Mấy vấn đề về cuộc đấu tranh giành độc lập của nhân dân Lào giai đoạn 1893-1945.

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<b>MAY V A ^ DE VE CrOC D A r TRA]\H GIA]\H </b>

<b>DOC LAP c i l A ]\HA]\ DAN LAO GL%.I DOA]\ </b>

<b>• • • </b>

<b>1893-1945 </b>

<b>DO THANH BINH* </b>
<b>NGHlfiM THI H A I Y ^ N " </b>

N

gay tu khi thUc dan phUdng Tay
xam nhap va xam lUdc, nhan dan
cae nUdc thupc dia va phu thudc da viing
len da'u tranh manh me de bao vp dat nUde
va giai phdng dan tpc. Qua trinh d i u tranh
eua mdi dan tdc dien ra d mUc dp khae
nhau, vdi nhflng sic thai khae nhau tao
nen nhflng mang mau da dang ehe bUc
tranh chd'ng ehu nghia thUc dan cuo'i the ky
XIX d i u the ky XX. Cach mang Lao la mpt
vf du diln hinh.

<i>1. Con difdng ciiu nUdc t r o n g d a u </i>
t r a n h giai p h o n g d a n toe c u a n h a n
d a n L a o

Nhin tren binh dipn qud'e te, nam 1945
la mpt th^ thach, la sU kiem nghiem ciia
<i>lich sii dd'i vdi cupc d i u tranh chd'ng thUc </i>
dan, de quo'c d l di tdi dfch dpc lap cua cac
nude thudc dia va phu thupc. ThUe te lich
<i>sii cho t h i y cd nhieu con dUdng de di tdi </i>

dich dpc lap, t h i n g ldi ciia cich mang Lac
la mpt minh ehflng ve sfl xac dinh chfnh
xac con dUdng da'u tranh giai phdng dan tpc
cua nhan dan eae bd tdc Lao.

Ngay tu khi thUc dan xam lUdc va dat
ach cai tri, n h a n dan eae nUdc thudc dia da
vung len dau tranh manh me de bao vp d i t
nude, gianh dpc lap dan tpc. Qua trinh diu
tranh nay trai qua hai thdi ky; Thdi ky diu
tranh chd'ng xam lUdc va thdi ky d i u tranh
gianh ddc lap.

0 cac nude chau A thdi ky thU n h i t , tieu
bieu la cac cude khdi nghia ciia nhan dan
An Dp (cupc khdi nghia Xipay 1857-1859),
<i>phdng trao Thai Binh Thien Qud'e b Trung </i>
Qudc (1851-1864), cupc chien d i u cua nhan
dan Viet Nam dUdi sU lanh dao cua TrUdng
Dinh (1862) hay cupc ehien d i u ciia nhan
dan Khdme dUdi sU lanh dao cua Hoang
than Achasoa... Trong bdi canh lich sii dd,
<i>phong trao d i u tranh chdng xam lUde b Lko </i>
cung dien ra manh me tren k h i p d i t nUde
tu ThUdng Lao den Ha Lao. Tieu bilu ed
cupc khdi nghia eiia Ong Kpo va Cdmadam
(1901-1937), khdi nghia ciia nhan dan
Xavanakhet dUdi sU lanh dao eua Phd Ca
Dupt (1901-1902) rdi cupc khdi nghia eua
Chau Pha Patchay (1918-1922)... Nhflng

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<i><b>W&y van de vi cugc dau tranh. </b></i> <b>63 </b>

cupc khdi nghia ciia cac dan tdc d Lao deu
nhim mue tieu chd'ng ap bUe, bde lot, chd'ng
sfl thdng tri ciia thUe dan Phap. Cac cupc
ndi day nay mang tinh q u i n ehung tU Bic
den Nam, quy md d i u tranh dien ra kha
rpng ldn va trong mpt thdi gian dai.
PhUdng phap va hinh thfle da'u tranh ehu
yeu la vu trang khdi nghia, dung ldi danh
du kich, cd khi dUng tap kich ca cfl diem
quan sU eua dich. Ben canh vipe ehien dau,
lanh tu mpt sd cupc khdi nghia quan tam
den xay dung can eU dia, cham lo san xuit,
nang eao hieu biet cua dan thdng qua viec
md ldp hpe day chfl cho dan... Dieu dd cho
t h i y t i m nhin xa va sU c h u i n bi cho tran
ehien lau dai eiia cac lanh tu khdi nghia.
Tuy nhien, mpt dieu de nhan t h i y cac cupc
khdi nghia d Lao ket cue deu that bai, mac
du r i t quyet lipt nhUng deu d mUe dp tU
phat, thieu td chUe chat che. Su nghipp
gianh dpc lap dan tpc khdng t h i thUe hipn
<i>dupe bdi "cdc tdng ldp tu trUdng, tgc trUdng </i>
<i>lanh dgo cdc cuoc khdi nghia dd vdi bdn </i>
<i>chat giai cdp cua hg vd nhiing diiu kien </i>
<i>lich svt hgn che luc bdy gid, nen khdng the </i>
<i>di ra dUdng ldi, phUcfng thUc ddu tranh </i>
<i>ddng ddn" (1). Dd cung la ban ehe ehung </i>

eiia phong trao d i u tranh chd'ng xam lUde
eua nhan dan cac nUde thupc dia thdi ky
nay.

Su xam nhap ciia chii nghia tU ban
phUdng Tay vao cic nUde thude dia da d i n
den sU bien ddi ldn lao ve kinh te - xa hdi.
d khu vUe chau A, xa hdi bi phan boa,
nhflng giai t i n g mdi x u i t hipn va tham gia
vao ddi sd'ng ehinh tri ma tieu bieu n h i t la
ting ldp tu san dan tpc. T i n g ldp tU san
nay vUa cd mdi lien he vdi kinh te de qud'e,
vUa tiep thu tU tudng tU do phUdng Tay
cung vdi ndi day dflt eiia ngUdi dan m i t
nude. Tfl cudi the ky XIX, dae bipt nhflng
nam d i u the ky XX, phong trao tU san lin

lUit ra ddi d chau A n h i m mue tieu ddc lap,
df n chu. Cude d i u tranh do giai cap tU san
be ac do cic si phu cip tien lanh dao da tao
nen mdt ludng gid mdi, md ra mpt dUdng
hi dng mdi cho phong trao giai phdng dan
tdu di den thanh cdng.

Dudi anh hUdng cua Cach mang thang
M (di Nga, phdng trao dau tranh giai phdng
da a tpc tren the gidi cd sU thay ddi ldn lao
npi dung each mang va phUdng hUdng diu
trt.nb. Do vay, d khu vUe chau A trong
nhflng nam dau t h e k y XX, ben canh phong

trr 0 tu san dang dien ra sdi ndi, d nhieu
nude xuat hien phong trao vd san vdi sU ra
dd; eiia mdt loat cae Dang Cong San. (Dang
Cong San Inddnexia nam 1920, Dang Cong
San Trung Quo'c nam 1921, diu nhflng
na -n 30 d Viet Nam va nhieu nUdc khae).

Nhu vay, trong eudc dau tranh gianh
dpc lap, mdi dan tdc cd sU lUa chpn nhflng
con dudng di den dpc lap khae nhau, phu
hdp vdi hoan canh cua dan tpc minh.

6 Trung Qudc,Viet Nam, lich sfl dUde
chUng kien eudc vung day eua cae giai t i n g
trong xa hpi vao nhflng nam eud'i the ky
XIX d i u the ky XX. NhUng mdi l i n vung
day la mpt l i n that bai. Tfl phong trao Thai
Binh Thien Quo'c eho den Cach mang Tan
Hdi d Trung Qud'e hay con dUdng cflu nUde
ciia eu Phan Bdi Chau, cu Phan Chu Trinh
rdi cude khdi nghia Yen Bai d Vipt Nam
deu ehUng minh r i n g giai cip ncng dan,
giai cap tu san d nhflng nUde nay khdng cd
kha nang dUa each mang dan tpc dan ehu
di den t h i n g ldi cudi cung. Con dUdng giai
phdng dan tpc thUe sU chi ed the la con
dUdng vd san dUdi sU lanh dao eua Dang
Cong San.

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<b>64 </b> _{Rghi&i cijru Lich siSr. sg 9+10.2008}

eiia Viet Nam va Trung Quo'c diln ra manh
me, rat rd net, nhUng d Lao lai khdng cd sU
chuyen bien theo quy dao nhU vay (d day
chi dd'i sanh vdi Viet Nam). Su khae biet dd
cd can nguyen tU dieu kien phat trien kinh
te - xa hpi eua Lao. Va ehinh nd tao nen net
khae bipt eiia each mang Lao.

ThUe dan Phap hoan t h a n h qua trinh
xam lUdc Lao vao nam 1893 va nam 1899
Lao chfnh thUc trd t h a n h mpt xU trong
"Lien bang Ddng DUdng" thupc Phap. Tren
80 nam eai tri Ddng Dudng thUe dan Phap
da hai l i n tien hdnh khai thac thupc dia
vdi quy md ldn (Khai thac thupe dia l i n thfl
nhat 1897-1914; khai thac thupc dia lan
thU hai 1918-1939). Chfnh cupc khai thae
thupc dia nay da du nhap phUdng thfle san
xua't tu ban vao Ddng DUdng va lam bien
ddi ldn ve cd eau kinh te cung nhU cd ciu xa
hpi eiia cac nUdc trong "Lien bang". Tuy
nhien, vdi ban c h i t thuc dung, sU d i u tU
vd'n eua Phap tap trung chu yeu vao Viet
Nam, rieng dd'i vdi Lao va Campuchia chi
dupe coi nhu "vung d i t bai" ciia Viet Nam
trong con m i t ciia ngUdi Phap.

Khi tim hieu ve tinh hinh kinh te Lao
dudi thdi thupe Phap, cac nha nghien cflu

dung cum tU "khu vUe san rieng" hay "khu
vUe kinh te du trU" de chi thUe trang kinh
<i>te eiia Ldo. ThUe te cung cho thay; "Ldo la </i>
<i>thugc dia cua Phdp, nhiing sii thd'ng tri cua </i>
<i>thiic ddn Phdp dd khdng ldm thay ddi bao </i>
<i>nhieu tinh chat kinh te tU nhien cua Ldo, </i>
<i>md chi dem lgi cho nen kinh te dd nhiing </i>
<i>thdnh phdn kinh te'tU bdn rieng biet" (2), </i>

Neu nhu d Viet Nam, tUdng Ung vdi sU
bien ddi kinh te trong qua trinh khai thac
eua tu ban Phap, ve mat xa hpi, nhflng giai
cap eua xa hpi phong kien nhu giai cap dia
chii, giai cap ndng dan da hi phan h o i sau
sic bd sung vao nhflng giai tang mdi xuat
hipn trong xa hpi nhU giai cap cdng nhan.

giai c i p tu san (tU san mai ban va tU san
<i>dan tpc), t i n g ldp t i l u thUdng... thi b Lko, </i>
ve cd ban v i n tdn tai hai giai cip chfnh ciia
xa hpi phong kien la ndng dan va quy tpc
phong kien. Chinh sach khai thac cua Phap
ddi vdi Lao mang tinh cha't nho hep, tuy
nhien, cung da lam nay sinh them nhflng
thanh p h i n xa hpi mdi nhU: cdng nhan, tU
san, tieu tU san t h a n h thi (chu yeu la ngUdi
<i>Viet), NhUng so" lUdng nay qua nho h6 va </i>
yeu dt, nen hp khdng t h i dam dUdng dUpc
sU menh lich sii va tao nen nhflng trao lUu
tu tUdng ldn n h u d Viet Nam va mot sd

nUde k h i c trong khu vUc.

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<i><b>IH^Y v ^ d^ vi cugc dau franh. </b></i> <b>₆₅</b>

TU dac diem tren eho thiy, giai cip vd
<i>san d Lad la mpt bo phan giai cip vd san b </i>
Ddng DUdng, mpt bp phan giai c i p vd san
qudc te nen nd cd diy dii tfnh chat dai dipn
cho mdt lUc lUdng san x u i t tien tien.

Nam 1939, Chien tranh the gidi thU hai
bung nd. Phat xit DUc mau chdng md rpng
chien tranh toan chau au. O Ddng Nam A,
sU kipn quan Nhat t i n cdng vao Lang Sdn
(Viet Nam) vao t h i n g 7 nam 1940 chinh
thfle danh d i u sU can thifp cua Nhat vao
Ddng DUdng. Ke thu ciia nhan dan Lao ndi
rieng va nhan dan Ddng DUdng ndi ehung
liic nay la quan phipt Nhat va thUe dan
Phap. Chfnh tinh the nay cung dien bien
tinh hinh qudc te da tao nen nhflng tinh
hudng dac biet d Lao.

Su kipn Nhat tien hanh dao chinh Phap
d§m 9/3/1945 va vipe quan phipt Nhat
tuy§n bo' d i u hang quan Ddng Minh vd
dieu ki^n ngay 15/8/1945 da tao nen thdi ed
ehung, thdi cd ngan nam ed mpt doi vdi cac
nUdc Ddng DUdng. Qua qua trinh c h u i n bi
lau dai, nhan dan Vipt Nam dudi sU lanh

dao ciia Dang Cdng San Ddng DUdng da
chdp thdi cd ti§'n hanh tdng khdi nghia tren
<b>toan quo'c, t^o nen "ludng dipn" thang T i m </b>
tU Bic vao Nam. Ngay 2/9/1945, Viet Nam
tuyen bd dpc lap. Nude Viet Nam Dan ehii
Cong hoa ra ddi, nhan dan Vipt Nam vdi tU
thcf la chii nhan ciia d i t nUdc ddn quan dpi
Ddng Minh vao giai giap quan dpi Nhat.

6 Lao tien trinh each mang gianh va
tuyen bd dpc lap trong hoan canh khae bipt
80 vdi Vipt Nam:

<i>Thii nhdt, nhan dan Lao khdi nghia </i>
gianh chfnh quyen d cae dd thi, nhUng d
vving ndng thdn rdng ldn v i n edn tdn tai
phin ldn tan quan cua Phap. Day la dieu
ba't lpi cho each mang Lao.

<i>T/iii" hai, trong khoang thdi gian tU </i>
thang 8 den t h i n g 10 tren d i t Lao, lUc
lUdng each mang phai dd'i mat vdi nhieu ke
thu; quan Trung Hoa dan qud'e va quan
Anh mang danh nghia quan dpi Ddng minh
da cd mat tai Lao.

<i>Thiil ba, trong bdi canh dd, npi bd cac lUc </i>
lUdng dan tdc Lao cd sU phan hda sau sic
theo nhflng xu hudng khae nhau:

- Xu hudng doan ket dan tpc, kien quyet
p h i t dpng q u i n ehung dUng len khdi nghia
gianh chinh quyen, tuyen bd ddc lap eiia
lUc lUdng each mang.

- Xu hudng mud'n ed dpc lap dan tpc,
nhUng b i n g con dudng thUdng thuyet,
tranh thii sU ung hp ciia Ddng minh (Anh,
My). Thai dp dd'i vdi thUe dan Phap khdng
dflt khoat rd rang.

- Mud'n Phap quay trd lai va cdng nhan
Lao dpc lap trong Khdi lien bipp Phap

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<b>66 </b> <i><b>R g h i ^ curu Lich sit. s6 9+10.2008 </b></i>
(xipxoong tula) - ngay Lao tuyen bd' ddc lap

da di vao lich sii nhU mdt bUde ngoat can
ban trong phong trao d i u t r a n h gianh dpc
lap d i n tpc, dan chu ciia n h a n dan Lao.

Trai qua q u i trinh van dpng eiia lich sii,
con dudng eUu nUde, gianh dpc lap cua
nhan dan cac bp tpc Lao lUa chpn, dd la con
dUdng each mang vd san. Cach mang Tula
Lao thanh cdng khdng phai la mot sU "an
may" hay "an theo" bdi thdi cd chi tao ra
kha nang t h i n g ldi, neu khdng cd sUc manh
thUe lUe thi khdng t h i ed thanh qua each
mang (Cung dUng trUde cd hpi gianh dpc

lap, nhUng each mang Campuchia khdng
thanh cdng). Tuy nhien, cung cin nhan
tha'y r i n g t h i n g ldi cua cich mang Lao
nam 1945 la ket qua ciia tinh doan ket dan
tpc Lao va dan tpc Viet.

2. D o n g g o p ciia V i e t k i e u t r o n g
c u o c d a u t r a n h g i a n h d o c l a p c u a
n h a n d a n L a o

NgUdi nUdc ngoai (ngUdi Viet) gdp phan
gianh ddc lap d Lao la mpt hipn tUdng dae
bipt trong lich sii phat trien ciia eae nUdc
tren tren the gidi. De t h i y dUde sU ddng
gdp eiia ngUdi Viet dd'i vdi each mang Lao,
trUde het cin lam ro ve sU ed mat eua ngUdi
Viet tren vung d i t nay.

Qua trinh di eU eiia ngUdi Viet den Lao
dien ra trong sud't chieu dai lich sii. Su cd
mat eua ngUdi Viet sinh sd'ng tai Lao trUde
nam 1893 xuat phat tU nhu ciu ca nhan
do lam an buon ban hocie la lanh nan do
tinh hinh chfnh tri trong nUdc bat dn. So'
lUdng nay r i t nhd va khdng ed so lieu
ehinh xac.

Hien tUdng di cU eiia ngUdi Viet den Lao
tang len theo thdi gian tU khi vung d i t nay
thude ve thUc dan Phap. De cap tdi v i n de

nay cac nha nghien cUu ddng thuan trong
quan diem khi n h a n xdt r i n g ; NgUdi Viet

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<i><b>nr^Y vin ili vi cuQc ddu h>anh. </b></i> <b>67 </b>

NgUdi Vi$t sdm dinh eU va sdng hoa
ddng vdi ngUdi Lao. K§' thUa truyen thdng
cua mpt dan tpc anh hung, yeu dpc lap, tu
do, ngUdi Vipt da sat canh ciing nhan dan
cac bp tpc Lao chdng lai chinh sach thuoc
dia cua thuc dan Phap.

Nude Lao, n i m cl phfa Tay B i c ban
dao Ddng DUdng, g i n t r u n g tam luc dia
Ddng Nam A, n i m an ngfl tren true dUdng
tu phfa Tay sang phia Ddng, hai d i u cua
nhflng viing d i n cU ddng due, cd nen van
hoa lau ddi la Xiem (Thai Lan) va Vipt
Nam. Ddng thdi, Lao cung ehung dUdng
<i>bien gidi vdi Trung Qudc, mpt nUde ldn b </i>
khu vUc chau A. Quan sat tren ban dd khu
<i>vUc thi vung d i t Lao n i m b trung tam </i>
mang ludi cdng san dUdc hinh thanh tU
nhflng nam 20 ciia t h i ky XX. Thdng qua
con dudng nay, lanh ty Nguyin Ai Qudc va
cac ddng chf ciia NgUdi da dem chii nghia
Mac - Lenin d§'n vdi nhflng ngUdi yeu nUde,
ti§'n bp va xay dUng nen phong trao each
mang Lao.

Nam 1924, ddng chf Nguyen Ai Qudc ve
Quang Chau (Trung Qudc) gay ditng cd sd,
sang lap hat nhan van dpng each mang
Ddng DUdng hudng theo chan ly ciia thdi
dai. To' chUc Hdi Vipt Nam each mang
thanh nien ra ddi, boat dpng rpng k h i p
khdng chl doi vdi nhan dan trong nUde ma
ca vdi nUdc ngoai. Thanh vien ciia hoi da
din Xiem va hoat dpng manh me trong
eong ddng ngUdi Vipt sdng cl vung Ddng Bic
<i>Xiem, ndi giap bien vdi Lao. TU dd, ngUdi </i>
<i>Viit yiu nUdc d Ldo dd bdt mdi lien lac vdi </i>
<i>td chiic cdch mgng bin Xiem. </i>

Do chfnh sach cai tri niia vdi cua thUe
dan Phap nen dac dilm eua xa hpi Lao la
81^ p h i n hda giai c i p chUa hoan ehinh. Giai
cip cdng n h a n Lao chUa du manh, do dd
chUa thuc sU dam dUdng dU(?c sfl mpnh
lich 8ii thdi dai cua minh. Chinh vi the

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<b>68 </b> <i><b>_{Rghi&n cuu Lich sir. s6 9+10.2008}</b></i>

<i>Nhin lai phong trao each mang b Lko </i>
trong nhflng nam 30 cua t h e k y XX ta nhan
tha'y Viet kieu da gdp p h i n dUa chii nghia
Mic- Lenin den d i t Lao. Nhflng cd sd Dang
d i u tien da dUdc gay dung. Mac du lien
tiep bi thUc dan Phap khung bd', song
phong trao khdng ngUng dUdc phuc hdi va

p h i t trien. Qua dd, q u i n ehung dUde tap
dUdt lam quen vdi d i u tranh each mang.

Cung vdi sU van dpng ciia each mang
Ddng DUdng, tfnh den thdi diem trUde
<i>t h i n g 8/1945 b Lao lUc lUdng chfnh tri va </i>
vu trang da cd bUdc phat t r i l n manh. Ve
phfa Viet kieu, Td'ng hdi Viet kieu da thanh
<i>lap ddn vi vu trang d i u tien liy ten la Viet </i>
<i>Nam dgc lap qudn (11/5/1945). Thang </i>

6/1945, lUc lupng nay da dUdc dieu dpng ve
cac can cU d Vieng Chan, Tha Khet,
Xavanakhet c h u i n hi lUc lUdng. Ve phia
Lad, nhdm ngUdi Lao yeu nUde luu vong d
Thai Lan dUde sU iing he cua Seri Thai
cung da xay dUng lUc lUdng cua minh, phan
cdng ngUdi ve nUde xay dUng ed sd. V i n de
dat ra c i n thd'ng n h i t hanh dpng gifla hai
lUc lUdng khi thdi ed each mang den. Tren
tinh t h i n Lao- Viet doan ket, Viet kieu d
Lao tdn trpng quyen quyet dinh ciia quan
chUe Lao. Khi nhan dUde sU iing hp ciia
hoang than Phet Xarat va sU tan thanh eua
dng Pha nha Kham Mao (tinh trUdng tinh
Vieng Chan) vao cudi thang 8/1945, Viet
E e u td ehflc mit tinh ldn tai Chd Mdi
(trung tam ciia Vieng Chan). Tai cupc mft
tinh nay, dng Pha nha Kham Mao thay mat
ehinh quyen Lao tuyen bd Lao - Viet doan

ket chd'ng ke thu ehung. TU dd, boat dpng
ciia Viet kieu tren d i t Lao la hdp phap.
Vipt kieu d Lao da sat canh cung nhan dan
Lao gianh dpc lap ngay 12/10/1945.

Do dac diem ciia xa hpi Lao nen lUdng
Viet kieu chiem ti lp kha ddng trong dan
cU. Hp da ddng gdp cdng sflc cua minh

trong nhflng nam thang chien tranh each
mang, gdp p h i n dUa each mang Lao gianh
t h i n g ldi, ddng thdi cung md dUdng cho sU
phat trien lien minh chien d i u Viet- Lao.
Lien minh vUa mang tfnh dan tpc, vUa
mang tfnh giai c i p vo san t h i hipn tinh
t h i n quo'c te trong sing, m l u mvfc, thuy
ehung. ,
<b>3. Vai tro cua D a n g Cong san Dong </b>
<b>Diidng doi vdi qua trinh dau tranh </b>
<b>e a c h m a n g ciia n h a n d a n cac bo toe </b>
<b>Lao. </b>

T h i n g ldi cua each mang do nhieu nhan
td tao thanh, nhUng trUde het la do c6
dudng ldi dung d i n . Cich mang Lao la mpt
bd phan khang kbit eiia cich mang Ddng
Dudng va each mang the' gidi, vi the t h i n g
ldi ciia each mang Lao nam 1945 g i n chat
vdi sU dao Dang Cong San Ddng DUdng.

<i>Do hoan canh lich sii (nhU da de cap b </i>
tren) nen trong q u i trinh v^n dpng each
mang d l tap hdp q u i n ehung. Dang bp cdng
san d Lao nhan rd q u i n ehung d dd thi bao
gdm dan tdc Lao va dan tpc Viet, tuy khae
nhau ve dan tpc nhUng cung ehung tren dia
ban hoat dpng, cung da'u tranh chdng ke
thu ehung la de qudc Phap va phong kiln.
<i>Khi tinh the each mang x u i t hipn, liin </i>
<i>minh chien ddu ddn tgc Ldo - Viet da dUdc </i>
hinh thanh tao nen mui giap cdng manh
<i>me lat do che dp ap bflc gianh dpc lap. </i>

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<span class='text_page_counter'>(8)</span><div class='page_container' data-page=8>

<i><b>Way van di vi cuOc da'u franh. </b></i> ₅₉

san Ddng DUdng" (7) hau t h u i n eho each
<i>mang Lao. Khdu hieu chien lUdc "Vd sdn </i>
<i><b>tdt cd cdc nUdc vd cdc ddn tgc bi dp biic </b></i>
<i>dodn kit lgi!" dd dUOc Ddng Cdng sdn Ddng </i>
<i>Duong van dung phu hdp vdi thiic ted nUdc </i>
<i>Ldo vd khu vUc. </i>

<i>Trong tien trinh cdch mgng, Ddng dd loi </i>
<i>dung mdu thudn hdng ngu dich phdt trien </i>
<i>liic lUOng cdch mgng; chdp thdi ccf, kien </i>
<i>quyi't phdt dgng qudn chdng ndi day khdi </i>
<i>nghia xoa bo bd mdy chinh quyen de qudc </i>
<i>vd phong kien nhdm gidnh chinh quyen vi </i>
<i>tay nhdn ddn. </i>

Dieu nay the hipn r i t rd trong thdi ky
khdi phuc phong trao each mang nam
1942-1944. Dang nhan t h i y va ldi dung
mau t h u i n gifla thUe dan P h i p va quan
phipt Thai Lan d l tao dieu kien dUa phong
<i>trao quin ehung Viet kieu b Thai Lan boat </i>
dpng cdng khai khdng chi la hoat ddng ai
hflu tUdng trd ma cdn td ehUe xay dUng lUc
lUdng vu trang d ehien khu Na-khon,
Xa-con (Thai Lan) va p h i t trien cae td ehflc
cflu qudc d Lao. Cupc dao ehinh dem ngay
9/3/1945 da chim dUt nhflng thang ngay
"ddng sang di mdng" gifla quan phipt Nhat
va thfle dan Phap. Su kipn Nhat h i t cing
Phap tao nen tinh the each mang tren toan
Ddng DUdng la mpt thu^n ldi ldn cho each
mang d Lao. Khi tinh the each mang trUe
tiep x u i t hipn, lUc lUdng chfnh tri da qua
r^n luypn d i u tranh ket hdp vdi lUe lUdng
<i>vu trang khdi nghia gianh chfnh quyen b </i>
nhflng dia ban xung yeu (8). Cac dia
phUdng mau chdng gianh chfnh quyen tU
tay quan phipt Nhat (Vieng Chan,
Xavanakhpt...) va anh dung ehien d i u
chd'ng thuc dan Phap khi ehung quay trd
lai chilm dd tbi .

Cupc tdng khdi nghia thang Tam Lao da
nd ra trUdc bet d thu dd rdi nhanh chdng
lan rpng k h i p ndi. "TU 23/8 den cuoi thang

9, nhan dan Lao gianh dUde chfnh quyen d
Kham Mudn, Xavanakhpt, Xieng Khoang,
S i m NUa, Phong Xaly va cudi cung la
Luong Prabang" (9). Rieng Ludng Prabang,
chfnh quyen thUe sU thupe ve lUc lUdng
each mang khi vua Xixavangvdng tuyen bd
thoai vi ngay 15/11/1945 (Sau ngay Lao
tuyen bddpe lap 12/10). NhU vay, qua trinh
khdi nghia thang Tam Lao la qua trinh
<i>gidnh quyin ldm chu tii trung Ucfng rdi lgi </i>
<i>tiep tuc gidnh chinh quyin d nhiing dia </i>
<i>phUcfng khde. Day la dac diem each mang </i>

Lao khae vdi each mang thang Tam cua
Vipt Nam vi each mang thang Tam d Viet
Nam di tU khdi nghia tUng phin, giai
phdng tUng vung thanh lap can cU dia each
mang va chinh quyen each mang d dia
phUdng mdt thdi gian trUde khi tinh the
trUe tiep each mang x u i t hipn tien len tong
khdi nghia giai phdng ea nUdc bing bao lUc
each mang ket hdp ea lUc lUdng chfnh tri
va lUe lupng vu trang, ket hdp ca dd thi va
ndng thdn.

Su khae bipt nay la sU sang tao cua each
mang Lao d l di tdi dieh ddc lap. Song ehinh
<i>nd cung phan anh sU hgn che md Ddng </i>
<i>chUa khde phuc dUOc trong qud trinh xdy </i>

<i>diing liic lUcfng cdch mgng Id xdy diing lien </i>
<i>minh cdng- ndng d Ldo. </i>

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<b>70 </b> <i><b>Rghito eiru Lich sir. s6 9+10.2008 </b></i>
<i>ldn l i ngUdi Vipt va ho sdng chu yeu b khu </i>

vUc thanh thi cua Lao.

Do ehua lien minh dUdc vdi giai ca'p
ndng dan nen trong tien trinh each mang
d l nhan t h i y nhflng b i t ldi ma each mang
Lao phai ddi mat:

<i>Thd! nhdt, can cii each mang phai xay </i>
<i>dUng b nUde ngoai (b Thai Lan) trong khi </i>
dd vung ndng thdn va rUng niii rdng ldn la
nhflng ndi xay dUng can cfl tdt cho each
mang khdng dUdc phat huy.

<i>ThU hai, each mang chi phat trien b cac </i>
dd thi, khdng cd sU lien he gifla thanh thi
vdi ndng thdn. Khi Nhat dao ehinh Phap,
ndng thdn - ndi khdng ed ed sd each mang
trd thanh ndi tru i n ly tudng ciia thUc dan
Phap. Khi cd cd hpi, nong thdn lai la ndi ma
ke thu dung d l bao vay lUe lUdng each
<i>mang b dd thi. </i>

Rut kinh nghipm tfl han ch^ nay, sau
nam 1945, trong thdi ky khang chiln chd'ng

Phap, Dang da chii trUdng vfin dpng quin
chiing ndng dan va xay dUng cftn cfl 6 ndng
thdn tao nen hau phUdng viing chic cho
each mang Lao.

Nam 1945, la mot moc lich sii dac bi$t
quan trpng doi vdi khu vUc Dong Nam A, bdi
day la khu vUc d i u tien tren the gidi tiln
hanh khdi nghia, t i & cdng manh me vao h$
thdng thupc dia cua chii nghia de quoc sau
khi Chien tranh thS' gidi thfl Hai k i t thiic.
Thanh qua each mang Lao dUiJc coi la hi$n
tUdng dac bipt trong lich sii phong trao each
mang the gidi va khu vUc. Tai sao each
mang lai thanh cong 6 mpt nUdc khi x6t vl
lUc lupng chfnh trj va tinh hinh kinh t^ xa
<i>hpi khdng c6 nhiJng y l u to c i n vk dii nhU </i>
mpt sd nUdc khae trong khu v^Jc? Chiing tdi
cho r i n g nhflng vfi'n de da trinh bay cl tren
<i>da gdp p h i n giai dap cau hoi nky. </i>

<i>CHU THtCH </i>

<i>(1). Cayxon Phdmvihan (1979), M^t vdi kinh </i>
<i>nghiim chinh vd mdt sd vdn di vi phUcfng hUdng </i>
<i>mdi cua cdch mgng Ldo. Nxb Si^ Th$it, Hi Ndi, tr. </i>

140.

<i>(2). Xedop, Su phdt triin kinh tdcua Ldo td sau </i>

<i>chien tranh the gidi thd hai den nam 1958, Nxb Sil </i>
Thit Hi Npi 1961 ( Ban tig'ng Nga).

<i>(3), (4). Vu Thi VSn Anh (2007), Nguyen nh&n </i>
<i>vd cdc dot di d&n cda ngUcfi Viet den Ldo, T^p chi </i>
Nghign ciiu Dong Nam A, so 2, tr. 39, 41.

<i>(5). LUdng Ninh, Ddt nUdc Ldo lich sd vd van </i>
<i>hoa, Nxb. Chfnh trj Qudc gia. Hi Npi, 1996, tr. </i>
197.

<i>(6), (7). Geoffrey C. Gunn (1988), Political </i>
<i>struggles in Laos (1930-1954). Edition Duang </i>
Kamol. Siam Square, Bangkok, Thailan ( Ban
tiifng Anh), tr. 42, 62.

(8). Dia bin xung ylfu chfnh li cic dd thj. Dd
thj li cic trung tfim chinh trj cila ca nU6c, li ndi
chfnh quyln djch m^nh nhUng cung li ndi li^c
lupng cich m^ng phit thin nhi't. NhQng dja bin
<i>xung yiu li Vi§ng Chin, Thi Kh?t, Savanakh6t... </i>
[Bao cio tdng keft thcii k^ 1930-1946, Tu h$u vi6n
nghien cflu ljch sii Qufin Si;( Vi$t Nam, tr. 79]

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