relative 14

Bạn đang xem bản rút gọn của tài liệu. Xem và tải ngay bản đầy đủ của tài liệu tại đây (242.81 KB, 94 trang )

(1)<div class='page_container' data-page=1>

English Grammar

101

</div>
(2)<div class='page_container' data-page=2>

Parts of Speech

 Nouns

 Pronouns
 Verbs

 Adjective
 Adverbs

</div>
(3)<div class='page_container' data-page=3>

Parts of Speech (2)

 Nouns: words that name persons, places, things, or ideas
 Pronouns: words that stand in for a noun

 Verbs: words that express action or state of being
 Adjectives: words that describe nouns or pronouns
 Adverbs: words that describe verbs

 Prepositions: words that connect a noun and its modifiers to

another component of the sentence

 Conjunctions: words that join nouns, verbs, or other parts of

a sentence

</div>
(4)<div class='page_container' data-page=4>

Parts of a Sentence

 Every sentence has a subject and a predicate.

 The subject is the noun or the pronoun that the

sentence says something about;

 The predicate is what is said about that noun or

pronoun, i.e., what that noun does or what that
noun is.

 “Jesus wept.” (John 11:35 NIV)

</div>
(5)<div class='page_container' data-page=5>

Subjects and Predicates

 “And no one in heaven or on earth or under the 
earth was able to open the scroll or to look into
it.” (Rev 5:3 NRSV)

 “no one in heaven or on earth or under the earth” is the

subject; the main subject would be “one”; the rest is
composed of modifiers (or descriptors)

 “was able to open the scroll or to look into it” is the

</div>
(6)<div class='page_container' data-page=6>

Subjects and Predicates (2)

 “When he had taken the scroll, the four living

creatures and the twenty-four elders fell before the
Lamb, each holding a harp and golden bowls full
of incense, which are the prayers of the saints.”
(Rev 5:8 NRSV)

 The subject is in italics; all the rest is predicate (“when he

had…” tells when the elders “fell”).

 Predicates can be split up; subjects do not always come

first.

 In this sentence, we find a “compound subject” (more

</div>
(7)<div class='page_container' data-page=7>

Subjects and Predicates (3)

 “And the elders fell down and worshiped.” (Rev

5:14b NRSV)

 In this example, we find a “compound predicate”: the

subject governs more than one verb – (1) “fell down” and
(2) “worshiped”

 “Then I saw between the throne and the four living

creatures and among the elders a Lamb standing as

if it had been slaughtered, having seven horns and
seven eyes, which are the seven spirits of God sent
out into all the earth.” (Rev 5:6 NRSV)

</div>
(8)<div class='page_container' data-page=8>

Subjects and Predicates (4)

 Sentences starting with “there” or “it”: these

words are often used as a kind of “place marker”
for the real subject of a sentence.

 “There will be earthquakes in various places; there will be

famines.” (Mk 13:8 NRSV)

 Grammatically speaking, the sentence is: “Earthquakes will

be [=will occur] in various places; famines will be [=will

</div>
(9)<div class='page_container' data-page=9>

Subjects and Predicates (5)

 “But in these sacrifices there is a reminder of sin

year after year.” (Heb 10:3 NRSV)

 Grammatically speaking, the sentence is: “But a

reminder of sins is in these sacrifices year after
year.” The real subject is “reminder.”

 “It is senseless to give a pledge, to become surety

for a neighbor.” (Prov 17:18 NRSV)

 Grammatically speaking “to give a pledge” is the

</div>
(10)<div class='page_container' data-page=10>

Complements

 Alongside the verb, the predicate often

contains other essential parts of the
sentence. These may include:

 Direct objects
 Indirect objects

</div>
(11)<div class='page_container' data-page=11>

Complements (2)

 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects occur

with “action” verbs:

 The direct object receives the impact of the

action. Put another way, the subject enacts the
verb upon the direct object.

 “I baptize you with water for repentance.” (Mt

3:11 NRSV). The subject (“I”) enacts the verb

</div>
(12)<div class='page_container' data-page=12>

Complements (3)

 “He went and took the scroll.” (Rev 5:7 NRSV)
 The Lamb (“he”) does the going and taking; “the

scroll” is the object affected by the Lamb’s actions.
“The scroll” is the direct object.

 “Bear fruit worthy of repentance.” (Mt 3:8 NRSV)
 In this imperative sentence, “fruit” is the thing

</div>
(13)<div class='page_container' data-page=13>

Complements (4)

 Indirect Objects: nouns or pronouns that are the 
indirect recipients of the action, often the

“beneficiaries” of the action (“to” or “for” whom
the action happens).

 “By your blood you ransomed for God saints from every

tribe and language and people and nation.” (Rev 5:9
NRSV).

 The subject is “you”; the main verb of the predicate,

</div>
(14)<div class='page_container' data-page=14>

Complements (5)

 “God is able from these stones to raise up

children to Abraham.” (Matt 3:9 NRSV)

 Looking at the infinitive “to raise up,” the direct

object of the infinitive is “children,” the entities
actually raised up; the indirect object is

</div>
(15)<div class='page_container' data-page=15>

Complements (6)

 Predicate nominatives and predicate

adjectives occur with verbs expressing
being or a state of being (also called

“linking verbs”).

 “God is able” (Matt 3:9 NRSV).

 Subject: “God”; verb: “is”; “able” is a predicate

</div>
(16)<div class='page_container' data-page=16>

Complements (7)

 “You are worthy to take the scroll and to open its seals.”

(Rev 5:9 NRSV)

 Subject: “you”; main verb: “are”; “worthy” is another

predicate adjective (followed by two complementary

infinitives, “to take” and “to open,” further describing this
worthiness).

 “No one was found worthy to open the scroll or to look

into it.” (Rev 5:4 NRSV)

 “worthy” is still a predicate adjective, since “was found” (=

</div>
(17)<div class='page_container' data-page=17>

Complements (8)

 “Jesus Christ is Lord” (Phil 2:11 NRSV)

 Subject: “Jesus Christ”; main verb: “is”; “Lord” is a noun

that is being predicated of “Jesus Christ” – it is a predicate
nominative.

 Sometimes a direct object can also have a

complement in the form of an adjective or noun
predicated, in effect, upon it.

 “You have made them a kingdom and priests to our God.”

(Rev 5:10 ESV)

 “them” is the direct object, but “a kingdom and priests” is

</div>
(18)<div class='page_container' data-page=18>

Kinds of Sentences

 Declarative: sentences stating something (whether 
fictive or real, narrative or argument).

 “I began to weep bitterly because no one was found

worthy to open the scroll or to look into it.” (Rev 5:4
NRSV)

 Interrogative: sentences asking a question (thus 
calling for some declarative statement in

response).

 “Who is worthy to open the scroll and break its seals?”

</div>
(19)<div class='page_container' data-page=19>

Kinds of Sentences (2)

 Sometimes an interrogative statement is in

transposed word order: the subject is most
easily found when one reformulates the

question as a statement.

 “What did you go out into the wilderness to look

at?” (Mt 11:7 NRSV)

 “What” is not the subject; it is, in fact, the object of

</div>
(20)<div class='page_container' data-page=20>

Kinds of Sentences (3)

 Imperative: sentences that issue

commands.

 “Repent, for the kingdom of heaven has come

near.” (Mt 3:2 NRSV)

 “Bear fruit worthy of repentance.” (Mt 3:8 NRSV)
 "Do not weep.” (Rev 5:5 NRSV)

 In all these examples the subject – You – is not

</div>
(21)<div class='page_container' data-page=21>

Kinds of Sentences (4)

 There are 1st and 3rd person commands as well, in

which the subject will be expressed.

 1st person plural: ”Let us hold fast to our

confession.” (Heb 4:14 NRSV)

 3rd person singular: “Let him who is without sin

among you be the first to throw a stone at her.”

(Jn 8:7 ESV)

 3rd person plural: “If any want to become my

</div>
(22)<div class='page_container' data-page=22>

Nouns

 Words that denote a person, place, thing, or idea
 Can be “proper” nouns (e.g., Peter, Judea) or

“common” nouns (e.g., disciple, region)

 Can have “number”: singular, “disciple”; plural, 
“disciples” (note: usually there is a change of

form)

</div>
(23)<div class='page_container' data-page=23>

Nouns

 6 Then I saw between the throne and the

four living creatures and among the elders a
Lamb standing as if it had been slaughtered,
having seven horns and seven eyes, which
are the seven spirits of God sent out into all
the earth.

 7 He went and took the scroll from the

</div>
(24)<div class='page_container' data-page=24>

Nouns

 6 Then I saw between the throne and the

four living creatures and among the elders a

Lamb standing as if it had been slaughtered,
having seven horns and seven eyes, which
are the seven spirits of God sent out into all
the earth.

 7 He went and took the scroll from the

right hand of the one who was seated on the

</div>
(25)<div class='page_container' data-page=25>

Pronouns

 Words used in place of a proper or

common noun. A pronoun generally has
an antecedent – a specific noun named

</div>
(26)<div class='page_container' data-page=26>

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns have “person,” “number,” and
“case.”

 Singular (nominative): I (1st) , you (2nd) , he, she, it

(3rd)

 Plural (nominative): we (1st) , you (2nd) , they (3rd)

</div>
(27)<div class='page_container' data-page=27>

Personal Pronouns

And I began to weep bitterly because no one
was found worthy to open the scroll or to
look into it.

</div>
(28)<div class='page_container' data-page=28>

Personal Pronouns

And I began to weep bitterly because no one
was found worthy to open the scroll or to
look into it.

Then one of the elders said to me, "Do not
weep. See, the Lion of the tribe of Judah,
the Root of David, has conquered, so that

</div>
(29)<div class='page_container' data-page=29>

Possessive Pronouns

 Singular: mine, yours, his, hers, its
 Plural: ours, yours, theirs

“He is the atoning sacrifice for our sins, and
not for ours [= our sins] only but also for
the sins of the whole world.” (1 John 2:2)
“My beloved is mine and I am his.” (Song

</div>
(30)<div class='page_container' data-page=30>

Possessive Pronouns

vs. Possessive Adjectives

 Pronouns: stand in for nouns – “he atoned

not only for their sins, but ours.” “Ours”
stands in for the noun “sins.”

 Adjectives: describe nouns – “he atoned for

</div>
(31)<div class='page_container' data-page=31>

Intensive and Reflexive Pronouns

 Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
 Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves

Intensive: “He himself was not the light, but he
came to testify to the light.” (John 1:8)

Reflexive: "Is he going to kill himself? Is that what
he means by saying, 'Where I am going, you

</div>
(32)<div class='page_container' data-page=32>

Definite Relative Pronouns

 Introduce subordinate clauses that, as a whole, 
function as adjectives (supplying additional

information about some noun or pronoun). As

with most pronouns, the definite relative pronoun
points back to some antecedent (some noun to

which it is referring)

</div>
(33)<div class='page_container' data-page=33>

Relative Clauses

 The relative pronoun introduces a relative clause 
with a verb and, often, objects, modifiers, and

prepositional phrases. The entire clause modifies
some noun or pronoun in the main sentence (the
antecedent of the relative pronoun).

 A relative clause generally could have been 
written as a separate sentence:

 You love Lazarus.
 Lazarus is sick.

</div>
(34)<div class='page_container' data-page=34>

Relative Pronouns (and relative

clauses)

 “He went and took the scroll from the right hand 
of the one who was seated on the throne.”

 “This is the one of whom the prophet Isaiah spoke.” 
(Matt 3:3)

 “I baptize you with water for repentance, but one 
who is more powerful than I is coming after me,

</div>
(35)<div class='page_container' data-page=35>

Indefinitive relative pronouns

 The relative pronoun can also be used

where there is no antecedent, sometimes
generalized (“whoever, whatever”)

 “Whoever denies me before others, I also

will deny before my Father in heaven.”
(Matt 10:33)

 “Remember then what you received and

</div>
(36)<div class='page_container' data-page=36>

Interrogative Pronouns

 Used to ask questions; no antecedent
 Who? What? Which?

 “Who is worthy to open the scroll and

</div>
(37)<div class='page_container' data-page=37>

Demonstrative Pronouns

 Used to “point out” particular objects.
 This, these; that, those

</div>
(38)<div class='page_container' data-page=38>

Demonstrative Pronouns

 “This [= “this person”] is the one of whom the 
prophet Isaiah spoke.” (Matt 3:3)

 Then one of the elders addressed me, saying,

"Who are these [=“these people”], robed in white, 
and where have they come from?“ (Rev 7:13)

</div>
(39)<div class='page_container' data-page=39>

Indefinite Pronouns

 These pronouns do not refer to specific

persons or things, but rather to general
types or classes.

 Anyone, anybody, anything; someone,

somebody, something; everyone,

</div>
(40)<div class='page_container' data-page=40>

Indefinite Pronouns

 “Blessed is anyone who takes no offense at

me.” (Matt 11:6)

 “The kingdom of heaven may be compared

to someone who sowed good seed in his
field.” (Matt 13:24)

 “For many are called, but few are chosen.”

</div>
(41)<div class='page_container' data-page=41>

Reciprocal Pronouns

 Pronouns indicating that the individual

members of a collective subject act back on
other members of the group.

 One another, each other

 “I give you a new commandment, that you

love one another.” (John 13:34)

 “What are you discussing with each other

</div>
(42)<div class='page_container' data-page=42>

Appositives

 Nouns or pronouns can be used simply to rename 
another noun or pronoun in the sentence. The

second noun or pronoun is said to stand in
“apposition” to the first, and is like a

parenthetical comment.

 “A Savior, Christ, the Lord, is born for you today in

David’s city” (Luke 2:11)

 “Paul and Timothy, servants of Jesus Christ, to all the

saints….” (Phil 1:1)

 “Ananias came down with some elders and an attorney, a

</div>
(43)<div class='page_container' data-page=43>

Verbs

 Action

 Jesus wept.

 I saw a mighty angel.

 He went and took the scroll.

 State of being

</div>
(44)<div class='page_container' data-page=44>

Verbs (2)

 English verbs are often formed by a combination 
of one or more “helping verbs” with a “main

verb.”

 The Lion … has conquered. 
 You were slaughtered.

 They will reign on earth.

</div>
(45)<div class='page_container' data-page=45>

Helping Verbs Listed

 Common Helping Verbs:

 Do, does, did
 Has, have, had

 Am, are, is, were, was, be, being, been

 Modal Helping Verbs

 Can, could
 May, might
 Must

</div>
(46)<div class='page_container' data-page=46>

Verbs: Person and Number

 1st Person

 Singular: I heal.
 Plural: We heal.

 2nd Person

 Singular: You heal.

 Plural: You (Y’all) heal.

 3rd Person

</div>
(47)<div class='page_container' data-page=47>

Verbs: Voice

 Active: The subject of the sentence performs the

action of the verb, often upon one or more objects.

 He went and took the scroll.
 They will reign on earth.

 Passive: The action of the verb is done to the 
Subject of the sentence.

 You were slaughtered.

</div>
(48)<div class='page_container' data-page=48>

Verbs: Tense

(all examples are in active voice)

 Present

 Simple: I baptize.

 Progressive: I am baptizing.

 Past

 Simple: I baptized.

 Progressive: I was baptizing.

 Future

 Simple: I will baptize.

</div>
(49)<div class='page_container' data-page=49>

Verbs: Tenses (2)

 Present Perfect

 Simple: I have baptized.

 Progressive: I have been baptizing.

 Past Perfect (Pluperfect)

 Simple: I had baptized.

 Progressive: I had been baptizing.

 Future Perfect

 Simple: I will have baptized.

</div>
(50)<div class='page_container' data-page=50>

Verbs: Tenses (Passive Examples)

 Present

 Simple: I am baptized.

 Progressive: I am being baptized.

 Past

 Simple: I was baptized.

 Progressive: I was being baptized.

 Future

 Simple: I will be baptized.

</div>
(51)<div class='page_container' data-page=51>

Verbs: Tenses (Passive Examples)

 Present Perfect

 Simple: I have been baptized.
 Progressive: N/A

 Past Perfect (Pluperfect)

 Simple: I had been baptized.
 Progressive: N/A

 Future Perfect

</div>
(52)<div class='page_container' data-page=52>

Verbs: Moods

 Indicative: Narrating Facts or Purported Facts

 John was baptizing in the Jordan River.

 Imperative: Giving Commands

 “Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near.”

 Subjunctive: Unreal Situations

 "If this man were a prophet, he would have known who

</div>
(53)<div class='page_container' data-page=53>

Verbal Forms

 Infinitives: the bare form of the verb

 Present Active (time contemporary with or subsequent to

main verb): “To heal,” “to save,” “to call”

 Present Passive: “To be healed,” “to be saved,” “to be

called”

 Perfect Active (time prior to main verb): “To have healed,”

“to have loved”

 Perfect Passive: “To have been healed,” “to have been

loved”

</div>
(54)<div class='page_container' data-page=54>

Infinitives: Uses

 As a noun:

 Subject of verb: “To live is Christ, and to die is

gain.” (Phil 1:21 ESV)

 What is?

 Object of verb: “I want to know Christ.” (Phil 3:10

NRSV)

</div>
(55)<div class='page_container' data-page=55>

Infinitive: Uses (2)

 As an adjective:

 “By faith Sarah herself received power to

conceive.” (Heb 11:11 NRSV)

 The infinitive answers the question “what kind of

</div>
(56)<div class='page_container' data-page=56>

Infinitive: Uses (3)

 As an adverb:

 “Abraham … obeyed when he was called to go

out.” (Heb 11:8 NRSV)

 Supplies more information about the verb “called”
 “God is not ashamed to be called their God.”

(Heb 11:16)

 Supplies more information about the adjective

</div>
(57)<div class='page_container' data-page=57>

Participles

 Active: baptizing

 While baptizing by the river, John was arrested.

 Passive: baptized

 Baptized by John, Peter and Andrew went out to preach.

 Participles can form additional voices and tenses 
with helping verbs, e.g.:

 Perfect Active: having baptized

 Having baptized many, John’s reputation spread.
 Perfect Passive: having been baptized

</div>
(58)<div class='page_container' data-page=58>

Participles: Usage

 Adjectival Participial Clauses: the

participles describes some noun or pronoun
 “I saw in the right hand of the one seated on the

throne a scroll written on the inside and on the back,

sealed with seven seals” (Rev 5:1 NRSV)

 The participle “seated” introduces a clause that

further describes the “one”; the participles

</div>
(59)<div class='page_container' data-page=59>

Participles: Usage (2)

 Adverbial Participial Clauses: the participle gives

more information about the action of the main verb

 “These all died in faith, not having received the things promised,

but having seen them and greeted them from afar, and having

acknowledged that they were strangers and exiles on the earth.” (Heb
11:13 NRSV)

 “[not] having received” and “having seen … and greeted” and 
“having acknowledged” all describe under what circumstances
“these all died.”

 “They were baptized by him in the river Jordan, confessing

their sins.” (Matt 3:6 NRSV)

</div>
(60)<div class='page_container' data-page=60>

Gerunds (Participles acting as Nouns)

 The gerund looks like the present participle

in form: baptizing, seeing, healing

 As a gerund, however, the word acts as a

simple noun, naming the particular action.

 “To me, living is Christ and dying is gain” (Phil

1:21 NRSV).

 “Living” and “Dying” are both fulfilling the role

</div>
(61)<div class='page_container' data-page=61>

Verbals and their Complements

 Participles, Infinitives, and Gerunds can

take all the complements that a normal
verb can take:

 Adverbs

 Direct Objects
 Indirect Objects

</div>
(62)<div class='page_container' data-page=62>

Adjectives

 Words used to describe nouns or pronouns.

Adjectives are words that answer questions like

“what kind of ____?” or “which _____?” or “how
many _____?”

 Attributive Adjectives (simple descriptors):

 Then I saw in the right hand of the one seated on the

throne a scroll written on the inside and on the back,
sealed with seven seals; and I saw a mighty angel

</div>
(63)<div class='page_container' data-page=63>

Adjectives (2)

 Predicate Adjectives: the “point” of the

sentence is to link a noun or pronoun with
a descriptor by means of a linking verb (a
form of be, become, etc.)

 “No one in heaven or on earth or under the earth

was able to open the scroll” (Rev 5:3)

 “No one [S] … was [V] able [Pred Adj]”
 “No one was found worthy.” (Rev 5:4)

</div>
(64)<div class='page_container' data-page=64>

Adjectives (3)

 Substantive Adjectives: Adjectives can be

used as nouns, as in the title, “The Good,

the Bad, and the Ugly.”

 Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the

earth…. Blessed are the merciful, for they will
receive mercy. (Mt 5:5, 7 NRSV)

 “meek” and “merciful” are actually adjectives.

</div>
(65)<div class='page_container' data-page=65>

Adjectives (4)

 Adjectives have “degrees”

 Positive: “holy,” “righteous,” “good”

 “you are my strong refuge” (Ps 71:7)

 Comparative: “holier,” “more righteous,” “better”

 “And the LORD made his people … stronger than

their enemies (Ps 105:24)

 Superlative: “holiest,” “most righteous,” “best”

 “The anger of God rose against them and he killed the

</div>
(66)<div class='page_container' data-page=66>

Adverbs

 Adverbs are words that give more information about

the action of the sentence – i.e., the verb – or about an
adjective or even another adverb. Adverbs often

answer questions like:

 How?
 Why?
 Where?
 When?

 Under what circumstances?

 To what degree or extent? (This is the sense in which

adverbs generally describe adjectives and other adverbs.)

</div>
(67)<div class='page_container' data-page=67>

Adverbs (2)

 “I began to weep bitterly because no one was 
found worthy to open the scroll or to look into
it.” (Rev 5:4 NRSV)

 How was John weeping?

 “I know you are enduring patiently and

bearing up for my name's sake.” (Rev 2:3 ESV)
 How are the believers enduring?

 “When the disciples heard this, they were

</div>
(68)<div class='page_container' data-page=68>

Adverbs (3)

 Like adjectives, adverbs can be compared:

 Positive: “bitterly”

 Comparative: “more bitterly”
 Superlative: “most bitterly”

 Irregular comparisons also exist:

 Well, better, best
 Little, less, least

</div>
(69)<div class='page_container' data-page=69>

Caution: When adverbs look like

prepositions

 “And when he had looked around at

everything, as it was already late, he went
out to Bethany with the twelve.” (Mark

11:11).

 “Around” is often used as a preposition, as in “I

heard the voice of many angels around the throne”
(Rev 5:11 NASU). In Mk 11:11, however,

“around” describes the action of “looking” –

</div>
(70)<div class='page_container' data-page=70>

Prepositions

 Prepositions stand before a noun or

pronoun (and its descriptors) to create a
prepositional phrase.

 The entire prepositional phrase will

</div>
(71)<div class='page_container' data-page=71>

Prepositions (2)

 Some common prepositions in prepositional

phrases (from Mt 3:1-12):
 in the wilderness

 from the coming wrath 
 to yourselves

 at the root 
 of the trees

 into the granary

</div>
(72)<div class='page_container' data-page=72>

Common Prepositions

 About, above, according to, across, after,

against, along, alongside [of], among, around,
at, because of, before, behind, below, beneath,
beside(s), between, beyond, by, concerning,
despite, down, during, except, for, from, in,
inside, instead of, into, like, near, of, off, on,
out of, over, past, since, through, throughout,
to, together with, toward, under, underneath,
until, unto, up, upon, up to, with, within,

</div>
(73)<div class='page_container' data-page=73>

Prepositions (3)

 “I tell you, God is able from these stones to raise up

children to Abraham. Even now the ax is lying at 
the root of the trees; every tree therefore that does
not bear good fruit is cut down and thrown into the 
fire.” (Mt 3:9-10 NRSV)

 Adverbial prepositional phrases:

 “from these stones” (giving information about the “raising”)
 “to Abraham” (ditto)

 “at the root” (where is the ax lying?)

 “into the fire” (where is it being thrown?)

 Adjectival prepositional phrase”

</div>
(74)<div class='page_container' data-page=74>

Prepositions (4a)

 “Then I saw in the right hand of the one

seated on the throne a scroll written on the
inside and on the back, sealed with seven
seals…. And no one in heaven or on earth
or under the earth was able to open the

</div>
(75)<div class='page_container' data-page=75>

Prepositions (4b)

 “Then I saw in the right hand [adv.: where
saw?] of the one [adj.: describes what hand]
seated on the throne [adv.: where seated?] a
scroll written on the inside [adv.: how or where

written?] and on the back [adv.], sealed with
seven seals [adv.: sealed by what means or how?]
…. And no one in heaven [adj.: describes

“one”] or on earth [adj.] or under the earth [adj.]
was able to open the scroll or to look into it

</div>
(76)<div class='page_container' data-page=76>

Caution

 Many words that can function as prepositions 
can also function as other parts of speech!

 “Since” can be a preposition, conjunction, or adverb
 “To” can be a preposition (“to the river”), or it can be

part of an infinitive (“to come,” “to sing,” “to look”)

</div>
(77)<div class='page_container' data-page=77>

Conjunctions

 Conjunctions are used to link words or

phrases together (coordinating

conjunctions), set them in relationship to
one another (correlative conjunctions), or
subordinate one clause to another, usually
giving some indication of the logical

</div>
(78)<div class='page_container' data-page=78>

Conjunctions (2)

 Coordinating Conjunctions: and, or, but,

so, yet:

 “No one in heaven or on earth or under the earth

was able to open the scroll or to look into it.” Rev
5:3 NRSV)

 The first two conjunctions link three prepositional

phrases together as one overarching unit of
modifiers describing “one”

 The last conjunction links two infinitives,

</div>
(79)<div class='page_container' data-page=79>

Conjunctions (3a)

 “You are worthy to take the scroll and to open its

seals, for you were slaughtered and by your

</div>
(80)<div class='page_container' data-page=80>

Conjunctions (3b)

 “You are worthy to take the scroll and to open its

seals, for you were slaughtered and by your blood
you ransomed for God saints from every tribe and

language and people and nation.” (Rev 5:9 NRSV)

 The first “and” links two infinitives as complements to

“worthy” (“worthy” of what?)

 The second “and” links two clauses as part of the

rationale introduced by “for” (“you were slaughtered
and … you ransomed”)

 The last three occurrences of “and” link four nouns as

</div>
(81)<div class='page_container' data-page=81>

Conjunctions (4)

 Correlative (both…and, neither…nor, not only …

but also, either…or):

 “At that time his voice shook the earth, but now he has

promised, ‘Yet once more I will shake not only the earth

but also the heavens.’” (Heb 12:28 ESV)

 The “not only…but also” coordinates “earth” and “heaven”

as twin objects of the verb “shake,” while also establishing a
stronger relationship between the two objects.

 “Store up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where

neither moth nor rust consumes and where thieves do not
break in and steal.” (Matt 6:20 NRSV)

 “neither” and “nor” link “moth” and “rust” as two subjects

</div>
(82)<div class='page_container' data-page=82>

Conjunctions (5)

 Subordinating Conjunctions (when, while,

after, before, since; where; whether; as, as
if; because; though, although; if, unless; so,
so that, in order that; as … as; rather than)

 Used to connect noun or adverb clauses to

</div>
(83)<div class='page_container' data-page=83>

Conjunctions (6)

 “And I began to weep bitterly because no one was found

worthy to open the scroll or to look into it. Then one of the
elders said to me, ‘Do not weep. See, the Lion of the

tribe of Judah, the Root of David, has conquered, so that

he can open the scroll and its seven seals.’ Then I saw

between the throne and the four living creatures and
among the elders a Lamb standing as if it had been

slaughtered, having seven horns and seven eyes, which
are the seven spirits of God sent out into all the earth.”
(Rev 5:4-6 NRSV)

</div>
(84)<div class='page_container' data-page=84>

Conjunctive Adverbs

 Not to be confused with subordinating

conjunctions, these adverbs can also be used
to indicate the relationship between

independent clauses:

 Accordingly, also, anyway, besides, certainly,

consequently, conversely, finally, furthermore, hence,
however, incidentally, indeed, instead, likewise,

meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, next,

</div>
(85)<div class='page_container' data-page=85>

Interjections

 Words usually expressing surprise or

emotion, drawing attention to something or
some experience.

 “And those who passed by derided him, wagging

their heads and saying, ‘Aha! You who would

destroy the temple and rebuild it in three days, save
yourself, and come down from the cross!’” (Mk
15:29-30 ESV)

 “His disciples said, "Ah, now you are speaking

</div>
(86)<div class='page_container' data-page=86>

Kinds of Sentences and Clauses

 Clauses: groups of related words containing a 
subject and a verb.

 Independent (or main) clauses: An independent

clause expressed a grammatically complete thought
and can stand alone as a complete sentence.

 “John the Baptist appeared in the wilderness of Judea.”

(Matt 3:1 NRSV)

 “John wore clothing of camel's hair with a leather belt

around his waist, and his food was locusts and wild honey.”
(Matt 3:3 NRSV) – a compound of two independent

</div>
(87)<div class='page_container' data-page=87>

Kinds of Sentences and Clauses (2)

 Dependent (subordinate) clauses: these clauses are

not complete sentences, but must always be attached
to a main (independent) clause.

 “because no one was found worthy to open the scroll

or to look into it.” (Rev 5:4 NRSV)

 “so that he can open the scroll and its seven seals.”

(Rev 5:5 NRSV)

 “as if it had been slaughtered.” (Rev 5:6 NRSV)

</div>
(88)<div class='page_container' data-page=88>

Kinds of Sentences and Clauses (3)

 “By faith Sarah herself received power to 
conceive, even when she was past the age,
since she considered him faithful who had
promised.” (Heb 11:11 NRSV)

 “By faith Sarah herself received power to conceive.”

(Main clause; could stand alone as a complete
sentence)

 “even when she was past the age” (Subordinate

clause)

 “since she considered him faithful who had

</div>
(89)<div class='page_container' data-page=89>

Kinds of Sentences and Clauses (4)

 Phrases:

 These are related groups of words that do not contain

both a subject and a verb, e.g., prepositional phrases
and participial phrases.

 in the right hand
 of the one

 seated on the throne
 sealed with seven seals

 proclaiming with a loud voice

 having seven horns and seven eyes

</div>
(90)<div class='page_container' data-page=90>

Functions of Subordinate Clauses

 Adjectival (most often involving relative clauses

introduced by relative pronouns)

 “This is the one of whom the prophet Isaiah spoke.” (Matt 3:3

NRSV)

 “Every tree therefore that does not bear good fruit is cut down and

thrown into the fire.” (Matt 5:10 NRSV)

 “One who is more powerful than I is coming after me.” (Matt 5:11

NRSV)

 These can be introduced also by “where,” “when,”

“why,” and “whose”

 “He has risen…. Come and see the place where he lay.” (Matt

</div>
(91)<div class='page_container' data-page=91>

Functions of Subord. Clauses (2)

 Adverbial

 Temporal (when does the action of the main clause take

place?)

 “When he had taken the scroll, the four living creatures and

the twenty-four elders fell before the Lamb.” (Rev 5:8 NRSV)

 Location (where does the action of the main clause take

place?)

 “You knew that I reap where I have not sowed and gather where

I scattered no seed.” (Matt 25:26 ESV)

 Manner (by what means or in what manner does the action of

the main clause take place?)

 “I saw … a Lamb standing as if it had been slaughtered.”

</div>
(92)<div class='page_container' data-page=92>

Functions of Subord. Clauses (3)

 Cause (for what reason does the action of the main clause

take place?)

 “I began to weep bitterly because no one was found worthy to

open the scroll or to look into it.” (Rev 5:4 NRSV)

 Concession (despite what does the action of the main clause

take place?)

 “Although he was a son, he learned obedience from what he

suffered.” (Heb 5:8 NIV)

 Condition (under what circumstances would the action of

the main clause take place?)

 “If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in and

</div>
(93)<div class='page_container' data-page=93>

Functions of Subord. Clauses (4)

 Purpose (to what end does the action of the main

clause take place?)

 “They watched Him, and sent spies who pretended

to be righteous, in order that they might catch Him in 
some statement.” (Luke 20:20 NASU)

 Result (to what effect did the action of the main

clause take place?)

 “The Lion of the tribe of Judah … has conquered, so

</div>
(94)<div class='page_container' data-page=94>

Functions of Subord. Clauses (5)

 Noun Clauses: the clause as a whole plays a role usually

assigned to a noun (like subject, direct object, object of a
preposition).

 “When he heard that Archelaus was reigning over Judea in place of

his father Herod, he was afraid to go there.” (Matt 2:22 ESV) – the
whole “that” clause is the direct object of “he heard”

 “What you sow must die before it is given new life” (1 Cor 15:36

NJB) – “What you sow” functions, as a whole, as the subject of
the sentence.

 Note: because noun clauses often play an integral role in

</div>