Những xu hướng dân chủ hoá ở các nước Mỹ La Tinh ngày nay.

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<b>CHINH TRi - LUAT </b>

<b>INHCINC XU</b>

<b> Hl/dNC DAN CHU HOA 6 CAC </b>

<b>Nu'dc MY LATINH NGAY NAY </b>

^ ^ ^ i ^ r o n g nhUng nam gan day, nen

<i>£w\ chinh tri va ddi sd'ng xa hoi d </i>

^ • J ^ c a c nUdc My Latinh da cd thay

ddi cd ban. Met trdng nhutng thay ddi

ndi bat la tie'n trinh dan chu hca dien

ra sau rdng va manh me, the hien qua

cac xu hifdng chu yeu sau day:

<i>1. Md r o n g q u y e n d a n c h u va svf </i>

t h a m gia ciia n h a n d a n v a o c o n g

viec, h o a t d o n g ciia n h a nvfdc

Xu hifdng nay la phd bie'n nha't va

dUdc thiic thi tren nhieu phUdng dien,

trong nhieu linh viic, dd la:

1) Md rdng, bd sung nhutng quy

dinh cua phap luat ve dan chu va

thiic tien hoa nhiing quy dinh dd.

Hien phap va phap luat ciia hau he't

cac nudc My Latinh hien nay deu

trang hi cu the va rdng rai cho nhan

dan cac loai quyen dan chu cd ban,

quyen dan chu tiem nang, quyen dan

chu thich ling. Thay vi quy dinh

"nhan dan chi dUdc lam nhiing gi ma

luat phap chd phep" nhu trUdc kia,

nhieu nu'dc My Latinh dang ap dung

quy dinh nhu trong Khoan 24 Dieu 2

Hien phap Peru: "Khdng ai hi budc

phai lam nhUng viec ma phap luat

khdng yeu cau, khdng hi cam nhutng

gi ma phap luat khdng ca'm... Khdng

han che ve til do ca nhan trii nhutng

trifdng hop ma phap luat quy dinh".

2) Thiic hien binh dtmg moi mat

giuta cac ca nhan, khdng phan biet gidi

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CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 <b>23 </b>

3) T a n g cUdng vai trd cua qud'c hdi
va n h a n d a n dUdc cif dai dien t h a m dii
hop qud'c hoi, t h a m chi dUdc de xua't
dii l u a t .

4) H a mufc tudi va t h a n h p h a n dUdc
quyen b a u cif. TrUdc kia, m e t sd' nUdc
My L a t i n h quy d i n h cdng d a n p h a i 21
tudi trd len mdi dUdc di be p h i e u va
gidi h a n k h a t k h e t h a n h p h a n dUdc
quyen b a u cif. H i e n nay, t a t ca cac
nUdc My L a t i n h deu chd p h e p cdng
dan tii 18 tudi trd len dUdc di bd phieu
va chi ca'm n h i i n g ngUdi dudi mifc tudi

dd, hdac n h i i n g ngUdi hi b e n h t h a n
kinh h a y bi tUdc q u y e n cdng d a n .

5) N h a n d a n dUdc t n i c tie'p quye't
dinh nhiing v a n de t r o n g dai cua qud'c
gia. H i n h thifc h i e u q u a nha't la trUng
cau y d a n da dUdc ap d u n g t a i n h i e u
nUdc My L a t i n h h i e n n a y . C h a n g b a n ,
tai Peru, trUng c a u y d a n dien r a khi
cc viec sifa ddi mot p h a n h a y t d a n bd
Hien p h a p ; t h d n g q u a cac n g u y e n tac
vdi quy che p h a p l u a t ; t h d n g qua cac
quy dinh cua t h a n h phd'; va cac v a n de
lien q u a n tdi tie'n t r i n h p h a n quyen.
TrUng cau y d a n ciing da ap d u n g tai
Venezuela vdi va'n de t a i ifng cif tdng
thd'ng, tai Bolivia vdi va'n de qud'c hUu
hoa cac cdng ty n a n g lUdng...

N h u vay, cd t h e ndi, day la xu
hudng r d n g r a i va da d a n g nha't cua
tie'n t r i n h d a n c h u h c a My L a t i n h ,
ddng thdi ciing la xu h u d n g quye't
dinh hieu q u a , gia t r i va mifc dd cua
tie'n t r i n h d a n chu. Dii cd nhutng biit
pha, tie'n be d a n g ke va chac c h a n se
tie'p tuc p h a t t r i e n t r c n g tUdng lai,
nhiing xu hUdng n a y ciing cdn h a n
che k h d n g de k h a c p h u c la t a c n e n
nguy cd ldn xdn, m a t dn d i n h xa hdi

va l a m ye'u di q u y e n liic n h a nUdc.
Tieu bieu nha't la trUdng hdp
A r g e n t i n a n h i i n g n a m 2000-2002: dd
t i n h t r a n g k i n h te t a i c h i n h suy sup,
l a m p h a t p h i m a va tha't n g h i e p t a n g

Vdt, n h i e u n h d m ngUdj ldi d u n g quyen
d a n chu r d n g r a i da bai cdng, bieu
t i n h rdi bie'n t h a n h bao loan, cUdp pha
t r i e n mien k h a p da't nUdc; chinh
quyen ba't liic, k h d n g giai quye't ndi dii
trong 18 t h a n g da p h a i 5 lan t h a y ddi
Tdng thd'ng.

<b>2. C a c d a n g p h a i m d i h o a c n h o </b>
<i><b>d e u CO s\i p h a t t r i e n viidt b a e , </b></i>
<i><b>n a m giiJ dvtdc q u y e n liic c h i n h tri </b></i>
<i><b>v a t a o d\idc v i t h e q u a n t r o n g </b></i>
<b>t r o n g x a h o i </b>

Xu hudng nay h i n h t h a n h va p h a t
trien m a n h tif dau nhiing n a m 1990.
Nguyen n h a n la do cac dang phai ldn
truyen thd'ng da m a t dan uy tin,
nhudng vi t h e cho nhUng dang va
phong trao mdi vd'n budc vao vii dai
chinh tri vdi nhieu muc dich, ke hoach
la, thiic te va r a t cud'n hiit sii thif
nghiem thudng cd d cif tri. Ddng thdi,
cac dang nhd ciing thay ddi cd ban

chie'n lUdc va phUdng thifc b e a t ddng,
phii hdp va thich ifng n h a n h vdi thUc
tien. Ke't qua la, che dd ddc dang hcae
ludng dang ky ciiu luan phien n a m giii
quyen liic n h a nUdc da dan t a n ra, thay
vac dd la cac d a n g mdi va vai trd cua
cac dang nhd ciing dUdc n a n g cac.
Chang h a n , dang Lad ddng Brazil (PT)
t h a n h lap n a m 1980, chi la mdt dang
nhd, ye'u dt va chi gianh dUdc 3,5% sd'
phieu trdng ky b a u cif tdng thd'ng n a m

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N h i n chung, xu h u d n g n a y d a n g
k h a phd bie'n, nhUng chUa cd sii d a m
bao lau ben va vufng chac do mot so'
<i>nguyen n h a n . Thvt nhdt, cac d a n g </i>
mdi, d a n g nhd chifa cd n h i e u t h a n h
tich va kinh nghiem n h u cac d a n g ldn,
<i>d a n g cam quyen t r u y e n thd'ng. Thti </i>
<i>hai, t a m ly va n h u can cif tri My </i>
L a t i n h hien nay r a t n h a n h bien ddi.
<i>Thii ba, cac d a n g mdi h a u het chi nhif </i>
cac lien minh vdi cd can td chiic va
boat ddng long leo. thieu sii r a n g budc
va ldng t r u n g t h a n h . Vi vay, de giU
vUng va p h a t trien vi t h e q u a n t r o n g
ciia minh, cac dang mdi va nhd can
tiep tuc cai td. thd'ng nha't va thiic
hien nhUng chien lifdc ddi phd. c a n h
t r a n h thich hdp vdi cac d a n g ldn

truyen thd'ng.

3. H i n h t h a n h d a d a n g , p h o n g
p h i i n h i i n g t o c h i f c x a h o i , n h i i n g
p h o n g t r a o d a i d i e n c h o ldi i c h
c u a d a n c h i m g

Xu hudng nay d a n g p h a t t r i e n
m a n h . 0 mdi nUdc My L a t i n h , ngoai
cac dang phai chinh tri, hien cdn cd
tdi h a n g t r a m , h a n g ngan td chifc,
phong trao dai dien cho ldi ich ngifdi
dan, tieu bieu n h a t la "cac td chifc
khdng d a n g phai". Lcai h i n h "cac td
chuc khdng d a n g phai" bao gdm
nbUng td chiic h a n g xdm, nhiing
nhdm dau bep trong cdng ddng, nhiing
hdi k m h te binh dan, nhUng td chifc
phi chinh phu... Mdi ngudi d a n My
L a t m h cd the cd hoac k h d n g t h a m gia
mot d a n g phai chinh tri, nhUng
thUdng ludn t h a m gia vai td chifc nhU
vay bdi nhutng td, chiic dd dai dien
hieu qua cho quyen ldi thiet thiic cua
ho. N h u n g td chiic ay chh yeu q u a n
t a m den cudc sd'ng thifdng ngay d mile
VI md (nhu n h a n dUdc cac dich vu
<i>dien, nu'dc, h a n g hoa, giao due va y </i>
te...) va t h u d n g img ho cac d a n g p h a i

c h i n h tri theo each thich hdp de dat
dUdc m u c dich cua m i n h , nhUng cung
de n i t lai sii i m g h e dd k h i nd khdng
tad r a ke't q u a ro r a n g . Cac td chifc
k h d n g d a n g p h a i a n h hUdng d a n g ke
de'n n h i e u h o a t ddng c h i n h tri, nha't la
viec b a u cif d ca'p dia phUdng, cd sd.

4. Co SLf l i e n m i n h r o n g r a i giiJa
c a c d a n g p h a i , t o chifc, p h o n g t r a o

Day ciing la m e t xu h u d n g phd bie'n
t r d n g tie'n t r i n h d a n chu hca d cac
nudc My L a t i n h h i e n nay. Sii lien
m i n h ra't r d n g r a i , t h e hien dudi ba
h i n h thifc cd b a n :

1) Lien m i n h t r o n g cimg mot md
h i n h , p h o n g t r a o , C h a n g b a n , dang
Xa hoi Chile (PS) dUdc t h a n h lap tren
cd sd lien m i n h va s a p n h a p 5 dang
p h a i c a n h ta: H e a t ddng Xa hdi chu
n g h i a (ARS), Xa hdi chu nghia
M a r x i s t (PSM), Xa hdi thd'ng n h a t
(PSU), H a n h ddng cong chiing mdi
(NAP) va M e n h l e n h Xa hdi chu nghia
(OS). Tai V e n e z u e l a , d a n g Xa hdi Dan
chil thd'ng nha't dUdc t h a n h lap ngay
29/1/2007 t r e n cd sd lien m i n h va hdp
nha't P h o n g t r a o N e n cdng boa thif

n a m (MVR) cua Tong thd'ng Chavez
vdi hdn 20 d a n g p h a i c a n h ta khac.

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CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 25

3) Lien m i n h khac linh viic. Chang
b a n , d a n g chinh tri Gamble d Peru cd
lien m i n h m a t thiet va dUdc hd trd dac
lUc bdi cac td chifc k i n h te' q u a n trong d
nudc nay n h u Td chute Cdng nghiep
qud'c gia (SNI) va Lien minh qud'c gia
c a c doanh nghiep t u n h a n (CONFIEP).
Tuy n h i e n , b a n c h a t cua nhiing
h i n h thifc lien m i n h r d n g r a i t r e n deu
k h a long leo va k h d n g lau ben. Lien
minh thUdng chi c a n thie't k h i cimg
hdp sifc giai q u y e t n h i i n g va'n de ldn
hoac trUdc cac ky b a u cif q u a n trong.
Xong viec, lien m i n h t h u d n g t a n ra
hdac t u giai t a n .

<b>5. K i m c h e h i e u q u a h o a t d o n g </b>
<b>va a n h hifdfng c u a c a c liic lifdng </b>
<b>p h i d a n c h i i t r u y e n t h o n g </b>

Song h a n h cimg tien t r i n h d a n chu
hoa d nhutng nUdc My L a t i n h trong
thdi gian gan day la viec kim che hieu
qua boat ddng va a n h hUdng cua cac
Ilic lUdng phi d a n chu t r u y e n thd'ng

-nha't la q u a n ddi va n h a thd Cdng giad.

Q u a n ddi vd'n la cdng cu bad ve va
tra'n ap dac liic cua cac n h a nUdc tai
My L a t i n h . Liic lUdng n a y t h u d n g til
gia t a n g q u y e n lUc b a n t h a n , can
thiep s a u rdng vao cac chinh sach va
boat ddng cua n h a nUdc (dinh cao la
<i>lat do che do d a n sii, thie't lap che do </i>
ddc tai q u a n sii), ddng thdi giam bdt,
bai bd, n g a n ca'm n h i e u q u y e n d a n
chu cua n h a n d a n . Tuy n h i e n , tif cudi
nhiing n a m 1980, h i e n p h a p n h i e u
nUdc My L a t i n h da dUa r a va thiic
hien sii gidi b a n d a n g ke vai trd cua
q u a n ddi: q u a n ddi p h a i la liic lUdng
t r u n g lap, k h d n g t h a m gia cac h e a t
ddng c h i n h t r i , k h d n g sif d u n g cac
bien p h a p p h a n d a n chu, ngUdi difng
dau liic lUdng vii t r a n g (bd trUdng
qud'c phdng, bd trUdng a n ninh...) p h a i
la q u a n chifc d a n sii chii k h d n g phai
la cac t u d n g linh q u a n sii .v.v...

Nhutng ke't q u a dem lai t h a t k h a
q u a n , c h a n g h a n : sud't thdi ky
1930-1980, cd tdi 40% nhutng t h a y ddi n h a
nUdc d My L a t i n h dien r a sau dad
chinh q u a n sii; giai d e a n 1981-1990
giam mot nifa - chi chiing cdn 20%, va

h o a n toan k e t thiic vao n a m 1991
(nam xay r a cudc dao chinh q u a n sii
cudi cimg tai Haiti).

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Latinh da ban hanh nhutng dao luat

kim che anh hifdng cua Cdng giac:

tach biet nha thd khdi nha nUdc, thiic

hien binh dang giiia cac tdn giac, cac

tin dd dUdc tii do liia chon boat ddng

chinh tri theo phap luat, gidi ban hoac

bai bd han quy dinh ifng cif vien quan

chifc nha nifdc phai la ngifdi theo

Cdng giao .v.v...

<b>6. Dang phai va phong trao </b>

<b>canh ta - dai dien cho tif tifdng, </b>

<b>hoat dong dan chu, tien bo va cho </b>

<b>dong dao nhan dan - phat trien </b>

<b>manh nie, nam giii phan ldn </b>

<b>quyen liic nha nifdfc </b>

Dang phai va phong trao canh ta

tren the gidi hinh thanh til cud! the ky

XVIIL nhUng thiic sii phat trien sdi

ddng vdi nhieu thang tram treng sud't

the ky XX. Neu nhif treng nhiing nam

1920-1990, dang phai va phong trao

canh ta cUc thinh d phan phia Ddng

chau Au vdi hien than la chu nghia xa

hdi. thi cudi the ky XX va dau the ky

XXI, sau sU sup dd cua Lien Xd va he

thd'ng xa hdi chu nghia Ddng Au, sU

phat trien canh ta lai "dinh cU" d My

Latinh. Ma'y nam gan day, dang phai

canh ta cua cac nUdc thudc chau luc

nay da gan nhu ddng loat nam giii dUdc

chifc vu tdng thd'ng - cUdng vi difng dau

he thd'ng chinh tri mdi qud'c gia cdng

hoa: Venezuela (nam 1998), Chile

(2000), Brazil (2002), Argentina (2003),

Panama (2004). Uruguay (2004),

Bolivia (2005), Ecuador. Nicaragua va

Peru (2006)... va gan day nhat la El

Salvador (trong cudc bau cif tdng thd'ng

ngay 15/3/2009 tai nUdc nay, iing \aen

Mauricid Funes cua dang canh ta Mat

tran Giai phdng Dan tdc Farabundd

Marti da dac cif vdi 51,3% tdng sd

phieu cif tn).

Cd difdc nhiing thanh qua tren, ve

mat khach quan. la do sU pha san md

hinh kinh te ciia chu nghia tii do mdi.

Tren thiic te, d phan ldn cac nUdc My

Latinh da chiing minh chu nghia tii

do mdi khdng giai quye't dUdc cac va'n

de kinh te - xa hdi bifc xiic, khdng dap

ifng diidc nhiing nhu cau, nguyen

vong chinh dang cua ddng dao nhan

dan lao ddng. Nhutng nam^ gan day,

cugc da'u tranh cua quan chiing ddi

cai thien ddi sd'ng, chd'ng chinh sach

kinh te cua nha nUdc, ddi giai quye't

viec lam... da nd ra d nhieu qud'c gia

ma dinh cac da khie'n mot sd' tdng

thd'ng cua cac dang canh hutu phai tif

chifc - nhu da dien ra d Ecuadcr,

Peru, Bdlivia. Cdn ve mat chu quan,

thanh cdng dat dUdc dd cac dang phai

canh ta da bie't ddi mdi tU duy va

phUdng thifc boat dong. Thay che da'u

tranh vii trang, sif dung cac hinh thiic

bad liic gianh chinh quyen nhU trUdc

kia la phUdng thiic van ddng, thuyet

phuc quan chiing nhan dan; difa ra

cifdng linh tranh cif phii hdp vdi

nguyen vong cua nhan dan lao ddng;

biet tap hdp cac lilc lUdng va cac chinh

sach lien minh' rdng rai; tang cUdng

doan ket, lien ket cac phong trao canh

ta va tien bo khac nhau trong nu'dc va

khu viic, da'u tranh nghi trUdng vdi

nhiing muc tieu hap dan cif tri.

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CHAU MY NGAY NAY SO 10-2009 <b>27 </b>

ddng. dieu c h i n h met sd' l u a t theo
h u d n g coi t r o n g ldi ich qud'c gia va cd
ldi chd ngUdi lad ddng. Ve ddi ngoai,

t u y chUa h o a n t o a n t h o a t khdi sii le
thudc vao My nhUng dudng ldi ddi
ngoai cua cac nUdc n a y da t h e hien rd
xu h u d n g mong mud'n cd sii doc lap
nhieu hdn. Cac nUdc t r c n g k h u viic da
ndi lai va t a n g cUdng hdp tac vdi
Cuba, p h a n ddi c h i n h sach bae vay
ca'm v a n cua My ddi vdi qud'c gia xa
hdi chu n g h i a nay; i m g ho tie'n t r i n h
dan chil boa t r o n g q u a n h e qud'c te va
cai td Lien hdp qud'c; img hd cudc da'u
t r a n h chd'ng chu n g h i a k h i m g bd';
pha'n da'u vi mdt t r a t tii t h e gidi mdi,
dan chu va b i n h d a n g , vi hoa binh,
ddc lap d a n tdc va tie'n bd xa hdi.

Ben c a n h n h i i n g t h u a n ldi va t h a n h
tUu d a n g ke, liic lUdng canh ta My
L a t i n h cung d a n g p h a i dUdng dau,
vUdt qua n h i e u khd k h a n , thif thach.
Trcng chien lUdc toan cau ndi chung
va chien lUdc cci My L a t i n h la "san
sau" cua minh, chac c h a n My se tim
mci each chd'ng pha, n g a n can liic
lUdng c a n h ta len cam quyen, ngan
chan chinh p h u tie'n be tai mdi qud'c
gia thiic hien cac chUdng trinh, ke
beach thien ta de ra. Met sd' dang canh
ta (d El Salvador. Nicaragua...) tifng
t h a m gia t r a n h cif tdng thd'ng nhieu

lan nhUng chUa hoac it gianh t h a n g ldi
mdt p h a n dd sii can thiep thd bao,
t r a n g trdn cua My. Vdi nhiing chinh
p h u tie'n bd len cam quyen, cac dang
phai c a n h hiiu t r u y e n thd'ng ludn tim
each can pha, chinh p h u mdi lai chUa
q u a n ly dUdc t c a n bd nen k i n h te va
phUdng tien t h d n g tin dai chiing, vi
vay cdn n h i e u khd k h a n t r c n g dieu
h a n h , b i n h dn d a t nUdc. Ve m a t chu
quan, d mdt sd' nUdc My L a t i n h , dang
c a n h ta cdn p h a n t a n , chUa dean ket,
chUa cd t r u n g t a m du m a n h va uy tin
de t a p hdp liic lUdng. O khdng it chinh

phii tie'n be cam quyen, dc phai lien
minh rdng rai de dac cut, nen da gap
nhieu khd k h a n t r c n g dieu h a n h vi cd
nhieu t u tUdng, k h u y n h hudng khac
n h a u t r c n g b a n l a n h dad, khd di den
<i>sii thd'ng nha't chung. O nhieu dang </i>
canh ta (nha't la thudc phai ta dan
tuy), te Sling bai ca n h a n cdn phd bien,
tac cd hdi cho l a n h t u dang phd trUdng
va lam quyen... NhUng khd k h a n , b a n
che nay khdng de va khdng the sdm
khac phuc, p h u thudc vac nhieu ye'u
td', a n h hudng chu quan, khach q u a n
va ca vao nhUng t h a y ddi cua tien
trinh dan chu boa •

<i>Tdi lieu tham khdo: </i>

<i>1, Richard Hillman, Understanding Contemporary </i>
<i>Latin America, Lynne Rienner, London, 2001, </i>

<i>2, Diana Kapiszewski, Encyclopedia of Latin </i>
<i>American Politic;. Oryx Press. Westport, 2002, </i>
<i>3, David De Ferranti, Inequality in Latin America, </i>

The World Banl^, Washington DC, 2004.

<i>4, Siri Gloppen & Lise Rakner, Globalization and </i>
<i>Democratization: Changllenges for Political Parties, </i>

Fagbok, Bergen, 2007.

<i>.5, Eduardo Lora, The State and State Reform in Latin </i>
<i>America. American Development Bank, New York, </i>
2007,

<i>6. Ho Chau, Tran Mai Chi & Nguyen Viet Thao, My </i>
<i>Latinh - mot viing ndng dong, NXB Chinh tri quo'c </i>
gia, Ha Npi, 1998.

<i>7. Nguyen Dang Dung, Hinh thu'c ciia cdc nhd niidc </i>
<i>duang dai, Nxb The gidi, Ha Noi, 2004. </i>

<i>8. Nguyen Chu Dudng, The che nhd niidc ciia cdc qudc </i>
<i>gia tren the gidi, Nxb Tit phap, Ha Noi. 2005, </i>

<i>9. Mai Ly Quang (chii bien), 250 qudc gia vd viing </i>

<i>lanh thd tren the gidi, Nxb The gidi, Ha Noi, 200.5. </i>
<i>10. Do Minh Hdp & N g u y i n Kim Lai, Nhiing vdn dS </i>

<i>todn cdu trong thdi dgi ngdy nay. Nxb Giao duc, </i>
Ha Noi, 2006.

<i>11. Pham Thai Viet, Todn cdu hod: Nhiing bien ddi </i>
<i>ldn trong ddi sdng chinh tri qudc te vd vdn hod. </i>
Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi, 2006,

<i>12. Peter Calvocoressi, Chinh tri the gidi ,sau ndm </i>
<i>1945. Nxb Lao dong, Ha Noi. 2007. </i>

<i>13. N g u y i n Dang Dung & Nguyen Chu DUdng. Liic/c </i>
<i>gidi to chiic bq mdy nhd niidc cua cdc qudc gia, </i>

Nxb Lao dong Xa hoi, Ha Noi, 2007.
14. Cac website:

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