trau doi ngu phap tieng Anh da dang ly thuyet bai tap

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k1A

the present simple tense

(Thì hiện tại đơn giản)

I. Cách chia.

1. To be: am/is/are

2. §éng tõ khuyÕt thiÕu: can, may, must, need…+ V (nguyªn thĨ)
3. §éng tõ th êng: S + V/V-s, -es

Chó ý: (+) He, she, it + V-s / -es

(a) Những động từ có chữ tận cùng là -ss, -s, -o, -x, -ch, -sh -> V -es.
E.g. I kiss - He kisses I bus - He buses

I go - He goes I mix - He mixes

I watch - He watches I wash - He

washes />(b) Những động từ có chữ tận cùng là -y -> -ies.

E.g. I study - He studies
I carry - He carries
Chó ý: I play - He plays
(c) Các trờng hợp còn lại thêm -s
E. g. I work - He works

I drive - He drives
II. C¸h sư dơng.

Thì HTĐG đợc dùng trong các trờng hợp sau đây:
1. Miêu tả thói quen, tình trạng, sự kiện xảy ra thành qui luật.
E.g.

- I always get up early in the morning.

- I don't like beer but my husband is very fond of it.
- Olympic Games take place every four years.
- British people drink a lot of tea.

* Những (cụm) trạng từ sau đây thờng đợc sử dụng:

(+) Always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely/ seldom/ scarcely, never. Những trạng từ này
th-ờng đứng sau thì đơn giản của TO BE nhng trớc thì đơn giản của Động Từ Thth-ờng.

E.g. - He always gets up late in the morning.
- It's usually hot in summer.

(+) Rarely, seldom, scarcely (hiếm khi) and never mang nghĩa phủ định nhng lại dùng với động từ chia ở thể
khẳng định.

E.g. - He never eats meat.
- She rarely goes to town.

(+) Every day/ week/ year/ summer: Hàng ngày/tuần/năm, mùa hè nào cũng vậy
Every 2 hours/ 2 days/ 3 weeks : Hai giờ/2 ngày/3 tuần 1 lÇn

Once/ twice (every) 2 hours/ 2 days/ 3 weeks…: Hai giờ/2 ngày/3 tuần 1 lần/2 lần

Nhng cm trng t ny thờng đứng ở đầu hoặc cuối câu.
E.g: - Once every three weeks he has his haircut.

2. Miêu tả nhừng điều ln đúng hoặc tình trạng có tính chất ổn định, ít thay đổi trong 1 thời gian dài.
E. g. - The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.

- The Earth is round.

- I 'm a teacher. I teach maths in a school.
- He lives in London. He works in a bank.

3. H íng dÉn ai làm gì hoặc ghi nhật ký, lịch trình chuyến đI, giờ tàu, xe, máy bay.
E.g. - First, you pour in some water, then you put it onto the cooker…

- On day three, we visit Hyde Park…
- The first train leaves at 3.30 a.m.

4. Tóm tắt s kiện lịch sử hoặc nội dung phim, kịch hoặc truyện.
E.g. - May 1945: The war in Europe comes to an end.

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K1b

The present continuous tense

(Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn)

I.Cách chia.

am, is, are + V-ing (present participle)

* Cách thành lËp V-ing

(a) Các động từ có chữ tận cùng là -e -> bỏ ..e trớc khi thêm …ing

E.g. dance -> dancing write -> writing queue -> queuing
Chó ý: lie -> lying

see -> seeing

(b) Những động từ có 1 nguyên âm, kết thúc bằng 1 phụ âm -> nhân đôi phụ âm cuối trớc khi thêm -ing.
E.g. run -> running

sit -> sitting

swim -> swimming
Chó ý:draw -> drawing

buy -> buying

(c) Những động từ có nhiều hơn 1 nguyên âm, trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ 2 -> nhân đôi phụ âm cuối
trớc khi thêm …ing.

E.g. begin -> beginning
(d) Một số trờng hợp đặc biệt.
E.g. travel -> travelling

signal -> signalling
traffic -> trafficking
dial -> dialling

(e) Các trờng hợp còn lại -> thêm -ing vào sau động từ.

E.g. work -> working

play -> playing
eat -> eating
II. Cách dùng

Thì HTTD dùng trong các trờng hợp sau đây:

1. Miờu t hnh ng ang din ra tại thời điểm nói ở hiện tại hoặc trong khoảng thời gian đó.
E.g. - Who are you speaking to?

- We are learning the present continuous tense at the moment.
- We are learning hard for the entrance exam next year.
- I'm saving up to build a house.

* Những (cụm) trạng từ sau đây thờng đợc dùng : at the moment, at present, currently (hiện nay, lúc này),
still (vẫn còn), just (đúng lúc đang)…

2.Phàn nàn về thói quen xấu, thể hiện thái độ khơng hài lịng của ng ời nói.
E.g. - You're always forgetting to lock the door.

- They're constantly having parties until midnight.

* Những trạng từ sau đây đi kèm với ý nghĩa này: always, constantly, continually, forever.
3. Miêu tả sự thay đổi (trạng thái, tình trạng), sự phát triển hoặc xu h ớng.

E.g. - It's getting hotter.

- More and more people are giving up smoking.

4. Miêu tả dự định hoặc kế hoạch trong t ơng lai. Trong tr ờng hợp này nhất đinh phải có trạng từ thời
gian t ơng lai đi kèm hoặc phải đ ợc làm rõ bởi tình huống.

E.g. - What are you doing tonight?
I'm going out with friends.
- Are you free this afternoon?

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K1c

Những động từ khơng dùng thì tiếp diễn

I. Các động từ tình thái

agree: đồng ý believe: tin belong to: thuộc về

contain: bao gồm, chứa đựng cost: tốn, có giá là consider*: cho rằng, cân nhắc

feel*: c¶m thÊy fit: võa vỊ kÝch thíc hate: ghÐt

have*: cã hear: nghe thÊy know: biÕt, hiĨu

look: nh×n like: thÝch love: yªu

matter: quan träng mean: ý nãi r»ng need: cÇn

own: sở hữu prefer: thích hơn regard: cho rằng, nhận định

suppose: cho rằng, nhận định taste*: có vị, nếm think*: ngh rng, suy ngh

understand: hiểu weigh*: cân nặng.

Những động từ có dấu sao (*) có thể dũng ở thì tiếp diễn nhng lại có nghĩa khác
E.g.

- Feel:

- I feel that you are wrong.
- I feel/ am feeling cold.
- Taste:

- The soup tastes salty.
- I'm tasting the soup.
- Consider:

- People consider the restaurant to be good.
- I'm considering changing my job.

- Have:

- I have (got) a motorbike.
- Call later! She's having a bath.

* Have + breakfast/ lunch/ dinner/ an English lesson/ a good time: ăn sáng, tra, tèi/ häc tiÕng Anh/vui vỴ
- Think :

- What do you think of M. Jackson? ~ (I think) I like him.
- Who are you thinking about?

- He's thinking of going abroad.
- Weigh:

- How much do you weigh? ~ I weigh 48 kilos.
- I'm weighing this bag.

II. Các động từ giới thiệu.

admit: thú nhận, khẳng định assume: cho rằng accept: chp nhn

acknowledge: công nhận advise: khuyên apologise: xin lỗi

deny: chi rng guarantee: m bo hope: hy vng

inform: thông báo predict: dự ®o¸n promise: høa

recommend: đề xuất, giới thiệu suggest: gợi ý, đề xuất warn: cảnh báo…
E.g. - I admit that I can't see as well as I used to.

- I hope that the weather will be fine.

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K1A

I. Ken shares a flat with three friends. He describes their morning routines.

Put the verbs given in the correct form of the present simple tense to complete the text. Some are in
the negative form. Use some more than once.

turn up like come down miss

watch stay have get up

hurry listen to go wake up

switch on run take start

Christine (1)…….………….. first at about seven o’clock. She (2)………..…………breakfast early
because she (3)………..…….work at eight o’clock. When I (4)………….…………., I (5)
………..the radio and (6)……….the news. Then I (7)………and (8)
……….a shower. I (9)………..downstairs at about quarter past seven. Sam (10)
………..at about half past seven. She (11)……….…………the radio, so she (12)
………..the television and (13)………..…..……….the breakfast programme. She always (14)
………..the volume too loud, so we usually (15)………..………….an argument about that.

Colin (16)……….to college and he’s always late. He (17)..……….
….usually……….……….breakfast. He (18)………….…………downstairs at the last minute, and (19)
…………..……..……out to get the bus. But he usually (20)…………..……….it, so then I (21)……….
………him in my car and I’m late for work. I (22)………..……the weekends, because everyone
(23)……….…………in bed late. But I (24)……….in bed. I (25)………first
and (26)………..breakfast in peace.

II. Complete the text with the verbs given. Use the correct forms of the present simple tense.

arrive walk work get

finish watch open go (x2)

have play practise need

live get up start go out

Leo Tozer doesn’t have a very normal routine. He (1)………in a nightclub, where he (2)
………the piano in a jazz band. The club (3)……… at 11.00 at night, but the

members of the band usually (4)……….…..there at 9.00 and they (5)………..for a couple
of hours. The first customers (6)………..………..at about 11.15 and the show (7)………….……at
midnight. It (8)……….at 5.00 in the morning. Then Leo and his friends (9)………..………
something to eat, before they (10)………home. Leo (11)……….……..quite close to the
club, so he (12)………….………home. He (13)………..….to bed at 8.00, but he only (14)
………....about four hours sleep, so he (15)………..………at midday. In the afternoon
he (16)………..…………TV or he (17)………..……..

III. Write a passage of not more than 120 words about your habits and hobbies

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K1B

&

C

1. Complete the guide’s commentary. Put the verbs into the present simple or the present continuous.
Hello and welcome to the Western TV Studios tour.

At the moment we (1)…………..…………..(go) into studio A. In this building on the left they (2)
………..…(make) several TV dramas, but they (3)………(not film) today, because
the workmen (4)……….……..(build) the scenery for a new series of Harper Street. Over a
hundred builders, painters, joiners and electricians (5)……….(work) here at Western TV
Studios. Now we (6)………..……(leave) Studio A and we (7)………(go) past the
costume department. The people here (8)………..(make) and (9) ……….………….(repair) the
clothes for the actors and actresses. This room (10)………….………(contain) over 2,000 dresses. And now
we (11)………(come) to Studio B, but we have to wait for the green light. The red light
means that they (12)……….…..(shoot) a film. While we (13)………..…………(wait),
let me tell you something about Western TV. We (14)………..…….(make) programmes for
television and we (15)………....(sell) them to TV stations here and around the world. We
normally (16)……….………..……(produce) about ten programmes a week. At the moment here in
Studio B they (17)……….………..(film) an episode of San Francisco Nights. Well, now we’ve
got the green light and…

II. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses: present simple or present continuous.

Sally (1)……….….(live) on her own and she usually (2)……….……..(get) up late on
Saturdays. But this weekend, she’s already up at 8 o’clock and she (3)……….……….(cook) breakfast
in the kitchen. Her friends, Alison and Joanne, (4)………(stay) with her for the weekend and
they (5)………(get) ready for the day. At the moment Alison (6)………..(watch) the
breakfast show on TV and Joanne (7)……….……….(have) a shower. Alison and Joanne (8)
………..…..….(come) to stay with Sally every year and they always (9)……….………(spend)
the day in London. They usually (10)………….…………(visit) a gallery or a museum in the morning and
(11)……….(shop) in the afternoon. Now Joanne (12)………(come) downstairs and
breakfast is ready.

III. Put the verbs in the brackets in the correct tenses: present simple or present continuous tense.

1. Ann (make)……… all her own clothes. At the moment she (make)……… a dress for
herself.

2. What's that smell? Something (burn)………. in the kitchen.

3. I (work)……….. overtime this month because I (save)……….. up to buy a car.

4. He (smoke)……… 30 cigarettes a day, but at the moment he (try) ………very hard to
cut down.

5. She usually (learn)………. languages very fast, but she (have)……….. problems with
Chinese.

6. Emma (spend)………. every school holiday in Scotland.

7. Why are you under the table? (you/look)……….. for something?

8. My wife (not like)……… football, but my son (be)……… crazy about it.
9. Margaret Simon (come) ………..from Norway but now she (live)……….. in Britain.
10. I (not belong)……… to a political party.

11. Hurry! The bus (come)………... I (not want) ………to miss it.
12. The River Nile (flow)……….. into Mediterranean.

13. The river (flow)………. fast today - much faster than usual.

14. Ron is in London at the moment. He (stay)……….. at the Hilton Hotel. He usually (stay)
………at the Hilton Hotel when he's in London.

15. A: Can you drive?

B: No, but I (learn)………. My father (teach)………me.
16. You can't see Tom now, he (have)………. a bath.

17. I won't go out now as it (rain)……….. and I (not have)……….. an umbrella.
18. The last train (leave)………. the station at 11.30.

19. Hardly anyone (wear)……… a hat nowadays.

20. (you/enjoy)………. yourself or would you like to leave now? ~ I (enjoy) ………
myself very much. I (want)……… to stay to the end.

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1. I haven't decided yet about whether to buy a new car or a second-hand one. But I think about it. /I'm
thinking about it.

2. All right, you try to fix the television! But I hope /I'm hoping you know what you're doing!

3. Every year I visit/I'm visiting Britain to improve my English.

4. It's time we turned on the central heating. It gets/It's getting colder every day.
5. Of course, you're Mary, aren't you? I recognise/I'm recognising you now.
6. What's the matter? Why do you look/are you looking at me like that?
7. The film of War and Peace is very long. It lasts/It is lasting over four hours.

8. I can see from what you say that your mornings are very busy! But what do you do/are you doing in the
afternoons?

9. I'm going to buy a new swimming costume. My old one doesn't fit/isn't fitting anymore.

10. That must be the end of the first part of the performance. What happens now/is happening now?
11. What sort of work do you do/are you doing?

12. I can’t talk now. I cook/am cooking the dinner.
13. What shall we have? Do you like/Are you liking fish?

14. Can I borrow your typewriter? Or do you use/are you using it?

15. What do the people here do/are the people here doing in the evenings?
16. Follow that bus. Then you turn/you are turning left.

17. A lot of people think that the Sun goes/is going around the Earth.

18. Excuse me, do you read/are you reading your newspaper? Could I borrow it?
19. Do you wait/Are you waiting for the bus to Newcastle?

20. Andy builds/is building his own house in the country.

V. Rewrite the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the one printed before
that.

1. There’s a party at Mary’s house next week. (having)

-> Next week………..party at her house.
2. Our meeting is tomorrow. (a)

-> We……….tomorrow.
3. Do you have any plans for Saturday evening? (doing)

-> What………Saturday evening?
4. Is this car yours? (you)

-> Do……….car?
5. Look at those black clouds! There’s rain on the way! (to0

-> Look at those clouds! It’s………rain.
6. Nigel keeps interrupting me. (always)

-> Nigel is………..
7. The number of people who own bicycles is increasing. (owning)
-> More and more people………..
8. What is inside this box? (does)

-> What………..?
9. Whose watch is it? (to)

->Who………..?
10. My dentist’s appointment is for next Wednesday. (to)

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K2

the past simple tense

(Thì quá khứ đơn giản)

I. C¸ch chia

1. To be: was/ were
2. Modal verbs: can-could

may-might
must-had to
3. Ordinary verbs.

3.1. Thể khẳng định

(a) §éng tõ cã qui tắc:

V- ed

Cách thành lập V-ed

+ Nhng ng từ kết thúc bằng –e -> chỉ thêm -d.
E.g. like - liked

dance - danced

+ Những động từ có 1 nguyên âm, kết thúc bằng phụ âm -> nhân đôI phụ âm cuối rồi thêm -ed.
E.g. stop – stopped

step – stepped
drag - dragged

+ Những động từ kết thúc bằng –y -> đổi –y thành –i rồi thêm –ed (= ied)
E.g. try – tried

marry - married

+ Với những động từ khác, chỉ thêm -ed
E.g. open – opened

look - looked
(b) §éng tõ bÊt qui t¾c

Tra cứu cột 2 bảng động từ bất qui tắc

E.g. do – did write – wrote come - came

3.2. Thể phủ định & nghi vấn

- Thể phủ định và nghi vấn có dạng thức chung cho cả động từ có qui tắc và bất qui tắc: động từ chính trong
câu trở về dạng nguyên thể.

E.g.

- She did not go to school yesterday.
- They didn’t work last weekend.

- Did you enjoy your holiday? ~ Yes, I did.
- Did he buy any books? ~ No, he didn't.

II. ý nghĩa

Thì QKĐG dùng trong những tình huống sau đây:

1. Miờu tả hành động, sự kiện, tình trạng đã xảy ra và kết thúc trong q khứ(khơng cịn tồn tại ở hiện 
tại

E.g:

- We played football yesterday.
- He died 12 years ago.

- I lived in London for 5 years.

- He liked sweets very much when he was small.

2. Miêu tả hành động xảy ra lặp đi lặp lại trong quá khứ, thói quen trong quá khứ
E.g.

- They went to Spain every year until 1995.

- When I was small, I usually went swimming with my father.

- Last summer I spent 2 months in Do son. Everyday I got up early and walked along the beach.
Chú ý: Để miêu tả thói quen trong quá khứ còn có thể dùng: Used to và Would

* Used tomiêu tả thói quen, tình trạng trong quá khứ mà không còn tồn tại ở hiện tại n÷a.
E.g.

- When I was small, I used to like sweets very much. I used to pester my mother for some after meals.
- Tom and Peter didn't use to like each other very much, but now they seem to get on well with each

other.

Note:

- Thể khẳng định: Used to + động từ nguyên thể

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* Would miêu tả thói quen trong quá khứ hoặc thói quen điển hình của ai đó. (Would khơng miêu tả tình
trạng)

E.g.

- He used to love her very much. Everyday he would buy her a bunch of flowers.
- Whenever she was angry, she would shout loudly.

4. Miêu tả 1 chuỗi hành động xảy ra liên tiếp, hành động này nối tiếp hành động kia
E.g.

- He got up, quickly dressed and rushed to school.

- He stopped, looked through the glass, knocked at the door and walked in.

the past continuous tense

(Thì quá khø tiÕp diƠn)

I. c¸Ch chia

was/were + V-ing

E.g.

- I was phoning my teacher when I saw her at the door.

- They were playing when it poured with rain.

II. ý nghÜa

Th× QKTD dùng trong các trờng hợp sau:

1. Miờu t hnh động diễn ra trong 1 khoảng thời gian trong QK
E.g.

- What were you doing at 6.00 this morning? ~ I was watching TV.
 (I started watching before 6.00 and continued after 6.00)

* Chú ý: Thì QKTD miêu tả hành động, sự việc đang diễn ra trong quá khứ thì bị cắt ngang bởi 1 hành động
khác đợc diễn tả bởi thì QKĐG. Hai hành động này thờng đợc diễn đạt bằng câu phức dùng mệnh đề thời
gian bắt đầu bằng: when, as, while

E.g - I was doing my homework when Jack arrived. 
- When the teacher arrived, the students were talking.

(Doing my homework and talking are long activities. Something happened in the middle to interrupt
them)

- While I was cooking dinner, my sons were playing games. Suddenly the telephone rang.
(Two activities (cooking and playing) were happening at the same time in the past)
* So s¸nh:

- The teacher arrived, then they started the lesson. (Here, there are two activities, one followed by 
another.)

2. Miêu tả khung cảnh nền của 1 câu truyện, cịn thì QKĐG miêu tả hành động

E.g.

- The moon was shining through the window. James Bond came into the room and sat down on the 
bed.

3. Miêu tả sự thay đổi trạng thái, tình trạng, sự phát triển hoặc xu h ớng trong QK
E.g.

- It was getting darker, so they decided to stop.
- The car was getting worse all the time.

4. Miêu tả tháí độ chỉ trích, phê phán thói quen khơng tích cực trong q khứ của ai đó
E.g.

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k2

I.Complete this table of irregular past tenses and their verb stems

stem Past tense stem Past tense stem Past tense

Beat Feel Shoot

Bend Fly Sink

Bit Froze Sprang

Bled Held Stole

Blow Hurt Stick

Build Lay Swing

Caught Meant Tore

chose Paid Trode

Cost Rise Wear

Draw Send win

Drove Shook Wound

fell shone wrote

II. Complete the story with the past tense of the verbs in brackets.

Last Tuesday Peter Kerry, 14,……….. (have) an argument with his father, when Peter ………..
(drop) a tin of spaghetti. Later, when the rest of the family……….(go) to a football match,
Peter………(decide) to run away. He……….(steal) his father’s passport and credit cards.
Then he……….(catch) the train to Heathrow airport and………..(book) a flight to Malaysia.
The ticket……….(cost) $499. When Peter’s family………..(come) home, Peter………..
(be) already on his way to Kuala Lumpur. Passport officials in London and Kuala Lumpur
………..(not stop) him and he………..(enter) Malaysia with no problems. From Kuala
Lumpur he ……… (travel) on to Johor Baharu. He ………(try) to check into a hotel, but the
receptionist……….(refuse) to accept his credit card. He………(call) his parents and
………..(tell) them that he……….(be) in Malaysia. Then he………(leave) Johor Baharu
and ……….(get) a lift to Kota Baharu. Here Malaysian police finally………..(find) him.
They………..(take) him back to Kuala Lumpur and ………(put) him on a plane to London.
His parents………..(feel) very happy, but they……….(be) worried about the future. “This isn’t
the first time,” ………..(say) his father. “Last year he………(run) away to Paris.

III. Complete the story, using the verbs given.

a. rescued b. arrived c. climbed d. killed

e. called f. invited g. couldn't get down h. ran over
i. put up j. offered k. was waiting l. were leaving
m. was working n. was playing

On 14th January 1978 Mrs. Brewin 1………… in her garden. Her cat, Henry, 2…………. around
her. It 3……… a tree in the garden and 4...…….., so she 5……….. the Fire Brigade. While she
6……… for them to arrive, she 7……….. him some fish to try to get him down.

The army finally 8………, 9……… their ladder and 10………. the cat. Mrs.
Brewin was delighted and 11……….. them in for some tea. But as they 12………… ten minutes later,
they 13 ……… the cat and 14………. him.

IV. Put the verbs in the brackets in the correct tenses: past simple or past continuous
1. While I (come)………. to work this morning, I (meet)……….. an old friend.

2. I (not want) ……….to get up this morning. It (rain) ………and it was so cold, and my
bed was so warm.

3. I (listen)……… to the news on the radio when the phone (ring)……….
4. But when I (pick)……….. up the phone, there was no one there.

5. I said "hello" to the children, but they didn't say anything because they (watch)……….. television.
6. I (light)……… the fire at 6.00 and it (burn)………. brightly when Tom came at 7.00.
7. I (make)……….. the cake when the light went out. I (have)………. to finish it in the dark.
8. I didn't want to meet Paul so when he entered the room, I (leave)………..

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10. He (watch)……… TV when the phone rang. Very unwillingly, he (turn)………. down the
sound and (go)……….. to answer it.

11. When I arrived, she (have)……… lunch. She apologized for starting without me but she
always (lunch)………. at 12.30.

12. The burglar (open)……….. the safe when he (hear)……… footsteps. He immediately
(put)………. out his torch and (crawl)……… under the bed.

13. He (clean) ………..his gun when it accidentally (go)………. off and (kill)
………..him.

14. He (not allow) ………..us to go out in the boat yesterday as a strong wind (blow)………...
15. As I (cross)……….. the road, I (step)……… on a banana skin and (fall) ……….
heavily. I still (lie)………. on the road when I (see) ……….a lorry approaching. Luckily, the
driver (see) ………me and (stop)……….. the lorry in time.

16. When I (hear)……….. his knock, I (go)………. to the door and (open)……….. it,
but I (not/recognize)………. him at once because I (not/wear)……… my glasses.
17. While the guests (dance)………., thieves (break)………. into the house and (steal)
……….. a lot of fur coats.

18. I realized that someone (steal)……… my wallet when I (feel)……… their hand in
my jacket pocket.

19. Nobody (watch)………, so the little boy (take)………. the packet of sweets from the
shelf and (put)……….. it in his pocket.

20. I (not/understand) ………..what (go) ………..on. Several people (shout)

……….at me, and one (wave) ………a newspaper in front of my face.

V. Complete the text with the words given.

abroad years down climates born left

his preferred didn’t now started far

died nearly university lost agree to

when moved ago child for

Geoff and his family moved around a lot when he was a………(1), because his parents
couldn’t………(2) where to live. His father wanted to live………(3), because he liked
warm………(4), but his mother………(5) Britain. Geoff was………...(6) in
Peru, but he and his sister Bonnie grew up mostly in England. The family……….(7) Peru when he
was about four………..(8) old and went to England. ………(9) grandfather was ill and his
mother wanted to be near him. They……….(10) stay in England long, however, as Geoff’s
grandfather…………..….(11). His father then got a job in the ………(12) East, in Singapore. They
were there for………..(13) five years, but then his father………..(14) his job when his company
closed………(15). They moved back ……….(16) Britain……….(17) his father
got a job in Scotland. They were only in Scotland……….(18) about six months, however. It was
too cold there, so they……….(19) to south London. Geoff……….(20) secondary school
and so they stayed there until he left school and went to………..(21). About two
years………(22) Geoff got a place at a university in Canada, and that’s where he is………
(23).

VI. Put the following sentences into English
1. Tối qua chúng tôi đang ăn tối thì anh ấy đến chơi.

2. Mai đang học bài thì mất điện. Cô ấy quyết định đi ngủ sớm

3. Một chiếc xe tải đang đi rất nhanh thì nó đâm vào một chiếc xe hơi. Những ngời qua đờng xúm lại rất
nhanh. Ai đó gọi xe cứu thơng và cảnh sát tới.

4. Hồi học phổ thông, Minh thờng quên sách vở ở nhà và thầy cơ thờng phê bình cậu ấy.
5. Hồi còn trẻ Minh thờng đi chơi khuya và cha mẹ cậu ấy rất buồn vì điều đó.

6. Tríc đây anh ấy sở hữu một ngôi nhà lớn, nhng bây giờ anh ấy sống trong một căn hộ nhỏ.
7. Hôm qua đi dự sinh nhật An bạn mặc cái gì? ~ Mình mặc một chiếc váy màu xanh da trời.
8. Susan đang nằm phơi nắng trong khi mấy du khách đang cho chim bồ câu ăn.

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k3

the present perfect simple tense

(Thì hiện tại hồn thành đơn giản)

I. C¸ch chia

S + have/has + past participle

* Past participle: - Động từ qui tắc: Past participle = Past simple = V-ed

- Động từ bất qui tắc : Past participle = Cột 3 bảng động từ bất qui tắc

II. ý nghÜa

Thì HTHT dùng để miêu tả:

1. hành động vùa mới xảy ra trong quá khứ, không có thời điểm xác định. Tính tức thời của hành động đợc diễn tả

bằng trạng từ just. Một số trạng từ khác dùng với ý nghĩa này là: recently, lately (thời gian gần đây),
yet (cha/đã cha), already (đã rồi), so far, up to now, up to the present (tính cho đến nay).
E.g.

- I've just seen a ghost. - We've missed the last train.
- Jim has had three car accidents. (up to the present)

- I haven't had breakfast yet. - Have you seen a good film recently?
2. hành động xảy ra trong q khứ, khơng có thời điểm xác định nhng có kết quả ở hiện tại.
E.g.

- I've cut myself badly. My finger's bleeding.

- Can you lend me $10? I've left my wallet at home.

* Khi hỏi đáp về các thông tin chi tiết của hành động (với ai, khi nào, ở đâu?), phải dùng thì QKĐG.
E.g.

- Have you had breakfast? ~ - Yes, I have.
- What did you have? ~ - I had some bread.

3. tình trạng, hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ và tiếp diễn cho tới hiện tại. Khoảng thời gian mà hành động diễn
ra đợc diễn đạt bằng các (cụm) trạng từ thời gian sau: for, since, (ever) since.

* For + period of time (20 minutes, 3 days, 4 months…)

* Since + a point of time in the past (yesterday, last weekend, I came here…)

* (Ever) Since/Since then :Từ đó đến nay (đợc dùng khi thời điểm xảy ra hành động đã đợc nhắc tới từ trớc)

E.g. - He left home three days ago. I haven’t seen him (ever) since/since then.

* For/ during/ in/ over + the last/ past + few/ several + days/ months/ years…
E.g.

- We've been in this room for an hour.

- There have been three accidents in the area for the past few days.
- How long has he lived here? ~ He has lived here since he was born.

So sỏnh vi thỡ quỏ kh n gin

+ Thì QKĐG:

- dùng với cụm trạng từ thời gian nói tới thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ.
- miêu tả hành động xảy ra và kết thúc trong quá khứ.

+ Th× HTHT:

- miêu tả hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ nhng không xác định thời điểm xảy ra hành động.
- miêu tả hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ và còn tiếp diễn đến hiện tại.

E.g.

- I've bought a new car. (Không rõ mua xe khi nào)

- I bought a new car last week. (Xác định rõ mua xe tuần trớc)

- He lived in London for three years. (Hiện nay anh ấy khơng cịn sống ở Ln đơn nữa)
- He has lived in London for three years. (Hiện nay anh ấy vẫn cịn sống ở Ln đơn)

4. những việc mà ai đó đã từng trải qua, thực hiện tính đến thời điểm hiện tại.

E.g.

- I've never eaten snake. - He's never had an accident.

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Present perfect continuous tense

(Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn)

I. Cách chia

has/ have + been + V-ing (present participle)
II. ý nghÜa

Thì HTHTTD nhấn mạnh tính tiếp diễn của hành động, dùng để miêu tả:
1. hành động vừa mới kết thúc và có kết quả ở hiện tại.

E.g.

- I've been running all the way home. That's why I am exhausted.
- Her shoes are muddy. She's been digging in the garden since morning.

2. hành động cịn cha kết thúc (nhấn mạnh đến tính tiếp diễn của hành động diễn đến hiện tại)
E.g. - I've been cleaning the house, but I still haven't finished.

- He’s been doing his homework since morning and he hasn’t finished it.
- We've been waiting here since 8 o'clock in the morning.

- They’ve been working in this factory for 20 years.

3. hành động xảy ra lặp đi lặp lại hoặc đơi khi là hành động xảy ra thành thói quen trong 1 khoảng thời
gian từ quá khứ cho tới hiện tại.

E.g.

- I've been jogging every morning for the last month. ( So s¸nh: - I jog every morning.)
- Who's been using my computer?

- Peter has been telling the same story.

So sánh thì hthtđg với hthttd

* Sự khác nhau giữ 2 thì này khơng lớn lắm, đơi khi ta có thể dùng cả 2 thì khi cùng diễn đạt 1 ý.
E.g.

- How long have you learnt English?

- How long have you been learning English?

- We have learnt/have been learning English for 4 years.

* Tuy nhiªn , sự khác biệt giữa 2 thì này thể hiện trong những trờng hợp sau:

1. Nhng ng t miờu t hành động xảy ra có tính chất kéo dài nh wait, live, study, travel, play, work…nên
dùng thì HTHTTD

E.g.

- I've been playing tennis since I was a boy.

- My mother has been working as a teacher for 24 years.

Những động từ miêu tả hành động xảy ra và kết thúc ngay nh find, start, buy, die, lose,break, stop, drop…
phải dùng thì HTHTĐG.

E.g.

- My cat has died.

- I've cut myself badly. But I've been cutting this tree since morning.
- He's found his wallet.

2. Những động từ đã liệt kê trong K1C dùng thì HTHTĐG.
E.g.

- We've known each other for a few weeks.
- He's had his motorbike for three years.

- We’ve always believed that he’ll find a good job one day.

3. Thì HTHTĐG nhấn mạnh hành động đã kết thúc trớc thời điểm nói ở HT. Vì thế, nếu trong câu có thơng
tin về số hoặc lợng phải dùng thì HTHTĐG.

E.g.

- I've written three letters today.

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K3

I. Complete this table of irregular past tenses and participles

Stem Past tense Participle Stem Past tense Participle

Beat Mean

Bend Pay

Bite Rise

Bleed Send

Blow Shake

Build Shine

Catch Shoot

Choose Sink

Cost Spring

Draw Steal

Drive Stick

Fall Swing

Feel Tear

Fly Tread

Freeze Wear

Hold Win

Hurt Wind

Lay Write

Lie Wake

II. Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct tenses: present simple, past simple, present 
perfect simple or present perfect continuous.

1. I (just, receive) ... a letter from my brother, Tim. He (be) ... in Australia now..
He (be) ... there for six months. Tim (be) ... an engineer. He (work) ... for
a big firm for 10 years and he (already, visit) ... a lot of different places in
Australia.

2. My father (be) ... a policeman for 20 years. Although his work (be) ... hard
enough, he always (try) ... his best. He usually (go) ... to work on time but
yesterday he (come) ... to work late because his motorbike (break) ... down.

3. Andrea de Silva, the Hollywood actress, (make) ... over 25 films in her career. She
(start) ... acting at the age of fourteen. She (travel) ... to many parts of the
world, including Australia, South America and China. She (go) ... to Argentina three
years ago when she (make) ...the film “Good Times, Bad Times ”. She (win) ...
three Oscars. She (win) ... her first Oscar in 1987 for her role as the scientist, Kay
Brown, in “Texas Flower”.

4. Robert Wilson (be) ... a politician. He (go) ... to Oxford University in 1960, and
in 1976 he (become) ... a Member of Parliament (an MP). He (be) ... an MP
since then. He (be) ... Minister of Education from 1980-1985. He ( write) ...
many books. He (be) ... married and (have got) ... two children. His family
(live) ... in Oxford for 15 years and then they (move) ... to London in 1980.
They now (live) ... in a house in Kensington Street, London.

5. Paul Carrack is a musician and a singer. He (be) ... in the music business for over 20
years. He (start) ... playing professionally while he (be) ... at school. He
(travel) ... all over the world. He (have) ... his first record in 1974. So far he
(make) ... a lot of records. Young people in America and Britain (know) ...
his name and they will never forget his number one song “The Living Years”.

6. This is my house. ~ How long (you/live)………. here? ~ I (live)……….here
since 1970.

7. He (live)………in London for two years and then (go)………to Edinburgh.
8. (you/wear)………your hair long when you were at school? ~ Yes, my mother

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9. But when I (leave) ……….school, I (cut)………..my hair and (wear)
………it short ever since.

10. Shakespeare (write)………. a lot of plays.

11. My brother (write)……… several plays. He (just/finish)………. his
second strategy.

12. I (not/see)………him for three years. I wonder where he is.
13. He (not/smoke)………for two weeks. He’s trying to give it up.

14. (you/lock) ……….the door before you left the house?

15. I (read)………his books when I was at school. I (enjoy)………..them very
much.

16. I can’t go out because I (not/finish)………..my work.
17. Here are your shoes; I (clean)………them.

18. I (do)………. this sort of work when I (be)………..an apprentice.
19. Hello, can I speak to Bill? ~ I’m afraid, he isn’t in. He (just/go) ………..out.
20. He (go)…...out ten minutes ago.

21. The concert (begin)………..at 2.30 and (last)………..for two hours. Everyone
(enjoy)……… it very much.

22. The play (just/begin)……….. You are a little late.

23. (Mary/feed) ………the cat? ~ Yes, she (feed)………it before lunch. ~ What
(she/feed)………him? ~ She (give)………. him some fish.

24. How long (you/know)………your new assistant? ~ I (know)……….him for
two years. ~ What (he/do)………..before he (come)………..here? ~ I think
he (be)………in prison.

25. I (not/see) ………..your aunt recently. ~ No, she (not be)………..out of her
house since she (buy)……….her colour TV.

26. (the plumber/be)……… …………here yet? ~ Yes, but he only (stay)………for
an hour. ~ What (he/do)………. in that time? ~ He (turn)………off the water
and (empty)………..the tank.

27. Here is the news. The Home Office (announce)………..that the two prisoners who
(escape)………..from Dartmoor prison earlier this morning (give)………….…..themselves
up to the local police.

28. I think that people (become)……….tired of the poor quality of television
programmes, though they (improve)……….lately.

29. Bill (get)………that new job, but he (complain)………about it ever since.
30. Harry (leave)………..home rather suddenly and we (not/hear)………..from

him since.

III. Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the
one printed before it.

1. It’s two months since Tom last smoked a cigarette.

-> Tom last………..
-> Tom hasn’t………..
-> The last time………
2. He left the country three years ago.

-> It’s ……….
3. I haven’t been to Bristol for three years.

-> It’s………..………….
-> The last time………..………….
4. I’ve never met such a famous person before.

-> This is the most………..…..………..
-> This is the first……….
5. How long have Catherine and Henry been engaged?

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6. Sam started keeping a diary five years ago.

-> Sam has………..
7. We’ve been working in this factory since 1994.

-> We began………..
8. How long is it since you saw Mary?

-> When……….?
9. This is the first time I’ve visited London.

-> This is my……….
10. How long has the roof been leaking?

-> When………?
11. Jone and Mary moved to Edinburgh twenty years ago.

-> It is………
12. We haven’t seen each other for a long time.

-> We stopped………...
13. The last time I played football was in 1979.

-> I haven’t……….
14. They last ate three days ago.

-> They ………
15. Susan started her career as a journalist 10 years ago.

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Reading Exercises I - D3

I. Read the passage below and choose one best answer to each question.

Keeping our teeth healthy

It is very important to have healthy teeth. Good teeth help us to chew our food. They also help us to
look nice.

How does a tooth go bad? The decay begins in a little crack in the enamel covering of the tooth. This
happens after germs and bits of food have collected there. Then the decay slowly spreads inside the tooth.
Eventually, poison goes into the blood, and we may feel ill quite ill.

How can we keep our teeth healthy? First, we ought to visit our dentist twice a year. He can fill the
small holes in our teeth before they destroy the teeth. He can examine our teeth to check that they are
growing in the right way. Unfortunately, many people wait until they have toothache before they see a
dentist. Secondly, we should brush our teeth with a toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste at least twice a day –
once after breakfast and once before we go to bed. We can also use wooden toothpicks to clean between our
teeth after meal. Thirdly, we should eat our food that is good for our teeth and our body: milk, cheese, fish
brown bread, brown potatoes, red rice, raw vegetables and fresh fruit. Chocolate, sweets, biscuits and cakes
are bad, especially when we eat them between meals. They are harmful because they stick to our teeth and
cause decay.

1. Good teeth help us to……….

A. be nice B. have good eyesight

C. chew our food D. be important

2. When food and germs collect in a small crack, our teeth………

A. become hard B. begin to decay

C. send poison into the blood D. make us feel quite ill
3. A lot of people visit a dentist only when ……….

A. their teeth grow properly B. they have holes in their teeth
C. they have toothache D. they have brushed their teeth
4. We ought to try to clean our teeth……….

A. once a day B. between meals

C. at least once a day D. before breakfast
5. We shouldn’t eat a lot of ………

A. red rice B. fresh fruit C. fish D. chocolate
6. Sweets are harmful because they make our teeth……….

A. black B. ache C. bad D. cracked

7. What is the main idea of the second paragraph?

A. a full description of the enamel covering of the tooth
B. how poison goes into the blood

C. the reason why we feel ill
D. how a tooth decays

8. Which paragraph discusses the different ways to look after our teeth?

A. paragraph 1 B. paragraph 2

C. paragraph 3 D. paragraphs 1 and 2

9. As used in line 15, the word “raw” means:

A. not cooked B. undercooked C. overcooked D. wellcooked 
10. As used in line 4, the word “bits” can be best replaced by:

A. huge pieces B. tiny pieces C. a lot D. lilltle
II. Fill in each of the blanks in the text with the best word

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Reading Exercises II - D3

I. Read the passage below and choose one best answer to each question.

Langston Hughes was one of the greatest American writers of the twentieth century. He was
born in Joplin, Missouri, and moved to Cleveland at the age of fourteen. Several years later he spent
one year in Mexico before attending Columbia University in New York. For a few years after that
he roamed the world as a seaman, visiting ports around the world and writing some poetry. He
returned to the United States and attended Lincoln University, where he won the Witter Bynner
Prize for undergraduate poetry.

After graduating in 1928, he traveled to Spain and to Russia with the help of a Guggenheim
fellowship. His novels include Not Without Laughter (1930) and The Big Sea (1940). He wrote an
autobiography in 1956 and also published several collections of poetry. The collections include The Weary
Blues (1926), The Dream Keeper (1932), Shakespeare in Harlem (1942), Field of Wonder (1947), One-Way
Ticket (1947), and Selected Poems (1959). A man of many talents, Hughes was also a lyricist, librettist, and
a journalist. As an older man in the 1960s he spent much of his times collecting poems from

African-Americans to popularize black writers. Hughes is one of the most accomplished writers in American literary
history, and he is seen as one of the artistic leaders of the Harlem Renaissance, the period when a
neighborhood that was predominantly black produced a flood of great literature, music, and other art forms
depicting daily city life for African-Americans.

1. What is the main topic of this passage?

A. the life of Langston Hughes B. the Harlem Renaissance

C. African-American writers D. American twentieth-century writers
2. Where was Langston Hughes born?

A. Spain B. New York C. Missouri D. North Carolina

3. The word “roamed” as used in line 4 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

A. traveled B. soared C. floated D. walked

4. As used in line 5, which of the following words could be best replaced the word “ports”?

A. islands B. ships C. friends D. harbors

5. What provided Hughes with assistance for his travel to Spain and Russia?

A. his job as a reporter B. his career as a solder
C. a literary fellowship D. a college study program

6. The word “talents” in line 15 could be best replaced by which of the following?

A. desires B. abilities C. strategies D. careers

7. According to the author, what did Hughes do during the later years of his life?
A. write short stories B. popularize African-American writers
C. advocate racial equality D. write about life in Harlem

8. Which of the following could best replaced the word “accomplished” as used in line18?
A. successful B. prolific C. brilliant D. imaginative

II. Read the passage and do the exercises below.

Once upon a time, a businessman named Ray Kroc discovered a restaurant owned by two
brothers. The restaurant served just four things: hamburgers, French fries, milk shakes and coca
cola. But it was clean and inexpensive, and the service was quick. Mr Kroc liked it so much that he
paid the brothers so that he could use their idea and their name:McDonald's.
Beef, big business and fast service were the ingredients when Mr Kroc opened his first Mc
Donald's in 1955. Four years later, there were 100 of them. Kroc knew Americans liked success. So
he put signs saying how many millions of Mc Donald's hamburgers people had bought. In just four
years, the number was one hundred million. Now, there are more than 13,000 Mc Donald's
restaurants from Dallas to Paris and from Moscow toBeijing.
Anyone who wants to open a Mc Donald's must first work in one for a week. Then, they do a
nine-month training programme, in the restaurants and at "Mc Donald's University" in Chicago. There
they learn the Mc Donald's philosophy: quality control, service, cleanliness and cheap prices. Mc
Donald's has strict rules, hamburgers must be served before they are ten minutes old, and French
fries, seven.

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Mc Donald's in Holland even sells a vegetarian burger. Their international popularity shows they
have found the recipe for success.

A. Find the words and phrases in the passage that mean the following:

1. a long time ago……….. 2. found out………..

3. sold ……….….. 4. cheap………

5. achievement ……….……… 6. principle………

7. chips ……… 8. ways……….

9. factors ……….. 10. worldwide……….
B. Choose the correct answers. Circle the leter A,B,or C.

1. Who was Ray Kroc?

A. a cook B. a businessman C. a soldier

2. Why did Kroc give money to the two brothers?

A. Because they had helped him a few years before.
B. Because they were very friendly.

C. Because he wanted to use their idea and their name.

3. The two brothers were called Mc Donald's.

A. True B. False

4. When did Kroc open his first restaurant?

A. In the 1940s B. In the 1950s C. In the 1960s

5. Why did Kroc put signs?

A. Because he wanted to show how successful his restaurants were.
B. Because he didn't want his customers to park anywhere.

C. Because his prices were very cheap.

6. You must study in a "school" to open a restaurant.

A. True B. False

7. Hamburgers are cooked from 7am to 9 am only.

A. True B. False

8. All Mc Donald's restaurants sell the same meals.

A. True B. False

9. What can you find in Holland?

A. a special hamburger B. special drink C. a special ice cream

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Reading exercise 3 - D3

I. Read the passage and answer the questions below.

I get a lot of letters at this time of year from people complaining that they have a cold

which won't go away. There were so many different stories about how to prevent or cure a

cold, it's often difficult to know what to do. Although colds are rarely dangerous, except for

people who are already weak, such as the elderly or young babies, they are always

uncomfortable and usually most unpleasant. Of course, you can buy lots of medicines which

will help to make your cold less unpleasant, but you must remember that nothing can actually

cure a cold or make it go away faster. Another thing is that any medicine which is strong

enough to make you feel better could be dangerous, if you are already taking drugs for some

other illness, so always check with your chemist or doctor to see whether they are all right

for you. And remember they might make you sleepy - please don't try to drive if they do!

Lastly, as far as avoiding colds is concerned, whatever you may be told about magic foods or

drinks, the best answer is to keep strong and healthy - you'll have less chance of getting a

cold, and if you do, it shouldn't be so bad.

1 This is from

a. a doctor's notebook.

b. a dairy

c. a magazine

d. a school biology book

2. What is the writer's intention?

a. To write in an amusing way

c. To complain about his/her health

b. To give general advice

d. To describe personal experience

3. Who should talk to the doctor before buying medicine for a cold?

………

4. What is the writer's opinion of "magic food and drink"?

………

5. Find a word in the passage that means:

awful

……….………..

II. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage with one suitable word.

A parking problem

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k4

past perfect simple

(Thì quá khứ hoàn thành)

I. Cách chia

had + past participle

II. ý nghĩa

Thì QKHT dùng trong các trờng hợp sau:

1. Miờu t tỡnh trng hoc hành động xảy ra và kết thúc trớc 1 hành động khác hoặc1 thời
điểm trong quá khứ.

E.g.

- When he came home, his son had left. (His son left before he camehome)

- I had gone to bed when the phone rang. (I went to bed and then thephone rang)

- When I met him again last year, he had been director for three years. (He became director
before I met him again)

* So s¸nh:

- When he came home, his son left. (His son left after he came home)

- I got up when the phone rang. (The phone rang and I got up)

* Thì QKHT thờng dùng trong câu có mệnh đề thời gian quá khứ bắt đầu bằng các từ sau:
- after : sau khi

- as soon as/ once: ngay sau khi
- before, by the time : trớc khi
- (not) until/ till: cho đến tận khi
- when/as/while: khi/trong khi

- hardly/scarely/barely…when, no sooner…than: võa míi…th×

* Chúng ta thờng dùng thì QKHT để miêu tả hành động xảy ra trớc và thì QKĐG để miêu tả hành
động xảy ra sau.

E.g.

- After Mike had finished reading, he put out the light.
- When Carol had brushed her teeth, she went to bed.

- As soon as I had parked my car, I rushed into the classroom.
- By the time he was 25, he had become a rich businessman.

- The thief had hardly touched the safe when the security alarm rang.
- He had no sooner got home than it started to pour with rain.

* Nếu 2 mệnh đề trong câu có after, before, when, while đồng chủ ngữ, ta có thể dùng after,
before, when, while + doing.

E.g. - After finishing reading, Mike put out the light.
- When riding to school, Mark saw his old neighbour.

2. Miêu tả hành động, tình trạng vừa mới xảy ra trớc 1 thời điểm khác trong quá khứ hoặc
tính đến 1 thời điểm trong q khứ thì hành động đó đã hoặc cha từng xảy ra. Những từ
already, just, ever và never thờng dùng với ý nghĩa này.

E.g.

- The film had already begun by the time we got to the cinema.
- She had just stepped into her office when the telephone rang.

- Last year I flew to London. I was very nervous when the plane took off, because I'd never
flown before.

- He was particularly impressed by her voice at the first meeting. He'd never heard such a
sweet voice before.

- Had you ever learned a language before you started learning English?

Past perfect continuous

(Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn)

I. Cách chia

had + been + V-ing

II. ý nghÜa

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1. Miêu tả tình trạng hoặc hành động xảy ra và kéo dài đến 1 thời điểm trong quá khứ hoặc
kết thúc ngay trớc thời điểm đó.

E.g. - They had been studying English for a long time.

* So sánh với thì QKHTĐG: Thì QKHTTD nhấn mạnh tính tiếp diễn của hành động và khoảng
thời gian mà hành động diễn ra trong khi thì QKHTĐG nhấn mạnh tính hồn thành của tình trạng
và hành động.

E.g.

- She'd been suffering from flu for a few days when she was interviewed.

- Bill had been saving since Christmas to buy a new car, and he'd saved enough to buy the car
he wanted last month.

- I'd finished all my work, so I was free.

- They'd been driving for 12 hours when it started to rain.

- We'd been looking at the painting for about ten minutes before we realised who the artist
was.

- I'd heard this song many times before.

* So sánh với thì QKTD: Thì QKTD không cho biết thông tin về khoảng thời gian mà hành động
diễn ra nh thì QKHTTD.

E.g.

- I'd been sleeping for about two hours when I was woken up by a strange noise. (We know
the duration of the sleep)

- I was sleeping when I was woken up by a strange noise. (You don't know how long I'd been
sleeping)

- When I got home, water had been leaking through the roof for long and the floor was
flooded. (We know how long it had been leaking)

- When I got home, water was leaking through the roof. (We don't know how long it'd been
leaking)

2. Thì QKHTTD miêu tả hành động xảy ra trớc 1 thời điểm trong quá khứ và có kết quả ở thời
điểm đó.

E.g.

- She had been wearing high-heeled shoes, and her feet hurt.

- We were very tired last night because we'd been working in the garden since the early
morning.

* áp dụng qui tắc sử dụng thì QKHTĐG và QKHTTD với 2 nhóm động từ đã liệt kê trong K1C.
E.g.

- I'd always believed that it would be easy to get a job.

- We'd owned the car for six months before we discovered that it was stolen.
- He 'd cut himself badly, his finger was bleeding.

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K4

I. Decide whether the tense underlined is suitable or not in the context given. If you decide it is
unsuitable, write a correction.

A) The train 1. ground to a halt at a small station miles from London, and it 2. became apparent that the
engine 3. had broken down. Everyone 4. was getting their cases down fro the luggage racks, and we 5. were
waiting on the platform in the freezing wind for hours until the next train 6. had turned up.

1……….. 2……….

3……….. 4……….

5………. 6……….

B) The other strange thing about our neighbour, Mrs. Black was that she 1. would never go out if it was
raining. She 2. used to look up at the sky whenever 3. it was getting cloudy, and as soon as even the smallest
drop of rain 4. wasfalling, she 5. scuttled back into her house and 6. was locking herself in her bedroom!

1………. 2………

3………. 4………

5………. 6………

C) Inspector Gorse 1. was in touch with Thames Valley Police six months before Professor Dowson 2. was
disappearing, because the Professor's wife, Jean 3.would write to him, accusing her husband of plotting to
murder her. And now it was the Professor who 4. disappeared. Gorse 5. considered what his next step
should be when the phone rang. It was Sergeant Adams from Thames Valley. A fisherman 6. discovered a
body in the Thames near Reading, and it fitted the description of the Professor.

1……… 2………

3……… 4………

5……… 6………

II. Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct past tenses: past simple, past continuous, past perfect
and past perfect continuous.

1. When I (phone)……… Helen last night, she (wash) ……… her hair and she (not/ finish)
………. when I finally (get) ………. to her house.

2. Peter (offer)……….. me another drink, but I decided I (drink)…………. enough.

3. I (not/ realise) ……….. that I (leave)………my umbrella on the bus until it (start)
……….. to rain.

4. At school I (dislike) ………….the maths teacher because he (always/ pick)………. on me.

5. Wherever Marion (find) ………. a job, there was someone who (know) ………. that she
(be) ………. to prison.

6. I (know) ……… I (do) ……….. well in my exams even before I (receive) ………..
the official results.

7. This time last year I (cycle)………. in the rain along a country road in France with a
friend of mine. We (decide) 8……… to go on a cycling holiday in Normandy. Neither of us
(be) 9……… to France before, but we (know) 10 ………. some French from our
time at school and we (manage) 11……….. to brush up on the basics. Now we (wonder)

12………….. if we (make) 13……… the right decision. We (plan) 14………….... our route
carefully in advance, but we (forget) 15……… one important thing, the weather. It (rain)
16………….. solidly since our arrival and that night we (end) 17……….. up sleeping in the
waiting room at a railway station. Then the next morning as we (ride) 18……… down a
steep hill, my bike (skid) 19…….…….. on the wet road and I (fall) 20……….off. I (realise)
21……….…..immediately that I (break) 22………… my arm, and after a visit to the local hospital I
(catch) 23………. the next train to Calais for the ferry home. Unfortunately, my parent (not/
expect) 24………. me home for a fortnight, and (go) 25……… away on holiday. So
I (spend) 27………. a miserable couple of weeks alone, reading Teach Yourself French.

28. A : I’m sorry we’re late. We have missed the train.
B : How ... (that / happen)?

A : Well , I ... (get) the times wrong and when we ... (arrive) at the
station, the train ... (just leave)

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B : Well, no, it ... (be) very embarrasing. When we ... (arrive),
we ... (know) immediately that she ... (forget) about the whole thing.
A : So what ... (she / do)?

B : Well, she ... (pretend) that she ... (not forget) and ... (say)
that the meal ... (not be) ready because she ... (get) home from work very
late.

A : Oh no, how awful!

30. On June 20th, I returned home. I (be) ... away from home for two years. My family
(meet) ... me at the airport with kisses and tears. They (miss) ... me as much
as I had missed them. I (be) ... very happy to see them again. When I (get) ...
the chance, I (take) ... a long look at them. My little brother (be) ... no longer

little. He (grow) ... at least a foot. He (be) ... almost as tall as my father. My
little sister (wear) ... a green dress. She (change) ... quite a bit, too, but she
(be, still) ... mischievous (l¸u lØnh) and inquisitive (täc m¹ch). She (ask) ... me a
thousand of questions a minute. My father (gain) ... some weight. And his hair
(turn) ... a little bit grayer, but otherwise he was just as I had remembered him. My
mother (look) ... a little older, but not much. The wrinkles on her face
(be) ... smile wrinkles.

III. Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the
one printed before that.

1. I’ve never had problems with this computer before.

-> This is the……….……..
2. These new machines have put an end to queuing.

-> Before these……….
3. The police caught him climbing over the garden wall.

-> When the police………
4. Norman collected the parcel, but then he realized it was the wrong one.

-> After……….
5. Susan left the house, but first she checked that she had the keys.

-> Before.……….
6. Mark was parking his car when he noticed the wing-mirror was broken.

-> While……….
7. Kate took two aspirins, and then she felt a lot better.

-> After……….
8. Michael was taking a bath when there was a power cut.

-> While……….
9. The gas was released as soon as the thieves touched the safe.

-> The thieves had no………
105. Immediately after his arrival home, the water heater exploded.

-> He had hardly………...…
11. As soon as the police officer left, the neighbors started shouting again.

-> The police had hardly……….…..
12. It was only when I got home that I realized I’d forgotten my bag.

-> I didn’t………..….
13. We had never been so happy before.

-> We were……….………
14. The phone stopped ringing the moment I went downstairs.

-> I had hardly……….
15. We worked on the garden the whole weekend.

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K5

future tenses

(Các thì tơng lai)

I. Thì t ơng lai đơn giản

1. C¸ch chia: shall/ will + V (infinitive)

- shallchØ dïng víiI& we. - will not = won't

- shall not = shan't
2. ý nghÜa

Thì TLĐG dùng để diễn đạt:

a) những dự đoán trong tơng lai hoặc những điều mà ngời nói cho rằng sẽ xảy ra trong tơng lai. Những động
từ giới thiệu sau đây thờng đợc dùng:think, hope, know, suppose, believe…

E.g.

- I think it'll rain. - Do you think he'll come?

- I'll be home late this morning. - The company will make a profit next year.
- That'll be Jim at the door.

b) những điều chắc chắn sẽ xảy ra trong tơng lai nh là qui luật tù nhiªn.
E.g.

- My brother will be 45 next month.
- It'll be Tim's 18th birthday tomorrow.
3.

Mét sè c¸ch dïng kh¸c cđa Shall vµWill

a) I'll…/ Shall I…? diễn đạt sự sẵn lòng làm giúp ngời khác việc gì.

E.g.

- " Shall I carry the bag for you, John?” said Peter.

- A: I'm tired. - A: I'm thirsty.

B: I'll do the washing up. B: Shall I get you a drink?
b) I'll… diễn đạt lời hứa hoặc lời đe doạ.

E.g.

- I'll help you this time. (promise)
- I'll hit you if you scream. (threat)
+) Phân biệtWillvàBe going to

-Willmiêu tả quyết định tức thời, có tại thời điểm nói.

-Be going todiễn đạt dự định hoặc kế hoạch có từ trớc thời điểm nói.
E.g.

- A: You've missed the last train. - A: I'm broke.

B: Never mind. I'll walk. B: I'll lend you some money.
- It's Hoa's birthday tomorrow. I'm going to give her a pen.

- They're going to build a house next year. They are saving the money.

- Be going tocòn dùng để nói về những việc sẽ xảy ra trong tơng lai mà do nguyên nhân ở hiện tại hoặc
dự đoán về tơng lai căn cứ vào những dấu hiệu hoặc bằng chứng ở hiện tại.

E.g.

- Look at that tree! It's going to fall.
- Look at these clouds! It's going to rain.

- Ann works very hard. She's going to be successful.

+) Shall we…?Diễn đạt đề xuất, gợi ý để ai đó cùng với mình làm việc gì.
E.g.

- Shall we eat out tonight?

- Shall we go to that new Indian restaurant?

+) Will you…?Diễn đạt lời đề nghị ai dó làm giúp mình việc gì.
E.g.

- Will you get me something to drink?

- Will you close the window? It's so cold in here.
+) Won't: Diễn đạt lời từ chối làm việc gì.

E.g. - No, I won't help you this time. (I refuse to help you)
- He won't resign. (He refuses to resign)

II. Thì t ơng lai tiếp diƠn
1. C¸ch chia shall/ will + be + V-ing
2. ý nghĩa

Thì TLTD dùng trong những trờng hợp sau đây:

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E.g.

- I want to attend your wedding next Wednesday, but I'm afraid I'll be taking my exam then.
- Come round in the morning. I'll be painting the kitchen.

b) miêu tả hành động ngẫu nhiên xảy ra trong tơng lai chứ không phải do sắp xếp trớc.
E.g.

- I'll give it to John. I'll be calling into his office anyway tomorrow.
* So s¸nh:

- I'm calling into John's office tomorrow. (I plan to see him tomorrow.)

III. thì tLHTĐG & TLHTTD
1. Cách chia

a)TLHT§G: shall/ will + have + past participle

B) TLHTTD: shall/ will + have + been + V-ing

2. ý nghĩa: Cả 2 thì cùng miêu tả hành động đã diễn ra đợc bao lâu tính cho đến 1 thời điểm ở tơng lai.
E.g.

- In two years' time, I'll have finished this book.

- By the end of this month, we'll have been working for the firm for a year.
* Chú ý:

1) Những cụm từ sau đây thờng dùng với 2 thì này:

- In a few days/ weeks/ months/ years'… time: Mấy hôm/ tuần/ tháng/ năm... nữa.
- By the end of this week/ month/ year… : Tính đến cuối tuần/ tháng/ năm... nay.

2)áp dụng quy tắc đã học ở K1C & K3 để sử dụng thì TLHTĐG và TLHTTD.
E.g

- He’ll have been saving for 2 years by the end of this year, and he’ll have saved $ 20,000.
- They will have owned their house for 35 years by the beginning of the next year.

Mệnh đề thời gian tơng lai

Mệnh đề thời gian đợc bắt đầu bằng: after, as, as soon as, before, by the time, hardly…when, immediately,
no sooner … than, once, since, (not) till/ until, when, whenever, while, the minute, the moment.

Cấu trúc: Thì động từ trong câu có MĐTG tơng lai đợc dùng kết hợp nh sau
MĐTG: after....the moment + V (hin ti)

MĐ chính: V (tơng lai)

* Chó ý:

+ MĐTG tơng lai nói tới hành động sự việc xảy ra trong tơng lai nhng động từ chia ở thì hiện tại..
E.g.

- When Tom comes, we'll have dinner.

- As soon as I have some news, I'll phone you.
- I'll do my work after I have/ have had a bath.

- As soon as they have finished building the factory, they will employ a lot of workers.
- When they are working, it'll be very noisy.

- We won't leave until she comes back.
- We'll stay here until the rain stops.

- By the time you come home, I'll have left.

- While you are cooking dinner, I'll do the washing.
+ Mệnh đề chính có thể là câu mệnh lệnh.

E.g.

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K5

I. Choose the correct answer by circling it.

1. Why are you going to buy/will you buy a new mountain bike?
2. Don’t phone between 8.00 and 9.00. I’ll study/I’ll be studying then.
3. Look out! That tree will fall/is going to fall!

4. Let me know as soon as Louis will get/gets here.

5. Great news! Jean and Chris will come/are coming to stay with us.
6. According to this timetable, the bus is going to arrive/arrives at 6.00.

7. I have a feeling that something strange is going to happen/is happening in a minute.
8. The doctor says I will have/am going to have a baby.

9. Can you call me at 7.00, because I’ll leave/I’m leaving tomorrow?
10. If you arrive late at the sale, the best things will go/will have gone.

II. Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct future tenses.

1. I'll ring you at 6.00. ~ No, don't ring at 6.00. I (bath) ………….. the baby then. Ring later.

2. Will you have lunch with me on the 24th? ~ I'd love to, but I'm afraid I (do)………….… my exam then.
3. In a fortnight's time, we (take)……….. our exam.

4. By the end of this year, I (live) ………. here for five years.

5. I (work) ……… for Mr. Pitt next week as his own secretary will be away on business.
6. Why did you take his razor? He (look) ………. for it everywhere tomorrow.

7. I don't feel well enough to go to the station to meet him. ~ I (meet)………… him for you. But (how/ I recognize)
……… him? ~ He's small and fair, and he (wear) ………. a black and white school cap.

8. By the time we get to the party, everything (be)………. eaten.

9. I've just been appointed assistant at the local library. ~ Then you (work) ………under my sister. She is head
librarian there.

10. I want to post this letter, but I don't want to go out in the rain. ~ I (post)……….. it for you. I (go) ………
out anyway as I have to take the dog out for a walk.

11. Today is Guy Fawke's Day; this evening people (let) …….. off firework and (make) …..….. bonfire in the streets.
12. Hurry up! The train (leave) ……….. before we reach the station.

13. By the end of this year they (be) ……… married for 13 years and they (live)……… here for ten years.
14. My illness (cost)………. me $100 by the end of this week.

15. It is nearly autumn; soon the leaves (change)……… colour.

16. It's beginning to get dark; the street lights (go)………. on in a few minutes.
17. This time next Monday I (sit) ……….in Pario cafe reading Le Figaro.

~ You (not read)………. , you (look) ……… at all the pretty girls.
18. On the fourth of next month he (be)………. in prison for ten years.

19. I'm sure that everything (be)……… all right in the end.
20. There (be)……….. no announcement until tomorrow morning.
21. George (not be)………back until 6.00. Can I take a message?

22. Can you answer the phone for me? I (lie)……….down for a while.
23. You’d better not come in July. My mother (stay)……….with me then.
24. By the time we reach home, the rain (stop)………..

25. This time next week I (lie)……….on the beach in Spain.
26. In ten years’ time I (work)………..for a different company.
27. If we don’t get there by 6.00. Jack (leave)………..
28. In July they (be)………..married for twenty years.
29. In the year 2500 a lot of people (live)………on the moon.
30. When you get to the station, I (wait)………for you outside.
31. By the time you come home, I (finish)………the decorating.

32. Come round between 8.00 and 9.00. We (watch)………the match on television then.
33. As soon as we (get)………there, we (phone)………..for a taxi.

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progress test 1 A

Full name:……….………Class: ...

………...……….

I. Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct forms.

1. Sam ……….. (not receive) the parcel the last time I ……….. (speak) to him.

2. When you ………. (feel) hungry later, room service ……….. (bring) you whatever you
……….. (want).

3. I ………. (find) it difficult to convince the ticket inspector that I ……….. (lose) my ticket.

4. As soon as I ……….. (have) a good look at the designs, I ……… (send) them back to you. I promise!
5. They ………...(live) in that house since it ………(be) built.

6. I ………(not have) time to do any typing since Monday.

7. Be quick! By the time you……… (get) home, your favorite TV programme (be) ………..over.
8. When we came back from our holiday, we ………(see) that our house ………(be) broken into.
9. By the time you……….….. (finish) getting ready, the train …………..……(leave)!

10. Now that all the factories ………..(be) fully automated, computers ……….(do) all the jobs
people are doing now.

II. Put for or since into each gap in the following sentences.
1. We've been fishing ………...…….. two hours.

2. I've known that ………..….. a long time.

3. That man has been standing there …..………. six o'clock.
4. Things have changed ……….. I was a girl.

5. He's been ill ………... the last month.
6. We've been waiting ……….. half an hour.
7. Peter has been in hospital……..…..……… his accident.
8. He hasn't eaten anything ……….. twenty four hours.
9. I've earned my own living ……….………… I left school.
10. The strike lasted ……….…. six months.

III. Choose the best answers. Circle the letter a, b, c or d.
1. ………… we get to the theater, the play will have started.

a. As soon as b. Until c. By the time d. Whenever

2. What's the matter? Haven't you started ……….?

a. already b. yet c. by now d. soon

3. The trouble with you is that you are ………….. complaining.

a. forever b. often c. still d. each time

4. Can you remember what you were doing ………?

a. the time b. usually c. everyday d. at that time

5. It's ages ……… I last saw a good film on TV.

a. that b. ago c. since d. when

6. Who exactly………?

a. does own this car b. own this car 
c. does this car belong to d. this car belong to

7. Terry is in bed. He ……….. flu.

a. has b. has had. c. had had d. is having

8. Diana has bought ……….. a computer.

a. two years ago b. two years later c. since then d. for years

9. It's my eighteenth birthday next month, so………

a. I'm having a party. b. I'll have a party
 c. I have a party d. I’ll be having a party

10. According to the weather forecast, ……….

a. it'll rain tomorrow. b. it's raining tomorrow 
c. it'll be raining tomorrow d. It rains tomorrow

IV. Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the one printed before
that.

1. I came to the meeting, but first I washed my hair. (coming)

-> ………
2. Itwill be our 25th wedding anniversary next week. (been)

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-> ……….………

5. Susan hasn't worn that dress since Maria's wedding. (last time)

-> ……….
6. It’s a long time since our last conversation. (spoken)

-> We……...………..
7. Mary started her career as a novelist in 1997.

-> Mary has ………..………
8. This is my home for thirteen years.

-> I ………...………..
9. Go to the international ticket desk immediately.

-> As ………..
10. Kate took two aspirins, and then she felt a lot better.

-> Since Kate………
V. In each of the following sentences there is a mistake. Find it and correct it.

1. I had a great time in the Greek Islands. We owned a small boat and go swimming every day.
->………
2. I felt rather worried. It got darker and colder, and no one came to help us.

->………
3. The meat is really tasting awful! Are you quite sure it was fresh?

->………
4. Don’t worry! Wait here until someone will find us.

->………..………..
5. We had a lovely time in Madrid. Every day we were exploring the city.

->………
VI. Read the following passage and answer the questions below.

An elevator is wonderful. It is really a small room. Rooms usually stay in one place. Elevators travel up and
down all day long.

Sometimes a worker stands in the elevator. He or she runs it up and down. In modern elevators there is no
worker. People walk in. They know what floors they want. They push a button and the elevator goes to that floor. It is
very fast and easy.

Elevators are very important to us. Why? Think about a high building. Maybe it has twenty floors. Maybe it
has fifty or more. In New York, the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center have 110 stories. The highest building in
New York before the World Trade Center was the Empire State Building which had only 102 stories. But they are still
much lower than the 137-story building in Chicago. Who can walk up those stairs? Maybe people can climb them
sometimes. Can someone climb thirty floors to an office everyday? Can small children walk up to their apartments on
the 25th floor? Can you carry food up all those stairs? Of course not.

We can have high buildings because we have elevators. We couldn't have all the beautiful tall buildings in the
world without elevators. They are really wonderful. Imagine the anger of two men who came back to their building
one day to see that power was cut off and they had to climb up to the 50th floor. It was very unlucky for them when
they reached 45th floor, they found out to their dismay that they had left their keys in the car and one of them had to
walk all the way down and then up again.

Questions.

1. What is the difference between a room and an elevator?

-> ………
2. Why are modern elevators different from those in the past?

-> ………
3. Where is the highest building in the United States? How many stories does it have?
-> ………
4. What happened to the two imaginary men one day? Why?

-> ………
5. Why did one of them have to go down?

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progress test 1 B

Full name:……….………Class: ...

………...……….

I. Put for or since into each gap in the following sentences.

1. We've been waiting ……….. half an hour.
2. Peter has been in hospital……..…..……… his accident.
3. He hasn't eaten anything ……….. twenty four hours.
4. I've earned my own living ……….………… I left school.
5. The strike lasted ……….…. six months.

6. We've been fishing ………...…….. two hours.
7. I've known that ………..….. a long time.

8. That man has been standing there …..………. six o'clock.
9. Things have changed ……….. I was a girl.

10. He's been ill ………... the last month.
II. Choose the best answers. Circle the letter a, b, c or d.
1. Can you remember what you were doing ………?

a. the time b. usually c. everyday d. at that time

2. It's ages ……… I last saw a good film on TV.

a. that b. ago c. since d. when

3. Who exactly………?

a. does own this car b. own this car 
c. does this car belong to d. this car belong to

4. ………… we get to the theater, the play will have started.

a. As soon as b. Until c. By the time d. Whenever

5. What's the matter? Haven't you started ……….?

a. already b. yet c. by now d. soon

6. The trouble with you is that you are ………….. complaining.

a. forever b. often c. still d. each time

7. It's my eighteenth birthday next month, so………

a. I'm having a party. b. I'll have a party

c. I have a party d. I’ll be having a party

8. According to the weather forecast, ……….

a. it'll rain tomorrow. b. it's raining tomorrow 
c. it'll be raining tomorrow d. It rains tomorrow

9. Terry is in bed. He ……….. flu.

a. has b. has had. c. had had d. is having

10. Diana has bought ……….. a computer.

a. two years ago b. two years later c. since then d. for years

III. Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct forms.

1. Sam ……….. (not receive) the parcel the last time I ……….. (speak) to him.

2. When you ………. (feel) hungry later, room service ……….. (bring) you whatever you
……….. (want).

3. When we came back from our holiday, we ………(see) that our house ………(be) broken into.
4. By the time you……….….. (finish) getting ready, the train …………..……(leave)!

5. Now that all the factories ………..(be) fully automated, computers ……….(do) all the jobs
people are doing now.

6. I ………. (find) it difficult to convince the ticket inspector that I ……….. (lose) my ticket.

7. As soon as I ……….. (have) a good look at the designs, I ……… (send) them back to you. I promise!
8. They ………...(live) in that house since it ………(be) built.

9. I ………(not have) time to do any typing since Monday.

10. Be quick! By the time you……… (get) home, your favorite TV programme (be) ………..over.
IV. Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the one printed before
that.

1. Go to the international ticket desk immediately.

-> As ………..
2. Kate took two aspirins, and then she felt a lot better.

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-> ……….………
5. Susan hasn't worn that dress since Maria's wedding. (last time)

-> ……….
6. It’s a long time since our last conversation. (spoken)

-> We……...………..
7. I came to the meeting, but first I washed my hair. (coming)

-> ………
8. Itwill be our 25th wedding anniversary next week. (been)

-> ……….………
9. Mary started her career as a novelist in 1997.

-> Mary has ………..………

10. This is my home for thirteen years.

-> I ………...………..
V. Read the following passage and answer the questions below.

An elevator is wonderful. It is really a small room. Rooms usually stay in one place. Elevators travel up and
down all day long.

Questions.

1. What is the difference between a room and an elevator?

-> ………

2. Why are modern elevators different from those in the past?

-> ………
3. Where is the highest building in the United States? How many stories does it have?
-> ………
4. What happened to the two imaginary men one day? Why?

-> ………
5. Why did one of them have to go down?

-> ……….
VI. In each of the following sentences there is a mistake. Find it and correct it.
1. I felt rather worried. It got darker and colder, and no one came to help us.

->………
2. The meat is really tasting awful! Are you quite sure it was fresh?

->………
3. Don’t worry! Wait here until someone will find us.

->………..………..

4. I had a great time in the Greek Islands. We owned a small boat and go swimming every day.
->………
5. We had a lovely time in Madrid. Every day we were exploring the city.

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K6A

Conditional sentences

(Câu điều kiện)

Giới thiƯu chung

- Câu điều kiện cơ bản có 2 mệnh đề: mệnh đề điều kiện (If- clause) và mệnh đề chính (main clause)
- Có 3 loại câu điều kiện cơ bản và một số loại câu điều kiện phức hợp v rỳt gn.

Câu điều kiện loại I

(Câu điều kiện có thật ở hiện tại hoặc tơng lai)

I. Dạng cơ bản:

- MĐ điều kiện: Động từ chia ở thì hiện tại
- MĐ chính: Động từ chia ở thì tơng lai
E.g. - If he runs, he’ll get there in time.

- If you don’t work hard, you’ll fail the exams.

- If it rains, we’ll stay at home. If it’s firne, we’ll go for a walk.
II. ý nghÜa:

Câu điều kiện loại 1 diễn đạt giả thiết, điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tơng lai.
Chú ý:

- Trong mệnh đề Ifcó thể dùng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn hoặc hiện tại hoàn thành đơn giản.
- Trong mệnh đề chính có thể dùng các động từ khuyết thiếu: may/might/ can/could/ 
must/ should/had better/ought to

E.g. - If you are waiting for a bus, you’d better join the queue.

- If you are staying for another night, I’ll ask the manager to give you a better room.
- If you have finished dinner, I’ll ask the waiter for the bill.

- If they haven’t seen the museum, we’d better go there today.
- If the fog gets thicker, the flight may/might be cancelled.
- If you finish your work, you may/can leave now.

- If it stops snowing, we can go out.

- If you want to lose weight, you must/should eat less bread.
- If you see Tom tomorrow, could you ask him to ring me?

Câu điều kiện loại II

(Câu điệu kiện không có thật ở hiện tại hoặc tơng lai)

I. Dạng cơ bản:

- M iu kin: ng t chia thỡ quá khứ đơn giản
- MĐ chính: Động từ chia ở thì tơng lai trong quá khứ

E.g. - If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world. (In fact, I don’t have much money)
- If I were rich, I would not have to work. (In fact, I’m not rich)

II. ý nghĩa: Câu điều kiện loại 2 đợc dùng khi:

1. gi¶ thiÕt trái với thực tế ở hiện tại hoặc khó có thể xảy ra trong tơng lai.

E.g. - If I lived near the office, I’d never be late for work. (I don’t live near the office)

- If I had a lot of money, I’d travel around the world.
- What would you do if you were the President?

- If I were you, I’d plant trees round the house. (I’m not you)
2. ta không mong muốn hành động ở mệnh đề điều kiện xảy ra.

E.g. - If someone threatened to hit me, I would shout for help. (I don’t expect that anyone 
will try to threaten me)

- If a burglar came into my house at night, I’d scream.
(I don’t expect a burglar to come in)

* Chó ý

+ Thì q khứ đơn giản trong mệnh đề điều kiện khơng có ý nghĩa miêu tả hành động xảy ra trong
quá khứ mà diễn đạt giả thiết trái với thực tế ở hiện tại hoặc khó có thể xảy ra trong tơng lai.

+ TO BE chia cho tất cả các ngôi là: WERE

+ WERE + TO DO có thể dùng thay thế động từ chia ở thì QKĐG ở mệnh đề điều kiện, nhấn mạnh
giả thiết, điều kiện khơng có thực.

E.g. - If someone were to give/gave you a ring, would you accept?
- If they were to offer/offered me the job, I would not take it.
+ IF I WERE YOU... đợc dùng để cho lời khuyên.

E.g. - If I were you, I’d work harder.

- I’d never meet that man again if I were you!

+ Trong mệnh đề If có thể dùng thì q khứ tiếp diễn.

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+ Trong mệnh đề chính có thể dùngMIGHT/COULD/ WOULD BE DOING 
E.g. - If you tried again, you might succeed

- If I knew her number, I could ring her up.
- If he had a permit, he could get a job.

- If I were on holiday in Doson, I would be lying in the sun now.
Câu điều kiện loại III

(Câu điều kiện không có thật ở quá khứ)
I. Dạng cơ bản:

- MĐ điều kiện: Động từ chia ở thì quá khứ hoàn thành

- MĐ chÝnh: §éng tõ chia ë d¹ng thøc: WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
E.g. - If I had worked harder last year, I would have passed the entrance examination.

(In fact, I was lazy and I failed the exam)

- The accident wouldn’t have been so serious if the drivers had been more careful.
(In fact, the drivers were careless and the accident was serious)

II. ý nghÜa:

Câu điều kiện loại III thờng đợc dùng khi hành động ở mệnh đề điều kiện trái với thực
tế trong quá khứ, đôi khi câu điều kiện loại III diễn đạt sự hối tiếc về quá khứ.

Chó ý:

- Trong mệnh đề Ifcó thể dùng thì q khứ hồn thành tiếp diễn.

- Trong mệnh đề chính có thể dùng: COULD/MIGHT/ WOULD HAVE BEEN DOING 
E.g.

- I was wearing a seatbelt. If I hadn’t been wearing one, I’d been seriously injured.
- If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life.

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K6B

Một số dạng đặc biệt của câu điều kiện

I. Câu điều kiện loại 0 (Zero conditional sentences)

+ Câu điều kiện loại 0 diễn đạt những điều hiển nhiên đúng, những giả thiết luôn đúng ở hiện tại hoặc quá
khứ.

+ Trong cả 2 mệnh đề động từ dùng ở thì hiện tại đơn (hiện tại) hoặc quá khứ đơn (quá khứ).
E.g. - If you cook water, it boils at 100 C.

- If you heat ice, it turns to water.

- If anyone interrupts him, he gets angry.

- If you didn’t know any English, why did you offer to give him English lessons?
- If you knew the mushrooms were poisonous, why did you still eat it?

II. Câu điều kiƯn phøc hỵp

1. IF + HAD DONE, WOULD DO/WOULD BE DOING

(III) (II)

E.g. - If I had worked harder at school, I would be sitting in a comfortable office, I wouldn’t
 be sweeping the streets.

- The plane I intended to catch crashed and everyone was killed. If I had caught that
plane, I would be dead now.

2. IF + quá khứ đơn giản, WOULD HAVE DONE

(II) (III)

E.g. - If I were as intelligent as you, I would have passed the entrance examination last year.
- If my son were as well-qualified as yours, he would have applied for the job.

III. Mệnh đề đièu kiện bắt đầu bằng UNLESS

Unless = If not

E.g. - The kidnappers will kill the boy if they don’t get / unless they get the money.
- I won’t help you ifyou don’t try / unless you try your best.

- We won’t succeed if yourefuse / unless you agree to co-operate.

IV. Mệnh đề đièu kiện bắt đầu bằng PROVIDED/PROVIDING (THAT)/AS LONG AS (miễn là)

E.g. - You will have the money provided that you promise to pay it back in time.
- As long as the weather stays fine, we’ll have a good crop.

V. Mệnh đề đièu kiện đ ợc thay thế bằng BUT FOR

But for + (n) = If it weren’t + for + (n)

V-ing hadn’t been V=ing

the fact that... the fact that...

E.g. - If the salary were not high, the job wouldn’t be worth doing.
= But for the high salary, the job wouldn’t be worth doing.

= If it weren’t for the high salary, the job wouldn’t be worth doing.
- If the weather hadn’t been so bad, we would have enjoyed the journey.
= But for the bad weather, we would have enjoyed the journey.

= If it hadn’t been for the bad weather, we would have enjoyed the journey.
VI. Câu điều kiện có OTHERWISE/OR/OR ELSE (nếu không thì)

E.g. - Give me the money or/or else I’ll kill you.
= If you don’t give me the money, I’ll kill you.

- You should come back before 10.00 p.m. Otherwise, you’ll be locked outside.
= If you don’t come back before 10.00 p.m, you’ll be locked outside.

- I used my father’s car. I would have been late, otherwise.
= If I hadn’t used my father’s car, I would have been late.

VII. Mệnh đề điều kiện có thể rút gọn thành WITHOUT+ cụm danh từ và câu có THANKS TO + cụm
danh từ

E.g. -If he hadn’t lent us the money, we wouldn’t have been able to buy the house.
= Without his money, we wouldn’t have been able to buy the house.

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K6

I. Choose the best answer in each sentence below by circling it.
1. If the machine stops/will stop, What will you do/do you do?

2. I can’t understand what he sees in her! If anyone treats/will treat me like that, I am/will be/would be
extremely angry!

3. If you help me/helped me with this exercise, I will do/would do the same for you one day.
4. According to the timetable, if the train leaves/left on time, we willarrive/would arrive at 5.30.
5. If it is/will be fine tomorrow, we go/will go to the coast.

6. If we find/found a taxi, we will get/would get there before the play starts.

7. It’s quite simple really. If you take/will take/took these tablets every day, then you lose/will lose/would
lose weight.

8. I don’t like this flat. I think I am/I will/I’d be happier if I live/will live/would live/ lived in a house in the
country.

9. I don’t know how to play baseball, but I’m sure that if I will/do/did, I play/will play/would play/played a
lot better than anyone in this awful team!

10. If I phone/will phone/phoned you tonight, are you/will you be/would you be in?
11. Why didn’t you tell me? If you told/had told me, I had/would have helped you.

12. If Bill didn’t steal/hadn’t stolen the car, he wasn’t/wouldn’t be/hadn’t been in prison now.

13. If Ann wasn’t driving/didn’t drive/hadn’t driven so fast, her car didn’t crash/wouldn’t crash/wouldn’t
have crashed into a tree.

14. Let me give you some advice. If you smoked/would smoke/had smoked less, you didn’t feel, wouldn’t
feel/wouldn’t have felt so tired.

15. What a bad luck! If Alan didn’t fall/ hadn’t fallen/wouldn’t fall over, he won/would win/would have won
the race.

16. If you invited/had invited me last week, I was able/ had been able/would have been able to come.

17. I’m sure your letter hasn’t come yet. If it came/had come, I’m sure I noticed/had noticed/would have
noticed it.

18. Terry never catches any thing when he goes fishing. And if he catches/caught/had caught a fish, he
throws/would throw/would have thrown it back!

19. We have a suggestion to make. How do you feel/would you feel if we offered/would offer/had offered
you the job of assistant manager?

20. If you lent/had lent us the money, we paid/would pay/had paid you back next week.
II. Put the verbs in the brackets in the correct tense.

1. I’ve hung out the clothes. It’s lovely and sunny, If it (stay)... like this, they
(be) ... dry in two hours.

2. He looked so small and weak that nobody asked him to do anything. If he (look) ...
strong, he (be) ...expected to dig all day like everyone else.

3. Jack rang while you were out ~ Oh dear! If I (know) ...he was going to ring, I
(stay) ... at home.

4. What (happen) ... if I (press) ...this button?

5. If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which (you/ choose) ...?
6. The flight may be cancelled unless the fog (lift) ...

7. Unless they turn that radio off, I (go) ... mad.

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9. Now we’re lost! If you ... (write down) Mary’s directions, this ... (not
happen).

10. Why don’t we emigrate? If we ...(live) in Australia, at least the
weather ... (be) better!

11. I’m afraid that Smith is hardened criminal. If we ...(not punish) him this time,
he ... (only commit) more crimes.

12. I’m sorry I can’t lend you any money. You know that if I ...(have) it,
I ... (lend) it to you.

13. What a terrible thing to happen! Just think, if we ...(not miss) the plane,
we ... (kill) in the crash.

14. Did you enjoy your meal? If you ... (finish) eating, I ...(clear away)
the plates.

15. Tell him to bring his bicycle in. If he ...(leave) it outside, someone ...
(steal) it.

16. Why didn’t you phone? If I... (know) you were coming, I ... (meet)
you at the airport.

17. It a pity you missed the party. If you...(come), you ... (meet) my
friends from Hungary.

18. If we...(have) some tools, we... (be) able to repair the car, but we
haven’t got any with us.

19. Thank you for your help. If you ...(not help) me, I... (not pass) the
examination.

20. It’s a beautiful house, and I...(buy) it if I...(have) the money, but I
can’t afford it.

21. If Claire...(listen) to her mother, she... (not marry) David in the first
place.

22. It rained every day on our holiday. If we ... (not take) the television with us,
we ... (not have) anything to do.

23. Our report today comes from Slade Prison, on the Isle of Wright. The notorious mass-murderer Maxim
Grossburger, who killed 18 people between 1976 and 1982, tried to break out of prison during an exercise
period. He was stopped by a 26-year-old guard, Alan Pryor. Pryor told the story to our reporter. “It was
during the exercise period. The prison governor had come into the yard to inspect the prisoners. Suddenly
Grossburger grabbed him around the neck. “If anyone 23...(try) to stop me, I
24...(kill) him now!” he shouted. He had a long kitchen knife. He started pushing the governor
towards the gate. “Grossburger”, I yelled, “Even if you got out, we 25... (catch) you again.
Nobody would help you. If I 26...(be) you, I’d surrender now.” Grossburger stopped. “I want to

die!” he screamed, “Unless you 27...(unlock) that door at once, the governor 28...
(die) with me!” The governor was scared. If you had known Grossburger, you 29... (be) scared,
too. After all, he had killed 18 people already. Suddenly I had an idea. You see, Grossburger was a notorious
muderer but he was very stupid. “Grossburger!” I shouted, “It’s Friday today. It’s your favourite lunch, fish
and chips. If you escaped, you 30...(miss) it”. “Ugh?” he grunted. He looked at me. He’s a
huge man, but his eyes are tiny, really tiny. “Fish and chips... today?” He let the governor go,” Oh, then I’ll
escape tomorrow”. We led him back to his cell. It was very simple. If we 31...(try) to stop him
by force, he (32)………(certainly/kill) the governor. Just think, if the menu 33...
(be) different, the governor 34... (die)!

35. - How did you do in the car rally?

- We came in last actually, just because we got lost. If we ...(not get) lost,
we ... (come) in somewhere in the middle, we ... (not come) in last.
36. - I wasn’t surprised that we got lost because I knew the navigator couldn’t map-read.

- If you ... (know) he couldn’t map-read, why ...(you/ take) him as a
navigator?

37. I overslept, that’s why I’m half an hour late; and if my phone (not ring)...at nine
o’clock, I (be) ... still in bed.

38. It was the drug, not the disease, that killed him. He (still/ be) ... alive today if he
(not take) ... that drug.

39. Thanks to Dr Jones, I’m still alive! If it ... (not be) for her, I ... (be)
dead for certain!

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II. Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the 
one printed before that.

1. It was the goalkeeper who saved the match for us.

-> If it hadn’t ………....
2. If it doesn’t rain soon, millions of pounds’ worth of crops will be lost.

-> Unless ………
3. We couldn’t have managed without my father’s money.

-> If it ……….
4. Thanks to his aunt’s legacy of $ 10.000, he was able to buy the house he wanted.

-> If his ………...
5. Without his help, we would all have died.

-> If he ………..………
6. It was overeating that caused his heart attack. -> If he ……….…….
7. I only bought the dog because my parents wanted a pet.

-> If ……….…………
8. I only made that terrible mistake because I wasn’t thinking.

-> If I ………..
9. I’m having a lot of trouble now because I lost my passport last week.

-> If I ………..
10. I’ll only help him if he promises to try harder. -> Unless ………
11. Don’t break my doll or I’ll scream. -> If you ………
12. What would you do if you found some buried treasure?

-> If you were ………..
13 If Pauline hadn’t been interested, the project would have been abandoned.

-> But for ……….……….
14. The fire was brought under control thanks to the night watchman.

-> If it hadn’t …...
15. Dick is in prison because a detective recognized him.

-> If a detective ………..……
16. If Jane hadn’t refused to work overtime, she would have got promotion.

-> If it hadn’t………
17. Provided that your voice is audible, the audience will get the point of this scene.

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K7

Subjunctives – Thức giả định

I. If only

1. If only + past simple/past continuous/past perfect (diễn đạt mong muốn trái với hiện tại hoặcquá khứ.)
E.g. - If only he didn’t smoke. (In fact he smokes heavily)

- If only Tom were here. (In fact he isn’t here.)

- If only you hadn’t made that mistake. (In fact you made that mistake)

2. If only + would (diễn đạt sự khơng hài lịng về tình trạng ở hiện tại và mong muốn có sự thay đổi tốt hơn 
trong tơng lai.)

E.g. - If he would drive carefully.

(In fact he drives carelessly and I’m not pleased about that)
- If only someone would turn the cassatte player down.
(In fact it is too loud and I’m not pleased)

II. Wish

1. wish + simple past/past continuous(diễn đạt mong ớc trái với thực tế ở hiện tại)
E.g. - I wish I had a motorbike. (In fact I don’t have one)

- I wish you weren’t having an English lesson now.
(In fact you are learning in class)

- He wishes he was lying on the sandy beach instead of sitting in the classroom.
- I wish your sister could come on holiday with us. (In fact she can’t)

2. wish + past perfect(diễn đạt mong ớc trái với thực tế ở quá khứ, sự hối tiếc về quá khứ)
E.g. - I wish I hadn’t eaten so much. (In fact I ate too much, so I’m awful now.)

- He wishes he had seen her off at the station. (In fact, he didn’t see her off.)

3. wish + would(diễn đạt sự khơng hài lịng về tình trạng ở hiện tại và mong muốn có sự thay đổi tốt hơn 
trong tơng lai.)

E.g. - I wish he would stop smoking.

- I wish these students wouldn’t make so much noise.
III. It’s time… (đã đến lúc phảI làm một việc gì đó)

It is/was + time + (for + object) + to do st

about time + subject + V(simple past tense)

high time

E.g. - It’s time for us to go home.

- It’s high time we did something about the traffic situation in this city.
IV. would rather/sooner…than (diễn đạt ý muốn, sự lựa chọn)

Would rather/sooner + do + (than do st) muèn/thµ làm gì hơn làm gì

have done st + (than have done st) muốn/thà đã làm gì hơn đã làm gì
 + subject + V (past simple/past perfect) muốn ai sẽ/đã làm gì
E.g. - I’d rather eat meat than (eat) fish.

- I’d rather not go out tonight.

- I’d rather have lived in Ancient Greece than Ancient Rome.
- We’d rather you were punctual at work.

- He’d rather I paid him cash.

- I’d rather you hadn’t written that letter. (In fact you wrote that letter)

V.

Would prefer… (diễn đạt ý muốn, sự lựa chọn)

Would prefer + st to st thÝch cái gì hơn cái gì

doing st to doing st thích làm gì hơn làm gì

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object + to do st muốn ai làm gì
E.g - I’d prefer meat to fish.

- I’d prefer to eat out than cook for myself.

- I’f prefer going for a swim to climbing a mountain.
- He’d prefer me to pay him cash.

- We’d prefer you to be punctual at work.
VI. As if/as though …( cø nh thĨ lµ…)

As if/as though + V(simple present): Sự so sánh là đúng với hiện tại
 V(simple past/past continuous): Sự so sánh trái với hiện tại
 V(past perfect): Sự so sánh trái với quá khứ

E.g. - He is very active. He acts as if he is in charge. (He is in charge)
- He is very bossy. He acts as if he were in charge. (He isn’t in charge)
- I feel as if I had a wing and I were flying.

- She looks/looked pale. She looks/looked as if she had seen a ghost.
- He talks/talked about Hanoi as if he had lived there all his life.
(Perhaps he hasn’t lived in HN for so long, I’m not sure)
VII. Yêu cầu, mệnh lệnh quan trọng, cấp bách

1. demand, insist, suggest, require + that + Subject + do st/should do st/did st
E.g. - They demand that he leave at once.

- We insist that the letter be read twice.

- They demand that he should leave/left at once.
- We insist that the letter should be/was read twice.

2. It is + necessary/essential/important + that + Subject + do st/should do st/did st
E.g. - It is essential that he leave at once.

- It is important that the letter was read twice.
- It is important that the letter should be read twice.
VII. Regret: (sù hèi tiÕc/©n hËn)

Regret + (not) V-ing: Lấy làm tiếc đã/đã khơng làm gì

E.g. - I regret going to bed late last night. Now I have a headache.
= I wish I hadn’t gone to bed late last night.

- He regrets not taking her home.
= He wishes he had taken her home.

* Một số cấu trúc khác diễn đạt sự hối tiếc, ân hận về những sự việc đã/đã không xảy ra trong quá khứ.
It’s a (great) pity that + V(simple past)…

It’s a shame / an awful shame that+ V(simple past)….
What a pity!

E.g. - It’s a pity that I didn’t apply for that job.
= I regret not applying for that job.

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K7

I. Choose the most suitable tense.

1. I wish Peter doesn’t live/didn’t live/wouldn’t live so far away from the town centre. We’ll have to take a taxi.

2. I feel rather cold. I wish I brought/had brought my pullover with me.
3. What a pity! I wish we don’t have to/didn’t have to/wouldn’t have to leave.
4. I wish you tell/told/had told me about the test. I haven’t done any revision.

5. I wish the people next door hadn’t made/wouldn’t make/couldn’t make so much noise. I can’t hear myself
think!

6. Oh, I like cakes. I wish I have/had/would have some to eat now.

7. I’m sorry I missed your birthday party. I really wish I come/came/had come/would come.
8. I like my new boss but I wish she gave/would give/could give me some more responsibility.
9. Having a lovely time in Brighton. I wish you are/were/had been here. Love, Sheila.

10. This car was a complete waste of money. I wish I didn’t buy/hadn’t bought it.
11. A cheque is all right, but I’d rather you pay/paid me cash.

12. If only I have/had/would have a screwdriver with me.
13. If you want to catch the last train, it’s time you leave/left.

14. I’d rather you don’t tell/didn’t tell anyone about our conversation.

15. I’ve got a terrible hangover. If only I didn’t drink/hadn’t drunk that fourth bottle of wine.

16. If you don’t mind, I’d sooner you practised/had practised/would practise your violin somewhere else.
17. It’s high time you learn/learned to look after yourself.

18. Jean thinks that everyone likes her. If only she knew/knows what people say behind her back.
19. I’d rather we stayed/stay at home this Christmas for a change.

20. It’s high time the government does/did/had done something about the unemployment among young
graduates.

II. Put the verbs in the brackets in the correct tense.

1. I would say it was time you ...(start) working seriously.
2. I’d rather you ………. (not watch) television while I’m reading.
3. I wish I ………. (spend) more time swimming last summer.
4. Helen is so bossy. She acts as if she ……….(own) the place.
5. I wish you ………. (not keep) coming late to class.

6. I’d rather you ……… (sit) next to Susan, please.

7. The government demanded that the ambassador ……….. (be) recalled.
8. You are lucky going to Italy. I wish I ………(go) with you.

9. We need some help. I wish Alfred ………(be) here now. If he ………. (be) here, we
could finish the work very quickly.

10. We had a very good time in Houston over vacation. I wish you ………(come) with us. If you
……….(come), you ………(have) a good time.

11. I wish it ……….(be/ not) so cold today. If it ………(be/ not) so cold today, I
………..(go) swimming.

12. A: - Is the noise from the record-player in the next apartment bothering you?

B: - Yes, I’m trying to study. I wish he ………(turn) it down.

13. What a beautiful day! I wish I ………(lie) in the sun by a swimming-pool instead of sitting in
a classroom.

14. Actually I’d rather you ………(not smoke) in here.

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II. Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the one 
printed before that.

1. I wish I hadn’t heard that!

-> I’d rather you ………
2. Everyone wished they had listened more carefully to the lecture.

-> Everyone regretted ………
3. Is it better for me to leave?

-> Would you rather………?
4. We really must discuss this again.

-> It’s important that………..
5. Jack prefers me not to say anything about the missing money.

-> Jack would rather ……….
6. I’d rather you hadn’t eaten all the bread!

-> I wish……….
7. I’m sorry now that I didn’t finish my homework last night.

-> I wish ……….
8. What a pity! You failed your driving test.

-> I wish ……….
9. It’s a pity I didn’t see her off at the station.

-> I wish ……….
10. He’s sorry now that he didn’t invite Molly to his party.

-> He wishes ………..
11. Alan regretted asking Arthur to lend him $20.

-> Alan wishes ………
12. Maria didn’t apply for the job in the library and regrets it now.

-> Maria wishes ………..
13. He was sorry he hadn’t taken her to the station.

-> He regretted ………
14. She is sorry she set eyes on him.

-> She regrets ………..
15. He prefers golf to tennis.

-> He’d rather ……….
16. No, please don’t tell him.

-> I’d rather ……….
17. I don’t really want to go out tonight.

-> I’d rather ……….
18. He would prefer me to pay him cash.

-> He’d rather ………..

19. I wish I hadn’t sold that old painting. Pity

-> ………..

20. It would be better if you didn’t stay long. Rather

-> ………..

21. The management insisted on our wearing dark suits. Wear

-> ………..

22. Why do you have to complain all the time? Wish

-> ………..

23. I don’t want to go to the meeting. Rather

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K8 -

Passive voice 1

(Thể bị động)

I. Cấu trúc động từ trong câu bị động

TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE

Động từ TO BE đợc chia theo qui tắc sử dụng các thì cơ bản.

+ Thãi quen, qui luËt:

E.g. - Milk is delivered at 6.00 every morning.
- Dustbins are emptied every 2 days.
+ Hành động sự việc đang diễn ra ở hiện tại:

E.g. - This bridge is being repaired at the moment.
+ Sự kiện, hành động kết thúc trong quá khứ:

E.g. - This bridge was built 20 years ago.
- My house was broken into last night.

+ Sự kiện, hành động đang diễn ra trong quá khứ thì bị cắt ngang bởi 1 hành động khác:
E.g. - He was being questioned at the police station when he fainted.

+ Sù viƯc sÏ x¶y ra trong t¬ng lai:

E.g. - A new road is going to be built here.

- The school will be repainted before the opening of the new school year.
II. Những biến đổi cần thiết khi đổi câu chủ động sang bị động

- Xác định tân ngữ của câu chủ động.

- Chuyển tân ngữ của câu chủ động lên vị trí chủ ngữ của câu bị động.
- Chia động từ TO BE đúng thì theo thì của động từ trong câu chủ động.

- Lợc bỏ chủ ngữ của câu chủ động. Nếu cần phải nhắc đến chủ thể hành động thì đặt sau giới từ BY hoặc

WITH.

BY + ngời thực hiện hành động.

WITH + dụng cụ thực hiện hành động, chất liệu.

* To be+filled/packed/crowded/crammed+with+sb/st: đầy, chật cứng bởi ai/cái gì.
- Khi chủ ngữ của câu chủ động là NO ONE, NOBODY ta có câu bị động phủ định.

E.g. -They gave him a big apple. -> (1) He was given a big apple.
-> (2) A big apple was given to him.
- They hit us with a hammer. -> We were hit with a hammer.
- An overhanging branch of tree hit him badly.

-> He was badly hit by an overhanging branch of tree.
- Nobody helped her. -> She wasn’t helped.

- The room was filled with boxes of different sizes.
- Your hair is covered with paint.

- The streets were crowded with people window-shopping.

Exercises

–

Passive I

I Correct any passive verb forms which are impossible or inappropriate.

1. A lot of homes in the area have been being broken into by burglars. …………
2. As I drove south, I could see that the old road was rebuilding. …………
3. I suppose the letter will have been delivered by now. …….……
4. There is nothing more annoying than been interrupted when you are speaking. …….……

5. Jim was been given the sack from his new job. ………….

6. The new shopping center was opened by the local MP. ……….…
7. Harry is been questioned by the police about the accident. ………….
8. A lot of meetings have been held, but nothing has being decided yet. ………….
9. Last week it is decided not to have an office party after all. ………….
10. When I saw him, he has being bullied by some naught boys. ………….
II. Put the verbs in the brackets into the correct tenses and voices.

1. The boxes………..(not pack) yet.
2. Your food……….(still prepare).
3. The new ship………..(launch) next week.

4. Luckily by the time we got there, the painting………(not sell)
5. We had to go on holiday as our house……….(decorate)
6. I’m afraid that next week’s meeting………..(cancel)

7. If we don’t hurry, all the tickets………..(sell) by the time we get there.
8. All main courses……….(serve) with vegetables or salad.

9. The second goal……….(score) by Hughes in the 41st minute.

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11. Nothing ………(see) of Pauline since her car……….(find) abandoned near Newbury last week.
12. For the past few days I………...(work) in Jack’s office as my own office………..(redecorate).
13. The last time I went sailing with friends the boat...(sink) in a gale. Luckily, I ……...……...
(not invite) again since then!

14. It ……….(announce) that the proposed new office block………..(now not build) because
of the current economic situation.

15. A major new deposit of oil………..(discover) in the North Sea. It………..(think) to be

nearly twice the size of the largest existing field.

16. Pictures of the surface of the planet Venus………(receive) yesterday from the space probe “Explore”

which……….(launch) last year.

17. A large sum……...…..(raise) for the Fund by a recent charity concert but
the target of $250.000………...……(still not reach).

18. No decision…………...(make) about any appointment until all suitable candidates………
(interview).

19. Coca-Cola ... (enjoy) all over the world. 1.6 billion gallons ...(sell) every year, in
over one hundred and sixty countries. The drink ...(invent) by Dr john Pemberton in Atlanta, on
May 8th 1886, but it...(give) the name Coca-Cola by his partner, Frank Robinson. In the

first year, only 9 drinks a day...(sell). The business...(buy) by a man called Asa
Candler in 1888, and the first factory...(open) in Dallas, Texas , in 1895.

Coca-Cola ...(still/make) there. Billions of bottles and cans...(produce) since
1895. Diet Coke...(make) since 1982, and over the years many clever

advertisements...(use) to sell the product. It is certainly that Coca-Cola ...
(drink) far into the 21st century.

III. Change the following sentences into the passive ones.

1. People steel things from supermarkets everyday; someone stole 20 bottles of whisky from this one last week.

->...

2. Normally men swept this street everyday; but nobody swept it last week.

->...
3. We never saw him in the dining-room. A maid took all his meals up to him.

->...
4. Someone left this purse in a classroom yesterday; the cleaner found it.

->...
5. Dogs guard the ware house. The other day a thief tried to get in and a dog saw him and chased him.

->...
6. They are repairing the piano at the moment.

->...
7. They invited Jack; but they didn’t invite Tom.

->...
8. Has someone posted my parcel yet? -> ...
9. We shall have to tow the car to the garage. -> ...
10. When they have widened this street, the roar of traffic will keep residents awake all night.

->...
11. Nobody has used this room for ages.-> ...
12. You can’t wash this dress; you have to dry-clean it.

->...
13. They couldn’t find the robber. -> ...
14. You needn’t type this letter.->...
15. You must finish all the home work before going to class.

->...

K8 -

Passive voice 2

Một số dạng câu bị động đặc biệt

1. Câu chủ động có động từ giới thiệu: think, say, believe, consider, find, suppose, report (thông
báo), rumour (đồn đại), claim (tuyên bố), confirm (xác nhận), know, deny(chối c i)… có thể đổi sangã
2 câu bị động nh sau:

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E.g 2. - People know that he was a spy in the war. -> (1) It is known that he was a spy in the war.
-> (2) He is known to have been a spy in the war.

E.g 3. - They said that the painting was a flake one. -> (1) It was said that the painting was a flake one.

-> (2) The painting was said to be a flake one.
E.g 4. - People believe/believed that she worked for CIA. -> (1) It is/was believed that she worked for CIA.

-> (2) She is/was believed to have worked for CIA.

E.g 5. - They think that Mary is living in Paris.
-> (2) Mary is thought to be living in Paris.

E.g 6. - People believe that the driver was driving carelessly then.
-> (2) The driver is believed to have been driving carelessly then.
* Chó ý:

+ Khi động từ trong mệnh đề THAT chia ở thì QK, ở cách đổi thứ 2 ta phải dùng nguyên thể hoàn thành sau
dạng bị động của động từ giới thiệu.

+ Trong trờng hợp động từ trong mệnh đề THAT là TO BE, chỉ khi động từ giới thiệu ở thì HTĐG, động từ
TO BE chia ở thì QK, ở cách đổi thứ 2 ta mới dùng nguyên thể hoàn thành sau dạng bị động của động từ giới
thiệu (ví dụ 2 và 3).

+ Động từ ngun thể tiếp diễn đơn hoặc hồn thành có thể đợc sử dụng khi động từ trong mệnh đề THAT
chia ở thì tiếp diễn (ví dụ 5 và 6).

II. To have + noun + past participle (To have something done)

E.g To have a hair cut/done: Đi cắt tóc/uốn tóc
To have eyes tested: Đi thử mắt

To have chest X-rayed: đii chụp X-quang tim phổi
To have a house built/repaired/painted: Xây/sửa/sơn nhà

To have clothes made/repaired/cleaned: Đi may/sửa/giặt quần áo
To have a bicycle stolen: Bị mất xe đạp

To have one house broken into: Bị trộm đột nhập vào nhà

1. Miêu tả hành động ngời khác làm cho mình.
E.g. - I’ve just had my car serviced.

- He has his hair cut twice a month.
- She had her shoes made last week.

- Don’t visit them now. They are having their house painted.
2. Miêu tả những sự việc mình không mong muốn xảy ra.

E.g. - We had our house broken into during our holiday.

- She’s had her bag stolen, now she’s broke.

- I’ve had my car towed away. Now I’m going to pay a fine.
III. TO GET + noun + past participle

1. Diễn đạt hàm ý rằng nhất định phải làm 1 việc gì đó hoặc cuối cùng đã làm đợc1 việc gì đó dù rất khó 
khăn.

E.g. - My car is giving me so much trouble. I must get it serviced soon.
- I’ve been very busy but I eventually got my car serviced.

2. Diễn đạt mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu.

E.g. - You look so untidy with your long hair. Get it cut immediately!
IV. Need + V-ing = Need/ought + to be done

E.g. - Your hair needs cutting. = Your hair needs to be cut.

- The roof needs repairing. = The roof needs/ ought to be repaired.
- The river needs cleaning. = The river needs/ought to be cleaned.
V. Make, see + sb + do st  To be made/seen + to do st

E.g. - They saw us leave the house.==> We were seen to leave the house.
- He made me work hard.==> I was made to work hard.

* Let sb do st  To be let do st

To be allowed to do st
E.g. - They let us go home once a week.

=> We were let go / allowed to go home once a week.

Exercises

–

Passive 2

I. Decide whether the sentences in each pair have the same meaning. Make any change necessary to make them
have the same meaning.

1. Someone is painting our house at the moment.
We are painting our house at the moment.

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3. Someone stole Mary’s motorbike last week.
Mary had stolen her motorbike last week.

4. I’ve just been to the hairdresser’s. What do you think?

I’ve just cut my hair at the hairdresser’s. What do you think?
5. Someone has broken into my car.

My car has been broken.

6. Just a minute. I’ll ask someone to wrap this for you.
Just a minute. I’ll have to wrap this for you.

7. The car hasn’t been serviced for a long time.
We haven’t had the car serviced for a long time.

8. They are coming to put in a new water-heater next week.
We’re putting in a new water-heater next week.

9. Would you consider having plastic surgery to alter your nose?
Would you consider having your nose altered by plastic surgery?

10. A qualified electrician checked the wiring.

We had checked the wiring with a qualified electrician.

II. Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the
one printed before that.

1. People think that neither side wanted war.

=> Neither side is………...………….……
2. Everyone knows that eating fruit is good for you.

=> Eating fruit………...………..………….….
3. Everyone thought the painting had been destroyed.

=> The painting………...…………..……….
4. People say that company bid (= paid) 50 million pounds for the shares.

=> The company………...….……….
5. People say that the late Mr. Jone was difficult to work with.

=> The late………..…...
6. People think the jewels were stolen by one of the guests.

=> One of the guests………..……...………
7. It is believed that the Chinese invented gunpowder.

=> The Chinese………..………...……….
8. It is thought that the two injured men were repairing high-tension cables.

=> The two injured men………...………..
9. There is a rumour that the escaped prisoner is living in Spain.

=> The escaped prisoner………...………..
10. People say that Mrs. Turner was having business difficulties.

=> Mrs. Turner………...………
11. The police believe that a professional thief stole the statue.

=> The statue………...…………..………..
12. We are thinking of getting someone to paint the outside of the house.

=> We are having………...…………
13. The police towed away Alan’s car.

=> Alan………...……
14. I haven’t been to the car-wash for a long time.

=> I………...…...…
15. Someone broke Harry’s nose in a fight.

=> Harry………...
16. Isn’t it time someone fixed your television.

=> Isn’t it time you………...
17. Helen’s publishers have just published her book.

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18. The police towed away Nigel’s car.

=> Nigel ………...……

19. Someone has stolen my motorbike.

=> I………...…...………...…
20. The hairdresser is cutting my hair this morning.

=> I………...………...
21. A painter paintedd our house last month.

=> We………...……….
22. The storm blew off the roof of the house.

=> The house………...
23. I think this room needs repairing.

=> I think this room ought...
24. Someone used a knife to open this window.

=> This window………....…………...………....
25. They paid Sheila $1000 as a special bonus.

=> $1000………...……….…….
26. A friend lent George an expensive motorbike.

=>An expensive motorbike ……….………...……
27. The police have issued a description of the wanted man.

=> A description………...……….…………
28. They allowed me to use the office car during the business trip..

=> I...………...……….…………

29. Nobody let Jack go to the party.

=> Jack………...………..………….
30. They made us lie on the floor; but they let us keep our belongings.

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K9

Direct and indirect speech

(C©u trùc tiÕp gi¸n tiÕp)–

I. Giíi thiƯu chung

- Có 2 cách để nhắc lại lời nói của ngời khác: trực tiếp và gián tiếp.

- Trong lời nói trực tiếp, ta nhắc lại chính xác lời nói của ngời khác. Khi viết lời nói trực tiếp đợc đặt trong dấu trích
dẫn.

E.g. - He said, “I have lost my umbrella.”

§éng tõ giíi thiƯu Lêi nãi trùc tiÕp

- Trong lời nói gián tiếp, ta chỉ cần giữ ngun nghĩa của lời nói. Khi viết khơng cịn dấu trích dẫn, khơng cịn dấu
phảy sau động từ giới thiệu.

E.g. - He said that he had lost his umbrella.

II. Một số thay đổi khi chuyển câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp.
1. Đại từ nhân xng, tính từ sở hữu, đại từ sở hữu

I => he/she me => him/her
we => they us => them
you => I/we you =>me/us
my => his/her mine => his/hers
our => their ours => theirs
your => my/our yours => mine/ours

2. Trạng từ nơi chốn, đại từ chỉ định

here => there this => that these => those

3. Tr¹ng tõ thêi gian

trùc tiÕp ===> gi¸n tiÕp

today that day

yesterday the day before
the day before yesterday two days before

tomorrow the next day/the following day
the day after tomorrow in two days’ time

next week/year… the following week/year…
last week/year… the previous week/year

a year…ago a year…before/the previous year

4. Thì động từ trong lời nói trực tiếp

Khi động từ gới thiệu chia ở thì quá khứ đơn giản, lùi thì của động từ trong lời nói trực tiếp 1 thì về qú khứ.

trùc tiÕp ===> gi¸n tiÕp

HT§G QK§G

HTTD QKTD

HTHT QKHT

QK§G

HTHTTD QKHTTD

will would

can could

may might

must had to

III. Cách đổi câu trần thuật trực tiếp sang gián tiếp

1. Các động từ giới thiệu thờng dùng: say that…/tell sb that…
Ngoài ra cịn có thể sử dụng các động từ khác:

- add (nói thêm - complain (phàn nàn) - point out (chỉ ra)
- admit (thú nhận) - deny (chối cãi) - promise (hứa)
- answer (trả lời) - explain (giải thích) - protest (phản đối)

- argue (tranh luận) - grumble (càu nhàu) - remark (nhận xét)
- assure (quả quyết) - object (phản đối) - remind+O (nhắc nhở)
- boast (ba hoa) - observe (quan sát) - reply (đáp lại)

2. Thực hiện các biến đổi về thì động từ trong lời nói trực tiếp, đại từ nhân xng, trạng từ thời gian, nơi chốn …
E.g. - “I never eat meat,” he explained. ố He explained that he never ate meat.

- “I’m waiting for Ann,” he said. è He said that he was waiting for Ann.
- “My sister is coming here tomorrow,” Ann said to me.

è Ann told me that her sister was coming there the next day.
- He said, “I didn’t sleep well last night.”

è He said that he hadn’t slept well the previous night.

3. Những trờng hợp khơng lùi thì động từ trong lời nói trực tiếp.
a. Động từ giới thiệu khơng chia ở thì q khứ.

E.g. - “I’ll never get married.” Tom says. è Tom says that he will never get married.

b. Các thì quá khứ trong cấu trúc thức giả định (wish, would rather, it’s time…, as if/as though/ if only)

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E.g. - “I wish I knew the answer,” he said. è He said that he wished he knewthe answer.
- “I’d rather you paid me cash,” she said to me.

è She told me that she’d rather I paid her cash.
- “It’s time you left,” said the teacher to her students.

è The teacher told her students that it was time they left.
- “He acts as if he were the boss here,” she complained

è She complained that he acted as if he were the boss there.
- “If the salary were higher, I would take the job,” said Peter.

è Peter said that he would take the job if the salary were higher.

- “If the weather had been good, we would have had a nice weekend,” said Ann.

è Ann said that they would have had a nice weekend if the weather had been good.

c. Thì quá khứ trong loại câu sau đây:

E.g. - When I saw them, they were playing tennis,” said Mike.

è Mike said that when he saw them, they were playing tennis.

Chú ý: Với loại câu này, nếu trong mệnh đề thời gian bắt đầu bằng When động từ chia
ở thì QKTD, ta có thể lùi thì của động từ trong mệnh đề chính.

E.g. - “When we were living in Paris, we often saw Paul,” he said.

ố He said that when they were living in Paris, they often saw/had often seen Paul.
IV. Cách đổi câu hỏi trực tiếp sang gián tiếp

- Các động từ giới thiệu thờng dùng: ask (sb), inquire, wonder, want to know
- Trong câu hỏi gián tiếp, trật tự từ giống nh trong câu trần thuật.

E.g. - “Where do you live?” said the teacher

è The teacher asked me where I lived.

- Thực hiện các biến đổi về thì động từ trong lời nói trực tiếp, đại từ nhân xng, trạng từ thời gian, nơi chốn… nh khi đổi
câu trần thuật.

1. Cách đổi câu hỏi dạng đảo. (Yes-No questions)
- Dùng If bt u cõu hi giỏn tip.

- Dùng Whether bắt đầu c©u hái lùa chän cã OR.

- Câu trả lời dạng ngắn gián tiếp gồm chủ ngữ và động từ hoặc trợ động từ đã lùi thì.
E.g. - “Do you like music?” he said. “Yes, I do.” I replied.

è He asked me if I liked music and I said that I did.

- “Are you married?” said the interviewer. “No, I’m not.” Mike replied.

è The interviewer asked Mike if he was married and he said that he wasn’t.
- “Do you want the blue or the green?” said the shopkeeper.

ố The shopkeeper asked me whether I wanted the blue or the green.
2. Cách đổi câu hỏi có từ nghi vấn. (Wh-questions)

- Dïng từ nghi vấn (who, what, where, how many) bắt đầu câu hỏi gián tiếp.

E.g. - Where did you go last night?” he asked. “I went to the pub,” I replied.

è He asked where I had gone the previous night and I said that I had gone to the pub.
- “How many people are there in your family?” said the interviewer.

ố The interviewer asked me how many people there were in my family.

V. Cách đổi câu mệnh lênh sang câu gián tiếp.

Các câu mệnh lệnh đợc đổi sang câu gián tiếp theo cụng thc sau õy:

Chủ ngữ + Động từ giới thiệu + Tân ngữ + Động từ nguyên thể
E.g. - “Stand up, John,” said the teacher.

è The teacher told John to stand up.

- “Don’t talk in class!” said the teacher to the students.

è The teacher asked the students not to talk in class.
- “Don’t shoot me!” said the man to the robber.
-> The man begged the robber not to shoot him.

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Một số câu gián tiếp đặc biệt

1. Các cấu trúc diễn đạt đề xuất, đề nghị (suggestions).

- What / How + about + n/V-ing?

- Shall we….? ===> suggest + V-ing(đề xuất ai đó cùng mình làm gì)

- Let’s (not)….

- Why don’t we…?

* Why don’t you…? ===> advise + sb + to do st
suggest that sb + should do st

2. Các cấu trúc diễn đạt lời đề nghị ngời khác làm giúp mình việc gì (requests).
- Could/Can you….?

- Would you do…/mind doing….? ===> ask/tell + sb + to do st

- Will you…? (đề nghị ai làm gì giúp mình)
- Câu mệnh lệnh khẳng định.

3. Các cấu trúc diễn đạt lời đề nghị mình giúp ngời khác việc gì (offers).
- Shall I….?/Let me…

- I’ll… = ==> offer + to do st: đề nghị làm gì (cho ai)
- Would you like me to do …..?

Chú ý: - Would you like to do st? ===> invite sb to do st: mời ai làm gì
 - Would you like st? ===>offer sb st: mời ai ăn/uống gì
4. Các cấu trúc diễn đạt lời khuyên (advice).

- If I were you(câu điều kiện loại II)

- Youd better. ===> advise + sb + to do st
- You should (not)/ought (not) (khuyên ai làm gì)

- Câu mệnh lệnh

5. Cu trỳc diễn đạt lời hứa, de doạ (promise/threat).

- I’ll do st… ===> threaten to do st: doạ sẽ làm gì
promise to do st: hứa sẽ làm gì

6. Các cấu trúc diễn đạt lời chúc mừng và câu trả lời.

E.g. - “Have a good trip!” said Tom. “Thank you” I replied.
=> Tom wished me (to have) a good trip and I thanked him.
* To wish sb (to do) st: chúc ai cái gì

7. Một số cấu trúc kh¸c

Yes, let’s. ===> agree to do st
(No), let’s not. ===> disagree to do st
Yes, please. ===> accept st

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K9 - Exercises

I. Turn the following sentences into reported speech.

1. “You can’t park here.” said the policeman to Jack. ->………...………
2. “I’ll see you in the morning, Helen.” said Peter. ->………...…………
3. “I’m taking the 5.30 train tomorrow morning.” said Janet.

->………...……….
4. “The trousers have to be ready tomorrow evening.” Paul said to the dry-cleaner.

->………...……….
5. “I left my umbrella here two days ago.” said Susan ->………...……….
6. “I think it’s going to rain tomorrow.” said William. ->………...………
7. “Do you watch television every evening, Chris?” said the interviewer. “Yes, I do.” said Chris.

->………...……….
8. “Are you taking much money with you to France?” asked my bank manager.

->………...……….
9. “Are you enjoying your flight?” said the stewardess. ->………...…………
10. “Have you ever been to Japan?” said Susan. “No, never.” replied Paul

->………...……….
11. “What time does the film start, Peter?” I said. ->………...………
12. “When will I know the results of the examination?” Mary said to the examiner.

->………...……….
13. “Who did you give the money to?” asked Ann. ->………...……….
14. “How much do you think it will cost?” he said to me.

->………...……….
15. “Who has been using my computer?” said my mother. ->……….………
16. “Switch off the TV.” She said to her son. ->………...………..
17. “Don’t hurry”, he said, “We’ve got plenty of time.” ->………...………
18. “He said, “No, no…please don’t shoot me.” ->………...…………
19. “Don’t forget to feed the cat.” said my mother. ->…………...………
20. “Remember to post the letter.” Ann said to me. ->………...…….
21. “I wish I had something to eat.” said Peter. ->………...………
22. “I wish we were in Australia.” said Mr. Brown. ->………...…………
23. “I’d rather the cat slept in a basket.” said Mike. ->………...………
24. “I’d rather you painted it green, Peter.” said Mr. Pitts. ->………...
………

25. “Would you like to come with us?” said Mr. Taylor ->………...…………
26. “Shall we have dinner somewhere after the theatre?” said Peter – “Yes, let’s” said Ann, “What about going to the
new Indian restaurant?”

->………...……….

27. “I’m broke”, said Jack. - “Shall I lend you some money?” said Ann.

->………...……….
28. “Would you mind getting out of the car?” said the driver, “I’ll have to change the wheel.” – “Shall I help you?” I said.
->………...……….
29. “Would you like a cigarette?” said Mr. John. - “No, thanks.” I said.

->………...……….
30. “Let’s have some bread.” said Mary. – “Let’s not, bread is tasteless nowadays.” said Ann.

->………...……….
II. Rewrite the sentences as direct speech

1. Graham told Ian he would see him the following day.

->………...……….
2. Pauline told the children their swimming things were not there.

->………...………….
3. David told me my letter had arrived the day before. ->………...……….
4. Bill told Stephen he hadn’t been at home that morning.

->………...……….
5. Chris told Mike that he had lost his lighter the night before.

->………...……….
6. The porter told me he would wake me up when the train arrived in Leeds.

->………...………….
7. My friend told me that she had just received a postcard from her sister.

->………...………….
8. Rose said that she was just leaving the office when she came face to face with a stranger.

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9. He asked what the weather had been like during my holiday and I said that it had been awful.

->………...……….
10. Henry asked the librarian how many books he could borrow at a time.

->………...……….
11. Mike asked Janet if she knew their new boss and she said that she didn’t.

->………...……….
12. David asked a passer-by if it was the right road for Hasting.

->………...……….
13. I asked her if she liked the book and she said that she didn’t.

->………...……….
14. Magaret told John to phone her on the following day.

->………...……….
15. She advised me not to worry too much. ->………...………
II. Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the one printed before that.
1. “I wouldn’t cook the fish for too long, Bill, if I were you,” said Jean.

=> Jean advised Bill………...……….
2. “Helen, would you like to come to lunch on Sunday?” said Mary

=> Mary………...………

3. “Me? No, I didn’t take Sue’s calculator,” said Bob. => Bob denied………...………
4. “Don’t forget to buy some milk, Andy,” said Clare.

=> Clare reminded………...………
5. “Why don’t you go and see the film again, Brian?” I said.

=> I suggested………...
6. “No, you really must stay the night, Sophia,” said Ann.

=> Ann insisted………...……….
7. “Make sure that you don’t take the A20 in the rush hour, Tim,” said Jack.

=> Jack warned………...………
8. “You are not allowed to smoke in your room, Dick,” said his mother.

=> Dick’s mother………...………..
9. “Do you think you could tell me what the time is?”

=> David asked me……….…...…………..(five words)
10. “Excuse me, but I wonder if you’d mind opening the windows.”

=> The man sitting next to me asked me………...………..(four words)
11. “I want to know how much this bike costs. Can you tell me?”

=> John asked how………...………(four words)
12. “ I’m sorry I didn’t phone you earlier.” => Jill apologized………...………
13. “No, I’m sorry, I won’t work on Saturday. Definitely not!”

=> Catherine refused………...………
14. “Let’s go out to the pub for lunch, shall we?” => Wendy suggested………...………

15. “If you like, I’ll help you do the decorating, Bob.” => Ann offered………...………
16. “I’ll definitely take you to the park on Sunday, children.”

=> Tom promised………...………..
17. “Yes, all right, I’ll share the bill with you, Dave.” => Brenda agreed…………...…………
18. “Why don’t you postpone your trip till the autumn, Jim?”

=> Sarah suggested………...……….
19. “It was me who stole the money.” => Jim admitted………...………
20. “Let me carry your suitcase, John.” => Harry………...………
IV. Fill in each of the numbered blanks in the passage with only one best word.

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k10

mệnh đề quan hệ (I)

Giíi thiƯu chung

- MĐQH đợc giới thiệu bằng: who(m), which, that, where, when, why, whose.

- MĐQH thờng đứng sau danh từ hoặc đại từ mà nó có chức năng xác định hoặc nói rõ thêm.
- ĐTQH thay thế cho danh từ để tránh lặp lại từ trong câu.

- Có 2 loại MĐQH cơ bản: MĐQH xác định (Defining Relative Clause) và MĐQH không xác định
(Non-Defining Relative Clause).

I. Defining Relative Clauses

- Là bộ phận cần thiết trong câu, xác định danh từ đứng trớc. Nếu lợc bỏ mệnh đề này thì câu tối nghĩa.
- Trong câu khơng có dấu phẩy giữa danh từ và MĐQH.

- Các ĐTQH dùng trong MĐQH xác định:

Subject Object Possessive

For persons who/that who/whom/that whose

For things which/that which/that of which/ whose

1. ĐTQH là chủ ngữ trong MĐQH.
E.g

- The man robbed you. He has been arrested.
-> The man who/that robbed you has been arrested.
- The stairs lead to the cellar. They are rather slippery.
-> The stairs which/that lead to the cellar are rather slippery.
* Notes:

- Khi ĐTQH thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật là chủ ngữ trong MĐQH xđ đứng sau all, everything, something,
anything, little, much, none, no và các cụm từ có all, no và cấp so sánh cao nhất, dùng That, không dùng
which.

- Khi ĐTQH thay thế cho danh từ chỉ ng ời là chủ ngữ trong MĐQH xđ đứng sau someone, anyone,
everyone, somebody, anybody and everybody dùng Who không dùng That.

E.g

- All the apples that fall are eaten by the pigs.
- This is the biggest hotel that has been built here.
- Ann said something that was annoying.

- Anyone who can answer this question must be very clever.
- Someone who is willing to help the poor is very kind.
2. ĐTQH là tân ngữ trong MĐQH.

E.g

- He employs some girls. They are always complaining about their pays.

-> The girls (who(m)/that) he employs are always complaining about their pays.
- My car hit a motorbike. This motorbike was badly damaged.

-> The motorbike (which/that) my car hit was badly damaged.
* Notes:

- Khi ĐTQH là tân ngữ trong MĐQH xác định, ta có thể lợc bỏ chúng mà khơng gây tối nghĩa.
3. MĐQH bắt đầu bằng Whose hoặc Of Which.

* Whose thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu hoặc sở hữu c¸ch.
E.g

- The film is about a spy. His wife lost her memory suddenly.
-> The film is about a spy whose wife lost her memory suddenly.

* Đối với danh từ bất động vật, dùng with + cụm danh từ thay thế cho Whose hoặc of which.
E.g

- Can you see the house? The doors of this house are green.
-> Can you see the house whose doors are green?

the doors of which are green?
with green doors?

4. MĐQH bắt đầu bằng các trạng tõ liªn hƯ WHERE, WHEN, WHY.
* WHERE = in/ at which (place)

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where I was born.
* WHEN = in / on which (time)

E.g - I still remember the year. I joined the army in that year.
-> I still remember the year which I joined the army in.

when I joined the army.
* WHY = for which (reason)

E.g - Do you know the reason? Peter was late for this reason.
-> Do you know the reason which Peter was late for?

why Peter was late?

II. Non-Defining Relative Clauses.

- Đứng sau danh từ đã xác định ví dụ nh: Mr. Brown, my teacher, his car, the 4.35 train…Do đó MĐQH ko
xđ chỉ nói rõ thêm thơng tin về danh từ đứng trớc.

- Bị tách khỏi mệnh đề chính bằng du phy.

- Có thể lợc bỏ cả MĐ mà ko gây tối nghĩa, thờng dùng trong văn phong viết trang trọng.
- Các ĐTQH dùng trong MĐQH ko xđ.

Subjects Objects Possessive

For persons who who(m) whose

For things which which whose

1. ĐTQH là chủ ngữ trong MĐQH.
E.g

- My friend works in a bank. He is going to lend me a big sum of money.
-> My friend, who works in a bank, is going to lend me a big sum of money.
- The 8.15 train is usually punctual. It was late today.

-> The 8. 15 train, which is usually punctual, was late today.
2. §TQH là tân ngữ trong MĐQH.

E.g

- She introduced me to her husband. I hadn't met him before.
-> She introduced me to her husband, who(m) I hadn't met before.
- She gave me this jumper. She had knitted it herself.

-> She gave me this jumper, which she had knitted herself.
* Notes: Không đợc lợc bỏ ĐTQH là tân ngữ trong MĐQH ko xđ.
3. MĐQH bắt đầu bằng WHOSE.

E.g - Ann is trying to get a job. Her children are at school all day.
-> Ann, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job.

- His house needs repairing. The windows of this house were all broken in the storm.

-> His house, whose windows were all broken in the storm, needs repairing.

4. MĐQH đợc bắt đầu bằng WHERE, WHEN.

E.g - He went to Hollywood, where he made his first film.

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k10 -

mệnh đề quan hệ

(II)

Một số dạng đặc biệt của MĐQH.

1. MĐQH bắt đầu bằng Which, Which thay thế cho thơng tin đợc nói tới trong mệnh đề đứng trớc.
E.g

- He failed the exam, which disappointed everyone.
- The clock struck thirteen, which made all of us laugh.

2. MĐQH bắt đầu bằng các từ chỉ số hoặc lợng all, both, few, most, several, some, none,
20%, half…+ of + whom / which.

E.g

- I have a lot of friends, most of whom come from Scotland.
- She bought a lot of apples, half of which were badly bruised.

3. Khi ĐTQH là tân ngữ của động từ có giới từ, trong văn phong viết trang trọng có thể đảo giới từ lên tr 
-ớc ĐTQH, khi đó ĐTQH dùng cho ngời là WHOM, ĐTQH dùng cho vật là WHICH

E.g

- ….the man (who/ that) I talked to…

to whom I talked…

- ….the ladder (which/ that) I was standing on…
on which I was standing…
- …Mr. John, who(m) I was working for,…

for whom I was working…..
- ….his house, which he paid $ 2,000 for,…
for which he paid $ 2,000,

4. Câu nhấn mạnh: It + TO BE + Noun / Pronoun + Defining Relative Clause (bắt đầu
bằng WHO / THAT).

E.g

- It is the speed that caused the accident. (not the road)
- It was wine that we ordered. (not beer)

- It's the manager/Peter that I want to see. (not you)
- It was Tom who broke the window. (not Peter)

- It was the monitor who helped me do all the exercises. (not the others)
* Notes:

- WHO chỉ dùng thay thế cho danh từ hoặc đại từ chỉ ngời, là chủ ngữ trong MĐQH.

- THAT dïng thay thÕ cho danh tõ chØ ngêi lµ tân ngữ trong MĐQH và danh từ chỉ vật là chủ ngữ hoặc tân
ngữ trong MĐQH.

5. MQH cú th thay thế bằng động từ nguyên thể TO - ININITIVE trong những trờng hợp sau đây:

a. Khi MĐQH đứng sau cụm từ có từ chỉ số thứ tự nh: the first, the second, the last, the only và sau cụm
danh từ có cấp so sánh cao nhất.

E.g - I was the first person who told them the good news.
to tell them the good news.
- He was the last man who left the ship.

to leave the ship.

-She was the only one who understood my point.
to understand my point.
- Is this the cheapest thing that you can buy?

to buy?

b. Khi MĐQH có hàm ý diễn đạt mục đích sử dụng của danh từ đứng trớc hoặc bổn phận cần phải làm gì
hoặc sự cho phép có thể làm gì với danh từ đứng trớc.

E.g - He has three more shirts that he has to wash.
to wash.

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to do.

- They need a garden that they can play in.
to play in.

6. MĐQH có thể thay thế bằng phân từ hiện tại (V-ing) khi động từ trong MĐQH chia ở thể chủ động, thì
HTĐG / QKĐG hoặc HTTD / QKTD dùng để miêu tả hành động đang tiếp diễn hoặc thói quen.

E.g

- The girl who is standing over there is my cousin.
standing over there

- Passengers who travel on this bus buy their tickets in books.
travelling on this bus

- Boys who attend this school have to wear a uniform.
attending this school

7. MĐQH có thể thay thế bằng phân từ quá khứ V-ed / Being + V-ed khi động từ trong MĐQH chia ở
thể bị động.

E.g

- The weapon which was used in the murder has now been found.
used in the murder

- The prisoners who are being released are all women.
being released

8. MĐQH bắt đầu bằngat which time/ point, in which case, by which timevàMĐ này 
đ-ợc tách khái M§ chÝnh b»ng dÊu phÈy.

E.g - I watched the play until the end of the first act. At that point I felt I had seen
enough.

-> I watched the play until the end of the first act, at which point I felt I had seen
enough.

- A warning sign "Overheat” may come on. In that case turn,off the appliance.
-> A warning sign "Overheat” may come on, in which case turn off the appliance.

9. Mệnh đề trạng ngữ có động từ ở dạng V-ing hoặc V-ed (Mênh đề có động từ không chia) cung cấp
thông tin về thời gian, nguyên nhân hoặc kết quả. Loại mệnh đề này chỉ đợc dùng khi chủ ngữ của 2
mệnh đề giống nhau.

E.g - When she opened the letter, she found that it contained a cheque for $100.
-> Opening the letter, she found that it contained a cheque for $100.

- Because she felt tired, Jane went to bed early.
-> Feeling tired, Jane went to bed early.

* Notes:

+ Với động từ ở dạng bị động, ta có thể lợc bỏ V-ing và trợ động từ, khi đó MĐ này sẽ bắt đầu bằng quá khứ
phân từ.

E.g - As he had been punished by his teacher, Tom felt very sad.
-> (Having been) punished by his teacher, Tom felt very sad.
- Because she is disliked by her classmates, Ann feels lonely.
-> (Being) disliked by her classmates, Ann feels lonely.
+ Cã thÓ thêm giới từ On hoặc Upon trớc V-ing.

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K10 - (I)

I. Put in each of the blanks one best relative pronoun or adverb. If it is not necessary, put a 

1-11. The 5th of November is a day………..children all over Britain light bonfires and set off

fireworks. They are remembering Guy Fawkes 2………..attempt to blow up the Houses of Parliament
was unsuccessful in 1605. On November 4th, Fawkes was found hiding in the cellars 3………lie

beneath Parliament. There was also a large quantity of gunpowder 4………..he intended to set off
when the King opened the new session of Parliament the next day. He was arrested, sentenced to death and
hanged. There were several others in the plot, but Fawkes was the one 5……….was caught and
blamed. If he had succeeded, he would have killed the King, all of the Bishops, a large percentage of the
aristocracy and most of the Members of Parliament. The cellars 6……….Fawkes was captured are
still searched before each opening of Parliament and on the evening of November 4th every year.

November 5th is known as “Guy Fawkes’ Night”, and a model of Fawkes is burned on the bonfires.

Unfortunately, November 5th is also an evening 7………..hospitals are very busy treating children

8……….have been injured by fireworks. The fire brigade is also busy putting out the fires
9………have been started accidentally. Some people believed that it is a festival
10………we should forget. There are now strict controls on shops 11……….. children
buy fireworks, and television warnings about the dangers of fireworks.

12. The thought of going home to his family was all………… kept him happy while he was working abroad.
13. She was probably the hardest working student ………..…… I've ever taught.

14. Lewis, the man ……….…. Johnson beat in the last World Championships, has broken the world record.
15. Lighting bonfires at this time of the year is a tradition ……… goes to the 17th century.

16. Dorothy said something ……….…….I couldn't hear clearly.
17. There was little ………….….. we could do to help her.

18. The Royal Floridian is an express train …….……runs between New York and Miami.
19. The machine ………….. I have to use in my job cost over a million pounds.

20. The diary………….. Ron kept when he was in prison was sold for $50,000.
21. I have a friend ………..….. ran in the New York Marathon last year.

22. We were told that we would be held responsible for anything …….……. went wrong.
23. He's probably the best golfer ……….. I've played against.

II. Combine the simple sentences into the complex ones, use relative clauses.

1. You sent me a present. Thank you very much for it.-> Thank you………
2. She was dancing with a student. He had a slight limp. -> The student………
3. I’m looking after some children. They are terribly spoilt.

-> The children………..

4. I missed the train. I usually catch this train. And I had to travel on the next. This was a slow train.
-> I missed………..and I had to………

5. I was waiting for a man. He didn’t turn up. -> The man………..
6. The firm is sending me to York. I work for this firm.-> The firm………..
7. This is the story of a man. His wife suddenly lost her memory.

->………
8. I know Mr. John. His son won the championship last year.

->………
9. Mr. Smith was too busy to see me. I had come specially to see him.

->………
10. My next-door neighbour works in the theatre. He gave us 2 tickets yesterday.

->………
11. His bicycle was badly damaged in the accident yesterday. He bought it last week.
->………

12. The 4.30 train will be approximately 15 minutes late today. This train is always punctual.
->………

13. The Smiths were given rooms in the hotel. Their house had been destroyed in the fire.
->………
14. Trevor Franklin has broken his leg. He plays for Eastfield United.

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k10 - (II)

I. Combine the simple sentences into the complex ones, use relative clauses.
1. The car crashed into a queue of people. Four of them were killed.

->………
2. The roads were crowded with refugees. Many of them were wounded.

->………
3. I saw several houses. Most of them were quite unsuitable.

->………
4. We received 30,000 roof tiles. About 10% of them were cracked on delivery.
->………
5. I spoke to two assistants. One of them was extremely rude.

->………
6. Max isn’t home yet. This worries me.

->………
7. Jack was sacked. This surprised all of his co-workers.

->………
8. I shut the car door on my necktie. That was really stupid of me.

->………
9. They rowed across the Atlantic. This had never been done before.

->………

10. The horse kept stopping to eat grass. I was on this horse. This (his continual stopping) annoyed the riding
instructor.

->………
11. English pronunciation causes a lot of difficulties for non-native speakers.

-> It is……….
12. English spelling is also a problem for English learners.

-> It is……….
13. I’m having trouble with English phrasal verbs.

-> It is………
14. His laziness has accounted for his failure.

-> It is……….
15. He is very interested in the working condition.

-> It is……….

16. People admire his modesty and kindness.

-> It is………
II. Replace each of the relative clauses in the following sentences by to-infinitive
1. We had a river in which we could swim.  We had a river to swim in.

2. The child is lonely; he would be much happier if he had someone that he could play with.
3. Here are some accounts that you must check.

4. I've got a bottle of wine, but I haven't got anything that I could open it with.
5. I have some letters that I must write.

6. I don't like him playing in the streets; I wish we had a garden that he could play in.
7. I don't want to go alone, and I haven't anyone that I can go with.

8. We had to eat standing up because we hadn't anything that we could sit on; and the grass was too wet.
9. The floor is dusty, but I haven't got a brush that I can sweep it with.

10. She said that she wasn't going to buy any cards; she hadn't anyone to whom she could send cards.
11. He was the first man who left the burning building.

12. You are the last person who saw her alive.

13. My brother was the only one who realized the danger.
14. The pilot was the only man who survived the crash.

15. He simply loves parties. He is always the first who comes and the last who goes.
16. The Queen Elizabeth is the largest ship which has been built on the Clyde.
17. He was the second man who was killed in this way.

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20. The fifth man who was interviewed was entirely unsuitable.

III. Rewrite each of the following sentences, use the word given in the bracket 
1. Some wooden beams hold up the roof. They have been damaged. (holding)

-> Some wooden beams………..………
2. Some people were driving past. They waved to us. (driving)

-> Some people………..
3. Some teachers attended the meeting. They decided to go on strike. (attending)

-> Some teachers………..
4. A man was operating the equipment. He was dressed in protecting clothes.(operating)
-> A man……….
5. Some steps lead down to the river. They are dangerous. (leading)

-> Some steps………
6. The weapon was used in the murder. It has been found. (used)

-> The weapon………..
7. The cleaner found a schoolbag. It had no name in it. (found)

-> The schoolbag………..
8. The computer has been serviced recently. It isn’t working properly. (serviced)

-> The computer……….
9. The brilliant students did the exercises. These exercises were very difficult. (done)

-> The exercises ……….
10. The painting was sold at the auction. It was worth a fortune. (sold)

-> The painting………..
11. I waited for him until 6.30 and then gave up.

-> I waited for him until 6.30, at………...……….………
12. We suggested a lot of things, which were all rejected.

-> Everything ……….………

13. I listened to George patiently until he started insulting me. At that point, I told him a few home truths. He
didn’t like it.

-> I listened to George patiently until he started insulting me,………..
14. If someone understands this book, they are cleverer than I am.

-> Anyone………..………..
15. He arrived at the airport. Then he went to the information desk.

-> On arriving……….

16. Carol slammed the door behind her. Her father had given her a car as a present. She drove off in it.
-> Slamming……….………

……….
17. I noticed that the door was open. I decided to go in. This turned out to be a mistake.
-> Noticing ………..
………..……….
18. The manager noticed I had dropped my purse and called after me.

-> Noticing………..…………

19. He rushed out of the room. He was shouting at the top of his voice. This was typical.

-> Shouting ……….……….
……….……….

20. Everyone expects the Popular Party candidate to win the election. The candidate has been influenced by
her advisers. She has announced that she will cut income tax by 10%.

-> Influenced by her advisers,……….………..
………..…………

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k10 -

mệnh đề quan hệ

(II)

Một số dạng đặc biệt của MĐQH.

1. MĐQH bắt đầu bằng WHICHđể thay thế cho thơng tin đợc nói tới trong mệnh đề đứng trớc.
E.g

- He failed the exam, which disappointed everyone.
- The clock struck thirteen, which made all of us laugh.

Exercise

Combine the sentences into one, use the relative clause
1. Max isn’t home yet. This worries me.

->………
2. Jack was sacked. This surprised all of his co-workers.

->………

3. I shut the car door on my necktie. That was really stupid of me.

->………
4. They rowed across the Atlantic. This had never been done before.

->………

5. The horse kept stopping to eat grass. I was on this horse. This (his continual stopping) annoyed the riding
instructor.

2. MĐQH bắt đầu bằng các từ chỉ số hoặc lợng all, both, few, most, several, some, none,
20%, half...…+ of + whom / which

E.g

- I have a lot of friends, most of whom come from Scotland.
- She bought a lot of apples, half of which were badly bruised.

Exercise

Combine the sentences into one, use the relative clause

1. The car crashed into a queue of people. Four of them were killed.

->………
2. The roads were crowded with refugees. Many of them were wounded.

->………

3. I saw several houses. Most of them were quite unsuitable.

->………
4. We received 30,000 roof tiles. About 10% of them were cracked on delivery.
->………
5. I spoke to two assistants. One of them was extremely rude.

->………

3. Câu nhấn mạnh: It + TO BE + Noun / Pronoun + Defining Relative Clause (bắt đầu 
bằngWHO / THAT).

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- It is the speed that caused the accident. (not the road)
- It was wine that we ordered. (not beer)

- It's the manager/Peter that I want to see. (not you)
- It was Tom who broke the window. (not Peter)

- It was the monitor who helped me do all the exercises. (not the others)
* Notes:

- WHO chỉ dùng thay thế cho danh từ hoặc đại từ chỉ ngời, là chủ ngữ trong MĐQH.

- THAT dïng thay thÕ cho danh từ chỉ ngời là tân ngữ trong MĐQH và danh từ chỉ vật là chủ ngữ hoặc tân
ngữ trong MĐQH.

Exercise
Rewrite the sentences, use the structure above

1. English pronunciation causes a lot of difficulties for non-native speakers.

-> It is……….
2. English spelling is also a problem for English learners.

-> It is……….
3. I’m having trouble with English phrasal verbs.

-> It is………
4. His laziness has accounted for his failure.

-> It is……….
5. He is very interested in the working condition.

-> It is……….
6. People admire his modesty and kindness.

-> It is………
7. They are very worried about their children.

-> It is……….

4. MĐQH có thể thay thế bằng động từ nguyên thể TO - ININITIVE trong những trờng hợp sau đây:
a. Khi MĐQH đứng sau cụm từ có từ chỉ số thứ tự nh: the first, the second, the last, the only…và sau cụm
danh từ có cấp so sánh cao nhất.

E.g - I was the first person who told them the good news.
to tell them the good news.
- He was the last man who left the ship.

to leave the ship.

-She was the only one who understood my point.
to understand my point.
- Is this the cheapest thing that you can buy?

to buy?

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- She had something that she had to do.
to do.

- They need a garden that they can play in.
to play in.

Exercise

Replace each of the relative clauses in the following sentences by to-infinitive

1. We had a river in which we could swim.  We had a river to swim in.

2. The child is lonely; he would be much happier if he had someone that he could play with.
3. Here are some accounts that you must check.

4. I've got a bottle of wine, but I haven't got anything that I could open it with.
5. I have some letters that I must write.

6. I don't like him playing in the streets; I wish we had a garden that he could play in.
7. I don't want to go alone, and I haven't anyone that I can go with.

8. We had to eat standing up because we hadn't anything that we could sit on; and the grass was too wet.
9. The floor is dusty, but I haven't got a brush that I can sweep it with.

10. She said that she wasn't going to buy any cards; she hadn't anyone to whom she could send cards.
11. He was the first man who left the burning building.

12. You are the last person who saw her alive.

13. My brother was the only one who realized the danger.
14. The pilot was the only man who survived the crash.

18. Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon.
19. The last person who leaves the room must turn off the lights.
20. The fifth man who was interviewed was entirely unsuitable.

5. MĐQH có thể thay thế bằng phân từ hiện tại (V-ing) khi động từ trong MĐQH chia ở thể chủ động, thì
HTĐG / QKĐG hoặc HTTD / QKTD.

E.g

- The girl who is standing over there is my cousin.
standing over there

- Passengers who travel on this bus buy their tickets in books.
travelling on this bus

- Boys who attend this school have to wear a uniform.
attending this school

6. MĐQH có thể thay thế bằng phân từ quá khứ V-ed / Being + V-ed khi động từ trong MĐQH chia ở thể
bị động.

E.g

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used in the murder

- The prisoners who are being released are all women.
being released

Exercise

Rewrite each of the following sentences, use the word given in the bracket 
1. Some wooden beams hold up the roof. They have been damaged. (holding)

-> Some wooden beams………..………
2. Some people were driving past. They waved to us. (driving)

-> Some people………..
3. Some teachers attended the meeting. They decided to go on strike. (attending)

-> Some steps………
6. The weapon was used in the murder. It has been found. (used)

-> The weapon………..
7. The cleaner found a schoolbag. It had no name in it. (found)

-> The schoolbag………..
8. The computer has been serviced recently. It isn’t working properly. (serviced)

-> The computer……….
9. The brilliant students did the exercises. These exercises were very difficult. (done)

-> The exercises ……….
10. The painting was sold at the auction. It was worth a fortune. (sold)

-> The painting………..

7. Khi ĐTQH là tân ngữ của động từ có giới từ, trong văn phong viết trang trọng có thể đảo giới từ lên tr 
-ớc ĐTQH, khi đó ĐTQH dùng cho ngời là WHOM, ĐTQH dùng cho vật là WHICH

E.g

- ….the man (who/ that) I talked to…
to whom I talked…

- ….the ladder (which/ that) I was standing on…
on which I was standing…
- …Mr. John, who(m) I was working for,…

for whom I was working…..

- ….his house, which he paid $ 2,000 for,…
for which he paid $ 2,000,…

Exercise

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1. Mary is the girl I went on holiday with.

->………..
2. The golf club iis the only club I am a member of.

->………..
3. That’s the girl we were talking about.

->………..
4. It was a wonderful present I was extremely grateful for.

->………..
5. This is the school I used to go to.

->………..
6. Is this the case we should put the wineglasses in?

->………..
7. Can you move the seat you are sitting on?

->………..
8. That’s the shop I got my shoes from.

->………..
9. Is that the person you usually sit next to?

->………..
10. This is Bill, who you have heard so much about.

->………..
8. Mệnh đề trạng ngữ có động từ ở dạng V-ing hoặc V-ed (Mênh đề có động từ khơng chia) cung cấp 
thông tin về thời gian, nguyên nhân hoặc kết quả. Loại mệnh đề này chỉ đợc dùng khi chủ ngữ của 2 
mệnh đề giống nhau.

E.g - When she opened the letter, she found that it contained a cheque for $100.
-> Opening the letter, she found that it contained a cheque for $100.

- Because she felt tired, Jane went to bed early.
-> Feeling tired, Jane went to bed early.

* Notes:

+ Với động từ ở dạng bị động, ta có thể lợc bỏ V-ing và trợ động từ, khi đó MĐ này sẽ bắt đầu bằng quá khứ
phân từ.

E.g - As he had been punished by his teacher, Tom felt very sad.
-> (Having been) punished by his teacher, Tom felt very sad.
- Because she is disliked by her classmates, Ann feels lonely.
-> (Being) disliked by her classmates, Ann feels lonely.
+ Cã thĨ thªm giíi tõ On hc Upon tríc V-ing.

E.g - On / Upon realizing that there was no one at home, I left the parcel in the shed.

Exercise

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1. He arrived at the airport. Then he went to the information desk.

-> On arriving……….

2. Carol slammed the door behind her. Her father had given her a car as a present. She drove off in it.
-> Slamming……….………

……….
3. I noticed that the door was open. I decided to go in. This turned out to be a mistake.

-> Noticing ………..
………..……….
4. The manager noticed I had dropped my purse and called after me.

-> Noticing………..…………
5. He rushed out of the room. He was shouting at the top of his voice. This was typical.

-> Shouting ……….……….
……….……….

6. Everyone expects the Popular Party candidate to win the election. The candidate has been influenced by
her advisers. She has announced that she will cut income tax by 10%.

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Extra exercises for K10

I. Put one suitable word is each space, leave the space blank whenever possible

Murder At The Station by Lorraine Small. Episode 5. Trouble on the 6.15

The story so far: Jane Platt, (1)………..is travelling to London because of a mysterious letter,

is the only person (2) ………..witnesses a murder at Victoria Station. The detective to
(3) ………....she gives her statement then disappears. Jane goes to an office in Soho to
answer the letter (4) ………..she had received. There she discovers that her Uncle Gordon, (5)
………..lives in South America, has sent her a small box (6) ………..she is only to
open if in trouble. Jane, (7) ………..parents have never mentioned an Uncle Gordon, is
suspicious of the box, (8) ………..she gives to her friend Tonny. They go to Scotland Yard
and see InspectorGroves, (9) ……….………..has not heard of the Victoria Station murder,
(10) ………..was not reported to the police. Jane gives Inspector Groves the murdered man’s
ticket (11) ……….………..she found beside his body. Then Jane and Tony decide to go to
Redhill, (12) ………..……..was the town (13) ……….……..the murdered man had
come from. On the train they meet a man, (14) ………..………..face is somehow familiar to
Jane, (15) ………..says he knows her Uncle Gordon. Now read on.

II. Make one sentence from each group of sentences

1. I got on a train. I wanted to go to a station. The train didn’t stop there.

-> The train I………
………...
2. I raed a book. You recommended a book to me. This was the book.

-> The book I……….
………..
3. The ship hit an iceberg and sank. Warning messages had been sent to it. The ship ignored these.
-> The ship, ………
……….
4. The postman realized I was on holiday. You had sent me a parcel. The postman left it next door.
-> The postman, ………
……….……….
5. I used to own a dog. People came to the door. The dog never barked at them.

-> The dog I………
……….
6. I bought my car froma woman. She lives in a house. You can see the house over there.

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8. My neighbours have three small children. The children make a lot of noise. My neighbours never
apologise.

-> My neighbours, ………
……….
9. I bought a new typewriter. It cost me a lot of money.

-> The new……….
……….
10. I lost my wallet last week. It was found by a workman. He was digging a hole in the street outside
our house.

-> The wallet………
……….
11. The hotel was full of guests. The hotel was miles from anywhere. The guests had gone there to
admire the scenery.

-> The hotel, which………
……….
12. I lent you a book. It was written by a friend of mine. She lives in France.

-> The book………
……….
13. A woman’s jewels were stolen. A police officer was staying in the same hotel. The woman was
interviewed by him.

-> The woman whose………
……….
14. A goal was scored by a teenager. He had come on as substitute. This goal won the match.

-> The goal which………
……….
15. I was sitting next to a boy in the exam. He told me the answers.

-> The boy I………
……….
16. My wallet contained over £100. It was found in the street by a schoolboy. He returned it.

-> My wallet, ………
……….
17. My friend Albert has decided to buy a motorbike. His car was stolen last week.

-> My friend Albert, ………
……….
18. Carol is vegetarian. I cook a meal for her last week. She enjoyed it.

-> Carol, ………
……….
19. This is the bank. We borrowed the money from it.

-> This is the

bank……….

……….

20. Jack’s car had broken down. He had to take a bus.

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k11 - mệnh đề danh từ

I. Cấu tạo

1. Mệnh đề danh từ bắt đầu bằng các từ nghi vấn: who, what, where, why, when, how…

- Mệnh đề danh từ có cấu trúc nh sau:

Wh-word + (Subject) + Verb

E.g

- What I saw - How much money you spent

- Who he talked to - What surprised me

- Why he didn't come - How many people are needed

- Khi chủ ngữ của mệnh đề chính và chủ ngữ của mệnh đề danh từ giống nhau hoặc khi đối tợng đề cập đến
có tính chất chung chung, mệnh đề danh từ có thể rút gọn thành:

Wh-word + to-infinitive.

E.g

- What to do - Who to meet

- Where to stay - How to pass the exam

2. Mệnh đề danh từ bắt đầu bằng THAT

That + Subject +Verb

E.g:

- That he is handsome
- That they worked for CIA

3. Mệnh đề danh từ bắt đầu bằng whether

Whether ...(or.../ or not)

E.g

- Whether you like him or not
- Whether it is good or bad
II. Chức năng

1. Chủ ngữ:
E.g

- What I saw surprised me.
- Why he did it is still a mystery.

- How much money was stolen is still unknown.

- How to pass the university entrance exam is really difficult.
- That he is handsome is not a new discovery. Everyone knows this.
- That food is closely connected to health condition concerns everyone.

- Whether yopu like him or not is not my concern.

2. Tân ngữ:
E.g

- I don't know what I should say to him/what to say to him.
- Do you want to know where he spent the night?

- I don't belive what he says.

- They are interested in how you managed to finish the work in such a short time.
- Do you know that they worked for CIA?

- I believe that he is honest.

- I don’t know whether he likes the present or not.
3. Vị ngữ sau to be:

E.g

- This is what he left.

- What I want to know is how much money you spent.
- My only interest is where he was last night.

- What worries me is how to learn new words and grammatical rules.
- The fact is that more and more people are buying cars.

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K11

I. Put in each of the planks one of these words: which, who, whom, whose,what, that

1. Midway through the second half, City scored their fourth goal, at……… point United gave up
completely.

2. There is one person to ………….. I owe more than I can say.

3. It was the kind of accident for………nobody was really to blame.
4. ………..Ann is selfish is ………….. I dislike most about her.
5. Mary was late yesterday,……….. was unusual of her.

6. At 6.00,………..was an hour before the plane was due, thick fog descended.
7. I don't know …………..told you that, but they were wrong.

8. Mrs. Brown was the first owner……….dog won three prizes in the same show.
9. ………..he stole the classified document shocked all of his colleagues.

10. . …………..leaves last should turn off the lights.

II. Put which or what into each of the blanks. Put a comma if necessary.

1. He didn't believe………..I said……….….annoyed me very much.
2. He wasn't surprised at ……… he saw because I told him…………. to expect.
3. I did ………. I could ………. wasn't much.

4. I am sure that ……….……. you say is true.

5. People whose names begin with A always get taken first ……….…..is most unfair.
6. He played the violin all night …………..……. annoyed the neighbour.

7. I saw a coat marked down to £10 …………..… was just ……… I was prepared to pay.
8. She was once bitten by a monkey ………..…. made her dislike monkeys for the rest of her life.
9. Show me …….…….. you've got in your hand.

10. He was very rude to the customs officer ……..…….. of course made things worse.

III. Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the one
printed before that.

1. What I heard astonished me.

-> The………...
2. I’m interested in the way he spent the money.

-> What………..how………..……….
3. All you have to do now is waiting until the morning.

-> What……….……….………..
4. She taught us a lot of things which were useful to us.

-> What she……….……….………
5. Where he lives still remains a mystery.

-> No one knows ………...………..
6. They told us some frightening stories.

-> Some of………
7. The new clerk found the way the computer worked strange.

-> How……….…………

8. I like him because he is humorous.

-> What I like about him is ……….………..
9. I don’t know who made this dress, but they didn’t do the good job.

-> Who……….……….

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Mệnh đề danh từ bắt đầu bằng: whoever, whichever, whatever
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ bắt đầu bằng: whenever, wherever, however

1. Whoever = Whichever + n (for person) = anyone who/Any + Noun who

E.g

- Whoever gains the most points wins the competition.

= Anyone who gains the most points wins the competition.

- Whichever candidate gains the most points wins the competitions.

= Any candidate who gains the most points wins the competitions.

2. Whatever = Whichever + n (for things) = anything that/any + noun that

E.g

- You can eat whatever/anything that you like.

- You can eat whichever food/any food that you like.

3. Whenever = every time / any time that

Wherever = everywhere / any where that

E.g

- My roof leaks whenever it rains.

- You can see this product wherever you go.

4. No matter + Clause = However + Adj/ Adv (

diễn đạt sự tơng phản)

E.g

- No matter how hard he works, his boss never seems satisfied with him.

= However hard he works, his boss never seems satisfied with him.

- No matter how beautiful you are, you must have a degree to get the job.

= However beautiful you are, you must have a degree to get the job.

5. Whatever you do

thờng dùng trớc lời yêu cầu hoặc mệnh lệnh để nhấn mạnh tầm

quan trọng.

E.g

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k12 - Mệnh đề trạng ngữ

(chỉ nguyên nhân, kết quả, tơng phản, mục đích)

I. Các cách diễn đạt nguyên nhân.

1. Mệnh đề nguyên nhân bắt đầu bằng: because, as, for, since: bởi vì…cho nên…
E.g

- We camped there because / as / for / since it was too dark to go on.
- Because / As / Since it was too dark to go on, we camped there.
* Mệnh đề nguyên nhân bắt đầu bằng Forkhông đứng ở đầu câu.

2. Từ socó thể dùng để nối 2 câu đơn, chỉ nguyên nhân.

E.g

- It was too dark to go on, so we camped there.

3. Từ " Therefore" (do đó/vì vậy) cũng có thể đợc dùng trong văn phong viết trang trọng, chỉ nguyên
nhân.

E.g

- The delegates have not yet arrived. We have therefore decided to postpone the meeting.
- The delegates have not yet arrived. Therefore, we have decided to postpone the meeting.
4. Mệnh đề nguyên nhân có thể biến đổi thành cụm danh từ:

because of noun phrase
owing to + V-ing

thanks to the fact that…
due to

Notes: because of đợc dùng phổ biến nhất, owing to và thanks to thờng dùng miêu tả nguyên nhân
tích cực, due to thờng dùng miêu tả ngun nhân khơng tích cực.

E.g

- They postponed the tennis match because it rained hard.

-> They postponed the tennis match because of / due to the heavy rain.
- Because you helped me, I was successful.

-> Thanks to your help, I was successful.

- He was sacked because he was always late for work.

-> He was sacked due to the fact that he was always late for work.
II. Mệnh đề kết quả. (...đến nỗi mà...)

1. … so + Adj / Adv + that…

… such + (a / an) + Adj + Noun + that…
E.g

- Their dog was so fierce that noone dared to come near it.
-> They had such a fierce dog that noone dared to come near it.
- He drives so carelessly that he has had many accidents.

-> He is such a careless driver that he has had many accidents.
2. …so + much / many / few / little + (noun) + that…

…such + a lot of + noun + that…
E.g

- There were so many people in the hall that there were not enough seats for everyone.
- So many people complained that the manager had to decide to reconsider the pay.
- We had such a lot of things to do that we never felt bored.

3. …such + (a/an) + Noun + that…
 … so + Adj + (a/an) + Noun + that…
E.g

- He is such a kind man that everyone respects him.

- He is so kind a man that everyone respects him.
III. Các cách diễn đạt sự tơng phản. (Mặc dù…nhng…)

1. Mệnh đề tơng phản bắt đầu bằng: although / though / even though / while
E.g

- Although the weather was bad, we still enjoyed the picnic.
- While I don't like you, I'll help you this time.

Notes:

* Khi 2 mệnh đề có chung chủ ngữ thì mệnh đề tơng phản có thể rút gọn thành:
Although + V-ing/ Adjective/ V-ed

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- Although he was exhausted, he managed to finish the work.
-> Although exhausted, he managed to finish the work.

- Although Ann works in a busy office, she takes part in many social activities.
-> Although working in a busy office, Ann takes part in many social activities.
2. Mệnh đề tơng phản bắt đầu bằng:

No matter + wh-word clause
 However + Adj/ Adv

E.g

- No matter how hard you work, he will never get satisfied.
- However hard you work, he will never get satisfied.
- However rich you are, you can't buy happiness.
3. Mệnh đề tơng phản bắt đầu bằng:

Adj / Adv + as / though…
E.g

- Beautiful as she is, I don't like her.

- Much as I admire his courage, I think he is a foolish man.
4. Mệnh đề tơng phản có thể thay thế bằng cụm từ:

In spite of Noun phrase

Despite + V-ing

the fact that...
E.g

- They enjoyed the pinic although the weather was bad.

-> They enjoyed the pinic in spite of / despite the bad weather.

- Although he can't speak English, he has decided to settle in England.

-> Despite the fact that he can't speak English, he has decided to settle in England.
-> Despite not being able to speak English, he has decided to settle in England.
5. Nevertheless and However. = Tuy nhiên / Mặc dù vậy

E.g

- He didn't work hard. However / Nevertheless, he passed the exam.
- He didn't work hard. He passed the exam, however / nevertheless.

6. But nối 2 câu đơn hoặc 2 (cụm) từ mang thông tin trái ngợc nhau.
E.g

- He is old, but he goes swimming everyday.
- They played well, but they lost.

- Tom is thin but strong.
IV. Các cách diễn đạt mục đích.
1. Mệnh đề diễn đạt mục đích

V (present tenses) + so that / in order that + V (can / will be able to do/will do)

V (past tenses) V (could / would be able to do/would do)

E.g

- I gave him a key so that he could be able to get into the house when I was away.
- We've just installed the alarm bell so that we'll have more warning.

2. Khi chủ ngữ trong cả 2 mệnh đề giống nhau, ta có thể dùng động từ nguyên thể để thay thế cho
MĐ mục đích.

E.g

- I'm learning English to get well prepared for the entrance examination.

- He bought a pen to write some notes to leave them for his wife to tell her that he would be
home late.

* Trong văn phong trang trọng, độngtừ nguyên thể đứng sau so as hoặc in order.

E.g

- So as to raise $ 20,000, the government has decided to increase the tax on cigarettes.

- The president made a speech in order to welcome the astronauts who had come from the
moon.

K12 – Exercise

I. Choose and underline the correct answers.

1. I can't meet you tomorrow because/ because of I have other commitments.
2. The boat couldn't put to sea because/ because of the strong wind.

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5. She couldn't complete the work because/ because of her illness.
6. This shirt is still dirty even though/ even if I've washed it twice.

7. Even though/ even if he loses the election, the president will still control foreign policy.
8. They drank from the stream even though/ even if they knew it was polluted.

9. I'll continue to sing my songs even though/ even if I never sell another record.

10. Even though / Even if the building was in perfect condition, it would still be impossible to use it
for modern offices.

11. Janet went out so that she bought/to buy Harry a present.
12. However/Though it was late, I decided to phone Bill.

13. Although/Despite the car was cheap, it was in good condition.
14. Let’s check once more for being sure/so as to be sure.

15. It was so windy/such a windy that half the trees were blown down.
16. Bill had so much/so that fun that he stayed another week.

17. Smith says he is poor. But/However, he has bought a new car.

18. While/When United were fast and accurate, City were slow and careless.
19. The police locked the door so that no-one got/could get in.

20. Helen is so busy a person/such busy a person that she never feels bored.

II. Put in each of the blanks in the following articles with because, because of,
although, despite, however.

A. John Curtis, the kidnapped businessman, was released today (1)………..no ransom
(tiÒn chuéc) had been paid. He was found in a bus shelter in the early hours of this morning with his
hands and feet tied. (2)………..his terrible experience, he was well and cheerful. (3)
………, he was tired and hungry. The police had refused to allow the family to pay the
ransom (4)………they had tried on several occasions. It is thought that the kidnappers
released Mr. Curtis after an appeal on television by his wife.

B. The M1 motorway was closed for four hours today (5)……….a multiple crash
involving hundreds of vehicles. At one point visibility was down to six metres in some places (6)
……….thick fog , and the road surface was treacherous (không dự đoán đợc) (7)
………there were patches (mảng) of black ice. Motorists continued to drive fast (8)
………..police warnings. (9)……….this motorway madness and weather
conditions, the police decided to close this motorway.

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government of Wibanya, the job of 80 employees at Southampton factory, which had been under
threat (12)……….falling orders, will now be saved. (13)………..the economic
recession (t×nh hình kinh tế suy thoái) continues to worsen, the company is optimistic that more

orders will now be placed for their new NZ series of computers. (14)……….., the
company states that their Birmingham factory will still have to close with the loss of 120 jobs.

III. Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the
one printed before that.

1. Prices were falling. That's why they couldn't sell their house.

-> Because………...………
2. When we got to the top of the hill, we couldn't see anything because of the mist.

-> Because ………...……….
3. We couldn't go sailing yesterday because the strong wind was blowing.

-> Because of ………...………
4. Trees were planted along the street. This was done to reduce traffic noise. (in order + to 
-infinitive)

-> ………...………
5. I didn't say anything about Carol's red nose. I didn't want to embarrass him. (so as + to 
-infinitive)

-> ………...………
6. The ice was thick. There was no danger of the skaters falling though. (…so…that…)

-> ………...………
7. She looked ill. Her parents immediately took her to the doctor. (…so…that…)

-> ………...………...
8. The bath was relaxing. He went to sleep. (…so…that…)

-> ………...………..……….
9. Although he lost a lot of blood, he is in a stable condition.

-> In spite ………...………..
10. Although she had a bad cough, she was able to sing in the choir.

-> Despite………...…………..
11. Despite her success, she felt dissatisfied.

-> Although………..………...………
12. Although Patrick was ill, he still came to the meeting.

-> In spite ………...…..
13. I like her voice very much, but I can't stand the way she performs.

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14. I disapprove of your behaviour, but I'll still give them a hand.

-> While………
15. I put the food in the fridge because I wanted it to be get cold. (would)

-> I put the food in the fridge……….cold.
16. Jane gave up smoking because she wanted to save money. (order)

-> Jane gave up smoking………..money.
17. William never makes mistakes because he is a careful reader.

-> William is so………..
18. The class was cancelled because there weren’t enough students.

-> There were so……….
19. I like fish, but I don’t like catching them myself.

-> Although……….
20. Jone has done well in French, but not well in Maths.

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K13 - Verb forms

I. Danh động từ - Gerund

Danh động từ có dạng thức động từ có đi –ing (V-ing), có thể đảm nhiệm những chức
năng sau đây:

1. Chđ ng÷

E.g. - Reading is a popular pastime in the world.
- Jogging is very good for your health.

- Swimming in hot summer days is interesting.
2. Tân ngữ ( S + V + Doing)

Nhng ng từ phổ biến nhất dùng với cấu trúc này là:

admit (to): khẳng định appreciate: đánh giá cao/trân trọng avoid: tránh
consider: cân nhắc delay/put off: trì hỗn deny: phủ nhận
detest: rất ghét like/ dislike: thích/khơng thích loath /dread: sợ
enjoy: say sa, thích fancy/imagine: hình dung excuse: tha lỗi

finish: kết thúc mean /involve: làm liên quan đến forget: quên

keep/ continue: liên tục mind/object to: phản đối miss: không làm
propose/suggest: đề nghị recommend: giới thiệu practise: luyện tập

remember: nhí resist : k×m chÕ risk: cã nguy c¬

E.g - He admitted (to) taking the money.

- Avoid overeating, otherwise you will get heart attack.
- Would you mind closing the window?

- Would you consider selling the house?
- He detests writing letters.

- Putting in a new window means cutting away part of the roof.
- She kept complaining.

3. Preposition + Doing

E.g. - She is fond of climbing mountains.

- I’m afraid of travelling by car, I often get car sick.
- We are not keen on gambling.

- I’m tired of arguing.

Những động từ có giới từ và các cụm giới từ phổ biến dùng với cấu trúc này là:

- To be good / bad at : giái / kÐm

- To be afraid / frightened / terrified / scared / horrified + of: sợ, khiếp đảm…
- To be bored with / tired of / fed up with: chán

- To be for / against: ủng hộ / phản đối
- To feel like: cảm thấy thích

- To be sorry for : lÊy lµm tiÕc

- To approve / disapprove + of: ủng hộ / phản đối

- To have difficulty / trouble / problem + in : gặp khó khăn / trơc trỈc…
- To be / get / become…used / accustomed + to: quen víi

- There’s no point (in): làm việc gì đó thì chẳng có ích gì/ là vơ ích.
- It’s no good / use: làm việc gì đó thì chẳng có ích gì/ là vơ ích
- Can’t / couldn’t help : khơng kìm nén đợc

- Can’t / couldn’t stand / bear / put up with: không thể chịu đựng đợc
4. Vị ngữ sau TO BE

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- What he liked most about the club was playing tennis with many famous people.
5. V + TÝnh tõ sở hữu / danh từ (có dấu sở hữu cách) + Doing.

E.g - Tom insisted on reading the letter. (Tom read it)

- Tom insisted on my reading the letter. (I had to read it)
- He dislikes working late. (He works late)

- He dislikes his wife(‘s) working late. (His wife works late)

- Forgive my coming late for school today. (I came late)

- There’s no point in your asking Tom for help! (You ask Tom for help)

Những động từ và cấu trúc phổ biến dùng với cấu trúc này là:

dislike, like (-), mean, mind, propose, remember, stop, suggest, approve of, disapprove of, insist on, object
to…

- It’s no good / use… không ích lợi gì khi
- Theres no point (in)

- Whats the point of? Làm việc này.. thì có ích g×?

* Danh động từ hồn thành (Having done) đợc dùng khi nhấn mạnh hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ

E.g. - They accused him of stealing / having stolen the money.
- He denied damaging / having damaged my watch.

II. Động từ nguyên thể - infinitive (do/to do)

1. S + Verb + Động từ nguyên thể (To Do)

Nhng ng từ sau đây thờng dùng với cấu trúc này là:

agree: đồng ý aim: nhằm mục đích appear/seem: tỏ ra, dờng nh

arrange: thu xếp ask: đề nghị attempt: cố gắng

be about: s¾p sưa be able: cã khả năng be determined: quyết tâm

bother (-): không bận tâm choose: lựa chọn claim: tuyên bố

decide: quyết định demand: yêu cầu determine: quyết tâm

hope: hy vọng fail: thất bại neglect: thờ ơ

forget: quên happen: tình cờ hesitate: ngần ngại

plan: lập kế hoạch prepare: chuẩn bị pretend: giả vờ

promise: hứa refuse: từ chối remember: nhớ

swear/ vow: thề threaten: đe doạ turn out (+ to be): ho¸ ra

volunteer: tự nguyện offer: tự đề nghị learn: học để biết làm gì

try: cố gắng làm gì manage: cố gắng làm bằng đợc việc gì
* make up one’s mind: quyết định

* make an/every effort/ try (one’s best): cè g¾ng hÕt søc
* do one’s best/ do what one can: lµm hÕt søc

E.g - She agreed to pay $50.

- They failed to contact their boss.
- The tenants refused to move.

- I was just about to leave when the phone rang.
- He isn’t able to afford to live in the city centre.

- She made every effort to pass the exam.

- Don’t bother to wait for me. I may be late.

- I managed to put the fire out before the Fire Brigade arrived.
2. S + Verb + (O) + Động từ nguyên thể (To Do)

Nhng ng t phổ biến nhất dùng với cấu trúc này là:

ask: đề nghị beg: năn nỉ expect: mong muốn help: giúp

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E.g. - He likes to eat well.

- He would like everyone to eat well.
- She asked to speak to Mr. Brown.
- She asked me to speak to Mr. Brown.
- I begged to go. (= I said, ‘Please, let me go’)
- I begged him to go. (= I said, ‘Please, go’)
3. S + V + O + To Do

Những động từ phổ biến nhất dùng với cấu trúc này là:

advise: khuyªn permit /allow: cho phÐp compel: Ðp buéc

enable: giúp có khả năng encourage: động viên entitle: cho quyền

forbid: cÊm oblige /force: b¾t bc instruct: híng dÉn

invite: mêi order: ra lƯnh persuade: thut phơc

require: yªu cầu remind: nhắc nhở warn: cảnh báo

urge: thúc giục

* train O + how: đào tạo, tập huấn

* show/ tell + O + how: chØ b¶o, híng dÉn
* teach + O + how: d¹y

E.g. - She encouraged me to try harder.
- They persuaded us to go with them.

- Her parents forbade her to leave the house.

- He showed me how to use this telephone.(= He gave me the necessary instruction)
- He told me how to do the exercise.

- He told me to do it. (= He said, ‘Do it’)
- She taught me how to behave.

4. S +V + O + Do

Những động từ phổ biến nhất dùng với cấu trúc này là:

hear: nghe thÊy see: nh×n thÊy watch: theo dâi

let: cho phép, để cho make: bắt help: giúp

feel: c¶m thÊy

E.g - I heard him sing this song yesterday.
- They made us lie on the floor.
- They let us go home once a week.

5. S + V(do) + anything / nothing / everything + but / except + (V) something: Làm bất cứ việc gì / không
làm gì / làm mọi việc + trừ (làm) viƯc g×.

E.g. - He does nothing but complain.
- They stole everything except the TV.

- Can’t you do anything but ask silly questions?
- There’s nothing to do but wait.

- They stole nothing except the TV.
- My dog can do everything but speak.

6. Động từ nguyên thể dùng với tính từ hoặc trạng từ. 
a) too + adj / adv + to do: quá… đến nỗi không làm đợc…

E.g - You are too young to drive. ( = You are so young that you cannot drive)

- The grass was too wet for us to sit on. (= The grass was so wet that we couldn’t sit on it.)

- He spoke too quickly for me to understand. (= He spoke so quickly that I couldn’t understand him.)
b) adj / adv + enough + to do: (khơng)…đủ để làmgì…

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- I’m not tall enough to reach the shelf.

- The student isn’t clever enough to answer the question.
c) It + to be + adj + of + O + to do: Ai + nh thế nào + khi làm gì.

Những tính từ thờng dùng với cấu trúc này:

(un)kind: không tốt/ tử tế (un)helpful: (không) tận tình generous: hào phóng

mean: keo kiƯt foolish: ngèc nghÕch wise/clever: th«ng minh

careful: cÈn thËn careless: cÈu th¶

E.g. - It’s kind of you to wait for me.

- It was so careless of you to break my glasses.
- It was generous of them to put us up for the night.

* It is necessary for you to do this exercise. (Làm bài tập này là cần thiết cho bạn đấy)
Những tính từ thờng dùng với cấu trúc này là: easy, difficult, necessary, essential, important…

d) S + to be / to feel + adj (tâm trạng) + to do: Ai + thấy ra sao+ khi làm gì
Những tính từ thờng dùng với cấu trúc này:

glad/happy/delighted: vui angry/annoyed/furious: tức giận

surprised, astonished, amazed: ngạc nhiên terrified, horrified: sợ

disappointed: thất vọng sad/upset: buồn

E.g. - I was glad to get your letter this morning.

- He was angry to learn that his brother had damaged his cassette player.
- Children are always delighted to get presents from their parents.

* It’s lovely / nice / wonderfull / great to meet you again. (thật là tuyệt / thú vị khi gặp lại bạn)
7. Động từ nguyên thể dùng thay thÕ cho M§QH (K10)

8. Động từ nguyên thể diễn đạt mục đích (K11)

III. Verb + Do /to do/Doing

Một số động từ có thể dùng với cả động từ nguyên thể (To Do/Do) và danh động từ (Doing)
1. Begin / start/ continue + to do / doing: Bắt đầu / tiếp tục làm gì

E.g. - I started learning / to learn English 5 years ago.
- They continued working / to work on the project.

* Notes: Khi các động từ này đã chia ở thì tiếp diễn rồi thì động từ đứng sau phải ở dạng nguyên thể.
E.g. - Look! It’s starting to rain. (Not It’s starting raining)

2. See / watch / hear / find/ feel + O + Do / Doing: Nhìn thấy/theo dõi/nghe thấy/thấy + ai làm gì
- Dùng Do khi hành động kết thúc / xảy ra và kết thúc ngay.

- Dùng Doing khi hành động cha kết thúc.
E.g. - She saw a boy fall into the river.

- We often see him waiting for someone at the school gate.
3. Stop + to do: Dừng (1 việc đang làm) để bắt đầu 1 việc khác.
 Stop + doing: Dừng, chấm dứt 1 việc đang làm

E.g. - Stop talking, it’s so noisy in class.
- We decided to stop to have some coffee.
- He stopped to get some petrol.

4. Remember / forget + Doing: Nhớ / quên rằng đã làm gì

Remember / forget + To do: Nhớ / quên mất còn phải làm gì (bổn phËn)
E.g. - They will never forget living in slums.

- Don’t forget to lock the door before leaving.

- Do you remember to post the letter on the way home?
- I still remember visiting the zoo when I was small.
5. Try + to do: Cố gắng làm gì

Try + doing: Thử làm gì (xem có đợc khơng)

E.g. - He tried to learn English well to pass the university examination next year.
- He tried to open the door but failed. Then he tried putting some oil in the lock.
6. Allow + O + to do: Cho phÐp ai làm gì

Allow + doing: Cho phép làm gì

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- They dont allow cooking in the hostel.
7. Regret + to do: lÊy lµm tiÕc phải làm gì

Regret + (not) doing: lấy làm tiếc đã (khơng) làm gì
E.g. - I regret to say that I can’t help you.

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K13

I. Put the verbs in the brackets in the correct forms: Infinitives (To Do/Do) or Gerunds (Doing).
1. We arranged (meet) ... them here.

2. Don’t forget (lock) ... the door before (go) ... to bed.
3. He warned her (not touch) ... the wine.

4. I can’t understand her (behave)... like that.

5. My mother told me (not speak) ... to anyone about it.

6. He tried (explain) ... but she refused (listen) ………...
7. Would you mind (show) ... me how (work) ... the lift.

8. After (walk) ... for three hours we stopped to let the others
(catch ) ... up with us.

9. I don’t allow (smoke) ... in my drawing room.

10. He surprised us all by (go)... away without (say) ...“Good bye”.
11. Please go on (write) ... , I don’t mind (wait) ...

12. He wore dark glasses (avoid) ... (be) ... recognized.
13. I tried (persuade) ... him (agree) ... with your proposal.

14. Your windows need (clean) ... . Would you like me (do) ... them for you?
15. I can’t help (sneeze) ... ; I caught a cold yesterday from (sit) ...in a draught.
16. His doctor advised him (give up) ...(smoke)...

17. Do stop (talk) ... . I am trying (finish) ... a letter.

18. He hates (answer)... the phone, and very often just lets it (ring) ...
19. Try (forget) ... it; it isn’t worth (worry) ...about.

20. It is easier (learn) ...a subject by (read) ... books than by
(listen) ... to lectures.

21. I used (ride) ... a lot but I haven’t had a chance (do) ... any since
(come) ... here.

22. I am sorry for (be) ... late. It was good of you (wait) ... for me.

23. Why do you keep (look) ... back? Are you afraid of (be) ...followed?
24. He decided (put) ...broken glass on the top of his wall (prevent)...

boys (climb) ... over it.

25. Most people prefer (spend)……….. money to (earn) ……….it.

26. Do you like (go) ………to a film or would you rather (stay) ………..at home?

27. He made a lot of money by (buy)………….………….. tickets in advance and (sell)………
them for twice the price on the day of the match.

28. He kept (ring) ……….up and (ask)……… for an explanation and she didn’t know
what (do)……… about him.

29. I expected (hear) ……….from you. Now I am very busy (prepare)………. for the final
exams.

30. Put that cigarette out! You are not allowed (smoke)……… in here.
31. He found the work difficult, but he managed (pass)……….the exam.

32. I never read Shakespeare now because they made me (study)………it at school.
33. She always travels by train or boat because she’s afraid of (fly)……….
34. You are overweight. You ought (take)………more exercise.

35. There is a very beautiful village, but there’s nowhere (go)………in the evening.
36. When I first visited England, I couldn’t get used to (drive)……….………….on the left.
37. There’s a lot of traffic. We’d better not (cross)………..the road here.

38. I don’t know why she resigned. She seemed (be)………..very happy here.
39. I’m tired of (watch)………television every evening.

40. I’ll help you. I’m sure you aren’t strong enough (lift)………..it on your own.
41. He spends all his time (read)……….comics.

42. My parents were very strict. They wouldn’t let me (stay) ………out late in the
evenings.

43. He’s working too hard. He’s too tired (do)………anything when he gets home.
44. I hope (visit)………..my brother in Australia next year.

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46. Don’t give up yet, we must keep (try)………
47. I’d rather (be)………happy than rich.

48. He needed bodyguards because several people threatened (kill)………him.
49. I was very happy (hear)……….your news.

50. He won’t be too long. He’s just got two more phone calls (make)………
51. She didn’t want to work, so she pretended (be)………..ill.

52. I gave up (smoke)………five years ago.

53. The book was very difficult (understand)………..
54. She’s very confident. She expects (win)………..the election.
55. I’m not here (waste)……..……… my time.

56. He joined the navy (see)………the world.

57. I wonder if you’d be kind enough (help)……….me.

58. No, I didn’t move the bomb, I was too afraid (touch)………..it, I was afraid of (blow)
………to pieces.

59. After (spend)………two days (argue)……….about where to go for
their holidays, they decided (not go)……….anywhere.

60. I was just about (leave)……….the office when the phone rang. It was my wife. She
wanted me (call)………at the butcher’s on the way home.

61. Do you feel like (dine)………out or would you rather (have)………dinner at
home? ~ I’d like (go)………. out. I always enjoy (have)……….dinner in a
restaurant.

62. Peter: I don’t mind (travel)……….by bus, but I hate (stand)………in
queues. ~ Jack: I don’t care for (queue)………either, and you waste so much time
(wait)………for buses. I think it’s better (go)……….by tube.

63. Mr. Shaw is very busy (write)……… his memoir. He is far too busy (receive)
………..callers, so you’d better just (go) ………..away.

64. The inspector asked (see)………..my ticket and when I wasn’t able (find)………..it,

he made me (buy)………..another. ~ He probably suspected you of (try)
………(travel)………without one.

65. I want my son (grow)………...up hating violence, but his father keeps (buy)
……….…..him guns and swords. ~ It’s almost impossible (prevent)
……….boys (play)………soldiers.

66. Imagine (live)………with someone who never stops (talk)………
67. If you put your money into that business, you risk (lose)………..every penny.
68. Is there anything worth (buy)………?

69. He was accused of (leak)………..classified information to the press.

70. By (work)………….……. day and night, he succeeded in (finish)……….the work in
time.

71. I don’t feel like (work)……….today, what about (go)………..to a disco
instead?

72. As a result of (listen)………..at keyholes, he learnt many fact s that he had no
hesitation in (use)………to his own advantage.

73. Peter: Wouldn’t it be better (ask)……….Tom (leave)………..his camera at
home?

Jack: It would be no good (ask)……….him (do)……….. that. It would be
like (ask)………a woman (travel)……….without a handbag.

II. Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the
one printed before that.

1. Jack said that he hadn’t cheated in the exam. (cheating)

-> Jack………..…..………in the exam.
2. It was difficult for me not to laugh at Wendy’s letter. (help)

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3. I needed a drink of water and so I stopped running. (to)

-> I stopped running……….………water.
4. I think it would be a good idea to take the train. (taking)

-> I……….train.
5. Don’t forget the lights when you leave. (off)

-> Don’t forget……….………..when you leave.
6. My neighbour said he would call the police! (threatened)

-> My neighbour………..the police.
7. I’m sorry I didn’t go to university. (regret)

->………
8. Winning the football pools meant we could buy a new car. (enabled)

->………
9. There is a risk that he will miss the plane if he waits. (risks)

->………
10. Does using the hotel swimming pool cost extra? (pay)

->………

11. Jean succeeded in finishing all her work on time. (managed)

->………
12. They said that they would like me to stay with them in Florida. (invited)

->………
13. Calling Jim is pointless, because his phone is out of order. (use)

->………
14. I was made to study hard when I was at school.

-> They……….
15. If I take the job, I’ll have to move to Paris.

-> Taking the job………..
16. It’s very kind of you to give me a lift.

-> I appreciate………
17. I’m quite happy to look after the baby for you.

-> I don’t mind……….
18. I must see the manager.

-> I demand………
19. “Go on Jack, apply for the job,” said Sally.

-> Sally encouraged……….
20. Parking is not permitted here.

-> You are……….

21. “Shall I carry that bag for you, John?” said Pauline.

-> Pauline offered……….
22. You waste time if you copy your work out again, don’t do it.

-> Don’t ………
23. I bet you wouldn’t ask David to come with you to the party!

-> I dare ………
24. “Please don’t leave me on my own,” Martin begged us.

-> Martin begged……….
25. You should go to the dentist’s at once.

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K14

Inversion -

(Cấu trúc đảo ngữ)

I. đảo ngữ trong câu hỏi

Trong câu hỏi, đảo động từ hoặc trợ động từ lên trớc chủ ngữ và động từ trong câu trở về dạng
nguyên thể.

E.g.

- Where does he live?

- Who did you give the money to?
- Why is there so much pollution?

Chú ý: Nếu từ để hỏi là chủ ngữ trong câu hỏi thì khơng đảo động từ hoặc trợ đông từ lên trớc chủ
ngữ.

E.g.

- Who teaches you maths at school?
- How many people came to the meeting?
II. Đảo ngữ sau (cụm) trạng từ, giới tõ

Khi (cụm) trạng từ nơi chốn hoặc giới từ chỉ hớng chuyển động đứng đầu câu và chủ ngữ trong câu
là danh từ, ta đảo động từ đã chia lên trớc chủ ngữ.

E.g. - Here comes Jack!
- Here comes the bus!
- There goes the money!
- Along the road came Jim.

- In this house lived Charles Dickens.
- On the other side of the hill stands a castle.
- At the end of the road lies a slope.

- Up flew the kite.

III. Đảo ngữ sau trạng từ mang nghĩa phủ định và trạng từ thời gian
Khi các (cụm) trạng từ phủ định hoặc trạng từ thời gian đứng đầu câu, động từ / trợ động từ trong
câu đảo lên trớc chủ ngữ và động từ trong câu trở về dạng thức nguyên thể. Các cấu trúc này thờng
dùng trong văn phong nói và viết trang trọng.

1. Never, rarely, seldom, hardly, little, not once/at no time/in no time/nowhere.
E.g. - Rarely do I go out in the evening.

- Seldom has the team given a worse performance.
- Not once did he look at her.
- Never have there been so many accidents on this road.
- At no time did they think he had told them a lie.

- Little did the police suspect that the judge was the murderer.
- Nowhere is there such exciting atmoshere.

2. No sooner …V(QKHT)…… than……V(QKDG)…….. Võa míi… …th×

Hardly / Barely / Scarcely ……V(QKHT)…..when…V(QKDG)….. Võa míi… …th×

Cấu trúc này ta đảo động từ hoặc trợ động từ lên trớc chủ ngữ ở mệnh đề thứ nhất

E.g - Hardly had the train left the station when there was an explosion.
- No sooner had the train left than there was an explosion.

3. Only after + Noun / V-ing / Clause: chØ sau khi
 Only when + Clause: ChØ khi

Only later: Chỉ cho đến tận lúc sau
 Only then: Chỉ cho đến tận lúc đó
 Only once: Chỉ một lần

E.g. - Only after posting the letter did I remember the correct address.
- Only after the strike did the management reconsider the pay rise.
- Only after he left did I remember his name.

- Only when I came home did I remember about the key.

- Only later/then did I recognize her.

- I came home at midnight. Only then did I remember about the key.
- Only once a week does he go out.

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E.g. - Only by working hard can you pass the exams.
- Only by solidarity could we defeat the enemy.

- She dyed her hair. Only in this way did she avoid being recognized.
5. So + Adj / Adv + ………..+ that………..đến nỗi mà

E.g. - She was so sad that she didn't want to say a word.
-> So sad was she that she didn't want to say a word.
- The storm was so great that trees were uprooted.
-> So great was the storm that trees were uprooted.

6. Not only ….but also/ as well/too….Khơng những … mà cịn… (Đảo ở mệnh đề có not 
only)

Not until / Not till ... Tận cho đến khi … thì mới …( Đảo ở mệnh đề chính- mệnh đề thứ hai)
E.g. - They not only robbed you; they hit you, too.

-> Not only did they rob you; they hit you, too.
- The rain did not fall down until they got home.
-> Not till they got home did the rain fall down.

7. Under no circumstances (trong bÊt kú t×nh huèng nào)/ On no account (bất luận lí do gì) 
E.g. - You should not lend him any more money under any circumstances.

-> Under no circumstances should you lend him any more money.

- Dogs mustn't be brought into this club on any account.

-> On no account must dogs be brought into this club.
8. Neither / Nor / So

E.g. - Ann doesn't like music and neither / nor do I.
- Peter doesn't like music. Nor does he like films.
- Her husband likes football and so does her son.
9. Câu điều kiện dạng đảo:

(1) Bỏ if, có thể dùng Should bắt đầu mệnh đề điều kiện
E.g. - If it hadn't been for the neighbourship, I would have hit him.

-> Had it not been / Hadn't it been for the neighbourship, I would have hit him.
- If you hear anything, let me know.

-> Should you know anything, let me know.

(2) Câu điều kiện bắt đầu bằng Only if thì đảo động từ trong mệnh đề chính
E.g. - Only if she had agreed to work overtime, would she have been promoted.

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K 14

I. Below each sentence are four choices (A,B,C, D). Choose the one which best completes the sentence.
1. Nowhere……….such cooperative staff.

A. you can find B. you found C. you could find D. can you find
2. Never before……….in an earnest attempt to resolve their differences.

A. have the leaders of these two countries met C. the leaders of these two countries have met

B. have the leaders of these two countries meet D. met the leaders of these two countries
3. Seldom……….a newspaper.

A. buys Anna B. . does Anna buy C. bought Anna D. Anna does buy
4. Not only……….at the post office, ……….at the grocery store.

A. does Mary work/but she also works C. works Marry/but she also works
B. does Mary work/but does she also work D. works Mary/but does she also work
5. So incredible……….of the Yellowstone area that people didn’t believe in its existence.
A. explorer John Coulter’s descriptions C. explorer John Coulter’s descriptions were
B. were explorer John Coulter’s descriptions D. was explorer John Coulter’s descriptions
6. No sooner………..the house than the phone started to ring.

A. had she entered B. she had entered C. entered she D. had entered she
7. Not only………..in the field of psychology but animal behavior is examined as well.
A. human behavior is studied C. is human behavior studied

B. is studied human behavior D. human behavior
8. Beside the roadside………. .

A. a horse stood B. stood a horse C. did a horse stand D. does a horse stand
9. At no time……….greater opportunities.

A. did women had B. has women had C. does women have D. have women had
10. Not once……….into her eyes.

A. he looked B. does he looked C. did he look D. looked he
11. Not until next year………..take place.

A. the new tax will change C. will the new tax change

B. the new tax changes D. change the new tax

12. Up………, and the people cheered.

A. went the balloon C. did the balloon go

B. does the balloon go D. goes the balloon

13. Not a single word………..during dinner.

A. do he say B. did he say C. have he said D. said he

14. On no account………in the office be used for personal materials.

A. the photocopy machines C. should the photocopy machines
B. the photocopy machines should D. do the photocopy machines
15. In the front gate……….the guard.

A. did stand B. did stood C. does stand D. stood
16. Only on rare occasions………to the theatre.

A. do they go B. they went C. go they D. went they

II. Rewrite each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the one
printed before that.

1. I have seldom stayed in a worse hotel.

-> Seldom………

2. I have never heard such nonsense!

-> Never………..
3. The economic situation has rarely been worse.

-> Rarely………
4. The manager not once offered us an apology.

-> Not once………..
5. The embassy staff little realized that Ted was a secret agent.

-> Little………..
6. The way so much money has been spent to so little purpose must be a record!
-> Never before………
7. There are more students in our college than ever before.

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8. He had no sooner got home than it poured with rain.

-> Hardly……….
9. The judge was taken ill just after the trial proceedings began.

-> Barely……….
10. He got down to writing the letter as soon as he returned from work.

-> No sooner………
11. Immediately after his appointment to the post, the editor fell ill.

-> No sooner………..
12. Just after the play started, there was a power failure.

-> Hardly………..
13. We had only just arrived home when the police called.

-> Scarcely………
14. I had no sooner gone home than someone rang my doorbell.

-> No sooner………
15. I only realized what I had missed when they told me about it later.

-> Only when………
16. I realized only then that I had lost my keys.

-> Only then………..
17. I understood Hamlet only after seeing it on stage.

-> Only after………
18. The facts were not all made public until later.

-> Only ………..
19. If you want to save your eyesight, we must operate immediately.

-> Only by………..
20. The response to our appeal was so great that we had to take on more staff.

-> So……….
21. The snowfall was so heavy that all the trains had to be cancelled.

-> So……….
22. The demand was so great that they had to reprint the book immediately.

-> So……….
23. He became so ambitious that he did everything to be successful.

-> So………
24. The storm not only damaged houses, it killed a lot of people, too.

-> Not only……….
25. Tony was not only late, but he had also left all his books behind.

-> Not only………..
26. Harry broke his leg, and also injured his shoulder.

-> Not only………..
27. He didn’t realize that he was going in the wrong direction until he reached the river.
-> Not till………
28. It was only when the office phoned me that I found out about the meeting.

-> Not until……….
29. Press photographers are banned from taking photographs backstage.

-> On no………..
30. You should not send money to us by post under any circumstances.

-> Under no circumstances………..
31. If the government raised interest rates, they would lose the election.

-> Were………
32. If I had realized what would happen, I wouldn't have accepted the job.

-> Had………..

33. If you do happen to see Helen, could you ask her to call me?

-> Should………..?
34. The only thing that prevented the passing of the bill was the death of the Prime Minister.
-> Had it not………..

K15

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I. Quy t¾c dïng A/An

1. A/An + danh từ đếm đợc số ít chỉ ngời, vật hoặc ý tởng ta nói đến lần đầu tiên.

E.g.

- I have a dog and a cat.
- I saw an apple on the table.

* A + tõ b¾t đầu bằng 1 phụ âm hoặc 1 số nguyên âm có cách phát âm giống phụ âm.

E.g.

- a school/ a box/ a book…

- a university/ a European country/ a one-parent family

* An + từ bắt đầu bằng nguyên âm và các từ bắt đầu bằng phụ âm câm h.

E.g.

- an umbrella/ an egg/ an apple…

- an hour/ an honest child…

2. A/ An + danh tõ chØ nghỊ nghiƯp

E.g.

- She was a company director whe she retired.
- He always wants to be a teacher.

* Khi nói đến vị trí duy nhất của ai đó trong cơng việc, có thể dùng THE hoặcZero article

E.g.

- She’s been made (the) head of the company.
- He is (the) director of this university.

* Sau các cụm từ: the position of, the post of, the role of (vị trí/địa vị) dùng Zero article

E.g.

- He has been in the position of manager for many years.

3. A/ An + các cụm từ chỉ số lợng

E.g.

- a pair of - a little of - a few
- fourty miles an hour - a couple of - a hundred
- a thousand - three times a day…

II. Quy t¾c dïng THE

1. THE + danh từ đếm đợc số ít và số nhiều, danh từ khơng đếm đợc khi cả ngời nói và ngời nghe đều biết đến 
ng-ời, vật hoặc ý tởng đó rồi.

E.g.

- I have a dog and a cat. The cat is old but the dog is only a puppy.

2. THE + tên biển, sông, khách sạn, quán rợu (pubs), dãy núi, nhà hát, viện bảo tàng, báo (newspapers), tên nhạc
cụ (khi dùng với động từ PLAY), tên ban nhạc có tận cùng là số nhiều, khu vực và tính từ quốc tịch dể chỉ cả dân
tộc.

E.g.

the Atlantic the Lotus Hotel the British Museum
the River Thames the Red Lion Pub the Times

the Alps the Royal Theatre play the guitar
the East the French The Beatles

3. THE + tõ chØ ngêi, vËt khi ta biÕt chØ cã duy nhÊt.

E.g.

the sun the world
the international market the North Pole
the Queen

4. THE + cÊp so sánh cao nhất của tính từ, trạng từ.

E.g.

the richest man
the most expensive car
work the hardest

III. Kh«ng dïng quán từ (Zero article) trong các tr ờng hợp sau:

1. Zero article + danh từ không đếm đợc và danh từ đếm đợc số nhiều khi ta nói đến ngời, vật một cách chung
chung.

E.g.

- I like potatoes. - Teachers like long holidays.
- Milk is good for you. - He hates bread.

2. Zero article + từ chỉ tên nớc, thành phố, đờng phố, ngơn ngữ, tạp chí, bữa ăn, sân bay, nhà ga, núi non, châu lục
và môn thể thao.

E.g.

- We are from Australia.

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- They live in Green Road
- I like English

- We have lunch before 12.00
- He enjoys playing tennis.

- They left Heathrow Airport at 6.00.
- Ha noi Railway Station is very big.

- In some countries in Europe people don’t have to do military service.
- She reads “Sun Flower” before going to bed.

3. Zero article + từ chỉ những nơi nh: bệnh viện, trờng học, nhà tù, nhà thờ…khi chúng đợc sử dụng với mục đích
nh điều trị, học tập , cải tạo, cầu nguyện…

* To be at/to go to school, unversity: ë trêng/ ®i häc

To be in/to go to/ to be sent to prison: ngồi tù/đi tù/bị bỏ tï
 To be in/to go to church: ë nhà thờ/ đi lễ ở nhà thờ

To be in/to go to/to be taken to hospital: nằm viện/đi viện/ đợc đa vào bệnh viện
E.g. - The victim was taken to hospital. (to have medical treatment)

- We go to school in the morning. (to have lessons)
- He was sent to prison for his driving dangerously.
- They go to church every Sunday. (to pray)

* Khi những danh từ chỉ nơi chốn này dùng với THE/A thì nghĩa thay đổi.

E.g. - The inspector went to the prison to check the prisoners during the exercise period.
* To be in bed/ to go to bed: ngđ/®i ngđ

To be at home/to go home/to stay at home: ë nhµ/vỊ nhµ

To go/travel by car/train/plane...: đi bằng xe hơi, tàu hoả, máy bay.. 
 To go on foot: đi bộ

4. Zero article + tên lễ hội, ngày lễ, ngày trong tuần, tháng, mùa trong năm

E.g. At Christmas On New Years’ Day
On Monday In September

In summer

* Khi dùng A/The với các từ này thì nghĩa sẽ thay đổi

E.g. - They arrived on a Saturday as far as I can remember.
(A Saturday of a week, not which particular Saturday)
- They arrived on the Saturday after my birthday.
(A particular Saturday, specifying which one)

* At noon /at midday: vào lúc giữa tra

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K15 - Articles

I. Choose the most suitable word underlined. A dash (-) means no article is needed.
1. Helen doesn’t like the/- cream cakes sold in a/the local bakery.

2. The/- basketball is fast becoming a/the popular sport worldwide.
3. We could see that the/- Alps were covered in the/- snow.

4. It’s a/- long time since I met a/- lovely person like you!

5. Diana has a/- degree in the/- engineering from the/- University of London.
6. At the/- present moment, the/- man seems to have the/an uncertain future.
7. The/- problem for the/- today’s students is how to survive financially.

8. The/- French enjoy spending holidays in the/- countryside.

9. Please do not turn on a/the water-heater in a/the bathroom.
10. Sue bought a/the Picasso I was telling you about the/- last week.

11. Brenda is the/- ideal for the/a job. She has a/- wealth of the/- experience.
12. The/- safety at the/- work is a/- major concern for us.

13. The/- poorest people in the/- country live in this city.

14. Have you seen a/the new “Hamlet” at the/- National Theatre?
15. There is a/- beautiful countryside within an/- reach of a/the hotel.
16. I have a/- terrible cold and am staying in the/-bed today.

17. I earn $3 an/the hour as a/- supermarket cashier on the/- Saturdays.
18. The/- charge for an/- excess luggage is $10 a/the kilo.

19. The/- most of the/- life is a/- matter of getting on with the/- others.

20. This country is officially called The/- United Kingdom of The/- Great Britain and The/- Northern
Ireland.

II. In each space put A/An/The or leave the space blank.

1. I’m going to stand for……….Parliament at………..next election.

2. When I left …, I had to stand in ……….queue for…………..taxi for………….long time.
3. We took………trip around London and saw………Tower Bridge.

4. ……….happiness of the majority depends on……….hard work from everyone.

5. ………most main roads in this part of………country follow……….line
of………roads built by………..Romans.

6. Have you got………latest record by ……….Gipsy Kings?
7. If I had………...time, I would like to take up…………archery.

8. We spent…………..pleasant evening having………….drink at………..Robin Hood.
9…………..Nile flows right through………..city.

10. ………summer I spent in………..USA was one of………best in my life.
11. Go down………..Kinston Street and turn right into………Mill Road.
12. Please let me carry………..shopping. It’s ………..least I can do.

13. I don’t like……….milk in ………..coffee.

14. She was……….first woman to cross………..Atlantic in…………..canoe.
15. Jim became………..furniture salesman after leaving……….school.

16. At…………..end of……….busy day, ………sleep is………..best tonic.
17. …………James Joyce I know wasn’t …………..novelist and wasn’t…………Irish either.
18. We’ll go for……….walk if………sun comes out.

19. This is……….last time I do you………favour for a while.
20. I’m staying in………Hilton, so you can leave me………….message.

21. Please watch………cabin attendant as she demonstrates………use of………..oxygen mash.
22. Paul spent………..half of his life in………Far East.

23. You have to use at………least………….pint and……….half of milk.

24. Dick has……….sore throat and is taking………medicine.

25. We arranged……….accommodation on outskirts of………city.
26. There is………..very difficult crossword in ………Times.

27. Could you give me……….information I asked for in……….letter I sent you?
28. I bought………….jewellery for my sister but it wasn’t…………..kind she likes.

29. I always wanted to be………..astronaut but………ambition wore off.
30. And……….last of all, don’t forget to put………..cat out for………night.

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I. CÊp so sánh bằng/không bằng as + adj/adv + as
not as/so + adj/adv + as

E.g. - Lan is as tall as her elder sister.

- Tom speaks French as fluently as his teacher.
- Ann is not as/so good at Maths as Susan.

- The weather in this country is not as/so changeable as (it is) in England.
II. CÊp so sánh hơn/kém hơn

1. Tớnh t/trng t n õm tit: adj/adv + -er + than

E.g. - Ann is taller than Susan.

- Ann works harder at Maths than her friend.

2. Tính từ/trạng từ đa âm tiết : more + adj/adv + than

E.g. - Maths is more difficult than the other subjects.
- Peter dances more beautifully than he used to.

3. Cấp so sánh kém hơn: less + adj/adv + than

E.g. - Vegetables in the countryside are less expensive than (they are) in the city.
- He drives less carelessly than he used to.

* Chó ý:

+ Trớc cấp so sánh hơn /kém hơn có thể dùng các từ chỉ lợng nh: a lot / a little / (a little) bit /
far / much…để chỉ mức độ hơn/kém.

+ Dùng số lần + as + tính từ hoặc trạng từ + as để chỉ mức độ hơn là bao nhiêu lần. 
E.g. - He’s a little bit older than me.

- They earn much more money than they used to.
- He earns twice as much as I do.

- He earns twice as much as I do.

- I eat three times as much fish as he does.
- He works three times as fast as his friends.
III. Cấp so sánh hơn nhất/kém nhất

1. So sánh hơn nhất

a. Tớnh t/trng t n âm tiết: the + adj/adv + -est

E.g. - Ann is the prettiest girl in our class.

- Winter is the coldest season in a year.

- He worked the hardest of all. That’s why he got the pay rise.
* Mét sè trờng hợp bất quy tắc:

good/well better best bad – worse - worst
far - farther/further – farthest/furthest little – less – least

many/much more - most

b. Tính từ/trạng từ đa âm tiÕt : the + most + adj/adv

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2. CÊp so s¸nh kÐm nhÊt: the + least + adj/adv

E.g. - Meat is the most expensive. Dairy products are less expensive and vegetables are the least
expensive.

- Now life is the least hard for him so far, he doesn’t have to worry about earning his living.
IV. So s¸nh víi like/unlike/alike/the same/different

1. Like/ unlike + danh từ hoặc đại từ: Giống nh/không giống nh
E.g. - Like all the other students, he is working hard for the exam next year.

- Unlike his sister, who is very lazy, he works very hard.
- He looks like his father very much.

2. Alike: gièng nhau

E.g. - John and his sister look very much alike.
- They treat everyone alike.

- Are these two types alike?
- All music is alike to him.

3. The same (+ as) / different (+ from): gièng nhau / kh¸c nhau

E.g - Are these two types the same or different? ~ They are the same in price but different in size.
- He is the same age as his wife.

- The weather in the north is different from that in the south.
V. CÊp so sánh kép: càngbao nhiêu, càng..bấy nhiêu..

The + cấp so sánh hơn của adj/adv, the + cấp so sánh hơn cña adj/adv…

E.g. - The better the joke (is), the louder the laugh (is).

- The longer Sue stays in Canada, the less likely she will ever go back to England.
- The harder he works, the less satisfied his boss is.

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K16

Choose the correct answers. Circle A, B, c or D

1. Sound comes in waves, and the higher the frequency,………
A. higher the pitch B. the pitch is higher

C. the higher the pitch D. pitch is the higher
2. The Japanese use seven times………..for food as Americans do.

A. the fish B. More fish C. as much fish D. as fish

3. The more distant a star happens to be,………to us.

A. The dimmest it seems B. the dimmer it seems

C. it seems dimmer D. it seems dimmest

4. Wood floats on water because it is………..water.

A. not as much density than B. Less dense than
C. the less dense as D. of lesser density as
5. A cat would be………..to look after ………..a dog.

A. easy…than B. easier …than C. easier…to D. the easiest…than
6. The Himalayas Mountains are the………

A. height of world extensive ranges B. World’s most extensive ranges
C. ranges of the most extensive D. More extensive ranges of the world
7. …………..electricity you use,……….your bill will be.

A. The more…the higher B. The most…the higher

C. The more…the high D. More…higher

8. The younger you are,……….it is to learn.

A. easier B. you are easier C. the easier D. the easy
9. Nerve cells, or neurons,……….in the human body.

A. the most complex cells are B. are the most complex cells
C. most complex the cells are D. most are the complex cells

10. The rooms in front………..noisier than those in the back.

A. are more B. are little C. are very D. are much

11. Of all the candidates, Peter is probably………..

A. the less qualified B. the qualified less

C. the most little qualified D. the least qualified
12. This book is………..the one I read last month.

A. less much interesting B. the less interesting
C. much less than interesting D. much less interesting
13. This prettier, but it costs……….as the other one.

A. as much as B. as many C. twice as much D. twice as many
14. This house is ………the others we’ve seen.

A. farther more expensive than B. far more expensive than

C. far most expensive D. further more expensive

15. The behaves…………..of all.

A. the most carelessly B. the more carelessly

C. more carelessly than D. as carelessly

16. The deep oceans contain some of the……….of all living creatures.

A. strangest B. strange C. as strange as D. stranger
17. A dancer, while always graceful and precise in her movements, train……..any other athlete.

A. as strenuously B. more strenuously as

C. as strenuously as D. as strenuously that

18. The more I got to know Tom,……….I liked him.

A. least B. the less C. the least D. the fewer

19. There are not………..violin makers today……….there were in the past.

A. as many….as B. as much…as

C. like many as D. similar many…as

20. Of the two sisters, Linda………

A. is beautiful B. the most beautiful

C. is more beautiful D. is so beautiful as

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Mark

:

………..……..…….

Rank

:…………..……..

……….

I.a Choose from the following groups a word that has the underlined part pronounced differently
from the rest.

1. A. feat B. great C. seat D. beat

2. A. cost B. post C. roast D. toast
3. A. bear B. beer C. deer D. dear
4. A. laugh B. plough C. enough D. cough
5. A. Valentine B. imagine C. discipline D. magazine

I.b. Choose the word whose main stress is placed differently from the others in each group
1. A. enable B. Ability C. absence D. acceptance
2. A. accomplishment B. agriculture C. automatic D. disappearance
3. A. addition B. disagreement C. advice D. inactive

4. A. apply B. amuse C. admit D. accuracy

5. A. arrival B. approval C. attendance D. applicant

II. Choose the one word or phrase that completes the sentence correctly. Circle the letter A, B, C
or D.

1. Some monkeys, ……….., use their tails in a way similar to a hand.

A. like the spider monkey B. spider monkey likes

C. to the spider monkey D. the monkey likes the spider

2. Black, red and even bright pink diamonds ……… .

A. occasionally to find B. occasionally found
C. have occasionally been found D. have occasionally found

3. Between the California Coast Range and the Sierra Neveda ………

A. great Central Valley B. the great Central Valley
 C. being the great Central Valley D. lies the great Central Valley

4. It is gravity …………. objects toward the earth.

A. pulling B. that pulls C. to pull D. what pulls

5. ………. their territories but rather than fight, they howl.

A. Wolves protectively jealous B. Jealous of wolves

C. Protection of wolves D. Wolves jealously protect

6. The growth of two-income families in the United States …………. of people moving to a new
social class.

A. has resulted in millions B. results of millions 
 C. millions of results D. resulting in millions

7. ………. problems in sailing in tropical seas is coral reefs.

A. One of the biggest B. The biggest one 
 C. Of the biggest one D. There are the biggest

8. The strongest dump trucks work in rock quarries, ………….. tons of rocks and soil at one time.

A. that they move B. they move 
 C. where they move D. which they move

9. Alice Freeman, …………. to head Wellesley College at age 27, is one of the youngest college
presidents in history.

A. who was appointed B. has been appointed C.
that is appointed D. is appointed

10. Hellen Keller lost both her sight and hearing after a severe illness …………..

A. of her age in 19 months B. she was 19 months old
 C. when she was 19 months old D. when 19 months old she was

III. Complete the following sentences with the most appropriate forms of the words given in the
brackets.

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2. What time do you ……….…. start work? (use)
3. There was ice on the pavement which made it very difficult to walk, as it was so
……….. (slip)

4. I could never be a teacher. I'm far too ……… (patient)
5. I don't know what's the matter with Tommy lately. His ………….…….. seems to be getting
worse and worse. (behave)

6. It is becoming ……….. difficult to find a job nowadays. (increase)
7. I understand your problem, Miss Brown, and don't think I'm not ……….……..….., but we really
can't allow you to phone up your boyfriend in America using the office phone. (sympathy)

8. Nowadays, violence seems to be a ……….…….. occurrence. (day)
9. While money can't exactly bring you ………..……….. (happy), at least it helps you
suffer in comfort. (happy)

10. John's a nice person - he's kind, generous and sympathetic. But I couldn't go out with him - he's
just so ……… to look at. (attract)

IV. Read the text and think of the word which best fits each space.

A story is a work of imagination. The people (1) ……….. write stories write
them in order to give pleasure to (2) ………..……… who read stories. Story-readers are,
generally (3) …………..……..……. , women of all ages and younger men. Readers love the start of
a story, where there are new and sometimes strange people to be (4) …..……….. for the
first time. They enjoy the story itself, the gentleness and the violence, the loves and the (5)
……….. , with which a good writer interests his (6) ………..……… . They
enjoy the end of the story, whether it is happy or (7) ……….. . The reader's chief
purpose in all this is to (8) …………..………. from ordinary life for a short (9)
……… . Older men, as a rule, find their ordinary lives (10) ………..….…
pleasant to run away from.

V. Read the passage and answer the questions below.

Martin Luther King, Jr., is well known for his work in civil rights and for his many famous
speeches, among them his moving "I Have a Dream" speech. But fewer people know much about
King's childhood. M.L, as he was called, was born in 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, at the home of his
maternal grandfather. M.L's grandfather, the Reverend A.D.Williams, purchased their home on
Auburn Avenue in 1909, 20 years before M.L was born. The Reverend Williams, an eloquent
speaker, played an important role in the community because so many people's lives centered around
the church. He allowed his church and his home to be used as a meeting place for a number of
organizations dedicated to education and social advancement of blacks. M.L grew up in this
atmosphere, with his home being used as a community gathering places, and was no doubt
influenced by it.

M.L's childhood was not especially eventful. His father was a minister and his mother was a
musician. He was the second of the three children, and he attended all-black schools in a black
neighborhood. The neighborhood was not poor, however. Auburn Avenue was the main artery
through a prosperous neighborhood that had come to symbolize achievement for Atlanta's black
people. It was an area of banks, insurance companies, builders, jewelers, tailors, doctors, lawyers
and other black-owned or black-operated businesses and services. Even in the face of Atlanta's
segregation, the district thrived. Dr. King never forgot the community spirit he had known as a
child, nor did he forget the racial prejudice that was a seemingly insurmountable barrier that kept
black Atlantans from mingling with whites.

1. What is this passage mainly about?

A. The prejudice that existed in Atlanta
B. Martin Luther King’s childhood
C. M.L’s grandfather

D. The neighbourhood King grew up in

2. The word "eloquent" means most nearly:

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3. The word "eventful" is closest in meaning to which of the following?

A. Valued B. Memorable C. Admirable D. Emotional

4. In line 16, what does the word “it” refer to?

A. Achievement B. Neighbourhood C. Segregation D. Service

5. According to the author, blacks in King’s neighbourhood were involved in all the following
businesses and services except:

A. Dentistry B. Medicine C. Law D. Banking

6. The word “tailors” in line 17 describes people who are associated with which of the following
trade?

A. Flower arranging B. Shoe making
C. Garment making D. Book binding

7. What was King influenced by?

A. Community B. Black lawyers C. His mother D. His speech

8. The word "thrived" in line 19 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

A. Achieved B. Surrendered C. Flourished D. Held

9. As used in line 20, which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “seemingly”?

A. Apparently B. Inevitable C. Inexplicable D. Hastily

10. According to the author, M.L:

A. had a difficult childhood.

B. was a good musician as a child.

C. loved to listen to his grandfather speak.
D. grew up in a relatively rich area of Atlanta.

VI. Finish each of the sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the one printed
before that.

1. If I take the job, I'll have to move to Paris.

-> Taking the job ………..
2. It's very kind of you to give me a lift.

-> I appreciate ………
3. It might be a good idea to use honey instead of sugar.

-> Why don't you try ………?
4. I'm quite happy to look after the baby for you.

-> I don't mind ……….
5. I must see the manager!

-> I demand ………
6. "Go on, Jack, apply for the job," said Sally.

-> Sally encouraged ……….
7. You wouldn't know where the Hilton Hotel is, would you?

-> Do you happen ……….?
8. Parking is not permitted here.

-> You are ……….
9. "Shall I carry that bag for you, John?" said Paul.

-> Paul offered ………..

10. Everyone knows that eating fruit is good for health.

-> Eating fruit ………
-> ……….?

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progress test 4B

Full name:

………..

Class

: D3-2006-2007

Mark

:

……….……….

Rank

:………..

……….

I.a Choose from the following groups a word that has the underlined part pronounced differently
from the rest.

1. A. bear B. beer C. deer D. dear
2. A. laugh B. plough C. enough D. cough
3. A. Valentine B. imagine C. discipline D. magazine

4. A. feat B. great C. seat D. beat

5. A. cost B. post C. roast D. toast

I.b. Choose the word whose main stress is placed differently from the others in each group
1. A. accomplishment B. agriculture C. automatic D. disappearance
2. A. addition B. disagreement C. advice D. inactive
3. A. enable B. Ability C. absence D. acceptance
4. A. arrival B. approval C. attendance D. applicant

5. A. apply B. amuse C. admit D. accuracy

II. Choose the one word or phrase that completes the sentence correctly. Circle the letter A, B, C
or D.

1. ………. their territories but rather than fight, they howl.

A. Wolves protectively jealous B. Jealous of wolves

C. Protection of wolves D. Wolves jealously protect

2. The growth of two-income families in the United States …………. of people moving to a new
social class.

A. has resulted in millions B. results of millions 
 C. millions of results D. resulting in millions

3. Hellen Keller lost both her sight and hearing after a severe illness …………..

A. of her age in 19 months B. she was 19 months old
 C. when she was 19 months old D. when 19 months old she was

4. Between the California Coast Range and the Sierra Neveda ………

A. great Central Valley B. the great Central Valley
 C. being the great Central Valley D. lies the great Central Valley

5. It is gravity …………. objects toward the earth.

A. pulling B. that pulls C. to pull D. what pulls

6. ………. problems in sailing in tropical seas is coral reefs.

A. One of the biggest B. The biggest one 
 C. Of the biggest one D. There are the biggest

7. The strongest dump trucks work in rock quarries, ………….. tons of rocks and soil at one time.

A. that they move B. they move 
 C. where they move D. which they move

8. Some monkeys, ……….., use their tails in a way similar to a hand.

A. like the spider monkey B. spider monkey likes

C. to the spider monkey D. the monkey likes the spider

9. Black, red and even bright pink diamonds ……… .

A. occasionally to find B. occasionally found
C. have occasionally been found D. have occasionally found

10. Alice Freeman, …………. to head Wellesley College at age 27, is one of the youngest college
presidents in history.

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III. Complete the following sentences with the most appropriate forms of the words given in the
brackets.

1. It is becoming ……….. difficult to find a job nowadays. (increase)
2. I understand your problem, Miss Brown, and don't think I'm not ……….……..….., but we really
can't allow you to phone up your boyfriend in America using the office phone. (sympathy)

3. Nowadays, violence seems to be a ……….…….. occurrence. (day)
4. While money can't exactly bring you ………..……….. (happy), at least it helps you
suffer in comfort. (happy)

5. John's a nice person - he's kind, generous and sympathetic. But I couldn't go out with him - he's
just so ……… to look at. (attract)

6. How are you getting on with your ……….…….………….. course in Russian? (correspond)
7. What time do you ……….…. start work? (use)
8. There was ice on the pavement which made it very difficult to walk, as it was so
……….. (slip)

9. I could never be a teacher. I'm far too ……… (patient)
10. I don't know what's the matter with Tommy lately. His ………….…….. seems to be getting
worse and worse. (behave)

IV. Read the text and think of the word which best fits each space.

V. Read the passage and answer the questions below.

1. What is this passage mainly about?

A. M.L’s grandfather

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D. Martin Luther King’s childhood

2. The word "eloquent" means most nearly:

A. Powerful B. Active C. Romantic D. Fascinating

3. The word "eventful" is closest in meaning to which of the following?

A. Valued B. Memorable C. Admirable D. Emotional

4. In line 16, what does the word “it” refer to?

A. Achievement B. Neighbourhood C. Segregation D. Service

5. According to the author, blacks in King’s neighbourhood were involved in all the following
businesses and services except:

A. Dentistry B. Medicine C. Law D. Banking

6. The word “tailors” in line 17 describes people who are associated with which of the following
trade?

A. Flower arranging B. Shoe making
C. Garment making D. Book binding

7. What was King influenced by?

A. Community B. Black lawyers C. His mother D. His speech

8. The word "thrived" in line 19 is closest in meaning to which of the following?

A. Achieved B. Surrendered C. Flourished D. Held

9. As used in line 20, which of the following is closest in meaning to the word “seemingly”?

A. Apparently B. Inevitable C. Inexplicable D. Hastily

10. According to the author, M.L:

A. was a good musician as a child.

B. loved to listen to his grandfather speak.
C. had a difficult childhood.

D. grew up in a relatively rich area of Atlanta.

VI. Finish each of the sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the one printed
before that.

1. "Shall I carry that bag for you, John?" said Paul.

-> Paul offered ………..
2. Everyone knows that eating fruit is good for health.

-> Eating fruit ………
3. I'm quite happy to look after the baby for you.

-> I don't mind ……….
4. I must see the manager!

-> I demand ………
5. "Go on, Jack, apply for the job," said Sally.

-> Sally encouraged ……….
6. You wouldn't know where the Hilton Hotel is, would you?

-> Do you happen ……….?
7. If I take the job, I'll have to move to Paris.

-> Taking the job ………..
8. It's very kind of you to give me a lift.

-> I appreciate ………
9. It might be a good idea to use honey instead of sugar.

-> Why don't you try ………?
10. Parking is not permitted here.

-> You are ……….

K17

Subject-Verb agreement

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- More people live in Asia than in any other continent.

2. Khi chủ ngữ của câu là 1 cụm danh từ thì động từ trong câu chia phù hợp với danh từ trung
tâm/chính (head/main noun).

E.g. - Many leading members of the opposition party have tried to justify the decision.
- The only excuse that he gave for his action was that he was tired.

3. Một số danh từ có dạng thức số ít có thể đi với động từ chia ở số ít hoặc số nhiều nh ng có sự khác
nhau1 chút vè nghĩa. Những danh từ phổ biến là: association, audience, class, club, college,

committee, community, company, crowd, department, enemy, family, firm, generation,
government, group, jury, orchestra, population, press, public, school, staff, team, university và
tên của 1 số tổ chức nh: the Bank of England, the BBC, IBM, Sony.

Chúng ta dùng động từ số ít khi ta coi những đơn vị hoặc tổ chức trên là cả tổng thể, ngợc lại ta dùng
động từ số nhiều khi ta coi chúng nh là tập hợp của các thành viên.

E.g. - The staff of this school is big.

- The staff of this school are enthusiastic and experienced.
- The school is closed because the attendance is poor.
- The school are united to fullfil the tasks of the schoolyear.

4. Một số danh từ luôn có dạng thức số nhiều và đi với động từ chia số nhiều. Những danh từ này là:
thanks, belongings, clothes, congratulations, earnings, goods, outskirts, particulars
(=information), premises (=building), riches, savings, stairs, surroundings. ( * police, army +
động từ chia ở số nhiều)

E.g. - The company’s earnings have increased for the last five years.
- The police have arrested a dangerous criminal.

- The army are reported to take over the embassy.

5. Một số danh từ có tận cùng là -s và nhìn giống nh danh từ số nhiều, nhng khi chúng là chủ ngữ
trong câu thì động từ phải chia ở số ít. Những danh từ này là: news, means(method/money),
economics, mathematics, phonetics, politics, statistics, physics, gymnastics, athletics, diabetes,
measles, rabies. (* whereabouts+động từ chia ở số ít/nhiều)

E.g. - Politics is popular at this university.
- Statistics was always my worst subject.

- The news from Iraq seems very encouraging.

- John’s whereabouts is/are always everyone’s guess.

6. Any of, each of, either of, neither of, or none of + danh từ số nhiều + động từ chia ở số ít (Trong
văn phong viết trang trọng)

E.g. - I don’t think any of them knows where the money is hidden.
- Neither of the French athletes has won this year.

7. The majority of, a number of, a lot of, plenty of, all (of) or some (of) + danh từ số nhiều +
động từ chia ở số nhiều.

E.g. - A number of refugees have been turned back at the border.
- The majority of the students suffer from financial difficulties.

8. The number of + danh từ số nhiều + động từ chia ở số ít.
The amount of + danh từ khơng đếm đợc + động từ chia ở số ít

E.g. - The number of books in the library has risen to over five million.
- The amount of protein varies from one kind of food to another.

9. Any of, none of, the majority of, a lot of, plenty of, all (of) or some (of) + danh từ không đếm
đợc + động từ chia ở số ít.

E.g. - All the furniture was destroyed in the fire.
- None of the work has been completed.
10. Each, every + danh từ số ít + động từ chia ở số ít.

E.g. - Each student has to type his/her own homework paper.

11. Everyone, everybody, everything và các từ tơng tự khác bắt đầu bằng any-, some- và no- +
động từ chia ở số ít.

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- I think something is wrong with this computer.

12. Either....or..../ neither...nor... + động từ chia theo chủ ngữ đứng gần động từ.
E.g. - Either the teacher or the students are coming to help you.

- Neither my parents nor my brother likes this kind of food.
13. Not only... but also.../ both...and... + động từ chia ở số nhiều.

E.g. - Not only the child but also his parents like this game.
- Both Ann and her sister have returned from a holiday.

14. Per cent/ percent/(%) + danh từ không đếm đợc + động từ chia ở số ít.
Per cent/percent/(%)danh từ số nhiều + động từ chia ở số nhiều.

E.g. - Around 10 percent (%) of the forest is destroyed every year.

- I would say that about 50 percent (%) of the houses need major repairs.

15. Chủ ngữ là Danh động từ (doing) và mệnh đề danh từ (bắt đầu bằng Wh-word, That , 
Whether) + động từ chia ở số ít.

E.g. - Jogging in the morning is a very good exercise.
- What he says always makes us laugh.

- That Ann is selfish is not a new discovery.
- Whether you like him or not is not my concern.

16. The + Adjective (quốc tịch/ đặc điểm) + động từ chia ở số nhiều.

E.g. - The French drink a lot of wine.
- The rich are not always generous
- The English like football very much
- The young like bright colours.

17. A, + along with/ accompanied by/together with/as well as + B + động từ chia theo chủ ngữ A
E.g. - The teacher, together with his studentsis watching the experiment.

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K17

–

Exercises

I. In the following sentences (1) underline the complex noun that is the subject; (2) circle the main
noun in the subject; and (3) write the verb in the bracket in the space either as a singular verb or
plural verb so that it agrees with the main noun

1. The issues which have been considered in the previous section...us to speculate on
problems that learners might encounter. (allow)

2. Smuggling illegal immigrants out of Mexico...against the law. (be)

3. The country’s first general election since it won independence...to be held next month.
(be)

4. The only people who are interested in the book...to be lawyers. (seem)
5. The view of the manufacturing and tourist industries...that the economy is
improving. (be)

6. An early analysis of the results...that the Socialists have won. (show)

7. Reliance only on written tests of English to measure language ability...to be a cheap
option. (appear)

II. Complete the e following extracts from newspapers with eitherwas/were or has/have. If both 
singular and plural forms are possible, write them both.

1. The crowd...growing restless as the day got hotter.

2. Sony...announced rising profits for the third year running.
3. The police...issued a warrant for Adamson’s arrest.

4. When she was found, her face was bruised and her clothes...torn.
5. The p [public...a right to know how the money is to be spent.

6. Thomas was thought to be in Spain, although his exact whereabouts...unknown.
7. The stairs leading to the exit...steep and dangerous, said the report.

8. Lord Travers’ family...lived in this house for twelve generations.
9. The college...spent over $500,000 on a new sport centre.
10. People...running in all directions, trying to get away.

III. Complete the sentences with either is/are or have/has

1. A number of shoppers...complained about the price increases.
2. I can assure you that everything...perfectly safe.

3. Either of the dentists...available. Which one do you want to see?
4. The majority of primary school teachers...women.

5. Each of Susan’s colleagues...sent her a personal letter of support.

6. Although some people find cricket boring, each match...different.
7. We’ve got two cars, but neither of them...particular new.

8. All the office staff...agreed to work late tonight to get the job finished.

9. A lot of the pollution...caused by the paper factory on the edge of the town.
10. None of the TV programmes...worth watching tonight.

11. Researchers have reported that neither of the so-called “environmentally friendly”
fuels...less damaging than petrol or diesel.

12. I hope everyone...a good holiday. See you next term.

13. The number of pupils in school with reading difficulties...fallen this year.
14. Some people...the strangest hobbies. My brother collects bottles.

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Conjunctions

1. Too/As well/As well as: cịng/n÷a/cïng víi

E.g. - He likes good foods and good drinks, too/as well.
- Ann brought the camera; Peter brought his camera, too.
- Ann as well as her classmates is going on an excursion.

2. While /Whereas: trong khi/trong khi đó thì

E.g. - Many people are very rich while/whereas many others don’t have enough to eat.
- I’m very homesick while I’m/being/- a student abroad.

3. For example/For instance/Such as: vÝ dơ nh lµ

E.g. - Animals provide human beings with many useful products. For example/instance, cows give us
milk and meat, bees offer us honey etc.

- Animals provide human beings with many useful products such as meat, milk, fur, wool etc.

4. Except (for) + noun: trừ ra/không kể đến
 Except + that...: ngoại trừ là

E.g. - Everyone except for me was invited to the party.
- The meal was excellent except for the first course.

- She remembers nothing about him except that his hair is black.

5. Instead (adv)/Instead of (prep): thay v×

E.g. - We’ve got no coffee. Would you like tea instead?
- Stuart was ill, so I went instead.

- Let’s go out instead of staying at home.
- We sometimes have noodles instead of rice.

6. If so/If not: nếu vậy thì/nếu không thì

E.g. - I may be late. If so, start without me.

- Peter is not likely to come. If not, we’ll start as planned.

7. In addition (adv)/ Besides (adv): ngoµi ra

In addition to (prep) / Besides (prep) = ngoµi (ai/cái gì) ra

Beside (prep of place) = next to/at the side of sb/st: ở bên cạnh/sát c¹nh

E.g. - In addition to / Besides the names listed, there are other six applicants.

- The applicants have to be interviewed. In addition/Besides, they have to write a composition.
- Sit beside your sister.

- I always keep my cell phone beside me.

- Beside your homework paper, mine seems rather disappointing.

8. However/Nevertheless/Though/Yet/Still: tuy nhiên, tuy vậy/mặc dù vậy

E.g. - It rained hard. However/nevertheless/yet/still, they went to school.
- It rained hard. They went to school, however/nevertheless/though.

9. As = While/ During the time when: trong khi/khi
Because: bởi vì

Since/When sb is (st): khi còn là/ với t cách là

E.g. - I watched her as she combed her hair.
- As the sun rose, the fog lifted.

- As he is poor, he needs helps.

- As a child, she was carefully brought up.

- As her secretary, he can enter her office room without bothering to knock at the door.

10. On the contrary/ In contrast (adv): Tr¸i víi/Kh¸c víi
 Contrary to/In contrast with (prep): Tr¸i víi/Kh¸c víi

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trau doi ngu phap tieng Anh da dang ly thuyet bai tap

<b>k1A</b>

<b>the present simple tense</b>

<b>(Thì hiện tại đơn giản)</b>

<b>K1b</b>

<b>The present continuous tense</b>

<b>(Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn)</b>

<b>K1c</b>

<b>Những động từ khơng dùng thì tiếp diễn</b>

<b>K1A</b>

<b>K1B</b>

<b>&</b>

<b>C</b>

<b>K2</b>

<b>the past simple tense</b>

<b>(Thì quá khứ đơn giản)</b>

<b>V- ed</b>

<b>the past continuous tense</b>

<b>(Thì quá khø tiÕp diƠn)</b>

<b>was/were + V-ing</b>

<b>k2</b>

<b>k3 </b>

<b>the present perfect simple tense</b>

<b>(Thì hiện tại hồn thành đơn giản)</b>

<b>S + have/has + past participle</b>

<b>Present perfect continuous tense</b>

<b>(Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn)</b>

<b>So sánh thì hthtđg với hthttd</b>

<b>K3</b>

<b>Reading Exercises I - D3</b>

<b>Reading Exercises II - D3</b>

<b>Reading exercise 3 - D3</b>

<i><b>I. Read the passage and answer the questions below.</b></i>

I get a lot of letters at this time of year from people complaining that they have a cold

which won't go away. There were so many different stories about how to prevent or cure a

cold, it's often difficult to know what to do. Although colds are rarely dangerous, except for

people who are already weak, such as the elderly or young babies, they are always

uncomfortable and usually most unpleasant. Of course, you can buy lots of medicines which

will help to make your cold less unpleasant, but you must remember that nothing can actually

cure a cold or make it go away faster. Another thing is that any medicine which is strong

enough to make you feel better could be dangerous, if you are already taking drugs for some

other illness, so always check with your chemist or doctor to see whether they are all right

for you. And remember they might make you sleepy - please don't try to drive if they do!

Lastly, as far as avoiding colds is concerned, whatever you may be told about magic foods or

drinks, the best answer is to keep strong and healthy - you'll have less chance of getting a

cold, and if you do, it shouldn't be so bad.

1 This is from

a. a doctor's notebook.

b. a dairy

c. a magazine

d. a school biology book

2. What is the writer's intention?

a. To write in an amusing way

c. To complain about his/her health

b. To give general advice

d. To describe personal experience

3. Who should talk to the doctor before buying medicine for a cold?

………

4. What is the writer's opinion of "magic food and drink"?

………

5. Find a word in the passage that means:

<i><b>awful </b></i>

……….………..

<i><b>II. Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage with one suitable word.</b></i>

<b>A parking problem</b>

<b>k4 </b>

<b>past perfect simple</b>

<b>(Thì quá khứ hoàn thành)</b>

<b>had + past participle</b>

Thì QKHT dùng trong các trờng hợp sau:

<b>Past perfect continuous</b>

<b>(Thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn)</b>

<b>had + been + V-ing</b>

<b>K4 </b>

<b>K5 </b>

<b>future tenses </b>

<b>(Các thì tơng lai)</b>

<b>Mệnh đề thời gian tơng lai</b>

<b>K5 </b>

<b>progress test 1 A</b>