Tài liệu A complete English language course part 16 ppt

other ways. Yes, it’s all rather mysterious and sounds very compli-
cated to the uninitiated, but, like most things in life, it’s easy when
you know how. There are plenty of books in the shops that’ll explain
the rules of cricket in detail (sometimes far too much detail) – and
there are plenty of people around who’ll save you the money by
doing the job themselves.
Cricket is a summer game in the UK, but it’s played all year
round now, because during the football season the national cricket
team goes to play the national teams of the other countries in
warmer parts of the world. So being a professional cricketer for your
country has now become a full-time year-round job!
Glossary
regarded as – thought of as, considered
professionally – in return for payment
amateur – without being paid
spectator – someone who watches a game
ground – the field (or stadium) where a game is played
action – what’s happening on the field
match – a game between two teams
live – at the time that it happens, not recorded and shown later
fan – supporter
strip – the uniform that a team wears when they are playing
Commonwealth – a federation of countries with historical and cultural
links to the UK
West Indies – the island nations of the Caribbean
bats – uses a bat (a wooden thing for hitting a ball)
at a time – simultaneously
wicket – three sticks in the ground (don’t ask – just buy a book on cricket)
out – out of the game
mysterious – hard to understand
uninitiated – someone who hasn’t been told the rules

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9 I’ve lost my
passport!
In this unit you will learn how to:
• talk about things that have happened recently
• talk about a a sequence of events
• ask people about events that have already happened
• form and use the past simple
• form and use the present perfect
• use some time adverbs
Dialogue 1
Shamira and Liz are at the supermarket checkout.
L
IZ
: Have we bought everything we need?
S
HAMIRA
: I think so – I’ve crossed everything off the shopping
list and I don’t think we’ve forgotten anything.
[The checkout assistant greets them]
C/
ASSISTANT
: Hello. Have you got a dividend card?
S
HAMIRA
: Yes – hang on . . . it’s in my bag.
[Shamira looks in her bag for her card, and notices her passport is
missing!]
. . . Liz! I think I’ve lost my passport!
L

IZ
: What? Oh no – are you sure you brought it with
you?
S
HAMIRA
: Yes, quite sure – it was in my bag when I left the
house, and now it’s gone!
L
IZ
: Have you dropped it somewhere in the shop here?
S
HAMIRA
: I don’t think so – I’ve only just opened my bag.
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IZ
: OK. Don’t panic.
Let me pay for all
this, and then we’ll

go to the police
station and report
it lost.
S
HAMIRA
: Yes. Maybe
someone’s found it
somewhere and
handed it in.
Language point 53 – present perfect
This is a very important form of the verb in English – it is used for
talking about things that have recently happened (happened a short
time ago) – so it is a past tense.
In Dialogue 1 Liz asks:
Have we bought everything?
She uses:
•the
PRESENT
tense of have
+
•the
PAST PARTICIPLE
of the main verb buy
to form the
PRESENT PERFECT
.
We already know the present tense of have – go back to Language
point 25 in Unit 4 if you want to remind yourself. Now we need to
know how to form the
PAST PARTICIPLE

:
•R
EGULAR
verbs add -ed to the
BASE
-
FORM
. For example:
Base-form Past participle
laugh laughed
open opened
hand in handed in
cross off crossed off
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Spelling rules
• when the base-form of a regular verb ends in -e, we simply
add -d:
close closed
• when it ends in a
SINGLE VOWEL
+
SINGLE CONSONANT
, we double
the consonant before adding -ed:
drop dropped not ‘droped
’
• when it ends in
CONSONANT
+ y we drop the y and add -ied:
try tried

cry cried
but play played (
VOWEL
+ y)
Pronunciation
The -ed ending is pronounced:
/d/ after -d and -t: handed /`hndd/
/d/ after vowel sounds and
VOICED
consonants: opened /`əυpənd/
/t/ after
UNVOICED
consonants: kicked /kkt/
• For
IRREGULAR VERBS
, we have to learn the past participle with
every verb. So, for example, the past participle of buy is not
‘buyed
’ but bought. Here are some more example of irregular
past participles.
see seen
fly flown
lose lost
find found
At the end of this book you will find a list of all common irregular
verbs with their past participles.
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With all verbs, regular and irregular, we form questions in the
present perfect by simply reversing the position of the
SUBJECT
and
have:
Statement Question
I’ve lost Have I lost?
Dave’s arrived Has Dave arrived?
They’ve phoned Have they phoned?
And we form negatives by adding not to have/has:
Statement Negative
I’ve lost I haven’t lost
Dave’s arrived Dave hasn’t arrived
They’ve phoned They haven’t phoned
Remember that we normally use
SHORT FORMS
of have in statements,
and n’t instead of not in negatives – and that we must use the
FULL
FORMS
have and has in questions.

THE PAST PARTICIPLE NEVER CHANGES IN ANY WAY
Exercise 1
Rewrite these sentences in the present perfect – the first one has
been done for you.
1 Leasa’s washing the car. Leasa’s washed the car.
2 Justine’s painting the door. ____________________ .
3 Andy and Bob are closing
the shop. ____________________ .
4 We’re not playing football
today. ____________________ .
5 We’re organising a party for
her. ____________________ .
6 Are you watching the film? ____________________ ?
7 Is Julie opening the
window? ____________________ ?
8 Dave isn’t waiting for us. ____________________ .
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