 9], chfing cho rdng "tf^ng dy" cd thi ddm nhi$m mpt
tfii ^ chi ra co chl hinh thdnh cdc mgnh de cdng vi$c gi dd.
ngim in trong cau hdi tu tu, dd Id ngudi ndi
Chfi ngfin 2 - Y kien cfia ngudi ndi:
tam chip nhgn vd su d\ing chinh cdi ^ kiln phdn bdc lgi ^ kien trfin bang cdch ndi phfi
i khac, y kiln dli ldp, dua chfing vdo trong dinh: "tdi khdng tin "thdng ay" cd du ndng
1 mgnh dfi edu hdi vd bifin chung trd thdnh dli l\ec vd phdm chdt di ldm bdt cie vi$c gi",
I tugng chju tdc dgng cfia nhfing ddnh gid tinh n^di ndi dd thuylt phyc ngudi doi thoai
: thdi ma chu the danh ^ a ehinh Id ngudi ndi. bdng m$t hdnh dOng chdt van, vd ddi hdi

I Bfing cdch dd, ngudi ndi da bgc 1$ 6u^c ngudi dd hdy thay doi quan diem cfia minh.
quan diem, y kien cfia minh; tao ra m^t
Vi dy (3): Trong phdt ngon Anh chdng
i phuang thfic trd ldi cue mgnh ggt bd y kien dd giup nd Id gi? ton tai hai quan diem trai
da dugc dua vdo mgnh dfi cdu hdi vd khdng ngugc nhau:
j dinh y kiln dli lgp. Vdi co chl hinh thdnh vd
- Chfi ngdn 1 - 'i kiln cfia ngufii khdc:
I hoat dOng nhu the ed the thay cdc cdu hdi tu phu dinh mOt hdnh dOng ndo dd cfia minh,
\ tfi thu$c logi nhttng phat ngdn da thanh diln dgi ^ la "tdi dd khdng ldm mpt vi^c gi dd vdi
1 hinh. Chfing thudng xudt hi$n trong ede tinh muc dich de giup nd ".
j huong tin tgi ho§c tilm tang tin tgi nhttng y
- Chfi ngdn 2 - Y kien efia ngudi ndi:
I kiln, quan dilm doi lap, trdi nguge nhau, phfi djnh Igi f kiln trfin bfing edeh khfing
j hay khdng cd sy: thing nhit, ding tinh giuB dinh: "tdi biit hodc tdi cd bang chieng chdc
I hai chfi ngfin. Khi dd, hai ehu ngfin trong cdc chdn rdng anh dd giup nd ".
j cdu hdi tu tir dugc xac dinh la:
Vi dy (4): Trong phdt ngdn Sao tdi lgi
, - Chfi ngfin 1 - V kien cfia mOt ngudi khdng hiiu? cd the thay:
I khdc, khdng trimg vdi ^ kiln, quan dilm cfia
Chfi ngdn 1 - Y kiln cfia ngufii khdc:
I ngu^ ndi tgi thdi difim phat ngfin.
cho rang "ngu&i ndi chdc dd khdng hiiu vi
mpt
l&i
ndi hay hdnh dpng ndo dd caa minh
- Chfi ngdn 2 - Y kiln efia ngufii ndi,
hoai nghi, phfi dinh f kien thfi nhat, dong hodc cda mdt ngu&i ndo kMc ".
Chfi ngon 2 - Y kien efia ngufii ndi:
I thoi khdng dinh dieu ngugc lgi. Ngudi ndi ed
thi chi ra tfnh thilu edn cfi efia ^ kiln thfi phu dinh Igi y kiln tren bdn^ cdch khfing

. nhit, ehit vin, ddi hdi ngudi dli thogi xem dinh "chdc chdn Id tdi hiiu diiu dd " vfii su
tham gia efia mgt yeu to chat vin.
j xfit lgi f kiln cfia minh...
Khdng thi phfi nhan la, trong cdc cdu hdi
, Chfing tdi sfi phan tfch mgt so vf d\i dl
tu tfi luon tin tgi nhung chfi the khdc nhau
, lam ro d|c diem ndy:


40

NG6N NGC &D6ffS6NG

vdi nhfing y kiln, quan diem khac nhau,
khdng dong nhat vdi nhau. Nhu v^y, cd till
khdng dinh Id, da thanh Id mgt d|e dilm ngtt
dung noi bat, ludn gdn liln voi cdc eau hdi tu
tfi. Hon nua, qua vigc phdn tieh cdc vi dy cy
thi trfin, chfing ta dd thay edi phuong thfie
md cdc can hdi tu tfi dugc xde lip, ngudi ndi
(chfi ngfin 2) dd lay chinh cdi quan difim
khac, quan difim doi lap (efia chu ngdn 1)
lam CO sd dl chat van ngudi dli thoai, xem y
kiln dd nhu la doi tugng tde dgng cfia nhttng
danh giatinhthdi md ngudi ndi ddng vai chfi
thfi. Day cung chhih Id mgt trong nhttng co
chl quan trgng hlnh thdnh nfin nhdra cdu hdi
nay.

So 2 (244)-2016

- Kiep ai cUng the thoi, cy g\
tdi suns su&nz han chdne?
(Lao Hgc, Nam Cao, tr.78)
6 phdt ngdn ndy, f kiln ciia ngudi m^
thogi (ldo Hgc) da dugc ndi ra m$t c d c h ^
ngdn Id: dng hda kiep cho con chd dl nfi IM
kiip ngufii vi mong rdng cd thi kiip n ^ P
sung su&ng han kiip chd. Nhung ngudi n6i
(dng gido) da sfi dyng m$t edu hdi tu ti^ d^
bdc bd suy nghi cfia Ldo Hgc rdng: !d^
ngu&i, md cy the & day Id kiip tdi chdn^
sung su&ng gi han kiep con chd.
Vf dy 8: - May may cdi do ddi xanh hit
nhieng mu&i ddng phdi khdng?
Tim tdi nhu ngitng dap lgi trudc cdu Arfi
ndy. Tdi da may gidu m? tdi, gfii do bin
hdng xdm, md sao mg tdi vdn biet? Kh6r^
thi chdi duprc, tdi lien cu&i nUng niu:
- Con may ddu nao? Tien ddu md i
nhitng chuc bad Con mua lgi caa con chj
em bgn ba ddng dy md dd trd nd ddu?
(Vy:c thfim - Nguyfin Hing)
'^ kiln cfia ngudi dli thogi (ngudi m?) c6
tiln gid dinh la: ngudi con da may m0t c&\
do ddi xanh. Vd ngufifi ndi (ngudi con) bic
bd phfi dinh "con khdng may gi cd, con Ididng
the cd nhiiu tiin nhu thi di may chiec ffo

4. vin dl tilp theo duge d^t ra la can xdc
dinh edc chfi ngdn ton tai trong cau hdi tu tfi
dfi tfi dd thiy dugc ca chl va khd ndng hogt
dOng ciia nhdm phdt ngdn ndy. Qua nhttng
phanti'chcy the chfing tdi tiln hdnh d trfin,
ed thi thay vigc xde dinh ^ kiln, quan dilm
eua chfi ngdn thfi 2 trong cdc cdu hdi tu tfi Id
khd dl ddng. Bdi vi chfing ta cd thi nhin
thay ngay rdng chfi ngdn 2 trong cac cau hdi
tu tfi lufin Id ehfnh ngudi ndi, vd f kiln, quan
dilm eiia ngufii ndi ludn gfin vfii cdi nOi
dung ngam in cfia cau. Vi thi, dilu chfing
tfii quan tdm d ddy Id chfi thi cfia cdi ^ kiln
khde tfin tai trong edu hdi tu tfi Id efia ai vd 4v".
cd nhttng khd nfing ndo hlnh thanh nfin nd?
4.2. Day Id f kiln cfia mgt ngufii thfi ba.
Tfi nhihig tu ligu hi§n cd vd bdng nhttng Vf dy 9:
quan sat trong tii\rc tl giao tiep, chfing tdi
- Td nghe ndi cgu dang cd chuyen lir^
thay ton tgi nhung khd nfing ve chfi ngdn thfi
pheng v&i cd ndo & day phdi khdn^
nhat nhu sau:
- Ldm ei cd chuvin dv hd anh?
4.1. Ddy la y kiln cfia ngufii doi thogi
(Ngufii dan dng d mOt minh - Chu Lai)
6vt(?c ndi ra mOt edch hiln ngdn ho|e ton tgi Vi dy 10: [...] Hai Hiin Ignh trong long
hong tiln gid djnh cfia phdt ngdn trudc._Vf nh? vuot mdi tdc Binh:
dy7:
- Em thuang chf qud!
[...] Ldo chua chdt bdo:

Binh thdn thikc:
' Ong gido ndi phdi! Kiip con chd Id kiip
Em biit ldm! Trong nhd ndy chi c6 cH
khd thi ta hda kiep cho nd di nd ldm kiep Id thuang em, con aicSn^ ghen ghit em, wii
ngu&i, may ra nd cd sung sudng han mpt giyc mu Tdi - si ~ cdu bdt em ngdy dem tiip
chut...
khdch. Hu coi em nhu mpt ke dd cudp m
Tdi bui ngui nhin lao bdo:
mieng dn, manh do su sung sudng cua Aft


Sl2(244)-2016

NG6N NGC & Ddi S6NG

41

md ndo em cd thi vd cd bao eia mudn thi
Con ngdi day v&i thdy cho bu di dong
ggo nhe? Nd khdng chiu spr s^t nhin cha. Chi
ddu?""
(Bi vd - Nguyen Hong) mdng:
Con nhd vdphuc, ai lai sa bd?... Khdn
Trong nhfing cdu hdi tu tu ndy, ^ kiln
khdc, y kiln dli lgp d ddy Id ^ kiln cfia mfit ngn, tgi di vi khong cd tiin mua qud cho nd
nen
nd
gign d^ md. Phdi tdi chit con a ".
ngufii thfi ba, cfia nhfing ngufii ngodi cu0c
(Nghfio - Nam Cao)

dd dugc ngudi dli thogi h o ^ chinh ngudi
6 ngfi cdnh ngay, hdnh dgng "sg s$t nhin
ndi dua vao phdt ngdn.
4.3. Day Id mgt -^ kiln khdc cua chinh cha" cfia dfia be la ca sd dfi hinh thanh nfin
ngudi ndi xuit hi^n trfin con dufing t\r ehit cau hdi tu tfi sau do efia ngudi me.
ViduU:
vin, diu tranh vfii bdn than dl xdc lap mgt
K(r Sinh nhin chdng, thd ddi Idc ddu:
quan diem, thdi dg. Vi dy 11:
Ai cho chiing minh vc^ bay gid? Bd dy
'Toi ngdm nghi: "hdn dd mudn chit thi
cdn
nhd ddu din Idii trudc vdn nh& vd minh.
cho hdn chit. Tdi cd quvin ei cdm hdn? Hdn
Sinh
budn rdu, ndi mdt cdch chdn ndn:
khdng bdn cho tdi thi hdn bdn cho ngudi
khdc. Tdi di Id mpt djp tdt Id tdi ngu. Vdy thi - Thdi d&i vdn the trdch ldm gi? Nhune
bdy gi& ldm thi ndol
tdi mua cdi nhd". (Mua rdid - Nam Cao)
^ d i - Thgch Lam)
Ngtt ednh trfin cho thdy s\r tvr thuylt phyc
Quan sat vf dy tren ta thiy, vl vg Sinh ndi
vd "diu tranh" vdi bdn thdn cfia ngufii ndi dl
ra eau dd nfin Smh nghi rdi^ vg minh cd y
lira chgn eon dudng xde lap thdi dg cfia minh trach mdc "bd iy", vi v|ly Sinh da sfi dung
doi vfii s\r vigc. Ro rdng trudc dd, tgi m0t mgt cdu hdi tu tfi ed ngi dung ngam an la
thdi dilm ndo dd, ngudi ndi dd cd ^ nghi nfin "khdng nfin trdch lam gi, cudc song von Id
"eim" hdn Idm vifc (bdn nhd) iy, vd cdu hdi the".
tu tfi chinh Id sy: t\r chat vin, tyr bdc bd ^ kiln

4.5. Ddy Id mgt khd nang tiem tdng, trong
efia chlnh minh trudc dd.
mgt tinh hulng doi thoai cy the. Ngudi ndi
Vf dy 12:
cho rfing, ngudi ta cd the ndi hofic nghi nhu
'\..Nhieng diiu quan h$ Id Lien budn bdn the. Tfic ^ kien ay la cfia mgt kifiu chfi the
chung v&i vp- San. Liin sudt ngdy di vdng. trong thi gifii khd huu (possible world) duge
Thik nhu cd ngu&i cd m0t Id liea dang bocngufii ndi d\r doan trudc cdi phdnfingcd thi
lin ngUn ngut, y mudn nh^ sd ra, ddnh dgpcd.
Vi dy 15; Cdi cdu dupfc phdn cdng vgn
Lien tui byi cho hd gidn. Mdt Idc sau y lgi
nghi - Di budn cd phdi Id mdt cdi tdi ddu? ". dpng tdi [...J qud Id cd tdi thuyit khdch. [...]
cdu ta hua chimin ndy vdo Sdi Gdn trycc tiip
(Sing mdn - Nam Cao)
mua cho tdi mpt tu Ignh vd mot chiic ti vi
Tuong tu nhu v|y, trong vi dy nay, ngudi
thgt "nghiim chinh". Cgu ta cun^ khdng
ndi dd phfi dinh lgi ehinh ^ kiln cfia minh quin nhdc di nhdc lgi rdng, v&i sd tiin dd VQ
dugc hlnh thdnh d m$t thdi dilm khdc.
con tdi cd thi tien thdng,... len mpt cupc
4.4. Ddy Id y kiln dugc suy ra tfi m$t sdng sung tuc, ti$n nghi. Vd lgi. cd ma ndo
hdnh d$ng, v i ^ ldm, ldi ndi efia ngudi khde. biit chie? Hdng xudt khdi kho rdi, chiing tdi
Nd cd thi Id nhttng vigc ldm, hdnh dgng five cie giao du cho nai nhdn theo hda dan,
tilp ho§c duge hinh thdnh theo kieu: Neu chieng tie Id dupc rdi, ai biit day la ddu?
anh Idm/ndi (X) tW cd thi cho rfing anh dd
(5 ngtt canh ndy, cai y kien khde trong cd
nghi (Y), hofic trong hoan cdnh ndy, theo d\r hai eau hdi tu tfi sg ring "cd thi se cd ngu&i
dodn cfia toi, anh cd thi nghi (Y). Vi dy 13: ndo do biit vi$c ldm phi phcq) caa minh"

42

NGON N G g & f l 6 l s 6 N G

khdng dugc ndi ra chmh thftc tft mdt chi the
ndo, md nd chi Id cdi khd ndng md ngudi ndi
nghi ring cd thi xdy ra dl ldm ca so cho lap
ludn, bdc bd ciia minh.
S. Tft nhfing gi trinh bdy tien day, cd thi
thdy rdng, cau hdi tu tft Id nhttng phdt ngdn
da thanh rat diln hinh. Tinh da thanh Id mOt
trong nhftng ddc trung ngft dung ndi bdt, gan
chdt vdi cdc cdu hdi tu tft. Tuy nhien, thuOc
tinh da thanh trong cdc cdu hdi tu tft cd the
cd mftc do hiln ngdn khdng cao. Nhieu khi
de xdc dinh dugc chung cdn dya vdo mdt
ngtt cdnh giao tilp rgng hay dya vdo cdc yeu
to ttah thdi xudt hiOn trong phdt ngdn. Hon
niia, cdi f kiln khdc, dugc lay ldm co sd cho
viOc xdc ldp nOi dung mOnh dl trong cdc cdu
hdi tu tft cd the Id dieu dugc ndi ra mdt cdch
hien ngdn ciing cd the la dieu khdng dugc
ndi ra hien ngdn. Vi vdy, vide nghiOn ciiu
cdc cdu hdi logi ndy ddi hdi ngudi nghiOn
cuu phdi quan sdt vd phdn tich mOt cdch ti
mi, cy thi, chi tilt. Vice xdc dinh dugc thuOc
tinh da thanh trong cau hdi tu tft, theo chftng
tOi, s5 giftp ngu&i nghien ciiu hilu dgc dilm
ngft nghia - ngtt dyng cfta cdu hdi tu tft mgt
cdch todn diOn hon.

TAI L i f u THAIM KHAO
1. BS Hftu Chdu (2003), Dgi cuang ngdn
ngi hpc (tdp hai, NgO dyng hgc), Nxb Gido
dye, TP.H6 Chi Minh.
2. Nguyen Dftc Dan (1983), Phu dfnh vd
bdc bo, Tgp chi Ngdn ngtt. So 1-1983.
3. Le Ddng (1996), NgO nghta - ngi
dung cdu hdi chinh danh, Ludn dn tiln si
khoa hgc ngtt vdn, Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi
HdNOi.
4. Nguyen ThiOn Gidp (2004), Dung hpc
Viet ngi, Nxb Dgi hgc Qudc gia Hd NOi, Ha
Ngi.
5. Han,
C.
(2002), Interpreting
inlerrogatives as rhetorical questions,
Lmgua 112 (2002): 201-229.

Sl2(244)-2016

6. Cao Xudn Hgo (2004), Tiing Viil m '
thdo ngi phdp ch^c ndng, Nxb Gido dpc,
TP.HlChiMmh.
7. Nguyin Vdn HiOp_ (2007), Mdi si
phgm tri tinh thdi chu yiu trong ngon ngO,
Tgp chi Ngdn ngtt, S6 8-2007, ti-.14-28.
8. Le Thj Thu Hodi (2011), Chic nang
thifC hien nhung hdnh vi ngdn ngi Igi ldi
gidn tiip cila cdu hdi tu li, Tgp chl Ngdn

ngu. So 11-2011.
9. Le TM Thu Hodi (2012), Ca chi Mnh
thdnh cdc menh de ngdm dn trong cdu hoi tu
ti. Tap chi NgOn ngft, S6 11-2012.
10. Ivano Caponigro, Jon Sprouse
(2007), Rhetorical questions as questions. In
Estela Puig Waldmiiller (ed,). Proceeding
of Sinn und Bedeulung (SuB) 11, pp, 121133, Barcelona: Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
11. Hi Ld (1976), Tim hiiu ndi dung
cdu hdi vd cdch Ihic Ihi hiin hoi Irong tiing
Viet hien dgi, Tgp chi Ngdn ngtt, S6 2-1976.
12. Nguyin Quang Ngogn (2007), Mgt
sS chiin lupc phdn bdc Ihudng ding Irong
liing Viet, Tap chi Ngdn ngfl, Sl 7-2007,
ti-.39-45.
13. Nguyin Phu Phong (1994), Vd djnli
- nghi vdn vd phd dinh, Tgp chl Ngdn ngd,
So 2-1994.
14. Rohde, H. (2006), Rhetoricd
questions as redundant inlerrogatives, San
Diego Linguistics Papers, Issue 2, University
of California, San Diego, pp, 134-168.
15. Suiwong Hongsawan (2010), Ck
phuang lien thi Men hdnh dpng bdc M
trong liing Thdi vd tiing Viet, Nxb Dgi hgc
Quic gia HdNOi.
16. Sophana Srichampa (2004), Cdc iSi
ndi phu djnh vd khdng djnh Irong tiingVi^
vd tiing Thdi, HOi thdo ngon ngfl hgc lidn A
lan thft 6, Tru&ng Dai hgc KHXH-NV, Ha

Ngi.
17. Nguyin Kim Thdn (1972), Vdi nhfin
xit vi cdch bdy td y phd dinh trong tiing
Kifr, Tgp chi NgOn ngtt, Sl 2-1972.