Tài liệu Oracle Unleashed- P24 ppt

expression
Can be any valid Oracle Basic variable or expression.
The return value is of the Long data type.
You use the CSNG function to convert a string or expression into a value of data type Single.
CSNG ( expression )
expression
Can be any valid Oracle Basic variable or expression.
The return value is of the Single data type.
You use the CSTR function to convert a string or expression into a value of data type String.
CSTR ( expression )
expression
Can be any valid Oracle Basic variable or expression.
The return value is of the String data type.
You use the CVDATE function to convert a string or expression into a value of data type Date.
CVDATE ( expression )
expression
Can be any valid Oracle Basic variable or expression.
The return value is of the Date data type.
You use the FIX function to convert a numeric expression into an integer by truncating its fractional part.
FIX ( expression )
expression
Can be any valid Oracle Basic variable or expression.
The return value is of the Integer data type.
You use the INT function to convert a numeric expression into an integer by rounding to the nearest value. The rounding
operation uses the absolute value of the expression to perform the round operation and then reapplies the sign of the
original expression to the rounded value.
INT ( expression )
expression
Can be any valid Oracle Basic variable or expression.
The return value is of the Integer data type.
You use the STR function to convert a number or numeric expression into a value of data type String. STR provides a

leading space for positive numbers.
STR ( expression )
expression
Can be any valid Oracle Basic variable or expression.
The return value is of the String data type.
Date Functions
You use the DATE function to return the current system date of your operating system as a String data type. No
arguments are required.
DATE ()
The return value is of the String data type.
You use the DATEADD function to return a time or date value as the result of adding any number of time intervals to a
date variable or expression.
DATEADD ( time_interval, num_interval, date )
time_interval A string expression that indicates the type of time interval to add to the date.
s or S—Second
n or N—Minute
h or H—Hour
d or D—Day
y or Y—Day of year
ww or WW—Week
w or W—Weekday
m or M—Month
q or Q—Quarter
yyyy or YYYY—Year
num_interval The number of time intervals to add to the specified date.
date
The date to add the time intervals to.
The return value is of the Date data type.
You use the DATEDIFF function to return the number of time intervals between two specified dates.
DATEDIFF ( time_interval, first_date, second_date )

time_interval A string expression that indicates the type of time interval to add to the date.
first_date A valid Oracle Basic date variable or expression.
second_date
A valid Oracle Basic date variable or expression.
The return value is of the Date data type.
You use the DATEPART function to return the portion of a date value that corresponds to a specified time interval.
DATEPART ( time_interval, date )
time_interval A string expression that indicates the type of time interval to add to the date.
date
A valid Oracle Basic date variable or expression.
The return value is of the Date data type.
You use the DATESERIAL function to return the complete date with integer arguments representing year, month, and
day.
DATESERIAL ( year, month, day )
year An integer representing the year.
month An integer representing the month.
day
An integer representing the day.
The return value is of the Date data type.
You use the DAY function to return a long value between 1 and 31 representing the day portion of the specified date
value.
DAY ( date )
date
A valid Oracle Basic date variable or expression.
The return value is of the Long data type.
You use the HOUR function to return an integer value between 0 (12:00 a.m.) and 23 (11:00 p.m.) representing the hour
portion of the specified date value.
HOUR ( date )
date
A valid Oracle Basic date variable or expression.

The return value is of the String data type.
You use the MINUTE function to return an integer value between 0 and 59 representing the minute portion of the
specified date value.
MINUTE ( date )
date
A valid Oracle Basic date variable or expression.
The return value is of the Integer data type.
You use the MONTH function to return an integer value between 1 and 12 representing the month portion of the
specified date value.
MONTH ( date )
date
A valid Oracle Basic date variable or expression.
The return value is of the Integer data type.
You use the NOW function to return the current system date of your operating system as a Date data type. No arguments
are required.
NOW ()
The return value is of the Date data type.
You use the SECOND function to return an integer value between 0 and 59 representing the second portion of the
specified date value.
SECOND ( date )
date
A valid Oracle Basic date variable or expression.
The return value is of the Integer data type.
You use the SYSDATE function to return the current system date of your operating system as a Date data type. It is
identical to the NOW function. No arguments are required.
SYSDATE ()
The return value is of the Date data type.
You use the TIME function to return the current system time of your operating system as a String data type. No
arguments are required.
TIME ()

The return value is of the String data type.
You use the TIMESERIAL function to return the complete time with integer arguments representing hour, minute, and
second.
TIMESERIAL ( hour, minute, second )
hour An integer representing the hour.
minute An integer representing the minute.
second
An integer representing the second.
The return value is of the Date data type.
You use the TIMEVALUE function to convert a string into a date return value.
TIMEVALUE ( time_value )
time_value
A valid Oracle Basic date variable or expression representing a time value.
The return value is of the Date data type.
You use the WEEKDAY function to return an integer value between 1 (Sunday) and 7 (Saturday) representing the day
of the week portion of the specified date value.
WEEKDAY ( date )
date
A valid Oracle Basic date variable or expression.
The return value is of the Integer data type.
You use the YEAR function to return an integer between 99 and 10,000, inclusive, that represents the year portion of the
specified date value.
YEAR ( date )
date
A valid Oracle Basic date variable or expression.
The return value is of the Integer data type.
File Input and Output Functions
You use the CURDIR function to return the current path for the default drive (volume).
CURRDIR [[(] vol_id [)]]
vol_id

A string representing the drive or volume to search.
The return value is of the String data type.
You use the EOF function to test if the file pointer is at the end-of-file marker for the indicated file handle.
EOF ( filenum )
filenum
An integer number between 1 and 256 representing a file handle as a result of opening a file using the OPEN
command.
The return value is of the Integer data type.
You use the FREEFILE function to return an integer value between 1 and 256, inclusive, representing the next unused
file number. No arguments are required.
FREEFILE ()
The return value is of the Integer data type.
You use the INPUT function to return a string of characters read from a file opened in the input or binary mode.
INPUT ( n, filenum )
n The number of characters to read from the file.
filenum
An integer number between 1 and 256 representing a file handle as a result of opening a file using the OPEN
command.
The return value is of the String data type.
You use the LOC function to return the current location of the file pointer for the indicated file handle.
LOC ( filenum )
filenum
An integer number between 1 and 256 representing a file handle as a result of opening a file using the OPEN
command.
The return value is of the Positive Integer data type.
You use the LOF function to return the length (in bytes) of the specified file handle.
LOF ( filenum )
filenum
An integer number between 1 and 256 representing a file handle as a result of opening a file using the OPEN
command.

The return value is of the Positive Integer data type.
You use the SEEK function to return the position of the next input or output operation for the specified file handle.
SEEK ( filenum )
filenum
An integer number between 1 and 256 representing a file handle as a result of opening a file using the OPEN
command.
The return value is of the Long data type between 1 and 2,147,483,647.
Financial Functions
You use the DDB function to return the amount of an asset's depreciation for a single, specified period using the double-
declining balance method.
DDB ( asset_cost, salvage, life, period )
asset_cost The initial value paid for the asset.
salvage The projected value of the asset at the end of its life expectancy.
life The length of time the asset is expected to be useful.
period
The length of time to calculate the asset's depreciation over.
The return value is of the Double data type.
You use the FV function to return the future value of an asset, such as an annuity, using a constant interest rate and
constant periodic payments.
FV ( rate, periods, payment, pv, due_end )
rate The fixed interest rate you estimate that you will be paying over the life of the annuity.
periods The total number of payment periods over the life of the annuity.
payment The fixed amount of the periodic payment.
pv The amount of the annuity.
due_end
0 indicates that payments are due at the end of each period. 1 indicates that payments are due at the
beginning of each period.
The return value is of the Double data type.
You use the IPMT function to return the amount applied to interest from a specified periodic payment on an annuity at a
fixed interest rate and fixed periodic payments.

IPMT ( rate, which_period, periods, pv, fv, due_end )
rate The fixed interest rate you estimate that you will be paying over the life of the annuity.
which_period The period to calculate the amount applied to principal.
periods The total number of payment periods over the life of the annuity.
pv The amount of the annuity.
fv The amount of the annuity to be unpaid at the end of the life of the annuity.
due_end
0 indicates that payments are due at the end of each period. 1 indicates that payments are due at the
beginning of each period.
The return value is of the Double data type.
You use the IRR function to return the internal rate of return for an investment, which is its rate of return based on a
series of periodic cash flows, both payments and receipts.
IRR ( cash_flow_array, estimate )
cash_flow_array
An array that contains the values of a series of payments and receipts over the life of an investment.
There must be at least one payment and one receipt.
estimate
The fixed interest rate you estimate that you will be using over the life of the cash flow.
The return value is of the Double data type.
You use the MIRR function to return the modified internal rate of return on an investment, which is the rate of return
represented by a series of periodic cash flows (payments and receipts) when the interest rates for payments and receipts
are different.
MIRR ( cash_flow_array, borrow_rate, reinvest_rate )
cash_flow_array
An array that contains the values of a series of payments and receipts over the life of an investment.
There must be at least one payment and one receipt.
borrow_rate The interest rate you pay to borrow money.
reinvest_rate
The interest rate you expect to earn when reinvesting cash received.
The return value is of the Double data type.

You use the NPER function to return the number of periods for an annuity with fixed interest rates and fixed periodic
payments.
NPER ( rate, periods, pv, fv, due_end )
rate The fixed interest rate you estimate that you will be paying over the life of the annuity.
periods The total number of payment periods over the life of the annuity.
pv The amount of the annuity.
fv The amount of the annuity to be unpaid at the end of the life of the annuity.
due_end
0 indicates that payments are due at the end of each period. 1 indicates that payments are due at the
beginning of each period.
The return value is of the Double data type.
You use the NPV function to return the net present value of an investment using a constant discount rate and a series of
cash flow values (payments and receipts).
NPV ( discount_rate, cash_flow_array )
discount_rate The discount rate that applies over the whole period being considered.
cash_flow_array
An array that contains the values of a series of payments and receipts over the life of an investment.
There must be at least one payment and one receipt.
The return value is of the Double data type.
You use the PMT function to return the payment for an annuity with a fixed interest rate and fixed periodic payment.
PMT ( rate, periods, pv, fv, due_end )
rate The fixed interest rate you estimate that you will be paying over the life of the annuity.
periods The total number of payment periods over the life of the annuity.
pv The amount of the annuity.
fv The amount of the annuity to be unpaid at the end of the life of the annuity.
due_end
0 indicates that payments are due at the end of each period. 1 indicates that payments are due at the
beginning of each period.
The return value is of the Double data type.
You use the PPMT function to return the amount applied to the principal during one payment period for an annuity.

PPMT ( rate, which_period, periods, pv, fv, due_end )
rate The fixed interest rate you estimate that you will be paying over the life of the annuity.
which_period The period to calculate the amount applied to principal.
periods The total number of payment periods over the life of the annuity.
pv The amount of the annuity.
fv The amount of the annuity to be unpaid at the end of the life of the annuity.
due_end
0 indicates that payments are due at the end of each period. 1 indicates that payments are due at the
beginning of each period.
The return value is of the Double data type.
You use the PV function to return the present value of an annuity with a fixed interest rate and fixed periodic payments.
PV ( rate, periods, payment, fv, due_end )
rate The fixed interest rate you estimate that you will be paying over the life of the annuity.
periods The total number of payment periods over the life of the annuity.
payment The fixed amount of the periodic payment.
fv The amount of the annuity to be unpaid at the end of the life of the annuity.
due_end
0 indicates that payments are due at the end of each period. 1 indicates that payments are due at the
beginning of each period.
The return value is of the Double data type.
You use the RATE function to return the interest rate per period for an annuity.
RATE ( periods, payment, pv, fv, due_end, estimate )
periods The total number of payment periods over the life of the annuity.
payment The fixed amount of the periodic payment.