Tài liệu Oxford Collocations Dictionary for students of English_ Chương 2.15 pdf

Mm
machine noun
1 piece of equipment
• ADJ. great, huge, large, powerful I automatic, electronic I labour-saving I ingenious, versatile I sophisticated I reliable I defective I cash, coffee, exercise,
fax, sewing, (telephone) answering, vending, video,
washing I kidney, life-support The crash victim is now

on a life-support machine.

I install We've
had a new washing machine installed. I start, stop I
plug in, unplug I build, make I service I design The
• VERB + MACHINE operate, use, work

machine is designed tofit under a counter.
• MACHINE + VERB go, work Have you got the machine
working again? I breakdown I run The machine runs on
solar power.
• MACHINE + NOUN operator I parts I tool
machine
toolsfor making weapons
• PREP. by The potatoes are planted by machine. in
a/the - Just put those clothes in the machine (= the washing machine). on a/the - I make my own dresses on my
sewing machine. I -for a machinefor making coffee
• PHRASES a make of machine What make of machine
are they using?
2 system/organization
• ADJ. party, political The independent candidates did
not have the support of a party machine. I administrative,
government, state I propaganda, publicity I military,
war the president's propaganda machine

• PHRASES a cog in the machine (figurative) Tired of
being a tiny cog in a vast machine, he handed in his resignation. a well-oiled machine (figurative) The department
ran like a well-oiled machine since the reorganization.

machinery noun
• ADJ. heavy I complex,

complicated, elaborate, sophisticated I electrical I agricultural,
construction,
farm, industrial, manufacturing, office, textile
• QUANT. piece large and complex pieces of machinery
• VERB + MACHINERY maintain, service I install, set
up I control, drive, operate I renew, replace, update I
house The machinery is housed in a special building.
• MACHINERY + VERB drive sth, work sth I break
down I hum
• PREP. -for machineryfor grinding wheat
• PHRASES the hum of machinery

mad

adj.

1 not sane; crazy/stupid

I go He went mad and spent the
rest of his life locked up in a mental hospital. 0 The world
had gone completely mad. I drive sb His experiences in
the First World War drove him mad. 0 The children are
driving me mad! I consider sb, think sb Her colleagues

thought her quite mad. I pronounce sb
• ADV absolutely, completely, quite, utterly I barking,
(stark) raving What a barking mad idea! 0 You must be
stark raving mad to risk your money like that! I almost I
• VERBS be, look, seem

a bit, half, a little, slightly I dangerously
• PREP. with I went mad uiith joy and danced a little jig.

2angry
• VERBS be, feel, look I get I get so mad when people
don't take me seriously. I make sb It makes me really mad

when people toastefood.
• ADV. hopping, really I absolutely I pretty
• PREP. at/with My mum's absolutely mad with me!

madness noun
• ADJ. absolute, pure, sheer, utter It's sheer madness to

go sailing in weather like this.
• PHRASES the first sign of madness They say that talking to yourself is the first sign of madness! a moment of
madness In a moment of madness, I said I'd help him.

magazine noun
• ADJ. new, old I rolled-up She hit him with a rolled-up
magazine. I colour, glossy I monthly, quarterly, weekly I local, national, parish I school, student I house,
in-house, official the company's in-house magazine I ln-.
flight I popular I quality
teen/teenage,

women's

I special interest, specialist I
I business, trade I listings

Check a listings magazine for what's on this weekend. I
computer,
consumer,
fashion, gardening,
literary,
motoring, music, news, satirical, style, travel I girlie,
(hard/soft) porn, porno/pornographic,
sex
• QUANT. copy Why did you buy three copies of the same
magazine? I edition, issue
• VERB + MAGAZINE leaf through, look at, read leaf-

ing through the magazines in the waiting room 0 I never
read magazines. I edit, write for I produce, publish a
company that produces fashion magazines I buy, get,
subscribe to Which magazines do you get regularly?
• MAGAZINE + VERB come out The magazine comes
out once a month. I be aimed at sb a magazine aimed at
mothers with young children I be devoted to sth a magazine devoted to country life I carry sth, feature sth, run
sth The magazine carried an interview with the actor considered Hollywood's hottest property.
• MAGAZINE + NOUN article, interview, story, survey
I ad/advert/advertisement I cover I editor, writer
• PREP. in a/the- an article in a women's magazine

magic noun

1 secret power
• ADJ. black
• VERB + MAGIC do, practise

He earns extra money
doing magic at chiidren's parties. 0 People found guilty of
practising black magic were hanged. I believe in I don't
believe in magic. I work
• MAGIC + VERB work The magic slowly begins to work,
and the princess starts to come to life again.
• PREP. by- The rabbit disappeared by magic.
• PHRASES as if by magic The money had reappeared as
if by magic.
2 special quality
• ADJ. absolute, pure, sheer The show is three hours of
pure magic.
• QUANT. touch The fireuiorks brought a touch of magic
to the occasion.
• VERB + MAGIC work A hot bath and a good night's
sleep worked their usual magic.

magical

adj.

• VERBS be I find sth
• ADV. truly, very a truly magical experience I quite, totally I almost Her beauty had an almost magical quality.

magistrate

noun

• ADJ. examining, investigating,
nior I city, local, town
• VERB + MAGISTRATE appoint

licensing

I chief,

(sb), appoint

se-

sb as

I

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magnet

476

appear before, come up before He is due to appear before
magistrates in connection with a public order offence.
• MAGISTRATE
+ VERB hear sth A thief who stole
power tools from a store later sold them in a pub, Whitby

magistrates heard yesterday. I fine sb I remand sb in
custody I sentence sb I adjourn sth Magistrates adjourned the case until June 9.
• PHRASES

magistrates' court

0 Is

mail verb
• ADV.

direct

to The brochures are mailed direct to members.

• PREP

free Why not join ourfree mailing list?
+ MAILING
LIST go on, join, subscribe to I
add sb to, put sb on I come off, unsubscribe from I remove sb from, take sb off
• PREP.
on a/the- We're on the mailing list for the Film
Centre. I -for a mailing list for primary teachers
• ADJ.

powerful, strong I weak I bar I fridge
• VERB + MAGNET
act as/like The scent of flowers acts
• ADJ.

as a magnet to bees.
+ VERB attract sth
-for The place is a magnet for tourists.

• MAGNET

sheer, strong I animal, personal, sexual I the
earth's, terrestrial changes in the earth's magnetism
• VERB + MAGNETISM
exert, exude, project He exudes
• ADJ.

a strong sexual magnetism.
• MAGNETISM
+ VERB
attract sth, draw sth The magnetism produced by the battery attracts the metal. 0 His
personal magnetism drew people to the church.

adj.

be, look
• ADV. really, truly

• VERB

main noun

magnetism noun

magnificent

is in the mail.

mailing list noun

magnet noun

• PREP.

I in the- My reply
there anything interesting in the mail?

by- Send it by first-class mail.

• PREP.

• VERBS

I absolutely,

• ADJ.

gas, water

I burst,

leaking There's a burst water

main in Quarry Road.

• VERB

lay They're laying a new gas main

+ MAIN

through the town.
• MAIN

+ VERB

I explode,

serve sth The main seroesfour villages.

leak

+ NOUN electricity,
gas, water an island
without mains electricity
• PREP.
at the -s Turn the water off at the mains. on
the -s Some of the remoter houses in the village are not on
the mains.
• MAINS

quite an absolutely

magnificent performance I rather

mainstream

noun

cultural, educational, political, etc.
• VERB + MAINSTREAM
enter, join I cut sb/sth off
from, exclude sb/sth from These teachers have been cut
• ADJ.

magnify verb
• ADV. greatly, highly, hugely The daring of his exploits
had been hugely magnified by constant telling.
• PHRASES
magnify sth 10, 100, etc. times The picture
shows the insect's head magnified ten times.

magnitude noun
• ADJ. considerable, great I sufficient a fall in costs of
sufficient magnitude to enable us to reduceprices
• PREP.
in - The effects were substantial in magnitude.
• PHRASES
of the first magnitude Stars of thefirst magnitude are visible to the naked eye. 0 a disaster of the first
magnitude (by) an order of magnitude Her calculation
was out by several orders of magnitude.

offfrom the mainstream of educational activity.
+ NOUN
society I education, schools

politics I art, cinema I media
• PREP
in/within the- He was in the mainstream of British contemporary music. into the - This technology was
• MAINSTREAM

I parties,

designed for specialists but is now starting to move into the
mainstream. out of/outside the - He drifted out of the
mainstream of society.
• PHRASES
part of the mainstream This style of drama
is not part of the mainstream.

maintain verb
1 keep sth at the same level

maid noun

+ MAINTAIN
be anxious to, wantto Weare anxious to maintain our close links with the police. I have to,

• VERB

dairy, kennel, kitchen, laundry, parlour, scullery
I lady's, personal I daily They had a daily maid, but no

• ADJ.

live-in servants.

q Note atJOB

need to I strive to, try to I help (to) I be able to I be
difficult to The government's position became increasing-

ly difficult to maintain.
the duty/need to maintain sth He emphasized the need to maintain the status quo.
2 keep sth in good condition
• ADV. properly, well I poorly a poorly maintained central heating system
• PHRASES

mail noun
first-class, second-class I surface I express I
registered I internal If we want to send something to another department, we use the internal mail. I international I direct direct mail advertising I incoming, outgoing
I unopened, unread I electronic, video, voice I junk I
• ADJ.

throw junk mail straight in the bin without reading it. I
hate He has received death threats and hate mail from
angry fans. I fan
• QUANT.
item, sackful
• VERB + MAIL send I get, receive I deliver I forward,
redirect Wegot the Post Office to redirect our mail when we
moved. I collect The mail is collected twice a day. I sort

The postcode allows the mail to be sorted automatically. I
check She checked her mail before leaving the hotel.
pick up I open I read I answer, deal with
• MAIL

+ VERB

• MAIL

+ NOUN

I

come,goHasthemailcomeyet?
order All our products are available by

mail order. I message I item I program I system

• VERB

be difficultto I be easy to
be responsible for maintaining sth

+ MAINTAIN

• PHRASES

maintenance

noun

1 keeping sth in good condition
annual, regular, routine I long-term, ongoing I
I essential The power station has been shut down

for essential maintenance. I preventative I careful I
easy The engine is designed for easy maintenance. I low,
minimal This type of garden requires minimal maintenance. Ion-site I aircraft, car, machine, etc.
• VERB + MAINTENANCE
carry out We carry out routine maintenance of the equipment. I need, require
• MAINTENANCE
+ NOUN engineer, crew, man, staff,
team I bill, costs I contract I service We provide a
• ADJ.

proper

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man

477

maintenance service on all our products. I programme I
work

• ADJ. adult I immature, young I old I dominant
dominant male in the herd I large, powerful, strong

2 money paid to support sb
child

• ADJ.
• VERB

+ MAINTENANCE

• MAINTENANCE

+ NOUN

male noun

pay I claim
payments I arrears He was

jailed for failing topay maintenance arrears.
• PREP.
in - Hepays £1 000a month in child maintenance.

the

hormone I sexuality I chauvinism,
role
the male of the species The male of the spe-

+ NOUN

• MALE

I identity,

chauvinist
• PHRASES

cies has more brightly-colouredfeathers than thefemale,

male adj.

major noun

• ADJ.
big, great, huge, overwhelming, substantial,
vast I silent The march was by the silent majority who op-

be
entirely, exclusively The club is an exclusively
male preserve. I largely, mainly, mostly, overwhelmingly, predominantly The uiorkforce ispredominantly male. I
essentially an essentially male Western view of progress I
typically I peculiarly He nodded with a peculiarly male
satisfaction at her capitulation. I traditionally tradition-

pose terrorism.

ally male interests

q Note at

• VERBS

RANK

• ADV.

majority noun
1 most

• VERB

+ MAJORITY

comprise, constitute, form, make

up English speakers form the majority of the population.
+ NOUN culture,
group,
population I
opinion, view I shareholder I stake The French com-

malice noun

• MAJORITY

pany holds a majority stake in the retail chain.
• PREP.
in the - In the general population, right-handed
people are in the majority.
• PHRASES
in the majority of cases In the vast majority
of cases, customers get their money back.
2 in an election
handsome, huge, large, massive, overwhelming, substantial I clear, comfortable, decisive I bare,
narrow, slender, slight, slim, small, tiny, wafer-thin I
ten-seat, three-to-one, two-thirds, etc. I absolute, outright, overall Although they are the biggest single party,

they don't have an outright majority. I simple I decreased, increased I working the first Labour government with a clear working majority in the House I parliamentary I government I Conservative, Labour, etc. I
necessary, requisite
• VERB + MAJORITY
command, have I achieve, gain,
get, secure, win They failed to win the requisite two-thirds
majority. I defend, maintain, retain I lose I overturn I
indicate, show
• MAJORITY
+ NOUN
government, rule I party I decision I vote, voting I support
• PREP. by a - They won by a huge majority. I - against

• ADJ.

pure, sheer

+ MALICE
bear (sb), feel, have He bore me no
malice. <> Shefelt no malice. <> She has no malice in her.
• PREP. out of - She sacked him out of sheer malice.
with/without - 'You're lying,' he said, without malice. I
- towards I bear no malice towards anybody.
• VERB

malicious adj.

• ADJ.

Latest opinion polls have a comfortable majority against
the reform. - in a majority in Parliament - in favour of

Opinion polls indicated a two-thirds majority in faoour of
ratification of the treaty. - over He has a decisive majority
over his main rivals.

make-up noun
1 cosmetics
heavy, thick I eye I stage
+ MAKE· UP use, wear I never wear make-up.
apply, put on I remove, take off I touch up I smudge
• MAKE-UP
+ NOUN artist, girl I remover

• VERBS

be

• ADY. faintly, rather He gaue afaintly malicious smile at

her furious expression.

malnutrition

noun

severe I chronic I child
• VERB + MALNUTRITION
suffer (from) I die from/of
• ADJ.

mammal noun

large, small I higher, lower I common I endangered, rare I wild I aquatic, marine, sea I land, terrestrial I carnivorous, grazing, herbivorous I nocturnal I hoofed I warm-blooded
• MAMMAL
+ NOUN species I prey
• PREP. among -s deaths among marine mammals
• ADJ.

man noun
1 male person
elderly, middle-aged, old, older, young a little
old man I attractive, good-looking, handsome I ugly I
short, tall I fat, thin I big, burly I little a nice little man I

• ADJ.

black, white I dark, dark-hatred, fair, fair-haired I
bearded I blind I sick I dead I intelligent, wise I great

• ADJ.

Several people made speeches in honour of the great man. I

• VERB

brave I charming, fine, good, kind, nice I honest I proud
I quiet I bad, horrible What a horrible man! I arrogant I
strange I brutal, hard, violent I married, single I family He's afamily man who rarely goes out with his friends.
I gay I professional I lucky He was a lucky man to have
found such a partner. I poor, rich I betting, gambling
I'ue never been a gambling man. I self-made I righthand He found success hard to come by after losing his
right-hand man. I innocent I free He walked out of court

afree man. I condemned

2 sb's character
• ADJ.

genetic, physical, psychological
part of sb's make-up Jealousy is not part of

• PHRASES

his make-up.

malaria noun
acute, severe

• ADJ.

have, suffer from I catch, contransmit Malaria is transmitted by mosquitoes. I treat I eradicate
• MALARIA
+ NOUN sufferer, victim I parasite I vaccine I control, eradication
q Special page at ILLNESS
• VERB

tract

+ MALARIA

I carry,

2 human beings

early, prehistoric,
Neanderthal, etc.

• ADJ.

primitive

I Stone

Age, etc.

I

In man the brain is highly developed.
known to man the most poisonous substance
known to man

• PREP.

in -

• PHRASES

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manage

478

manage verb
1 succeed in doing sth
nicely, perfectly/very well I can manage perfectly
well on my own, thank you. I successfully I eventually,
finally I somehow I financially She was findtng it difficult to manage financially.
• VERB + MANAGE
be able to, can/could Can you manage? I have to We'll just have to manage somehow. I be
• ADV.

difficult to I be easy to
on I don't know how they manage on only £50 a
week. without I can manage without a dishwasher.
• PHRASES
manage on your own
• PREP.

2 control/direct sb/sth
competently, effectively, efficiently, properly,
successfully,
well I badly I actively We will actively
manage your portfolio to maximize the return on your investment. I sustainably All our tropical timber products

• ADV.

comejrom sustainably managed sources.
+ MANAGE
be difficult to The children were
very difficult to manage. I be easy to I learn (how) to
You need to learn how to manage your time effectively.

• VERB

manageable

adj.

be, seem I become
• ADV. easily The journey is easily manageable in half an
hour. I quite I just (about) The job isiust about manageable in the time. I relatively
• VERBS

management

noun

ment, fund, marketing, production, project, sales, technical I successful I sympathetic It helps to have a sym-

pathetic manager.
+ MANAGER
promote sb to He has been promoted to business development manager. I assist Yourjob
will be to assist the production manager.
• PREP.
-for the marketing manager for a large company
2 looks after a sports team
• ADJ.
England, Scotland, etc. I team I caretaker He
will be the club's caretaker manager until a new manager
is appointed. I beleaguered another disappointing day
for the beleaguered England manager
qNoteatJOB

• VERB

mandate noun
popular I clear I legal I presidential I electoral It is undemocratic to govern an area without an electoral
• ADJ.

mandate.
+ MANDATE
have I give sb, issue I seek The
party sought a mandate to reform the constitution. I get,
obtain, receive, win I extend, implement
• MANDATE
+ VERB
run The mandate ran until 1947.
• PREP.
in your- Hefailed in his mandate. under a/theThey ruled the country under a United Nations mandate.
with a/the - The party was elected with a mandate to reduce the size of government. without a - They accused him
of acting without a mandate. I - for She has received a
clear mandate for educational reform. -from a mandate
from the United Nations to govern the territory
• VERB

an extension/a renewal of a mandate

• PHRASES

1 managing sth
careful, competent, effective, efficient, firm,
good, sound I bad, inefficient, poor I day-to-day, routine I general, overall I business, corporate I personnel, staff I production I project, task I hospital, hotel,
school I database, network, systems I asset, economic, financial, investment, money, resource I information I crisis I household I traffic I waste I forest,

land I anger, anxiety, stress He's been sent on an anger
management course to help him control his temper. I time
• VERB + MANAGEMENT
need
The project needs
stronger management. I be responsible for She is re• ADJ.

sponsiblefor the day-to-day management of the company.
• MANAGEMENT
+ NOUN
company,
consultancy,
consultant, services I course, studies, training I plan,
policy, strategy I expertise, skills I method, philosophy, practice, style, technique
• PREP.
in - She is now celebrating ten years in management. under sb's - The club prospered under Ferguson's

management.
a board of management, under new management The restaurant is under new management.

mane noun
flowing I shaggy,
tangled,
tousled I thick I
luxuriant, shining
• VERB + MANE
have I shake, toss She shook her
mane of auburn hair. <> The horse tossed its flowing mane
behind it. I braid She spent ages braiding her horse's
• ADJ.

mane.
+ VERB

• MANE

stream The horse's mane streamed in

the wind.
• PREP.

-of He has a mane of white hair.
a horse's/Iion's mane

• PHRASES

manhood noun
• ADJ.

early, young

• VERB + MANHOOD
grow to, reach He grew from adolescence to young manhood. I prove It seemed they were
fighting to prove their manhood.
• PREP.
in - He began to go bald in early manhood.

• PHRASES

2 managers

• ADJ.

junior, middle, senior, top
+ MANAGEMENT
criticize

The unions have
criticized management over their handling of the dispute.
• VERB

• MANAGEMENT
+ NOUN
board,
committee,
staff,
team I meeting I decision I job, position, post, role I
hierarchy,
structure I buy-out I level This decision

should be taken at a higher management level.
• PREP.
in ... • PHRASES

mania noun
1 extreme enthusiasm for sth

a layer/level/tier of management

manager noun

1 controls an organization/part of an organization
• ADJ.
assistant, junior, middle, senior I general I accountable, responsible Each programme is discussed
with the responsible manager. <> A product manager is re·
sponsible for product profitability. I bank, business,
commercial, corporate I area, branch, departmental,
divisional,
office, regional I functional,
operations,
personnel, product I advertising, catering, develop-

• ADJ.
• VERB
• PREP.

gambling, railway, sex, etc.
+ MANIA
have
-for She had a maniafor fast cars.

2 serious mental illness
• ADJ.
collective The violence of the crowd can only be explained as a sign of some collective mania. I religious
• VERB

suffer from
a state of mania

+ MANIA

• PHRASES

maniac noun
• ADJ.
sex I homicidal I religious
• PREP.

like a- He was driving like a maniac.

manifestation
• ADJ.

concrete,

noun
physical,

visible

I obvious I public

the public manifestation of private grief
• PREP.
- in The manifestation of the disease in adults is
less dramatic.

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manoeuvre

479

• PHRASES

combating racism

in all its manifestations

in all its manifestations

manifesto noun
• ADJ.

Conservative,

Labour, etc.

I

party, party's We

must all support the party manifesto. I election
• VERB

+ MANIFESTO

I

issue, launch, publish

+ VERB

• MANIFESTO

draft, draw up, write I sign I
support
pledge sth, promise sth The

manifesto promised reform of the social security system. I
call for sth, demand sth
+ NOUN

• MANIFESTO

I

contain sth I say sth
commitment, pledge, promise

I

proposal
• PREP. in a/the- The policy is outlined in the party's election manifesto. on a/the - Labour won the election on this
manifesto. I -for a manifesto for reform

manipulate

verb

easily They believe that voters can be easily manipulated. I successfully I deftly, delicately, skilfully I

deliberately,
systematically I genetically
genetically

• ADV.

manipulated organisms
+ MANIPULATE
be able to, can I attempt to,
try to Children try to manipulate you. I be easy to I
know how to, learn (how) to She knows how to manipu-

• VERB

late the audience.
• PHRASES

the ability to manipulate sb/sth

manipulation

noun

careful, clever, skilful I conscious, cynical, deliberate, systematic I political People think that the in-

• ADJ.

vestigation was independent, but in fact a lot of political
manipulation went on. I data, image, text
• PREP.

by - The government has disguised the true situation by clever manipulation of thefigures.

+ MANKIND

save to save mankind from misery

and destruction
all mankind/the whole of mankind According to the Bible, the whole of mankind is descended from
Adam. benefit to mankind It is doubtful whether this research is of any benefit to mankind. the dawn of mankind
objects dating back to the dawn of mankind the fate/future of mankind politicians who care about the future of
mankind for the benefit of mankind The results of the research were made freely available for the benefit of all
mankind. the history of mankind, known to mankind
one of the most toxic substances known to mankind
• PHRASES

manner noun
1way of doing sth/behaving
conventional,
customary,
time-honoured, traditional, usual

normal, standard,
I correct You are not
approaching the problem in the correct manner. I appropriate, satisfactory I did my best to behave in the appropriate manner. I prudent, reasonable, responsible,
safe, sensible Chemical waste must be disposed of in an
environmentally-responsible
manner. I efficient, productive, profitable I logical, methodical, orderly, rational, systematic I consistent, uniform I objective I
arbitrary, haphazard Files have been stored in such a haphazard manner that they are impossible tofind. I professional I constructive, positive The dispute could have
been handled in a more constructive manner. I nonViolent,
peaceful I straightforward I suspicious

He
was behaving in a highly suspicious manner. I lighthearted I casual, easy, informal, leisurely, relaxed I
formal I calm I off-hand He answered in such an offhand manner that I wondered if he'd misheard me. I confident, decisive I dignified I diffident, mild, quiet, shy I
• ADJ.

ner. 0 She has a very pleasant telephone manner.
+ MANNER
have I adopt He tends to adopt a
condescending manner when talking to young women. I
act in She accused the teacher of not acting in a profession• VERB

almanner.
+ VERB change His manner changed abruptly when he heard how much I wanted. I conceal sth
Her brusque manner concealed a caring nature. I suggest sth He was not as loutish as his manner suggested.
• PREP. in a/the- The inspection was conducted in a thoroughly professional manner. in the - of He lectured us in
the manner of a headmaster. in your - There was something in his manner that Ifound very irritating.
• PHRASES
in a timely manner All claims must be settled
in a professional and timely manner. in no uncertain
manner He told her in no uncertain manner that her behaviour was unacceptable.
• MANNER

2 manners polite behaviour
beautiful, charming, excellent, good, impeccable, nice, perfect It's not good manners to stare at
people. I bad I table His children have no table manners.
• VERB + MANNERS
have I teach sb Didn't your parents teach you any manners? I learn I forget I'm sorry, I
• ADJ.

wasforgetting my manners. Can I offer you a drink?

have the (good) manners to do sth He could
at least have had the manners to answer my letter. a lack of

• PHRASES

manners Her lack of manners is quite appalling.

mankind noun
• VERB

charming, cheerful, friendly, jovial, kindly, pleasant,
sympathetic I abrasive,
aggressive,
arrogant,
unfriendly,
unpleasant I forthright I brusque,
cold I
businesslike, no-nonsense His no-nonsense manner
gave him the reputation of being a good doctor. I authoritarian, autocratic, high-handed I condescending, dismissive I authoritative
The authoritative manner in
which he talked concealed his ignorance. I bedside, telephone He's a good doctor with a sympathetic bedside man-

mannerism noun
• ADJ.

odd I irritating
have I acquire, adopt
of He has this irritating mannerism

• VERB

+ MANNERISM

• PREP.

-

of con-

stantly scratching his nose.

manoeuvre noun
1 skilful movement
complex, complicated
clever, skilful
• QUANT. series
• VERB + MANOEUVRE
carry
• ADJ.

I

difficult

I

dangerous

out, execute,

I

perform

The pilot has to carry out a series of complex manoeuvres.

I

attempt I complete

2 clever plan
• ADJ. successful I strategic, tactical Her withdrawal
from the contest was a tactical manoeuvre. I diplomatic,

political
• VERB

+ MANOEUVRE

• MANOEUVRE

+ VERB

carry out, execute
fail, succeed

by a/the - By this manoeuvre, he hopes to gain an
advantage at a later stage.
• PHRASES
freedom of manoeuvre The economic conditions are restricting the Chancellor's freedom of manoeuvre. room for manoeuvre The government has very little room for manoeuvre on this issue.

3 military operation
• PREP.

• ADJ.
• VERB

military, strategic, tactical
+ MANOEUVRE
carry out, conduct,

execute,

perform
• PHRASES

be/go on manoeuvres

The unit is on man-

oeuvres in southern Italy.

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480

manoeuvre
• ADV.

• VERB
• PREP.

verb

I easily I expertly,

carefully

skilfully
+ MANOEUVRE
be difficult to, be easy to
around, past, through, etc. He skilfully man-

oeuvred the motor boat past the rocks.
manoeuvre (sth) into position, manoeuvre

• PHRASES

your way (figurative) He had manoevred his way into a
position of strength in the party. room to manoeuvre The
clutter of ships had little room to manoeuvre.

manor noun
ancient, former, medieval, old I country
moated
• MANOR
+ NOUN
farm, house
• PREP.

of the ancient manor of Tregarrick
• PHRASES
lord of the manor
• ADJ.

I royal

I fortified,

menced large-scale commercial manufacture of the chairs
in January. I complete I be engaged in
+' VERB
start
costs of manufacture, date of manufacture

• MANUFACTURE
• PHRASES

The date of manufacture of the jewellery has not been authenticated. the method/process of manufacture

manufacturer

noun

big, large, leading, major the world's largest computer manufacturer I well-known I commercial I independent I foreign, overseas I car, chemical, computer,
motor, textile, etc.
• PHRASES
the manufacturer's instructions The guar• ADJ.

antee may be rendered invalid if the manufacturer's instructions are notfollouied.

manufacturing

noun

large-scale,
small-scale I industrial I heavy I
labour-intensive
I computer-aided,
computerintegrated, high-tech/high-technology
I car, chemical,
component, food, motor, textile, vehicle, etc.
• MANUFACTURING
+ NOUN
business, company, enterprise, firm, organization I dlvislon, facility, operation, plant, site, subsidiary, unit The company set up a
manufacturing operation in Lisbon. I side He now works
on the manufacturing side of the business. I base, industry, sector the decline in the country's manufacturing base
I area, centre, district, region, town I capability, capacity I output, production, productivity I costs I worker, workforce I employment, jobs I methods, process,
system, techniques I expertise
• ADJ.

manpower noun
• ADJ.
qualified, skilled, trained a shortage of skilled
manpower I medical, military, police, etc.
+ MANPOWER
need, require I provide I cut,
reduce Manpower will be reduced by an average of 20per
cent. I increase
• MANPOWER

+ NOUN shortage I allocations, levels,
requirements, resources
• PREP.
in - a reduction in manpower I - for a pool of
• VERB

manpower for the new industries
the availability of manpower The factory's
opening hours over the holiday period will depend on the
availability of manpower. a reduction in manpower, a
• PHRASES

shortage of manpower

manure noun
mansion noun

in 160acres of park land.
• MANSION

+ NOUN

manslaughter
• ADJ.

block, flat, house

noun

attempted

I involuntary

(for verbs)

manual noun
instruction, training I owner's, user I car, computer, sewing, software, etc. I maintenance, operating,
operation, operational, reference, technical, workshop
I comprehensive, detailed
• VERB + MANUAL
come with The computer comes with
a comprehensive owner's manual. I check, consult, look
at, read Check your manualfor details.
• PREP.
according to the - According to the manual, the
wires should be the other way round. in a/the- What does
it say in the manual? I -for an instruction manual for a
knitting machine - on a manual on teaching drama
• ADJ.

manufacture

garden

plenty of well-rotted manure.
• MANURE

+ NOUN

manuscript

heap

noun

1 copy of a book that has not yet been printed
• ADJ.
original I autograph, handwritten the original
autograph manuscript of the poem I unpublished I unfinished

I reckless I corporate

The directors of the railway company could be charged
with corporate manslaughter.
<=:> No.teat CRIME

animal, chicken, cow, horse, pig I farmyard,
I green A green manure is a crop grown mainly to
improve soil fertility. I organic I well-rotted I liquid
• VERB + MANURE
apply, spread the best time to
spread manure on the fields I dig in, work in Work in
• ADJ.

great, huge, imposing, large I lavish, luxurious,
luxury, palatial I fine I country I old I stone I historic
I 17th century, 200-year-old, etc. I Elizabethan, Victorian, etc. I Beverly Hills, Hollywood, etc. I family I executive The rebels besieged the heauily-fortified executive
mansion. I crumbling, deserted, ruined, run-down
• VERB + MANSION
live in I build

• MANSION
+ VERB
stand The historic mansion stands
• ADJ.

noun

• ADJ.
large-scale, small-scale I commercial, industrial I local cotton ropes of local manufacture I metal,
steel, etc. I cloth, cotton, textile, woollen, etc. I car, vehicle, etc. I drug, food, etc.
• VERB + MANUFACTURE
commence, start They com-

I literary, music/musical
copy I only have one copy of the manuscript.
write I type I edit, revise I
submit (for publication) He submitted the manuscript to
an editor at Longman. I accept/reject (for publication)
• QUANT.
• VERB

+ MANUSCRIPT

He was delighted when the manuscript was accepted for
publication.
• PREP.
in - Her autobiography remained in manuscript
(= was not published).

2 very old book/document, written by hand

• ADJ. ancient, early, medieval I contemporary
One
contemporary manuscript shows Henry II crowned by the
hand of Christ. I rare I surviving the surviving manuscript of''Beouiulf I illuminated
• MANUSCRIPT
+ VERB
survive earlier manuscripts
which no longer survive

map noun
• ADJ. large-scale I small-scale I accurate I detailed
I quick (only used with the verb draw), rough, simple,
sketch 'How do you get there?' 'T II draw you a quick map.'
I local I road, street a street map of central London 0 a
road map of the British Isles I world I bus, tube, underground I contour, outline, relief I geological, political
I weather I Ordnance Survey I tourist I route I wall
• VERB + MAP
read Are you any good at reading maps?

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481

I check, consult, look at I draw I be marked on The museum is clearly marked on the map. I spread out, unfold
Wespread the map outon thejloor. I fold (up)
• MAP + VERB show sth
• MAP + NOUN projection

• PREP. off the- Our village isjust off the map. on a/the-

The lane isn't on the map. I -ofa map of the area

marathon noun
1 long race
• ADJ. half, full
• VERB + MARATHON prepare for, train for I compete
in, run, take part in I complete, finish I win
• MARATHON + NOUN champion, runner I racing, running He says that he keeps fit by marathon running.

210ng activity
• ADJ. 12-hour, lOO-mile, etc. I car, cycling, etc.
• MARATHON + NOUN journey, walk I effort I match,
race a marathonfiue-set tennis match

marble noun
• ADJ. cool The hotelis traditionallyfurnished, with cool
marblejloors. I coloured I veined I polished I carved
• QUANT. block, slab
• VERB + MARBLE carve (sth from/in), make sth
from/in/( out) of a statue of Cupid carved in black marble I
quarry
• MARBLE + NOUN quarry
• PREP. in-sculptures in polished white marble

I play I strike

up The or-

chestra struck up a military march.

march verb
1walk with regular steps
• ADV. briskly,
swiftly I boldly I purposefully I inexorably (figurative) Time marches inexorably on and we
still have not made a decision. I north, south, etc. I
ahead, away, back, forward, off, on, out, over, past, up
(and down) Craig marched up to the front door and rang

the bell. 0 Soldiers were marching up and down outside the
government buildings.
• PREP. from, into, on The invading army marched on
Rome. out of So saying, she marched boldly out of the
house. through, to They marched all the way from London
to Edinburgh. towards
• PHRASES march in step conscripts learning to march
in step i> in time with each other)
2walk in a large group to protest about sth
• ADV. peacefully
• PREP. for marching for peace in support of protesters
marching in support of the students' demands on The demonstrators marched on the Italian embassy. through
marching peacefully through the town centre to, towards

margarine

noun

I soft I low-fat, polyunsaturated
toto-fat margarine I sunflower, vegetable

• ADJ. hard

a tub of

• QUANT. tub
• VERB + MARGARINE put on, spread (sth with) She
put some margarine on her roll. 0 Spread some margarine
on the toast, please. I heat, melt, soften I beat (in),
cream, mix, rub in Cream the margarine and sugar together. 0 Rub the margarine into thejlour.

March noun
~NoteatMoNTH

march noun
1 movement/journey
• ADJ. long I brisk I steady I forced I approach They
reached the enemy position after an arduous approach
march. I fifty-mile, four-day, etc. I two hours, half a
day's, etc. The camp was half a day's march away. I
northward, southward, etc. I forward, onward (figurative) the fortoard march of technology I inevitable, inexorable (figurative) the inexorable march of time
• VERB + MARCH begin,setoffonThearmysetoffona
forced march towards Berlin.
• PREP. on the- The army has been on the march for two
weeks I - from the march from Paris to Brittany - of a
march of over 30 miles 0 (figurative) the march of history/progress/science - to, - towards (figurative) the
steady march towards equality
• PHRASES line of march Villages in the army's line of
march were burned to the ground. a ... march away The
border was still a day's march away. the march eastward,

westward, etc.

2 organized walk
• ADJ. hunger, peace, protest, victory I anti-racism,
pro-democracy, etc.
• VERB + MARCH hold, organize, stage I lead I be on,
go on, join in, take part in I halt, stop Thefarmers halted
the march outside the Ministry of Agriculture. I break up

The march was broken up by police in riot gear.
• MARCH + VERB mark sth a march marking the thirti-

eth anniversary of the shootings
• PREP. at/on althe - There were in excess of
people at the march. I - against a march against
-for a marchfor the victims of the war-from, -ofa
of over 6 OOOpeople-to
• PHRASES a march past There will be a special
past of competitors.
3music
• ADJ. military

• VERB + MARCH compose

I funeral,

wedding

100000
racism

march
march

~ Special page at FOOD

margin noun
1empty space at the side of a page in a book, etc.
• ADJ. generous, wide Leave a generous margin on the
left. I narrow I left-hand, right-hand
• VERB + MARGIN leave, rule, set I adjust
• PREP. at the - Start writing at the left-hand margin. in
the - She scribbled notes in the margin.
2 space, time, votes, etc. by which sth is won
• ADJ. comfortable, considerable, greater, huge, large,
wide I narrow, slim, small I clear, safe
• VERB + MARGIN have
• PREP. by a-She won byaclearmargin.
l-overHehad

an 18-secondmargin over his nearest rival.
• PHRASES by the largest/narrowest, etc. of margins
He won by the narrowest of margins. a margin of victory

3 amount of extra space, time, etc.
• ADJ. good, greater, wide Sales predictions are open to
wide margins of error. I narrow I adequate I safety
• VERB + MARGIN allow (sb/sth), give (sb/sth), leave,
provide The device gives a greater margin of safety.
• PREP. - for Wehave substantial reserves, which provide

a good marginfor uncertainties.
• PHRASES a margin for/of error The schedule left no
margin.for error. a margin of safety

4 profit
large I low, narrow, small, tight We're
working to rather tight profit margins. I gross, net I

• ADJ. high,

profit I operating, pre-tax, retail
• VERB + MARGIN achieve, have These manufacturers
have high gross margins. I operate at/on, work to I improve, increase Higher productivity has enabled them to
increase their profit margins. I cut, erode, reduce,
squeeze Price rises have eroded profit margins.
• MARGIN + VERB widen I narrow

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marijuana

482

• PREP. at a - They are operating at very low margins.
- on They hope to improve their margins on computers.
c;> Note at PERCENT(for more verbs)

I

marijuana noun
• QUANT. joint
• VERB + MARIJUANA smoke
• MARIJUANA + NOUN cigarette, joint I plant
c;> Note atDRUG (for more verbs and nouns)

mark noun

marked

1 spot/line
• ADJ. dirty, grease, greasy, grubby I visible I distinguishing, identifying Does he have any distinguishing
marks? I chalk, pencil I bite, burn, claw, finger (also fingermark), scorch, scratch, scuff, skid, stretch, tyre
• VERB + MARK get How did you get that mark on your
shirt? I leave, make The dirty water left a mark round the
side of the bath. I get off/out, remove I can't get the chil-

dren's dirty fingermarks off the wall.
• MARK + VERB come off/out These greasy marks just
won't come out.
• PREP. - on There weregrubby marks on the wall.
2 sign of a quality/feeling
• ADJ. deep, indelible, permanent The experience left a
deep mark on her memory. I real the real mark of a master
craftsman
• VERB + MARK bear, have I leave
• PREP. - of Such thoughtful behaviour is the mark of a

true gentleman.
• PHRASES as a mark of respect

3 used to show the standard of sb's work
• ADJ. good, high I bad, low, poor I full I gotfull marks
for my homework. I top I pass What's the pass mark in
maths? I total I average
• VERB + MARK get I give sb I take off She took off a
mark for bad handwriting. I gain I lose
• PREP. above ... -so below ... -s If you get below 40
marks, you're not allowed to go up into the next class. I
- for You get two marks for each correct answer. 0 a good
mark for geography - out of How many marks out of ten
would you give it?
4 level of sth
• ADJ. halfway We've reached the halfway mark in the
show. I high-water, low-water, tide
• VERB + MARK set I reach I pass This year's sales
figures have already passed the mark set last year. I fall
short of
• PREP. above the -, around the - around the £500mark
at althe - The river was at its low-water mark. below
the -r, up to the - (= as good as sb/sth should be) Your

grammar is not quite up to the mark.
5 target

adj.

1 easy to see
• VERBS be I become
• ADV. especially, extremely, particularly,

strongly,
very There is a strongly marked difference between the two
creatures. I increasingly I quite

2 with markings
• VERBS be
• ADV. heavily Most cranes lay two heavily marked eggs.
I attractively, beautifully, brightly, strikingly
• PREP. with These trout are beautifully marked with

bright red spots.

market noun
1 place where people go to buy and sell things
• ADJ. open-air, outdoor, street I covered, indoor I
antiques, cattle, fruit and vegetable, etc. I flea (= that
sells old or used goods atlow prices)
• VERB + MARKET hold The market is held on Wednesdays. I go to I take sth to They took the pigs to market.
• MARKET + NOUN square I town I day
• PREP. at/in althe- to buy somefish at the market

2 business/trade
• ADJ. competitive I active, booming, bullish, lively,
strong, thriving I bull (finance), rising I depressed,
dull, sluggish, weak I bear (finance), falling I steady I
buyer's, seller's I foreign, global, international, overseas, world I domestic, home, internal, local I single
the completion of the European single market in 1992 I
common I economic I free I open I black (= illegal) I
bond, capital, commodity, consumer, currency, export,
financial, foreign exchange, futures, housing, money,

product, property, securities, stock I car, computer,
etc. I job, labour
• VERB + MARKET put sth on I come on/onto A new
model has come on the market. I develop I break into,
get into, penetrate They're hoping to get into the Far Eastern market. I capture, corner, monopolize I supply I
floodjlooding the market with cheap foreign goods I lose
I depress I play an investor who knows how to play the

market-and

• ADJ. easy
• VERB + MARK find, hit The shot found its mark. I
miss
• PHRASES wide of the mark (figurative) Shock tactics

often.fall wide of their mark.

mark verb

win

• MARKET + VERB open up The Chinese market has
opened up recently. I boom I pick up, rally I slump I be
down, be up The market was down 15per cent. I close
The market closed weaker. I open
• MARKET + NOUN price, value I conditions I leader
I position, share I sector I trends
• PREP. in/into a/the-changes in the UKmarketon theone of the best car deals on the market I - in a thriving

market in second-hand cars

1 write/draw sth
• ADV. clearly My room was clearly marked on the plan. I
carefully She carefully marked where the screws were to
go. I indelibly
• PREP..as Certain words were marked as important. for
Some of the crates were marked for export. in Mark the position of all the building sites in black. on All buildings are
marked on the map. with The boundary was marked with

a dotted line.
2 spoil/damage sth
• ADV badly, deeply The paperweight

the desk, badly marking the surface. 0 (figurative) The
town is still deeply marked by the folk memory of the
Depression.
3 be a sign of sth
• ADV. effectively I conveniently 'Lyrical Ballads' conveniently marks the beginning of nineteenth-century poetry. I publicly The wedding ceremony publicly marks the
beginning of commitment to another through marriage.
• VERB + MARK appear to. seem to This speech appears to mark a change in government policy.

• PHRASES be in the market for sth (= be interested in
buying sth), the bottom's dropped/fallen out of the market(= the market has collapsed), a gap in the market, the
bottom/lower/top/upper end of the market

3 people who want to buy sth
• ADJ. big, good, huge, large I poor, small I expanding, growing I shrinking I ready I niche
• VERB + MARKET create The company has created a

niche market for itself.

had fallen onto

• MARKET + VERB expand,

grow I shrink I collapse

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483

I bear sth Wewill charge whatever the market will bear (=
as much as people can be persuaded to pay).
• MARKET + NOUN segment I niche I research
• PREP. -for the market for new cars
4 the free market
• VERB + MARKET leave sth to Some services cannot be

left to the market.
• MARKET + NOUN forces

I economy

riage, a marriage
marriage

market verb
• ADV. heavily I effectively,

successfully
aggressively I actively I selectively
The

I cleverly I

printer is
being selectively marketed in a handful of countries.
• PREP. as It will be marketed as a tonic for the elderly.
through The product is being marketed through the existing sales force. to The company is not actively marketing
its products to schools.

marketable

adj.

• VERBS be I become
• ADV. easily, highly, readily, very I potentially

marketing noun
• ADJ. effective,
good I poor I aggressive I direct I
global, international, worldwide I niche
• VERB + MARKETING do The company has done some
effective marketing of the new model. I improve
• MARKETING + NOUN campaign, exercise, strategy
I ploy, tool I director, manager I agency, company,
department
• PREP. in - She works in marketing. through/with - We

could get more sales through better marketing.
• PHRASES sales and marketing
Special page at BUSINESS

c)

marketplace

noun (often the marketplace)

• ADJ. competitive I commercial,
financial I global,
international I changing
• PREP. in a/the - The company found it hard to survive

in a changing marketplace.

marquee noun
• ADJ. giant, huge, large
• VERB + MARQUEE erect
• PREP. in a/the - The wedding reception was held in a
marquee. under a/the- Theguests satan a platform. under

a large marquee.

marquess noun
c)

marriage. by - They are related by marriage. in a/theShe was the dominant partner in the marriage. outsidesex outside marriage within - I - between the marriage
between John and Elizabeth - into his marriage into a

wealthy family -to/with her marriage to Jim
• PHRASES ask for/win sb's hand in marriage (oldfashioned), the break-up/breakdown of a marriage, give
sb in marriage (old-fashioned), the institution of mar-

gling to save their marriage for the children's sake.
• MARRIAGE + VERB last I be over, break down/up,
end, fall apart, fail Their marriage ended in divorce.
• MARRIAGE + NOUN vows I plans, proposal I partner I relationship I break-up, breakdown, problems I
counselling, guidance I counsellor I certificate, contract I market Daughters were expected to join their wellbredfriends on the marriage market. I bed
• PREP. by/from a - She's his daughter by a previous

a proposal

of

• ADJ. Christian, Jewish, etc. I civil I shotgun (= arranged quickly because the bride is pregnant)
• VERB + MARRIAGE
celebrate The marriage was cele-

brated in the cathedral.
• MARRIAGE + VERB be held, take place
• MARRIAGE + NOUN ceremony I licence
• PREP. at a/the - She wanted to be present at the mar-

riage of her grandson. I - to Mr and Mrs Wall invite you
to the marriage of their daughter Ann to Mr Thomas Lea.

married

adj.

• VERBS be, feel I wouldn't have felt properly married if
it hadn't been a church wedding. I get When did you get
married? I remain
• ADV. newly, recently The newly married couple leftfor
their honeymoon in Spain. I previously I happily I unhappily I lawfully,legally
I properly, safely, truly
• PREP

to She's married to an actor.

marry verb
• VERB + MARRY hope to, want to I don't want to
marry Robert. I agree to, promise to He promised to
marry her when he returned. I be going to, plan to Matt
told me he was going to marry again. 0 They plan to marry
next year. I forbid sb to Duty forbade them to marry. I
ask sb to He asked me to marry him but I said no.
• PREP. for He married her for love, not for money. into
the difficulties of marrying into the royalfamily
• PHRASES get married They are hoping to get married
next year. marry late/young People are marrying later
these days. not be the marrying kind (= not be the kind of
person who wants to get married)

marsh noun
•
•
•
•

ADJ. coastal, salt I freshwater I grazing
VERB + MARSH drain, reclaim
MARSH + NOUN plant
PREP. in/on a/the - He keeps his cattle on the marshes.

marshal noun
c)

1 state of being husband and wife
• ADJ. good, happy, successful I broken, disastrous,
failed, unhappy She was the child of a broken marriage. I
first, second, etc. I previous I early I late I conventional I modern I open I morganatic
I loveless I
childless I mixed I arranged
• VERB + MARRIAGE have He had an unhappy marriage with an older woman. I propose I enter into I
consummate I annul, dissolve I save They are strug-

convenience,

2 wedding ceremony

Note atpEER

marriage noun

of

Note at RANK

martial law noun
• VERB + MARTIAL LAW declare, impose, introduce,
place sth under I lift
• PREP. under- The city remains under martial law.

martyr noun
1 sb who is killed/suffers for what they believe
• ADJ. early I Christian
• VERB + MARTYR make sb Killing him would only

make him a martyr.
• PREP. -toamartyrtothecause
• PHRASES a martyr's death

2 sb who tries to gain sympathy
• VERB + MARTYR play Stop playing the martyr.
• PHRASES make a martyr of yourself

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484

marvel verb

chaotic a chaotic mass of ideas

can/could only One can only marvel

at the way the building has been constructed. I never
cease to I never cease to marvel at his stupidity.
• PREP. at He marvelled at how easy it was to make
~ VERB

+ MARVEL

I tangled a tangled mass

of hair
- of a dense mass of smoke -es of (informali
There were masses of people at the concert.
2 Mass Christian ceremony
• PREP.

requiem, Sunday
+ MASS attend, go to, hear She never failed to
attend Sunday Mass. I celebrate, offer, say The local
• ADJ.
• VERB

money.

marvellous

adj.

priest celebrates Mass tn the village church.
• PREP. -for a requiem Mass for the sailors who drowned

• VERBS
be, feel, look, sound
• ADY. bloody (taboo, ironic),

really This is really marvellous news! I absolutely, quite, simply The food looks
absolutely marvellous! I pretty

massacre noun
appalling, bloody, cold-blooded, horrible, terrible an appalling massacre of women and children
• VERB + MASSACRE
be responsible for, carry out,
perpetrate, take part in The massacre was carried out by
• ADJ.

mascara noun
• ADJ.

I waterproof

thick

wear I apply, put on
smudge Her tears had smudged her mascara.
• MASCARA
+ VERB run, smudge
• MASCARA
+ NOUN brush, wand
• VERB

+ MASCARA

I remove I

enemy troops. 0 As many as fifty men took part in the massacre. I be killed in I escape, survive
• PREP.

take place

a massacre by rebel soldiers

- by

• PHRASES

masculine adj.

+ VERB

• MASSACRE

the victims of a massacre

massage noun

• VERBS
be
• ADV. distinctly,

gentle, relaxing, soothing I vigorous I back,
body, foot, full-body, neck I cardiac, heart They man-

extremely, heavily, severely, uncompromisingly, unmistakably, very an environment which

• ADJ.

is heavily masculine 0 the severely masculine cut of his suit
I exclusively The ceremony is exclusively masculine. I
overwhelmingly, predominantly I essentially I typically That's a typically masculine attitude! I inherently, intrinsically I overtly I aggressively He has an aggressively masculine approach to these questions.

aged to revive the injured driver with cardiac massage.
• VERB + MASSAGE
have, receive I give
sb
The
physiotherapist gave me a massage to ease the pain.
• MASSAGE
+ NOUN parlour She went to the massage
parlour for afull-body massage.

massage verb
mask noun

• MASK

+ VERB

cover sth

• PREP. behind/beneath a/the - Two eyes glared at him
from beneath the mask. in a/the - two men in black masks

I - over She wore a mask over her face.
2 sth that hides sb's real feelings
• ADJ. blank, cold, expressionless, grim, rigid Her face
was a blank mask as she answered my question.
• MASK + VERB slip For a moment her mask slipped,
and I saw how scared she really was.
• PREP. behind a/the - Behind the mask of friendliness,
I
know he really dislikes me. I -for His fooling around is a
mask for his lack of confidence.

• ADV. completely,
entirely, quite, totally I partly I
barely I effectively
• VERB + MASK tend to Wood stains provide good pro-

tection but tend to mask the natural grain of the wood.
with She masked her anger with a smile.

• PREP.

masochism

noun

pure, sheer
• QUANT. streak, touch There's a streak of masochism in
• ADJ.

his personality.

a form of masochism

mass noun
1 large amount/number of sth
enormous, great, huge, large, vast I broad
Their policies appeal to the broad mass of the population.
I formless, shapeless When I washed the jumper, it just
turned into a shapeless mass. I compact, dense, solid I

• ADJ.

• PREP.

lightly with your fingertips.

master noun
1 person in charge
political His political masters are all old rightwing politicians.
• PREP. -of He wants to be master of hisown destiny.
2 person with skill
• ADJ. acknowledged, great This portrait is the work of
an acknowledged master.
• ADJ.

+ NOUN builder, craftsman
-of a m aster of disguise
• PHRASES
be a past master at/in/of sth (= to be very
good at sth) He's a past master at delaying meetings.
• MASTER

• PREP.

3 Master's university degree
+ MASTER'S
do, study for, take He did a Master's at Hull University. I get She got her Master's last
year.
• VERB

mask verb

• PHRASES

firmly, vigorously I gently, lightly
into Gently massage the cream into your skin.
with He massaged her back with scented oil. 0 Massage it

• ADY.

1 cover for sb's face
• ADJ. face I gas I oxygen I surgical I Hallowe'en
• VERB + MASK have on, wear I put on I pull off, remove, strip off, take off, tear off In the second part of the
play, the actors take off their masks.

+ NOUN degree
-Jn a Master's in politics

• MASTER'S
• PREP.

master verb

completely, entirely, fully, quite I qulckly
+ MASTER
be difficult to a technique that was
surprisingly difficult to master I struggle to, try to the
challenge of trying to master a new language I fail to
• PHRASES
master the art of sth He never completely
• ADV.

• VERB

mastered the art of lip-reading,

masterpiece

noun

great It's one of the greatest masterpieces of Western art, I minor I architectural, literary, musical
• VERB + MASTERPIECE
create, produce I be considered, be hailed as, be recognized as Within a week of

• ADJ.

publication, the novel was hailed as a masterpiece.

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mathematics

485

• PREP.
- by a masterpiece by Picasso - of a masterpiece
of classical architecture

matched her own. I not quite Nothing quite matches the
fine, subtleflavour of this cheese.

c:> Note at ART

• VERB

mastery noun
absolute, complete, total I gradual Children
show gradual mastery of reading in the first years at
school. I practical, technical Heplays the violin with technical mastery, but nofeeling.
• VERB + MASTERY
have The allied bombers had total
mastery of the skies. I demonstrate, display, show He
shows complete mastery of the instrument. I achieve,
• ADJ.

acquire, attain, gain

He acquired mastery of four languages.
-over The king had absolute mastery over the country.
• PREP.

-

of

mat noun
• ADJ.
• PREP.

dense,thickathickmatofhair
-of the dense mat of roots at the bottom of the tree

come close to I be able/unable

+ MATCH

to

The company was unable to match his current salary. I
try to I fail to Children can be made to suffer when they
fail to match their parents' expectations.
• PREP.
for No other rock band comes even close to matching them for dynamism or style.
• PHRASES
be equally/evenly/well matched The teams
were very evenly matched. be unevenly matched
5 provide sth suitable
• ADV. carefully I up We have to match up the right pet

with the right owner.
• VERB

seek to, try to

+ MATCH

to The available organs are carefully matched to
people in need of transplants. with The agency tries to
match single people with suitable partners.
• PREP.

mate noun
1 friend
best, good They've been good mates ever since
they were at school together.
• VERB + MATE
have He's got loads of mates at school.

• ADJ.

match noun
1 in sports
big, crucial,
important I exciting, thrilling I
championship,
competitive, cup, league I friendly I
away, home He's such a keen fan, he even goes to all the
away matches. I cricket, football, rugby, wrestling, etc.
• VERB + MATCH
play The match will be played in the
new stadium. I have Figo had an outstanding match. I
go to, see, watch I be defeated in, lose I clinch, win A

late goal clinched the match for Porto. I draw Wedrew our
first game of the season 1-1.
• MATCH
+ VERB
take place
• PREP.
during a/the - an incident which took place during Saturday's match in a/the - She was injured in last
week's match. I - against the match against Wales - between the match between Japan and Brazil - with They

2 things for making sth
• ADJ.
raw Higher raw material costs have pushed up the
price of many manufactured goods. I industrial I building a storeroomfull of building materials I drawing, writing Prisoners were not allowed writing materials.

lost their match with Estonia.

3 cloth

• ADJ.

2 for lighting a fire
• ADJ.
lighted
• QUANT.
box
• VERB

+ MATCH

light, strike He lit a match so they

put a match to sth Someone had put a match

3 good combination
• ADJ.
excellent, good, perfect The blouse and skirt are

a perfect match.
- between an excellent match between our goals
and what your company offers -for That jumper should be
a good match for your trousers.
• PREP.

4 sth the same
• ADJ.
exact
• PREP
- for Toforge the certificate, she needed an exact

match for the paper and thefonts.

match verb
1 combine well
• ADV. well As a couple they are not very well matched (=
they are not very suitable for each other). I not quite The

room uiasfull of old.furniture that didn't quite match.
• PHRASES
to match I bought a duvet cover and some
curtains to match.

2 find sth similar/connected
• ADV. correctly I carefully
• PREP.
for The control group in the experiment

was
matchedfor age and sex. I to The aim of the competition is
to match the quote to the person who said it.

• ADV.

+ MATE

attract, choose, find These birds have

material noun
1 substance
• ADJ.
combustible,
flammable, hazardous, inflammable, radioactive, toxic I recyclable I man-made

• ADJ.

to the pile of papers.

3 be/make

• VERB

colourful feathers to attract a mate.

thick, thin

I coarse,

fine

I woven

• QUANT.
length, piece, roll, scrap, strip A patchwork
quilt is a good way of using up scraps of material.

could see in the cave. I blowout
• PHRASES

2 sexual partner

sth equal/better
almost She found that his determination almost

4 written matter
• ADJ. fascinating, good, relevant, useful

I source The
letter were used as source material in this new biography. I

classified, confidential, sensitive I unpublished I educational, instructional,
promotional,
teaching I biographical, historical I indecent, obscene, pornographic He was conoicted of importing indecent material.

• VERB + MATERIAL
collect, find, gather, get hold of

He's collecting material for a new book on space travel. 0
I can't find any relevant material on him in the library.
I contain, include This new biography contains a wealth
of previously unpublished material. I produce, publish
• PREP.
- for useful material for a documentary - on original material on the First World War

materialize

verb

never The hoped-for boom never materialized.
• VERB + MATERIALIZE
fail to The rise in share prices
• ADV.

jailed to materialize.

mathematician

noun

I distinguished, great one of the greatest
mathematicians of all time I applied, pure
• ADJ.

brilliant

mathematics

noun

applied,
pure I investigative I school
entary, higher, primary, secondary
• PHRASES
a branch of mathematics
cc;> Note at SUBJECT (for verbs and nouns)
• ADJ.

I elem-

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maths

486

mature verb

maths noun
• ADJ.

basic

I complicated Working out the quantities

of the ingredients inlJolved some complicated maths.
• MATHS + NOUN problem The class were struggling to
find the solution to a maths problem.
q Note at SUBJECT

matter noun
1 subject/situation that must be dealt with
• ADJ.

important,

pressing, serious, urgent, weighty

He left, saying he had pressing matters to attend to. 0 The
question of his innocence is a weighty matter for this court.
I awkward, complex, complicated, delicate, difficult I
wasn't sure how to approach the delicate matter of pay. I
no easy, (no) simple It is then a simple matter to print off
the data you have collected. 0 It is no simple matter starting a new business. I trifling, trivial I practical They've
agreed in theory, but now we need to discuss practical matters. I family, personal I subject His articles deal with a
wide range of subject matter. I economic, environmental, financial, legal, political, procedural, routine, technical The rest of the meeting was taken up by routine matters. I different I don't mind lizards, but snakes are a dif-

ferent matter.
+ MATTER
bring up, broach, raise I thought I'd
better broach the matter with my boss. 0 The matter will be
raised at our next meeting. I address, debate, discuss,
go into, take up I don't really want to go into this matter
now. I pursue, take further After legal advice I chose to

take the matter further. I drop His lawyer advised him to
drop the matter. I consider, examine, look at/into, tackle
I clarify, clear up, decide, resolve, settle It's a relief to
have the matter settled. I approach, deal with, treat
Police are treating the matter as a murder enquiry.
• PREP. in a/the - I don't have much experience in these
matters. 0 Do I have any choice in the matter? on a/theSpeak to your manager if you need help on this matter. I
- for The incident is definitely a matter for the police. - of
It's a matter of concern to all of us. 0 Wediscussed the matter of whether or not to hire a bus. 0 Getting the effect you
want is a matter of trial and error.
• VERB

• ADY. fully afully matured cheese I early This variety is
easy to grow and matures early. I quickly, rapidly I slowly I emotionally, physically The teenage years cover a

period in which people mature physically and emotionally.
• VERB + MATURE
allow sth to, leave sth to The cheese
is smoked and then left to mature.
• PREP. into She had matured into a beautiful young
woman. to a young man who is maturing to adulthood

mature

adj.

I become
I emotionally,

be

• ADV, fUlly
• VERBS

physically, sexually

maturity noun
1 adult behaviour
great, growing, increasing I can see an increasing maturity in how she understands the world. I emo-

• ADJ.

tional, intellectual
• VERB + MATURITY
have I show She has shown great
maturity in her behaviour this term. I grow in These latest paintings show how the artist has really grown in maturity. I lack
2 full growth
• ADJ. full It can take years for these plants to reach full
maturity. I physical, psychological, sexual
+ MATURITY
approach, come to, grow to,
reach The insects lay eggs when they approach maturity.

• VERB

maul verb
• ADV.

badly, severely She was badly mauled by a lion.

maxim noun

• ADJ.
• VERB

general, simple
+ MAXIM
apply, follow If you follow a feui sim-

ple maxims, your business should be a success.

maximum noun

• PHRASES

absolute I agreed, recommended Do not exceed
the recommended maximum of three tablets a day. I legal,

portant

statutory

the crux/heart of the matter (= the most imof a subject/situation),
let the matter
drop/rest She refused to let the matter rest. the matter in
hand Let's concentrate on the matter in hand for now, and
part

leave other issues till later.
2 matters situation you are in
+ MATTERS complicate, confuse, make worse,
not help It didn't help matters that I had a terrible cold.

• VERB

o To make matters worse, my friend then lost her keys. I
arrange She always arranges matters to suit herself.
3 substance
• ADJ. solid I organic, vegetable composed entirely of
organic matter I inanimate, inorganic I printed, written

matter verb
a great deal, a lot, really These things matter a lot
to young children. I hardly, little tformals, not much,
scarcely She could find a job. It hardly mattered what. I
no longer, not any more
• VERB + MATTER
not seem to Somehow it didn't seem
• ADV.

to matter much any more.
• PREP. about It doesn't matter about the mess. to It
didn't matter to her that he was blind.

• ADJ.

+ MAXIMUM
reach, rise to The temperature
reached a maximum of 35'C yesterday. I exceed I allow
(sb/sth), permit (sb/sth) In the exam, allow yourself a
maximum of 30minutes per question. 0 the maximum permitted speeds I limit sth to, restrict sth to The amount
you have topay will be limited to a maximum of £500.

• PREP. above (the)>, at (the) - ajourney offour hours at
the maximum below (thej-«, to (ths)> He is using his talents to the maximum. (up) to a/the- I -of You can claim
the allouiancefor a maximum of six months.
• PHRASES maximum possible They fined her the maximum possiblefor the offence.
• VERB

May noun
qNoteatMONTH

mayor noun
• ADJ. local I deputy I lord In 1662-3he served as Lord
Mayor of London. I right-Wing, socialist, etc.
• VERB + MAYOR run tor runningfor
mavor cf Bouota I

elect (sb), elect sb as
• PREP.

- of

I serve

as

the mayor of Southampton

mattress noun
• ADJ. double, single I comfortable I firm, hard I soft
I lumpy, sagging an old bed with a sagging mattress
• PREP. on a/the - The children slept on mattresses on the

floor. under a/the - My grandmother keeps her money

under the mattress.

maze noun
• ADJ.
• VERB

complex, intricate, tortuous
+ MAZE be/get lost in I find your way through

Hefound his way through the complex maze of corridors.
• PREP. in a/the -, through
a/the - I followed him

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means

487

through a maze of narrow alleys. I - of I was lost in a
maze of passages.

meal

noun

big, filling, heavy I always want to go to sleep after

a heavy meal. I slap-up I lavish, sumptuous I square,
substantial She hadn't had a square meal for days. I
light, simple The bar serves light meals. I meagre a
meagre meal of bread and cheese I four-course, three-

to let her use the car. I a bit, pretty, rather, slightly That
was a pretty mean trick. 0 He's rather mean when it comes
to spending money on the children.
• PREP. to He's so mean to his mother! with She's very
mean with her money.

• ADJ.

course, etc. I appetizing, decent, delicious, excellent,
lovely, tasty Thanks for a delicious meal. I balanced,
healthy, nourishing, wholesome I main When do you
have your main meal of the day? I evening, midday I hot
Hot meals are not available after 100' clock. I vegetarian
co;> Special page at FOOD

eat, have, take tformalv-

Have you had breakfast?
grab, snatch-

I'm so busy I have to snatch meals when I can.
asksbtohave/invite/take sb for/tocome/go for/to-

He wouldn't have asked her to supper if he didn't like
her,she reasoned.

These verbs are often used with around, out, over
and round:

Wemust have you overfor dinner sometime.
Let's go out/or a meal.
be out to lunch
He's out to lunch with a client.
stop for-

Westoppedfor tea at the Ritz.
join sb for, stay for/to-

You're sure you won't stay for tea?
sit down to, startfinish-

Wehadjust sat down to breakfast when the phone
rang.
skip-

I sometimes skip lunch if uie're very busy.
cook (sb), fix (sb), get ready, make (sb), prepare-

meaning

noun

1 what sth means
clear, exact, precise The context makes the meaning clear. 0 What is the exact meaning of this phrase? I
correct, true I original I double, hidden There's often a
double meaning in jokes and riddles. 0 I'm sure there's no

hidden meaning in what he says. I figurative, metaphor• ADJ.

ical, symbolic I literal
+ MEANING
get, grasp, understand I can't
grasp the meaning of this quotation. I decipher, interpret, work out Historians are trying to decipher the meaning of the documents. I assign, attribute She assigns a
meaning to his words they just didn't have. I bear, carry,
have Some of the symbols carry meaning and some just
represent sounds. 0 a word that has more than one meaning I take on The word 'gay' took on its modern meaning
in the 1960s. I communicate, convey, express
• PREP.
in a/the - ambiguity in the meaning of a phrase
with a/the- I am using the word with its original meaning.
I -behind the meaning behind an event
• PHRASES
a nuance/shade of meaning It is difficult for
a non-Italion to grasp all the nuances of meaning.
2 purpose/importance
• ADJ. deep, real, true She's searching for the deeper
meaning of life. I spiritual He found spiritual meaning
through religion.
• VERB + MEANING
have Her work no longer had any
meaning for her. I find I lose After his death, she felt life
had lost all meaning. I give Falling in love gave meaning
to his life.
• PREP. withoutYoung people can feel that life is with• VERB

out meaning.

meaningless

adj.

• VERBS
be I become I render sth
• ADV. absolutely,
quite, totally

I increasingly I almost, practically, virtually The phrase has become almost
meaningless. I essentially, largely I fairly, pretty I apparently, seemingly apparently meaningless jargon.

She hurried downstairs tofix herself some breakfast.
have - ready

We'll have supper ready for you.
serve-

Lunch is seroedfrom noon till 3.
keep warm, warm upF II be home late, so keep my dinner warm.
provide, provide sb (with)Dinner isprovided in the superb hotel restaurant.
- be available

Afour course dinner is available by prior arrangement.
-be ready

'Breakfast's ready!' shouted Christine.
-time

The family was always noisy at meal times.

at/during/over-

Nobody spoke during supper.
for-

What did you hauefor lunch?
-of
a breakfast of pancakes and maple syrup

mean

adj.

• VERBS
• ADV.

be, feel, seem I become
really, very !thought it was really mean of him not

means

noun

1 method of doing sth
appropriate, best, effective, efficient, reliable,
useful an effective means of mass communication I necessary, possible, practicable We will use every possible
means to achieve our objective. I alternative, other War is
• ADJ.

famously 'the continuation of policy by other means'. I

conventional, traditional I legal, legitimate
+ MEANS
have We have no means of knowing
how they will react. I use I offer (sb), provide (sb with)
• VERB

My English teacher provided me with the means to enjoy
reading poetry. I devise Can you devise a means of overcoming the problem?
• PREP. by - (of) The stone was lifted by means of a rope
and pulley. through - They cannot achieve their goal
through legal means. I -for the means for achieving happiness - of a means of access/ communication/ transport 0
a means of getting what you want
• PHRASES
a means to an end He saw his education
merely as a means to an end. by fair means or foul, by no
means/not by any means (= not at all), ways and means
There are ways and means of raising money.
2 money/wealth
• ADJ. independent, private She must have independent
means to live in such style. I limited, moderate, modest,
slender I visible people who lack visible means of support

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measles
• VERB

488

+ MEANS

have I lack

• MEANS + NOUN test Eligibility for the benefit was determined by a means test.

according to your - (= according to what you
can afford), beyond your- Private school fees are beyond
the means of most people (= more than they can afford).
within your- (= according to what you can afford) She
• PREP.

finds it difficult to live within her means.
a

• PHRASES

man/woman

of

means

(= a rich

man/woman)

measles

They used to sell corned beef at 2d a quarter pound.

-square

The room is about 15 metres square.
-broad,

deep, high, long, tall, thick, wide

The new dock was 230 m long and 92 m broad.

• MEASLES
+ NOUN virus I vaccination, vaccine
q Special page at ILLNESS

noun

1 official action to deal with a problem
appropriate,

half a litre of milk
a half/quarter hour, inch, mile, ounce, pint, pound

One litre is equivalent to 1 000cubic centimetres.

noun

cinate sb against

• ADJ.

I always drink gallons of water.
half a, a quarter of a-

cubic, square-

• VERB + MEASLES
have All our children have had the
measles. I catch, contract I immunize sb against, vac-

measure

-of

effective, necessary, practical We

urge you to adopt all necessary measures to guarantee
people's safety. I important, key, special I simple I desperate, draconian, drastic, extreme, harsh, radical, repressive, strong, tough I emergency, urgent I interim,
short-term, temporary I defensive, precautionary, preventative I disciplinary, punitive I corrective, remedial I
safety, secu rity New security measures were implemented
to prevent further violence. I austerity, cost-cutting,
economy, efficiency I economic, policy I government
• Q.UANT. package, range, series a package of measures

aimed at cutting pollution
+ MEASURE
adopt, implement, impose, introduce, take Special measures are being taken to protect the
local water supplies. I propose, suggest
• MEASURE
+ VERB
be aimed at sth, be designed to,

be intended to
• PREP.
- against tougher measures against racism -for

• VERB

measures for reducing delays
2 amount/quantity of sth
broad, considerable, fair, generous, great, significant, substantial, wide
• PREP. - of He poured me a generous measure of whisky.
• PHRASES
in large/some measure His success was due
in large measure to your help. in equal measure, in no
small measure
• ADJ.

3 unit of size/quantity
accurate, direct, objective, precise
- of an accurate measure of length
• PHRASES
weights and measures
• ADJ.

-bigger,

cooler, faster, heavier, lighter, slower, etc.

The climate was several degrees warmer than it is
now.
about, approximately, aroundLfoot = approx. o.smetres

be, cover, measure, span, stretch (for)-used
measures of distance and area
The National Park covers 3 000acres.

with

The sandy beach stretches for overfour miles.
be, weigh-used

with measures of weight

She weighed over ten stone.
be, last, take-used with measures of time
It takes approximately 365 and a quarter days for the

earth to revolve around the sun.
in a-

How many centilitres are there in a litre?
in-s

We were asked to estimate the temperature of the
room in degrees.
to a/the-

My car does 10miles to the litre.
a, per-

They're 99p a dozen.
a safety threshold of 50 mg of nitrates per litre

by the-

Apples are sold by the kilogram.
of-

The path will be built to a width of 2 metres.
- in area, length, volume, weight, size, etc.
Killer whales are up to ten metres in length.
-by-

a huge room measuring 50 m by 18 m
to the nearest-

Give your answer to the nearest metre.

• PREP.

4sign of sth
• ADJ.
• PREP.

crude, simple, true, useful
- of Landed income was the true measure of the

gentry.

measure

verb

1 find the size of sth
accurately, exactly, precisely I carefully I directly Any type of data that could not be directly measured
was rejected. I easily I experimentally I up We need to

• ADV.

measure the room upfor a new carpet.
be able to, can/cannot You can
now measure its length more accurately. I be easy to, be
possible to I be difficultto, be hard to, be impossible to
• PREP. for She's being measured for her wedding outfit.
in Cloth is measured in metres.

• VERB

+ MEASURE

2judge the importancelValue/effect of sth
• ADV. easily The policy's impact cannot be easily measured. I effectively I objectively
• VERB

sibleto

can/cannot I be easy to, be posI be difficultto, be hard to, be impossible toItis

+ MEASURE

hard to measure the benefiits to society of this scheme I be
used to the criteria that are used to measure performance
• PREP.

according to Is it really possible to measure the
skills of such jobs according to objective standards?
against The school's performance is measured against a
strict set of criteria. by The policy's effectiveness cannot be
measured by numbers alone. in terms of Success cannot be
measured merely in terms of the size of your salary.
• PHRASES

a method/way of measuring sth

measurement

noun

• ADJ. accurate, careful, exact, objective, precise It is

important to take precise measurements of the structure. 0
Objective measurement is difficult with such poor equipment. I laboratory, scientific I imperial, metric I length,
pressure, temperature, etc.
• VERB

+ MEASUREMENT

I body,

bust, chest, waist
carry out, get, make, obtain,

perform, record, take
• MEASUREMENT

+ NOUN

system, technique

I scale,

unit I error
• PHRASES

a scale/unit of measurement

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medicine

489

media noun

meat noun
• ADJ. fresh I bad, rancid, rotten That meat smells rotten. I tender Simmer the meat/or 30minutes until tender.
I tough I lean I fatty I dark, red, white I raw, uncooked
I rare, undercooked I cooked, cured, processed, roast,
salted, smoked I cold a plate of cold meats I frozen I
minced I luncheon, potted, tinned I sausage I organic I halal, kosher I crab, horse, etc.
• QUANT. bit, chunk, lump, piece, slab, slice I cut, joint

She always buys the cheaper cuts of meat.

• VERB + MEAT consume, eat The animals do not hunt
and rarely consume meat. <> Do you eat meat? I chew (on)
chewing on the tough meat I barbecue, cook, fry, grill,
roast, stew Fry the meat in a little olive oil. I marinate I
tenderize I seal Turn the meat frequently to seal it. I
chop, cube, cut, dice, mince I bone I carve, slice
• MEAT + VERB be/gooff,rotThemeathasgoneoff
• MEAT + NOUN dish, pie, products recipes for simple
meat dishes I market I cleaver I eater I'm not a great
meat eater. I content These pies have a low meat content. I
production I consumption Britain's meat.consumption
q Special page at FOOD

mechanic

noun

• ADJ. competent, good. skilled I chief I trained I car,
garage, motor
qNoteatJOB

mechanics

noun

1 how sth works/is done
• ADJ. actual, basic, detailed, sheer We need to discuss

the actual mechanics of the operation.
2 science of movement and force

• ADJ. classical, fluid, Newtonian, quantum, statistical

mechanism

• ADJ. audio-visual,
broadcast, broadcasting,
electronic, mass, news, print, visual The event was widely
covered by the mass media. I foreign, international, local,
national I mainstream, official, popular
• MEDIA + VERB report sth The local media reported

rioting across the country.
• MEDIA + NOUN attention, coverage, interest, publicity, reporting There was a lot of media coverage of the
wedding. I campaign I report I event Sport has been
turned into a series of media events. I blitz, circus, hype

The company is anxious to play down the media hype. I
I image She's very different from her media
image. I bias I blackout, censorship I freedom I rela-

spotlight

tions I baron, magnate, mogul, person, pundit, tycoon
I conglomerate, empire, group, interests, organization,
outlet I awareness, studies
• PREP. through/via
the - propaganda through the

media
• PHRASES access to the media, the role of the media

mediation noun
• ADJ. French, international, UN, etc.
• VERB + MEDIATION accept Unless management

ac-

cepts mediation, the strike will never be resolved.
• MEDIATION + NOUN efforts, process
• PREP. through sb's - The conflict ended through the
mediation of the United Nations. under sb's - under international mediation I - between, - by mediation by the

prime minister between the two sides

medical noun
• ADJ. full, regular Pilots undergo regular medicals.
• VERB + MEDICAL have, undergo I pass He was ac-

cepted onto the course after passing the medical.

noun

medication

1 part of a machine
• ADJ. firing, locking, steering, trigger, winding
• MECHANISM + VERB operate, work The door locking
mechanism doesn't work. I jam
2 how sth works
• ADJ. effective, precise an effective mechanism for enforcing the rules I underlying I complex I social

• VERB + MECHANISM provide The system provides a

mechanism whereby information is channelled into the
market.
• MECHANISM + VERB operate, work I allow sth, ensure sth
• PREP. by/through the - of The government is held ac-

noun

• ADJ. prescribed I over-the-counter I regular
• VERB + MEDICATION be on, receive, take I prescribe (sb) I administer, give sb I stop She stopped the
medication because of side effects. I need, require
• PREP. - for He is on regular medicationfor hisfits.

medicine noun
1 science of treating/preventing
illness
• ADJ. modern advances in modern medicine I traditional qualified in traditional Chinese medicine I folk
Garlic was widely used in folk medicine. I conventional,

The body has defence mechanisms against many diseases.
I cellular, genetic, immunological, molecular, neural,

orthodox I alternative,
complementary,
holistic,
homeopathic I preventative,
preventive I academic,
clinical, forensic, scientific I general She gave up general medicine to specialize in geriatric medicine. I geriatric, obstetric, paediatric, veterinary, etc. I Chinese,
Western I private, public health She believed private

physiological,
• PREP. -for

medicine was a threat to the existence of the National
Health Service.

countable through the mechanism of regular general elections. I -for a mechanism for dealing with complaints
3 system of parts/behaviour
that performs a function
• ADJ. avoidance, control, defence, escape, survival

psychological,

etc.

• VERB + MEDICINE train in

medal noun
• ADJ. bronze, gold, silver He won a gold medal in the
100 metres. I championship,
Olympic I commemorative A commemorative medal was struck in honour of the

event.
• VERB + MEDAL be awarded, collect, get, receive, win
I award (sb), give sb, present (sb with) I strike
• MEDAL + NOUN winner I hope, hopes He is a major

medal hopefor Britain. o Her medal hopes were dashed by
injury.

• PREP. -for a medalfor bravery

I

qualify

in

I

practise

people practising alternative medicine
• PHRASES a branch of medicine
q Note at SUBJECT(for more verbs and nouns)
2 substance taken to treat an illness
• ADJ. powerful, strong I cough a bottle of cough medicine I herbal I prescription
• QUANT. dose
• VERB + MEDICINE take I swallow
administer, give sb I treat sb with
• MEDICINE + NOUN bottle, chest
• PREP. -formedicineforachestinfection

I prescribe

(sb)

I

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490

MEETINGS
before the meeting
• call/convene the meeting, or invite people
to attend the meeting
• draw up an agenda
• circulate the agenda
• If too many people are not able to attend, you
may need to postpone or call off/cancel
the meeting.
making

at the meeting

a point

In a meeting you can:

You usually appoint somebody to:

address

• chair the meeting

consider

• keep/take minutes

deal with

After the chair has opened the meeting, the
first points/items on the agenda are often to:

debate

• approve/agree the minutes of the previous
meeting
• agree on the agenda for the current
meeting

issues / matters / problems

discuss
look at/into
tackle

It may be necessary to:
• add an item to the agenda
• remove sth from / take sth off / leave sth
off the agenda
Ifyou don't spend much time on an issue, you touch on
the issue. Ifyou pay a lot of attention to an issue you:

consider
deal with
discuss
look at

debate
discuss

the issue at length

have

an in-depth discussion about/
on the issue

have
take

debating

the issue in depth/detail

an in-depth look at the issue

at length

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491

You usually make decisions at meetings. You can also:

reach

make

agree on

take

adopt;

(an) agreement
a compromise
a conclusion
a consensus

a proposal
a recommendation

a compromise
further action

a decision
a vote

a resolution

a decision

After hours of negotiation, workers and management reached 0 compromise.
The environmental commission made a proposal for 0 new pork in the city.
The shareholders took 0 vote on the proposed merger

,

,

,

giving your opinion

a point
a proposal

an objection

a suggestion

a point

May I make
board?

0

your view

suggestion to the chairman of the

The workers raised on objection to longer working
hours.
He invited the committee
opinion.

members

to give their

reaching a consensus

ending the meeting

after the meeting

You can:

It is usual to:

• adjourn the meeting until a later date

• write up the minutes

This meeting is adjourned until next week.

• circulate the minutes

• close the meeting
• bring the meeting to a close
The chOlrman brought the meeting to a close by
thanking 011those who hod attended.
• declare the meeting closed
The High Commissioner for Human Rights
declared the meeting closed.

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meditation

492

meditation

noun

Techniques of deep meditation
help people under stress. I quiet, silent He stared out of the
window in silent meditation. I Buddhist, Christian I
• ADJ.

deep, profound

religious, transcendental
• VERB

+ MEDITATION

do, practise

in - spending hours in meditation I - on The
novel is an extended meditation on art, love and loss.
• PREP

medium noun
1 means of expressing/communicating sth
• ADJ. communication Radio is an important communication medium in many countries. I mass I print, written
• PREP. through the - of The government communicates
through the medium of teleuision.
• PHRASES

a medium of communication

2 sth used for a particular purpose
• ADJ. storage An optical disk is just another kind of
electronic storage medium.
• PREP. -for She used her novels as a medium for encouraging political debate. - of the medium of study
a medium of instruction (= a language used
for teaching) English is the medium of instruction in many
• PHRASES

African countries.
3 material/form that an artist, etc. uses
• ADJ. mixed media mixed media artwork
• PREP. through
a/the - I - of to express yourself
through the medium of paint/poetry/ drama

meet verb
1 come together
• ADV. first the place where they had first met I regUlarly
I never I up Wemet up after school.
• VERB

+ MEET

arrange to

I chance

to, happen to A

year or so later I happened to meet him again.
• PREP. for I arranged to meet her for lunch. with Management will meet with union representatives next week. 0
I met up with my friends in town.
• PHRASES
look forward to meeting sb I lockforuiard to
meeting you next week. nice/pleased to meet you (= a
greeting used when you meet sb for the first time)

2 satisfy sth
• ADV

head-on They were determined to meet the chal-

lenge head-on.
• VERB

+ MEET

be able to, can

I be

unable to, fail to

He had failed to meet his performance targets. I be designed to, be tailored to The course is designed to meet the
needs of young learners.
3 sb's eyes/gaze/look
without flinching Leonora met his gaze toithout flinching. I fleetingly I
challengingly, determinedly
• PREP.
- across Their eyes met across the crowded room.
• ADV

levelly, squarely, unflinchingly,

meeting noun
1 when people come together to discuss/decide sth
frequent, regular I annual, biennial, half-yearly,
monthly, quarterly, weekly, etc. I all-day, hour-long,
two-hour, etc. I afternoon, breakfast, lunchtime, weekend, etc. I full, plenary I formal, informal I inaugural I
mass I open-air I open, public I closed, private I secret I joint Management have called a joint meeting with
staff and unions. I general The society is holding its An-

tal, family, ministerial, shareholders', staff, team, union
I inter-governmental,
inter-ministerial,
inter-party,
inter-tribal,
etc. I business I political I discussion I
protest I prayer I brief I endless, interminable,
long

Wehad endless meetings about the problem. 0 The meeting
seemed interminable. I angry, difficult, stormy I fruitless, inconclusive
series

I successful,

valuable

• QUANT.

• VERB + MEETING
have, hold I arrange, call, convene, organize, schedule, summon The committee has
called a meeting to discuss the president's death. I attend
I declare open, open The chairman declared the meeting
open. I close, declare closed I adjourn, break up I call
off, cancel I postpone I host I chair, conduct, preside
over I'oe got to chair a meeting tomorrow. I call to order
The chairman called the meeting to order. I participate in
I address He always spoke as lf he were addressing a publie meeting. I ban I boycott I disrupt
• MEETING
+ VERB go ahead, take place It is unclear
whether the meeting willgo ahead as planned. I be aimed
at sth a meeting aimed at restoring peace in the region I
begin, open, proceed, start I adjourn The meeting adjourned for coffee at eleven. I break up The meeting broke
up after a row over whether to allow cameras in. I close,
end The meeting closed on a sour note. I vote The meeting
voted 423-133in faoour of a strike. I discuss sth I agree
to sth, approve sth I condemn sth I urge sth This meet-

ing urges the company to reconsider its decision to close the

factory. I express sth The meeting expressed concern that
the problem had still not been addressed. I hear sth The
meeting heard that two workers had been sacked on the
spot with no official reason given. I conclude sth, decide
sth, resolve sth I drag (on) The meeting dragged into the
early hours of the next day.
+ NOUN
house, place
in a/the - I'm afraid Mrs Haley is in a meeting at
the moment. I - about a meeting about the plansfor a new
road - between a meeting between tutors and students
- for a meeting for parents - over Directors called a crisis
meeting over the future of the company. - with a meeting
• MEETING
• PREP.

with French officials
the purpose of a meeting, the minutes of a
meeting The secretary circulated the minutes of the previous week's meeting to all committee members. the outcome/result of a meeting
q Special page on page 490
• PHRASES

2 coming together of two or more people
accidental,
clandestine, secret
tional I romantic

chance,

• ADJ.

• VERB

+

• PREP.

-

I historic,

unexpected I fateful I
unprecedented I emo-

have
with I had a chance meeting with an old

MEETING

schoolfriend last week.
melloWadj.
be, feel, look, seem I become, grow
• ADV. extremely, very I beautifully, delightfully,
derfully a delightfully mellowjlavour

• VERBS

won-

• ADJ.

nual GeneralMeeting in the conference room next Monday.

I face-to-face, personal I bilateral, trilateral, tripartite I
high-level, summit, top-level I exploratory, initial, introductory, preliminary, preparatory I follow-up I extraordinary, special I crisis, emergency, urgent I crucial,
decisive, key, vital I impromptu I pre-inquiry,
presession, pre-summit, etc. I post-election, post-results,
etc. I board, cabinet, committee, council, departmen-

melody noun
• ADJ.
beautiful, lovely, sweet I bold, simple, strong I
complex I haunting,
memorable I familiar,
popular,
traditional
• VERB + MELODY
play, sing I hear I have Most of her
songs have a bold melody. I write

member noun
key, leading, powerful, prominent I junior, senior I long-serving, long-standing, long-time I board,
club, committee, crew, family, group, party, staff, team,
union I individual Subscriptions are cheaper for individual members. I founder I active, enthusiastic She's an
• ADJ.

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meningitis

493

active member of her local church. I honorary I full I associate I life a life member of the Red Cross I paid-up He
was a paid-up member of the Communist Party.
•
•
•
•

VERB + MEMBER become I resign as
MEMBER + VERB join sth I resign
MEMBER + NOUN country, nation, state
PHRASES a member of staff All members of staff will

receive a pay rise.
• PREP. -of I'ue become a member of our local sports club.

membership

noun

• ADJ. associate, corporate, full, honorary, temporary
I club, party, union to apply for union membership
• VERB + MEMBERSHIP apply for I renew I grant sb I
resign He has resigned his membership of the club.
• MEMBERSHIP + NOUN fee

membrane

noun

• ADJ. thin I permeable, semi-permeable I cell I cellular I mucous
• MEMBRANE + VERB surround sth
• MEMBRANE + NOUN wall
• PREP. through a/the - The virus then passes through

the cell membrane.

memento

noun

• ADJ. lasting, permanent The statue is a lasting memorial to those who died in the war. I fitting I war
• VERB + MEMORIAL build, erect, put up I unveil
• MEMORIAL + VERB commemorate
sb/sth I stand

The memorial stands on the village green.
• MEMORIAL + NOUN ceremony, service a memorial

seroicefor sailors drowned at sea
• PREP. -for a memorial for victims of the air crash -to
The prime minister today unveiled a memorial to those
who died in the disaster.

memory noun
1 ability to remember
• ADJ. excellent, good, long, prodigious, retentive I
bad, poor, short I long-term, short-term His short-term

memory was damaged in the accident. I visual Bad spellers have a weak visual memory. I photographic
• VERB + MEMORY jog, refresh Seeing your name in the
paper jogged my memory. I lose Most people start to lose
their memory as they get older. I commit sth to I commit-

ted the number to memory and threw the letter away.
• PREP. from - He recited the whole poem from memory. I
-for I have a good memory for faces.
• PHRASES in living/recent memory the coldest winter

in living memory
2 thought of the past

noun

• ADJ. family, personal I permanent
• VERB + MEMENTO be presented with, receive
• PREP. as a - They gave him a watch as a memento of his
time with the company. I -for The director will bepresented with a memento for his long years of service. - from a
memento from his dear friends - of The photos will be a

permanent memento of your wedding.

• ADJ. childhood, early My earliest childhood memory is
offalling in apond in winter. I dim, distant, fading, hazy,
vague I clear, vivid I affectionate, fond, good, happy,
lovely, nostalgic, pleasant, positive, precious, sweet,
warm, wonderful I bitter-sweet I bad, bitter, disturbing, embarrassing, horrific, painful, sad, traumatic, unhappy, unpleasant I abiding, enduring, lasting, lingering My abiding memory of our first meeting is of a girl too

shy to talk.

memo noun
• ADJ. internal
• Q.UANT. copy
• VERB + MEMO draft, write I circulate, send (out) I
receive I sign I leak
• MEMO + NOUN pad
• PREP. ina/the-l-from,-ofmymemoof28June,200l
- on A memo on the curriculum changes from the Head of
Education. -fo She circulated a memo to the staff

• ADJ. political the market for political memoirs
• VERB + MEMOIRS publish, write I read
• PREP. in your- She describes in her memoirs how she

coped with her mother's death.

ordeal.
• MEMORY + VERB come flooding

back, flood

back

When we visited my oldfamily home, memories cameflooding back. I fade
• PREP. in - of He planted some apple trees in memory of
his wife. I - from Smells and tastes often evoke memories
from the past. - oifond memories of her childhood

1 danger

• ADJ. growing,

increased,

increasing

the growing

menace of drugs I serious
• VERB + MENACE pose the menace posed by car fumes
I combat, counter Shop owners are struggling to combat

the menace of armed robbery.

adj.

• PREP. -to He's a menace to society.

• VERBS belt was a truly memorable experience.
• ADV. extremely, most, particularly, truly, veryonepar-

ticularly memorable evening last year
• PREP. for The holiday was memorablefor thefood.

memorandum

• VERB + MEMORY bring back, evoke, rekindle, revive,
stir (up) I blot out He tried to blot out his memories of the

menace noun

memoirs noun

memorable

memorial

noun

• ADJ. internal I confidential,
detailed I explanatory, factual

private, secret I brief I

• QUANT. copy
• VERB + MEMORANDUM draft, draw up, prepare,
write I issue, send, submit I sign I date The memorandum was dated 23August, 2001. I leak
• MEMORANDUM + VERB set sth out
• PREP. in a/the - Refer to the terms set out in the company's memorandum. I - from, - of your memorandum of

18February, 2001-on, -to

2 threatening quality
• ADJ. hidden, quiet, silent 'Where do you think you're
going?' he said with quiet menace.
• PREP. with - eyes glittering with menace
• PHRASES an air of menace The scar down his face
added to his air of menace.

menacing

adj.

• VERBS appear, be, look, seem I become
• ADV. almost His voice was quiet and almost menacing.
I faintly, rather, slightly She had a slightly menacing
manner. I darkly darkly menacing alleys I quietly

meningitis

noun

• ADJ. acute I bacterial, meningococcal,
• QUANT. case

viral

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menopause
• VERB

494

have, suffer from He is suffering

+ MENINGITIS

from viral meningitis. I catch, contract

c)

Special page at ILLNESS

menopause
• ADJ.

noun

early I male The male menopause is said to affect

men who are approaching middle age.
reach I go through
• PREP.
at the -, afterlpast the- a disease that can afflict
women past the menopause during the• VERB

+ MENOPAUSE

mention noun
brief, passing I special I earliest, first The earliest mention of the village is in a 16th-century manuscript.
• VERB + MENTION
deserve My cousin deserves a mentionfor all his hard toork. I get, receive His professor gets
a mention in the acknowledgements. I make Special mention must be made of Yuki Yamagishi's wonderful performance as the doctor. I hear Tve heard no mention of a
salary increase this year.
• PREP
at the - of At the very mention of his name, Kate
started shaking uiithfright,

+ NOUN

board The chef was chalking the daily
specials on the menu board.
• PREP.
on the - What's on the menu this evening?
• PHRASES
a choice of menu Passengers are offered a
daily choice of menu.
2 on a computer
• MENU

• ADJ.
pop-up, pull-down
I main I sub
tions, etc.
• VERB + MENU
select sth from
• MENU
+ NOUN
bar I item, option
c) Special page at COMPUTER

mercenary

I edit,

file, op-

noun

• ADJ.

mention verb
• ADV

already,

previously,

+ MENTION

fail to, forget to, omit to

as

menu noun
1 list of dishes
extensive I varied I daily I fixed price, set, table
d'hote I
la carte I three-course, etc. I traditional I
breakfast, dinner, lunch I bar, pub, restaurant I dinnerparty I fish, vegetarian
• VERB + MENU
consult, have, look at, read, see,
study May we have the menu? I do, have, offer Many res• ADJ.

a

taurants do a very reasonable set menu at lunchtime. I
choose (sth) from, order (sth) from I plan
• MENU + VERB
offer sth a menu offering many vege-

tarian dishes

noun

• ADJ.
general
• QUANT.
pieceasubstandardpieceofmerchandise
+ MERCHANDISE
buy, purchase I carry, sell
The company carries a wide range of merchandise.

• VERB

a range of merchandise

so far As

Next spring has been mentioned as a possible
timefor the event. in She didn't mention the economy in her
speech. in connection with sth I was very angry when I
saw my name mentioned in connection with an incident
that had absolutely nothing to do with me. to Please don't
mention this to Sally.
• PHRASES
avoid mentioning sblsth He avoided mentioning his family. be worth mentioning sth At this point,
it is worth mentioning that many people who were adopted
as babies have no desire to meet their biological parents.
mentioned abovelbelow In the example mentioned above,

either method of construction could have been used. mentioned in dispatches Wounded in action, he was twice
mentioned in dispatches. mention the fact that ... ,not to
mention (= used to add extra information) He has two big
houses in this country, not to mention his villa in France.
now you come to mention it Now that you come to mention it, he did say something about a ghost. to mention but
a few plumbers, printers, dyers, glaziers and potters, to
mention but afeui
• PREP.

merchandise

• PHRASES

earlier, just,

already mentioned, the legislation does not consider low
pay as an acceptable reason for turning down a job. 0 This
aspect is discussed further by Crane, whom I mentioned
earlier. 0 All the approaches mentioned so far are fairly
conventional. I commonly, frequently I rarely, seldom
I briefly, in passing He only mentioned his work in passing. I casually I casually mentioned that Imight be interested in working abroad. I directly, explicitly, expressly,
specifically She did not specifically mention your name. I
inadvertently I barely, hardly, scarcely I not actually,
not at all Although she didn't actually mention the move, I
am sure that was in her mind. 0 My name wasn't mentioned at all.
• VERB

foreign
• QUANT.
army, band a small army of mercenaries

• VERB + MERCENARY
employ, hire, recruit I pay
• MERCENARY
+ NOUN
army
• ADJ.

merchant

noun

prosperous, rich, wealthy I powerful, prominent, substantial, successful I foreign, local I bullders',
coal, corn, timber, wine, wool We bought a ton of sand

• ADJ.

from the builders' merchant.
+ NOUN

• MERCHANT

fleet,

marine,

seaman,

ship,

shipping, vessel

mercy noun
divine, infinite God's.infinite mercy
+ MERCY
ask for, beg for, plead for, scream for
have, show (sb) God have mercy on us! 0 They showed

• ADJ.

• VERB

I

no mercy to their captives.
+ NOUN
dash, flight, mission Aid agencies
are making mercyflights into theflood region. I killing
• PREP.
at the - of We're at the mercy of the weather. without- The terrorists are completely without mercy.
• MERCY

merger noun
• ADJ.
• VERB

proposed
+ MERGER

plan

I agree I carry

out

+ VERB
go through If the merger goes
through, thousands of jobs will be lost.

• MERGER

+ NOUN

• MERGER

activity

I proposal I negotiations

I agreement
• PREP.

-

between the merger between Lake Biscuits and

D M Confectionery

merit noun
considerable, exceptional, great, outstanding I
aesthetic, architectural, artistic, literary The film has no

artistic merit whatsoever. I relative We need to consider
the relative merits of both makes of cooker. I individual

• ADJ.

Each case should bejudged on its individual merits.
• VERB + MERIT
have I argue, assess, consider, debate, discuss, judge We need to assess the merits of both
proposals before making our decision.
• MERIT
+ NOUN
award She received a merit award for
outstanding work.
• PREP.
according to - Films are given a rating of one to
five stars according to merit. on - Prizes are awarded entirely on merit.
• PHRASES
no merit in doing sth I can see no merit in excluding the child from school. order of merit The winners
are ranked in order of merit.

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middle-aged

495

merit verb
• ADV. certainly,

• VERB + METAPHOR useHe uses the metaphor offire to
clearly 1 hardly The question hardly

merits an answer.

mess noun
• ADJ. absolute, complete, real, right, total 1 appalling,
awful, bloody (taboo), nasty, terrible I confusing I tangled, untidy Her hair was a tangled mess. 1 gooey, slimy,
soggy, sticky 1 emotional He's an emotional mess since
his girlfriend left him. 1 economic, financial
• VERB + MESS leave, make Must you always leave

such a mess? 0 She felt she was making a terrible mess of
her life. I clean up, clear up, tidy up, wipe up 1 feel Tfelt
a mess. 1 look I create, get sb into Who got us into this
mess in thefirst place? I deal with, get sb out of, sort out
• PREP. in a- The kitchen's in an awful mess. 1 -of There
was a soggy mess of porridge on the table.

message noun
1 from one person to another
• ADJ. important, urgent, vital I brief, short I coded,
cryptic,
scrambled I secret 1 garbled 1 email, radio,
text 1 heartfelt The family sent a heartfelt message of

thanks to everyone who helped.
• VERB + MESSAGE convey, give sb, pass on, relay
He's not here-F 11
pass on the message. I take She's outcan I take a message? 1 carry, deliver, take sb 1 send,

transmit 1 leave (sb) Ileft a messagefor her at reception. I
get, receive I never got your message.
• MESSAGE + VERB come I say sth, tell sb sth
• PREP. - about There was a message about the meeting.
- for Are there any messages for me? - from a urgent message from your mother - of They sent messages of hope to

prisoners of war. - to The message was to your sister, not
you.
2 main idea of a book, speech, etc.
• ADJ. important 1 fundamental, main 1 clear, simple,
unambiguous, unmistakeable 1 ambiguous, conflicting, mixed 1 powerful,
strong 1 positive,
upbeat 1
stark, uncomfortable 1 hidden, implicit, subliminal stories with hidden moral messages I anti-drugs, anti-war,
etc. a party with an anti-immigrant message I ideological, moral, political, social
• VERB + MESSAGE spread spreading the message of
the Bible 1 drive home, get/put across Weneed to get this
important message across to teenage smokers. I reinforce
• MESSAGE + VERB emerge A clear message is emer-

ging from these government statements.
• PREP. - of The president toured the country spreading
the message of national unity.

meter noun
• ADJ. electricity, gas, light, moisture, parking, soundlevel, water I card, prepayment, slot, token The token
meter is operated by tokens costing £1 or £5.
• VERB + METER read The electricity company will send
anemployeetoreadyourmeter.
I fit, install

• METER + VERB tick The taxi waited, its motor run-

ning, the meter ticking away.
• METER + NOUN reader, reading

I box, cupboard

method noun
• ADJ. effective, efficient, good, practical, reliable
Which method is the most effective? 1 simple 1 common,
conventional, principal, traditional, usual. I new I alternative, other 1 different,
various 1 unorthodox,
unusual I farming, research, scientific, teaching, working

-s modern farming methods
employ, follow, use the
method adopted by the party for the selection of its candidates I develop, devise, work out 1 change, improve
• METHOD + VERB involve sth This method involves
cutting a very thin slice from the object. work How does
this method work?
• PREP. -for an alternative method for resolving disputes
-of This is the best method of settling such arguments.
• VERB + METHOD adopt,

metre noun
GNoteatMEASURE

microphone noun
• ADJ. extension, radio,
corder 1 omnidirectional,

• VERB + MICROPHONE
• MICROPHONE + VERB

stick, tie-clip 1 built-in, camunidirectional I hidden
speak into, use 1 check, test
pick sth up, record sth the

microphone picks up the surrounding sounds
• MICROPHONE + NOUN socket I stand
• PREP. behind a/the - John Peel is back behind the
microphone for a new series. in front of althe - Interview-

eesare placed infront of the microphone and grilled.

microscope noun
• ADJ. binocular, electron, optical
• MICROSCOPE+ NOUN slide Place the specimen on a

metal noun
• ADJ. soft I pure I ferrous, non-ferrous 1 base, heavy,
noble, precious, rare, trace, transition I cold, hot the
sudden pressure of cold metal against her cheek I bare I
solid I gleaming,
shining,
shiny 1 tarnished I corroded, rusty I scrap to recycle scrap metal I. twisted The

bomb left a pile of jagged glass and twisted metal. I
ductile I molten I sheet I toxic
• QUANT. lump, piece, strip
• VERB + METAL be cast from/in, be made from/(out)

of a statue cast in metal 0 The doors are made of metal. I
recycle
• METAL + VERB contract, expand 1 rust
• METAL + NOUN alloy I band, bar, box, frame, mesh,
plate, rod, sheet I fatigue I detector
• PREP. in - a sculptor who works in metal
• PHRASES the clang/clash of metal

metaphor noun
• ADJ. appropriate, apt, striking

represent hatred.
• METAPHOR + VERB describe sth, represent sth
• PREP. - for 'This vale of tears' is a metaphor for the
human condition. -of the metaphor of life as a journey

I mixed

microscope slide.
• PREP through a/the - a section of a potato as seen
through a microscope under a/the - examining bacteria
under the microscope

middle age noun
• ADJ. early 1 late a woman of late middle age I comfortable He settled into comfortable middle age.
• VERB + MIDDLE AGE approach a bald man approaching middle age I reach
• PREP. in - He mellowed in middle age.
• PHRASES well into middle age She had her first child

well into middle age.

middle-aged

adj.

• VERBS be, feel, look She felt middle-aged and dull. I
become
• ADV prematurely

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middleman

496

mile noun

middleman noun
act as, be I cut out Some fac-

+ MIDDLEMAN

• VERB

tories have cut out the middleman and sell their products
directly to customers.
• PREP. through a - The firm sells through a middleman
because it does not have its own sales force. -for He acts as
middlemanfor

companies seeking contracts abroad.

+ MIDNIGHT

chime, strike

The church clock

struck midnight.
+ VERB

• MIDNIGHT

chime, strike Downstairs

in the

hall, midnight struck.
• MIDNIGHT
• PREP.

+ NOUN feast I blue
at-, byon the stroke of midnight On the stroke of

around-ô,

ã PHRASES

midnight, Prince Charming turned back into a rat.

qualified, registered I community, local
+ VERB examine sb I deliver a baby

• MIDWIFE

C:>NoteatJOB

mileage noun
• ADJ. annual, weekly
ful oumer;low mileage.

I
I

high, low Carfor sale: one careunlimited Your car hire costs in-

clude unlimited mileage.
+ MILEAGE

• VERB

cover,

do

There was no record of the

mileage the car had done.
• MILEAGE

NOUN

+

allowance

The company gives

a

milestone noun
important, significant
+ MILESTONE
pass, reach The company passed
the £6 million milestone this year. I celebrate, mark
• PREP. - in The film proved to be a milestone in the history of cinema. I -for a milestonefor French technology
• ADJ.

• VERB

migraine noun
severe

• ADJ.

+ MILE cover, cycle, do, drive, go, ride, run,
travel, trudge, walk Fell-runners who are out to win can
cover the three miles in just over 15 minutes. I clock (up)
Altogether on the trip we clocked up over 1800miles.
• PHRASES

miles an/per hour The police stopped them

generous mileage allowance.

midwife noun
• ADJ.

nautical

• VERB

doing 100miles per hour on the motorway.
c::> Note at MEASURE

midnight noun
• VERB

• ADJ.

+ MIGRAINE
get, have, suffer from I bring on,
trigger Even the smell of oranges can trigger his migraine.
• MIGRAINE
+ NOUN headache I attack

• VERB

c:> Special

page

at ILLNESS

migrant noun
illegal I rural
labourer,
worker entering the
country as migrant workers I population I bird
• PREP. - from migrants from rural areas - into, - to Mi• ADJ.

economic

• MIGRANT

I

+ NOUN

grants to the city send money home to their relatives.
• PHRASES

a flow/an influx of migrants

militant

adj.

be, seem I become
extremely, highly, very The women on the march
were highly militant. I increasingly

• VERBS
• ADV.

military noun the military
+ MILITARY
serve
in Iwasn't surprised to learn
that he'd served in the military. I call in The government
called in the military to deal with the riots.

• VERB

+ VERB seize/take power
among/in/within - reports of growing discontent

• MILITARY
• PREP.

among the military

migrate verb

a member of the military

• PHRASES

north, northwards, etc. birds that migrate south
in the winter I seasonally
• PREP. from, into, to migratingfromEurope

to Africa
• ADV

• ADJ. seasonal the seasonal migration of birds I internal, inward I international I mass
• QUANT. wave the great waves of migration that took

Europeans to the New World
• MIGRATION

+ VERB
+ NOUN

occur I increase
path, pattern, route changes in

the migration routes of reindeer
• PREP. -from, -to migration from rural to urban areas

mild

adj.

1 not very cold
be I turn Towards the end of the week the weather turned very mild. I remain
• ADV. very I quite, relatively It's quite mild for this time
of year. I surprisingly, unseasonably, unusually The
late summer air was surprisingly mild.
2 not severe or strong
• VERBS
be, seem The infection seems quite mild, so she

should be better soon.
• VERBS

very I comparatively, fairly, quite, pretty, reasonably, relatively afairly mildflauour
• ADV.

3 gentle and kind
• VERBS
• ADV.

armed a highly armed militia I voluntary, vollocal I government
• VERB + MILITIA
join, serve in I raise, recruit I create, form, set up The anarchists started toform volunteer
militias. I train I disarm, disband
• MILITIA
+ NOUN forces, group, unit I commander,
leader
• ADJ.

unteer

migration noun

• MIGRATION

militia noun

be, sound His voice was deceptively mild.
seemingly I deceptively

I

milk noun
I

off, sour The milk has gone
full-fat, whole I low-fat,
semi-skimmed I non-fat,
skimmed I creamy I cold,
warm I cow's, goat's, etc. I breast I baby, formula I
coconut, soya I condensed, evaporated a tin of condensed milk I dried, powdered I pasteurized, unpasteurized I homogenized I long-life, UHT I organic
• QUANT.
litre, pint I bottle, carton, cup, glass, jug
• VERB + MILK drink, have, take Do you take milk in
your coffee? I add I pour I spill I deliverThey'vestopped
delivering milk in our area. I boil, heat, scald I produce
I express She expressed some milk so her husband could
do the night feeding.
• MILK + NOUN powder
I pudding, shake (also
milkshake) I chocolate I product I bottle, churn, jug I
production, yield I float, round
• PHRASES
the top of the milk (= the creamy part at the
• ADJ.

fresh

off/turned

top of a milk

curdled,

sour. I full-cream,

bottle)

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minister

497

mill noun

mine noun

1 for making flour

1 for coal, etc.

corn, flour I water(alsowatermill)
+ MILL operate, work I convert, restore living
in a converted watermill I drive, power The river was
• ADJ.

• VERB

harnessed to drive many mills.
• MILL

+ VERB

grind sth, work sth The mill can be seen

grinding corn.
• MILL

+ NOUN

house I wheel

2 factory
cotton, paper, steel, textile, woollen
+ MILL operate, own, run I work in
• MILL + VERB
manufacture sth, produce sth
• MILL + NOUN town a northern mill town I buildings
• ADJ.

• VERB

mimic verb
• ADV accurately, closely The computer model is able to
mimic very closely the actions of a golfer. I exactly, perfectly She could mimic her father perfectly.
• VERB

+ MIMIC

try to

mind noun
human the complex nature of the human mind I
conscious, subconscious,
unconscious Our subconscious mind tries to protect us. I best, brilliant, finest a
problem that has defeated the uiorld's finest minds I agile,
enquiring, lively I open Try to keep an open mind until
you've heard all the facts. I impressionable influencing
impressionable young minds lone-track Honestly, all
• ADJ.

you ever talk about is sex-you've got a one-track mind!
come into, come to, cross, flash
across/into, go through, spring to The thought never
crossed my mind! 0 I'm sure someone can help you, but no
one immediately springs to mind. I bear in, keep in Bear
• VERB

+ MIND

in mind the age of the vehicle when assessing its value. 0
Here are some important points to keep in mind... I slip
I'm sorry l forgot your birthday-it completely slipped my
mind. I be imprinted on, stick in terrible images that will
be imprinted on our minds for ever I prey on Ifs been
preying on my mind ever since it happened. I occupy He
occupied his mind by playing cards against himself.
• MIND + VERB wander Her mind began to wander. I

race His mind raced, trying to think of a way out of the
situation. I be in a turmoil, reel Her mind was still reeling
from the shock.
• PREP.
in your- You've been in my mind a lot lately. inr 11keep what you say in mind. on your- I'oe got a lot on
my mind at the moment.
• PHRASES
at/in the back of your mind The problem
was always at the back of my mind. at/in the forefront of
your mind Try to keep safety in the forefront of your mind
at all times. a frame/state of mind He's in rather a negatiue frame of mind. have sth in mind What kind of party
do you have in mind?in the recesses of your mindIt was
something she had never imagined, not even in the deepest
recesses of her mind. mind and body refreshed in mind
and body no doubt in your mind There was absolutely no
doubt in my mind that he was guilty. uppermost in your
mind Their own problems of course remained uppermost
in their minds.

mind ver.b
• ADV.

bitterly, terribly, very much They had thought the

boys wouldn't mind sharing; as it turned out, they minded
bitterly. o Would you mind terribly If I went on my own? I
not a bit, not at all I don't mind at all telling people my age.
I not greatly, not much, not really Nobody really minded
much about what happened to them.
• VERB + MIND not seem to His parents didn't seem to

mind that he dropped out of university.
• PREP.
about I didn't mind about the money.

coal, copper, diamond, salt, tin, etc. I deep,
drift, opencast I abandoned, disused
• VERB + MINE
operate, run, work I go down, work
at/down/in At 14,he went down the mines.
• MINE + VERB
produce sth At its peak, the mine produced 5 000tons of coal a day.
• MINE + NOUN shaft (also mineshaft), workingsflooded mine workings I owner
• ADJ.

2 explosive device
anti-personnel, land, limpet
+ MINE
lay, plant soldiers laying anti-personnel
mines I clear, dispose of, remove The troops are slowly
clearing the mines. I detonate, hit, set off, strike
• MINE + VERB
blow up, explode, go off
• ADJ.

• VERB

minefield noun
1 area where there are mines
• VERB

+ MINEFIELD

advance into/through,

enter

2 situation full of difficulties
• ADJ. legal, political Suggesting changes to the benefits
system would be a political minefield.
• VERB + MINEFIELD
negotiate,
pick
your
way
through You will first have to pick your way through the

minefield of professional advice.
• PREP.
-for Tax is a minefield for the unwary.

miner noun
• ADJ. coal, copper, gold, lead, tin, uranium, etc.
q Note atJOB

mineral noun
essential, vital I trace I rare I industrial
+ MINERAL
be rich in, contain foods that are
rich in essential minerals I extract to extract minerals
from ores I absorb

• MINERAL
+ VERB
be found in sth, be present in sth
• ADJ.

• VERB

calcium and other mineralsfound in your bones
+ NOUN deposits, resources, wealth
ploitation, exploration, extraction, working
• PHRASES
vitamins and minerals
• MINERAL

I ex-

mingle verb
• ADV. freely The prince mingled jreelv with the crowd.
together a lot of emotions all mingled together
• PREP. with Shefelt fear mingled with excitement.

I

minimum noun
absolute, bare, very I agreed, guaranteed I
recommended I legal, mandatory, required, statutory
• VERB + MINIMUM
keep sth to, reduce sth to Twofire
crews managed to keep damage to a minimum. I reach
• ADJ.

The sun's temperature reached a minimum in the summer
of 1981. I exceed I regard sth as A temperature of tzt't:
is regarded as the minimum necessary to achieve sterility.
• PREP.
above (the)-, at (a/the)- Candidates must have
afirst degree at a minimum. below (the)-, down to a - We
tried to keep costs down to a minimum. I - of a minimum
of £200 a minimum offuss
the minimum acceptable/necessary/needed/required, the minimum possible He's always done the
minimum possible to pass his exams. with the minimum
of delay/discomfortldisruption/effortlfuss/risk
• PHRASES

minister noun
1 member of the government
• ADJ.
prime I chief, principal Queen Elizabeth's chief
minister, Lord Burghley I deputy I junior, senior I cab-

inet, departmental,

EU, Foreign

Office, government,

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ministry

498

Home Office I defence, education, environment, finance, foreign, health, interior, transport, etc. I relevant, responsible
Local authorities should. submit
schemes to the relevant minister for approval. I former,
outgoing
• VERB + MINISTER
appoint (sb), appoint sb as, nominate (sb), nominate sb as I elect (sb), elect sb as I dismiss (sb as) I serve as He served briefly as prime minister from 1920 to 1921. I lobby, persuade, urge lobbying
the Transport Minister over the issue I advise, consult,
instruct I accuse, criticize
• MINISTER
+ VERB
resign, retire I be accountable to
sb, be responsible for sth Ministers are accountable to

Parliament. 0 the minister responsible for the health service I announce sth, unveil sth I agree (to) sth, approve
sth, decide sth, endorse sth

I intervene

(in sth) The for-

eign minister intervened with disastrous results.
• PREP. -for the new minister for the Arts -of A new minister of defence had been appointed.
c:> See PRIME MINISTER
2 priest
church I Baptist, Congregational,
Methodist,
Nonconformist, Presbyterian

• VERB + MINISTER
ordain (sb), ordain sb as He was
• ADJ.

• PREP. after
-s After twenty minutes I started to get
worried. for
-s We uiaitedfor ten minutes and then left.
in ... -s Thefilmstarts in ten minutes. I -s pastfourmin·
utes past two -s to ten minutes to three
c:> Note at MEASURE

2 moment
last Don't leave everything till the last minute.
+ MINUTES
hang on, hold on, wait Could you
wait a minute, please? I have, spare Do you have a minute, Miss Brown? 0 Can you spare a minute? I take This

• ADJ.

• VERB

will only take a minute.
in a - r 11 be with you in a minute. within -s The
ship sank within minutes.
• PHRASES
just a minute, the minute sth happens Tell
him [want to see him the minute he arrives. not for a minute I never thought for a minute he'd refuse. this minute
Come here this minute!
• PREP.

3 minutes

written record of what is said at a meeting
keep, take Who's going to take the
minutes? I circulate I read I agree, approve,
sign I
write up [wrote up the minutes of the meeting and circu+ MINUTES

• VERB

lated them by email.
the minutes of a meeting
c:> Special page at MEETING
• PHRASES

ordained minister of a small rural congregation.
• PHRASES

a minister of religion

ministry noun
government I Agriculture, Defence, Education,
Environment, Finance, Foreign (Affairs), Health, Interior, Justice, Transport, etc. I key He assumed direct con-

trol of key ministries.
• VERB'"
MINISTRY
run I take over The president took
over the Ministry of Justice. I create

• MINISTRY
+ VERB approve
sth,
support
sth The
scheme was approved by the Ministry of Housing. I control sth I own sth on ministry-owned land
+ NOUN

official, spokesperson

at the - staff at the Greek Foreign Ministry
in/within the - a senior man in the Ministry of Health I
- of a spokesman for the Ministry of Culture
• PHRASES
a department at/in the ministry
• PREP.

minor

adj.

something of

+ MIRACLE
perform, work Don't expect this
medicine to work miracles. I believe in I ask for, expect,
hope for, pray for I need, take It would take a miracle to
get the old car going again.
• VERB

+ VERB
happen, occur
+ NOUN worker I cure
by a - By a miracle she escaped serious injury.

• MIRACLE
• MIRACLE
• PREP.

miraculous

adj.

be, seem
• ADV. quite Something quite miraculous happened. I almost, near a near miraculous escape I apparently
• PHRASES
little/nothing short of miraculous a trans• VERBS

formation that was little short of miraculous

mirage noun

• VERBS
be, seem
• ADV. extremely,

very This is a very minor operation
and there is very little risk involved. I comparatively,
fairly, quite, relatively That's a relatively minor matter.
Wecan leave it till later. I apparently, seemingly

minority noun
large, significant, sizeable, substantial I small,
tiny I vociferous the view of a small but vociferous minority I ethnic, national, racial, religious I oppressed, persecuted
• VERB + MINORITY
belong to I discriminate against
• MINORITY
+ NOUN opinion, view I community, group
I government
• PREP.
among a/the- You are definitely among the minority. from a/the- peoplefrom ethnic minorities in a/theWe are in the minority on this issue. I - of a sizeable mi• ADJ.

nority of the population
• PHRASES

is

a minor miracle. I economic

• ADJ.

• MINISTRY

miracle noun
• ADJ. great I minor The letter's survival

only a minority Only a tiny minority of holi-

days are affected.

minute noun
1 one sixtieth of an hour
• VERB + MINUTE
last, take
• MINUTE
+ VERB
pass, tick by The minutes ticked by

and still nothing happened.
• MINUTE
+ NOUN
handtheminutehandontheclock

• VERB + MIRAGE
see I chase (figurative) Perhaps we
are all just chasing a mirage.
• MIRAGE

+ VERB

vanish

mirror noun
• ADJ.
bathroom,
hand, shaving,
wardrobe I fulllength I gilt-framed, ornate I two-way He watched them
through a two-way mirror. I driving, rear, rear-view,
wing Always check your mirror before pulling out to

overtake.
+ MIRROR
glance in, look in/into I admire
yourself in, examine yourself in, look at yourself/your
face in He was busy admiring himself in the wardrobe
mirror. I sit at, stand in front of I check I catch sight of
sb/sth in, see sb/sth in I fix, hang Wehung a mirror over
thefireplace. I break, crack
• MIRROR + VERB reflect sth
• MIRROR
+ NOUN
image Art can be seen as a mirror
• VERB

image of society.
in a/the - She stared at her face in the mirror.

• PREP.

mirror verb
• ADV. closely The trends here closely mirror those in
America. I exactly, faithfully, perfectly I broadly
• VERB

+ MIRROR

appear to, seem to

be mirrored by/in sth The jump in business
confidence has been mirrored by the increase in employ-

• PHRASES

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misinterpret

499

ment. be mirrored in/on sb's face The shock was mirrored on herface.

miscalculate

verb

The government has seriously
miscalculated the economic effect of this policy.
• A DV.

badly, seriously

miscalculation
• ADJ.

noun

grave, serious, terrible
+ MISCALCULATION

• VERB

miscarriage

I financial, political
make

early I threatened

mischief noun
• QUANT.

glint, hint There was a glint of mischief in her

eyes.
+ MISCHIEF
cause, do, make Such people will
do anything they can to make mischief I get into/up to
Don't get up to any mischief while we're out. I keep/stay
out of Try to stay out of mischief, will you?
• VERB

misconception

noun

common, popular I basic I major
• VERB + MISCONCEPTION
have I give rise to, lead to
I break down, correct, dispel We hope the programme

• ADJ.

will dispel certain misconceptions about the disease.
+ VERB be based on sth, stem
from sth I grow up A number of misconceptions have
• MISCONCEPTION

grown up around this theory.
• PREP. -aboutpopularmisconceptionsaboutAids

misconduct

a feeling of misery, make sb's life a misery

• PHRASES

His constant criticism made her life a misery.

misfire verb
badly Unfortunately their plan misfired badly.

• ADV.

misfortune

noun

I spontaneous
• VERB + MISCARRIAGE
have, suffer I cause, induce

I end in Herfirst pregnancy ended in miscarriage.
• PHRASES
a risk of miscarriage Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of miscarriage.
• ADJ.

asked the vet to put the poor creature out of its misery (=
kill it humanely). c (humorous) Oh, put her out of her
misery-tell her who won. I spare sb At least we were
spared the misery of having to do it all again. I forget
• PREP. -of the sheer misery of homelessness

noun

noun

great I sheer

• ADJ.

+ MISFORTUNE

• VERB

be dogged

by, have, suffer

The expedition was dogged by misfortune. <> I had the misfortune to share a room with someone who snored loudly.
• MISFORTUNE
+ VERB befall sb, strike Misfortune

struck before they had even left the harbour.
• PHRASES
be sb's misfortune He is the rudest man it
has ever been my misfortune to meet.

misgivings noun
considerable, deep, grave, great, serious
+ MISGIVINGS
be filled with, harbour, have

• ADJ.
• VERB

I

express l felt I had to express my misgivings about her decision. I share She shared my misgivings about the
planned weekend. I allay, quell
• MISGIVINGS
+ VERB be/prove unfounded, be/prove
well-founded
• PREP. despite/in spite of sb's - He agreed, despite his
misgivings. with - I viewed the process with grave misgivings. I - about She had serious misgivings about the
whole affair, but they proved unfounded. - at He had considerable misgivings at the prospect of moving jobs. -over

The local people still harboured considerable misgivings
over theflood of workers into their village.

misguided adj.

alleged I gross, serious She was sacked last year

for gross misconduct. I financial, professional, sexual
• VERB + MISCONDUCT
dismiss sb for, sack sb for I
deny The directors all deny financial misconduct.
• PREP. - by allegations of misconduct by the security
forces -on the part of There was no misconduct on the part
• ADJ.

of the police.
• PHRASES

on (the) grounds of misconduct Staff can

lose their jobs only on grounds of professional misconduct.
q Note at CRIME (for more

verbs)

miserable adj.
be, feel, look We got home feeling tired and
miserable. I become
• ADV. bloody (taboo), damned, dead, intensely, really,
very I thoroughly, utterly I pretty, quite, rather
• PREP. aboutfeeling
utterly miserable about his exams
• VERBS

misery noun
• ADJ.

• ADV.

tally misguided.

mishap noun
• ADJ.

serious I minor, slight
series The group suffered an extraordinary

• QUANT.

series of minor mishaps.
+ MISHAP
have, suffer I'm afraid your son had
a slight mishap in the playground. I avoid, prevent
• PREP. without- Wereached home without mishap.

• VERB

misinform verb
• PREP.

about The parents had been misinformed about

the incident.
be badly misinformed It became clear that
the general had been badly misinformed.
• PHRASES

abject, deep, extreme, great, real, sheer, untold

This phobia can cause untold misery for the sufferer. I
complete Her misery was made complete when she was
separated from her children. I personal I human I economic the country's economic misery
be full of, be wrapped (up) in, endure, feel, live in, sink into, suffer He was too wrapped in
• VERB

be, seem
entirely, quite, totally I rather, somewhat I fundamentally Their approach to the problem is fundamen-

• VERBS

+ MISERY

misery to reply. o I sank deeper into my misery. o men who
suffer the misery of unemployment I bring (sb), cause
(sb), create The money brought him nothing but misery. I
add to, heap, prolong War has now added to the misery of
these starving people. o Thegiant-killers heaped more misery on the home team. I alleviate, ease, relieve ways to
alleviate human misery I put sb/sth out of In the end we

misinformation
• QUANT.

noun

piece

+ MISINFORMATION

feed sb, spread The public have been fed misinformation about the health risks.
• VERB

be based on
- about/on misinformation about Soviet policy
• PHRASES
a campaign of misinformation

• PREP.

misinterpret

verb

grossly I deliberately
• VERB + MISINTERPRET
be easy to It would be easy to
• ADV.

misinterpret results from such a small sample.

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